Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 28 2839871 2839763 2026-10-12T17:47:05Z SamLaxarox 3112542 /* Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? */ Reply 2839871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) cc6rzevm5kpbee96vwkcg5e8i9o2iwc 2839872 2839871 2026-10-12T17:48:14Z SamLaxarox 3112542 /* Bartending Course on Wikiversity */ Reply 2839872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) fbzrhxk22b38co3kk6ocorfbhstx8ae 2839885 2839872 2026-10-12T18:40:15Z SamLaxarox 3112542 /* General Questions and Reference Questions */ new section 2839885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) 8hrman5u966emsutqf5cdhow6pf3whz 2839887 2839885 2026-10-12T18:42:41Z SamLaxarox 3112542 /* General Questions and Reference Questions */ 2839887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) 5twotdyikohy97by5msjsq09uhig5gz 2839908 2839887 2026-10-12T20:31:37Z Koavf 147 /* General Questions and Reference Questions */ Reply 2839908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) o4xxwf1c9w2mcncqzmgqkb9p5io111m 2839915 2839908 2026-10-12T21:49:08Z Jtneill 10242 /* Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2839915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : I agree that a minimum edit count is a prudent addition, but also agree with @[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLazaraox]] that a minimum of 5 is sufficient. It can be frustrating for new, genuine users when they get caught in new user restrictions. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) q0wcmde0g20ul2e2892g4lejy07ne82 2839916 2839915 2026-10-12T21:50:39Z Jtneill 10242 /* Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2839916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : I agree that a minimum edit count is a prudent addition, but also agree with @[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLazaraox]] that a minimum of 5 is sufficient. It can be frustrating for new, genuine users when they get caught in new user restrictions. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : Here is current page about [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:50, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) gi0ucjkvu7iz1dqe4x8jd7g7xqxh6m8 2839938 2839916 2026-10-12T23:39:42Z SamLaxarox 3112542 /* General Questions and Reference Questions */ Reply 2839938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : I agree that a minimum edit count is a prudent addition, but also agree with @[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLazaraox]] that a minimum of 5 is sufficient. It can be frustrating for new, genuine users when they get caught in new user restrictions. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : Here is current page about [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:50, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for the heads up on both accounts; I'm happy to join forces with all y'all! ::[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 23:39, 12 October 2026 (UTC) o3cw3ppuv8uw446ka8u2ir6vki23pks 2839944 2839938 2026-10-13T01:14:12Z Mu301 3705 /* Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? */ Reply 2839944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree that the 5 edit minimum described below is sufficient. [[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:14, 13 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : I agree that a minimum edit count is a prudent addition, but also agree with @[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLazaraox]] that a minimum of 5 is sufficient. It can be frustrating for new, genuine users when they get caught in new user restrictions. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : Here is current page about [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:50, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for the heads up on both accounts; I'm happy to join forces with all y'all! ::[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 23:39, 12 October 2026 (UTC) 00unudgj9j868akyrv005a6cqvxltba 2839945 2839944 2026-10-13T01:17:22Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? */ edit opening comment ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2839945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of <s>10</s> 5 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree that the 5 edit minimum described below is sufficient. [[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:14, 13 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : I agree that a minimum edit count is a prudent addition, but also agree with @[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLazaraox]] that a minimum of 5 is sufficient. It can be frustrating for new, genuine users when they get caught in new user restrictions. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : Here is current page about [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:50, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for the heads up on both accounts; I'm happy to join forces with all y'all! ::[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 23:39, 12 October 2026 (UTC) tv6el1tigxi7gssa2em6dcjeulwidzy 2839946 2839945 2026-10-13T01:17:44Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? */ edit opening comment ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2839946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of <s>10 edits (akin to Wikipedia)</s> 5 edits especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree that the 5 edit minimum described below is sufficient. [[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:14, 13 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : I agree that a minimum edit count is a prudent addition, but also agree with @[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLazaraox]] that a minimum of 5 is sufficient. It can be frustrating for new, genuine users when they get caught in new user restrictions. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : Here is current page about [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:50, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for the heads up on both accounts; I'm happy to join forces with all y'all! ::[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 23:39, 12 October 2026 (UTC) inmgse2lzgeo9bl95cbz5r038qof2aj 2839947 2839946 2026-10-13T01:18:36Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? */ reply to Jtneill ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2839947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of <s>10 edits (akin to Wikipedia)</s> 5 edits especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]: I said yes to your first question. As for the adjustment question, in the InitialiseSettings.php file on noc.wikimedia.org, on <code>wgAutoConfirmCount</code> is where English Wikiversity would be added as <code>'enwikiversity' => 10,</code>. Does my reply make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:31, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{oppose|No support}} because I cannot see the [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|abuse filter]] cited as the primary reason and I do not know what LTAs is. I guess you don’t want support from ''ordinary'' users. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kays]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 18:18, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::Also some readers may be interested in this: ::* [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]] ::[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 19:05, 14 September 2026 (UTC) ::: An LTA means a long-term abuser, and it means someone who is usually abusive. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:42, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Strong''' {{support}}; specially to battle LTA [[User:Mbataw|Mbataw]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbataw|contribs]]) 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, having no edit count requirement for autoconfirmed is a bad idea in general. [[User:BooksBooksBooks3|BooksBooksBooks3]] ([[User talk:BooksBooksBooks3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BooksBooksBooks3|contribs]]) 01:43, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Comment: I realize that it is not easy to be an admin on wikimedia projects. I realize that many admins have to deal with some VERY unpleasant personalities. But.. :Admins are not the only users who encounter harassment on wikimedia projects, big or small. Anyone who's been here as long as I have, has come across users who are not tolerated by the "community". Not necessarily because they are spammers, trollers, paid editors, LTAs , disruptive etc, but simply because they are different. :When I "edit" without logging in, I carry no baggage. I also get encouraging prompts such as this: :* This year, Wikipedia has had fewer visitors and fewer new supporters, so '''<big>your visit today means a lot</BIG>''' :Anyway, back to the topic at hand [[Wikipedia/Types of user accounts]]. I believe the section about IP editors is outdated since wikimedia now views users who are not logged-in as anonymous, and only trusted users are allowed to see their IP address (I am not clear on the details). I wonder if anyone participating here has an interest in bringing this page uptodate? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 04:13, 22 September 2026 (UTC) : If there's some obvious things to fix, I'd say go ahead. It looks like there were several useful anonymous contributions to that page recently. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:54, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :hmm [[User:Tornaiden|Tornaiden]] ([[User talk:Tornaiden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tornaiden|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} Having a reasonable (and very modest) number of edits in addition to 4 days is sensible and not overly burdensome. The benefits outweigh any inconveniences. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:18, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree that the 5 edit minimum described below is sufficient. [[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:14, 13 October 2026 (UTC) :I'd say that a minimum of five (5) edits would be a good compromise, given the lower user activity/user traffic present here (when compared with Wikipedia). [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 October 2026 (UTC) : I agree that a minimum edit count is a prudent addition, but also agree with @[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLazaraox]] that a minimum of 5 is sufficient. It can be frustrating for new, genuine users when they get caught in new user restrictions. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :: I adjusted the proposal to require at least 5 edits for autoconfirmed users, instead of 10. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:18, 13 October 2026 (UTC) : Here is current page about [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:50, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :Just checked it out; Very impressive! [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 17:48, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wonder if you mean <u>Wikiversity:Main Page/News ?</u> ::If so I have just checked this page and I see it only contains news for 2026 and part of 2025, even though the history indicates it was created in the 2000-decade. If you go back and check all revisions there is a wealth of (historical?) information. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40514-81|~2026-40514-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-40514-81|talk]]) 16:28, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I didn't mean that page, but yes, its history could be reconstructed into a more accessible format. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:37, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I count at least three in favor (votes below, and Koavf agreeing), so can you close this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:22, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :: Second ping to @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 02:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :Temporary rights can be extended for a year. I'd like a little more time to consider permanent rights and justin's sensible suggestion of a minimum of two. Let's not rush into this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:38, 7 October 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, my mistake, policy is 120 days. Interface allows 1 year or indef. I don't see any reason why a nom couldn't request extending rights for another 120 days while we clarify indef and other wording of policy. I'll look closer tomorrow. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 05:00, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Personally, I'm not convinced of the need for permanent interface administrators. This isn't necessarily a strong view. But it seems that Wikiversity's interface administration needs can largely currently be met by permitting temporary periods for individual users. : If there are users who make productive use of several temporary periods, then that could strengthen a case for allowing longer periods or permanent use. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:15, 12 October 2026 (UTC) === Votes === * For the record, I am creating a separate subsection for voting, whether or not we should allow permanent interface administrators. {{support}} accordingly. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:32, 15 September 2026 (UTC) *: To the above, I support for indefinite interface adminship rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:47, 7 October 2026 (UTC) * {{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:51, 18 September 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:22, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Paid part-time Administrative Officer position with WikiJournal == [[WikiJournal User Group|WikiJournal]] is an open-access, nonprofit scholarly publisher hosted on Wikiversity. It uses the wiki format to allow authors to write and develop scholarly articles directly online. Submitted articles then undergo formal academic peer review and, when accepted, are published as citable journal articles while remaining freely accessible. WikiJournal is seeking expressions of interest in a new part-time '''Administrative Officer''' position. The officer would support the project's day-to-day organizational work, including: * Setting up and administering a system for tracking contractor hours and issuing payments. * Coordinating the contracting, onboarding, timekeeping and payment of technical editors and other contractors. * Maintaining financial, contractor and administrative records. * Assisting with grant administration, budget tracking and reporting. * Following up on board action items, deadlines and recurring obligations. * Supporting recruitment and other operational tasks as needed. This is a remote, flexibly scheduled contractor role averaging approximately '''6 hours per week'''. Compensation is proposed at '''US$25 per hour''', with up to approximately '''320 hours (US$8,000) available over the year'''. Applicants may be based internationally, although appointment will depend on WikiJournal being able to establish a practical and legally appropriate contracting and payment arrangement in the applicant's country of residence. Relevant experience may include administrative organization, bookkeeping or financial administration, contractor or personnel coordination, nonprofit or grant administration, Wikimedia participation, academic publishing, and open-access work. Applicants are not expected to have experience in every area. For the complete role description and further details, see [[WikiJournal User Group/Administrative officer]]. Those interested should reply in the '''[[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Call for interest: Administrative Officer|Call for interest: Administrative Officer]]''' discussion by '''30 September 2026''', briefly describing their relevant experience, any connection to WikiJournal or related communities, and their general availability. Expressions of interest received later may still be considered if the position has not been filled. Recommendations of potentially suitable candidates are also welcome. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:00, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 12:23, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080985 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Demote [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy]]? == I am proposing that we demote that policy to a standard page, mostly for two reasons: # Considering the few amount of custodians and the size of this wiki, I'd say that this project is considered too small to have any CUs, and relying on the stewards would be a more logical choice. # We haven't elected two CUs in a few years. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:53, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :Reasonable. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:09, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == General Questions and Reference Questions == <p>Hey everyone,</p> <p> My apologies in advance if these questions are oblivious or their responses readily apparent, but I figured I'd ask just to be safe.</p> <p> '''Questions'''</p> <p> 1. Should pages have inline citations and a reference section? A [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience|majority of pages]] I have explored have neither, while [[Neurobiology of emotion|others have a more traditional approach to references]].</br> 2. Are there widely-used templates for weasel-words, references, etc.? </p> '''CONTEXT''': I migrated from Wikipedia, so I'm not entirely sure what the norms/roc are here.</br> Thanks in advance,</br> [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 18:40, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :You're asking fine questions. I posted {{tl|welcome}} to your talk page which I think will help you. To answer your direct questions: :#This project spun out of [[:b:]] and both here and there, you can post original research. This does not mean that you can post just anything, so if you want to post an educational resource and you want to justify claims you make with inline citations, that's great. If you want to include a bibliography, that's also quite helpful for readers. Generally, the way that Wikiversity works in practice is that individual users make a resource and then tend to work on it solo and have broad latitude about what you can do and how it looks. :#You can take al look at [[:Category:Templates]] and the subcat [[:Category:Maintenance templates]]. At Wikipedia, it's very common to point out issues with tone or uncited claims. That's not really as common here. We [[:d:Q7780480|do not have an equivalent]] of [[:w:en:Template:weasel]], but we do have a [[Template:Citation needed|local version]] of [[:w:en:Template:Citation needed]]. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:31, 12 October 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for the heads up on both accounts; I'm happy to join forces with all y'all! ::[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 23:39, 12 October 2026 (UTC) nmhhwkfie12d6k0ixtaley98h5a71zc 100 7681 2839878 2459591 2026-10-12T18:03:25Z SamLaxarox 3112542 /* Active participants */ 2839878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center top}}<big>'''Welcome to the School of Neuroscience!'''</big>{{center bottom}} <div style="margin-top:-3px; margin-bottom:0.3em; text-align: center; font-size: 98%;"> {{center top}}'''[[Portal:Life Sciences|FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES]]'''{{center bottom}} [[School:Biology|Biology]] · [[School:Marine Sciences|Marine Sciences]] · [[School:Medicine|Medicine]] · [[School:Neuroscience|Neuroscience]] · [[School:Biomechanics|Biomechanics]]· [[School:Dentistry|Dentistry]] · [[School:Nursing|Nursing]]</div> <!---------------------------end of header----------------> [[File:Neural signaling-human brain.gif|thumbnail|550px|An inside journey through the neurons of the brain]] Welcome to the Wikiversity '''Center for Neuroscience''', part of the [[Portal:Life Sciences|Life Sciences]]. '''[[w:Portal:Neuroscience|Neuroscience]]''' is the science of animal nervous systems and exploration of how brains make minds. The Center for Neuroscience is a Wikiversity content development project devoted to learners who want to explore the biology of nervous systems in animals and how they generate animal behavior, cognition and consciousness. Neuroscience includes many subdisciplines specialized for investigation of nervous system structure, development, evolution, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology. The Center for Neuroscience works in close collaboration with other Wikiversity development projects such as [[Portal:psychology|Psychology]], [[Portal:Life Sciences|Life Sciences]], [[Topic:Statistics|Statistics]], [[School:Computer Science|Computer Science]] and [[School:Medicine|Medicine]]. ==Courses== {{RightTOC}} *'''[[Fundamentals of Neuroscience]]''' [[File:Featured article candidate.svg|20px|Featured candidate]] *[[Portal:The Science Behind Parkinson's]] *[[Psycholinguistics]] ==Seminars== *[[Artificial Consciousness]] *[[Brain Imaging]] *[[Chemistry and consciousness]] *[[General Psychopathology]] *[[Memory (biological)]] *[[Neurobiology of emotion]] [[File:PurkinjeCell.jpg|thumbnail|270px|A neuron, the functional unit of the brain. ]] ==Incomplete pages == *[[Cognitive psychology|Cognitive psychology]] *[[Evolutionary biology of nervous systems]] *[[Human eye development]] *[[Mathematical modeling of neural networks]] *[[Topic:Neuroethics|Neuroethics]] == Proposed pages == *Plasticity of nervous systems, learning, memory *Cellular and molecular components of nervous systems *Neuropharmacology - drugs and nervous systems *Nervous system-machine/prosthetic interface engineering *Psychophysiology - how psychic processes are provided by the nervous system *Nervous system regulation and regulatory dysfunction *Exogenous/endogenous determination of neuronal structure and function *Gender inequality: Why are women so often left out of clinical research? ==Active participants== The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here: * [[user:Kernsters|Kernsters]] * [[user:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ==Resources== * A list of recommended resources can be found [[Fundamentals of Neuroscience#References and Resources|here]] [[Category:Neuroscience| ]] [[Category:Neurology]] [[Category:Psychology]] [[Category:Biology|*]] mokeb3v0oa6benhhedx7vituqnrav6t 0 29197 2839920 833821 2026-10-12T21:58:09Z Percy James92 3027633 Added missing space 2839920 wikitext text/x-wiki Information management is concerned with the management of information within an enterprise. According to Russell Ackoff, a system theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into five categories: *[[Data|data]] *[[Information|information]] *knowledge *understanding *wisdom While data is concerned with collections of raw facts, symbols, observations and the like, information is more concerned with pre-processed and meaningful data. For example, 6 would be data and when used in the context of "Kara's height is 6 feet", we can say that the data has been presented as useful information. Indeed, data that has been made more useful becomes information. Since most organizations today are dealing with information on a large scale, information has become a primary asset of every organization. Information therefore needs to be "managed" within the enterprise so as to provide efficient means to create, define, store, index, use, transfer and apply the same. Hence it can be said that information management makes information tangible in technology based repositories and systems so as to make it accessible to the appropriate person at the needed time within the organization. With soaring capital costs and increasing investments in information technology to achieve competitive advantage, organizations today are turning to low cost technologies to cut costs and realize benefits of technology. Open source is an answer to this prayer as organizations across the world today are recovering benefits and savings in terms of cost, money by investing in technology whose source code is available free of cost. The fundamental principle of Open Source is simple: because programmers can read, write, and modify the source code for a software application, the system evolves for the better over time. third parties can add improvements, fix problems, and generally improve the product. And, there is no need to wait for the corporate company to develop systems based on secret programs hidden from users. With Open Source, an organization or individual has the ability and the legal right to develop software that meets the needs of the organization. In a dynamic environment wherein information is being transacted in micro and nano seconds, it is essential to build a self sustaining and evolving system that can ensure maintainability with mini Powered by benefits of affordability, flexibility and wide availability without licensing hassles, information management has been made easy through the use of open source technologies. Content Management systems and portal software like Plone, Drupal, Mambo and Joomla are being used to power the intranet systems that serve as information management tools in organizations. These intranet systems leverage the information of an organization through their inbuilt features of document management, content management, WYSIWYG editors for content maintenance and make the same available through a seamless, authorization and authentication based system Information management using open source technologies can dramatically increase the delivery of services and improve the efficiency of the organization through low cost and affordable software solutions. The availability of source code for modification without proprietary licensing issues allows the organization the freedom to customize the application to their choice. Hence unlike proprietary solutions, the organization has the full freedom to modify and customize the product to their needs unlike traditional software wherein the users are bound by copyright agreements. The use of open source software includes but is not restricted to just the implementation of an open source based solution in an organization. This is but the first step in the successful implementation of Information Management strategy in an organization. This has to be followed by an effective Change Management program to educate and spread the use of open source software in the organization as open source is often perceived to have limitations of lack of support, insecurity etc to name a few. ==External links== * [http://plone.org/ Plone website] * [http://plone.org/products/ Plone products] * [http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom] by Gene Bellinger, Durval Castro, Anthony Mills * [http://mike2.openmethodology.org MIKE2.0] - the open source standard for information management [[Category:Computer science]] [[Category:Information Management]] [[Category:Open Source]] 4x4szwtdzwwptnrxkno0day62fd6mch 14 34088 2840014 119819 2026-10-13T10:49:54Z Theologiministry89 3112580 /* */ Theological studies and biblical languages interpretation through biblical theology 2840014 wikitext text/x-wiki Page flags are templates which are commonly inserted at the top of existing pages to mark them for any of a variety of purposes (e.g. warning, information, requests, cleanup, merging). [[Category:templates]] The theologia ministry is the best explanation for the theological studies project based learning and teaching services through the biblical theology and biblical languages interpretation by faith and religion 6x944qumix7yf0b1vigjvda7l4xa4kh 0 34883 2839991 2332355 2026-10-13T08:33:32Z LokiZhan 3112588 Expanded and reorganized the PCB layout course, corrected technical inaccuracies, and added detailed design guidelines, manufacturing considerations, and practical exercises. 2839991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Printed Circuit Board Layout''' is an introductory course on the design of printed circuit boards (PCBs), with an emphasis on low-frequency analog and digital circuits. It covers the practical steps involved in converting an electronic schematic into a manufacturable board, including component placement, routing, layer selection, and preparation of production files. PCB layout is concerned with both electrical connectivity and physical construction. Although a schematic defines the intended circuit connections, it does not establish conductor dimensions, component spacing, return-current paths, or manufacturing clearances. These details must be addressed during layout. == PCB Construction == A conventional rigid PCB is made from an insulating laminate carrying one or more patterned copper layers. FR-4, a glass-reinforced epoxy laminate, is commonly used for general-purpose electronic circuits. Copper layers contain the traces, pads, and conductive regions that connect circuit components. Boards with two or more copper layers may use plated holes to connect conductors on different layers. === Number of Layers === Single-sided boards contain one copper layer and are suitable for simple circuits with limited routing requirements. Double-sided boards use copper on both sides of the laminate. Plated-through holes and vias allow connections between the two layers. Multilayer boards contain additional copper layers separated by insulating materials. These layers may be assigned to signal routing, power distribution, or ground reference planes. The appropriate layer count depends on routing density, electrical requirements, mechanical constraints, and manufacturing cost. More layers can simplify routing and improve reference-plane continuity, but they also affect fabrication complexity. === Copper Thickness === Copper thickness influences conductor resistance, current-carrying capability, and manufacturing limitations. PCB copper is commonly specified by nominal weight in ounces per square foot (oz/ft²). One ounce per square foot corresponds to approximately 35 µm, or 1.4 mils, of copper before additional plating. The finished thickness of outer-layer copper may differ from the starting foil thickness because of plating during fabrication. Conductor width and copper thickness must be considered together when evaluating voltage drop and temperature rise. === Holes and Vias === A plated-through hole is a drilled hole whose conductive wall provides an electrical connection between copper layers. Such holes may also accommodate through-hole component leads. Vias are used to connect traces or copper areas on different layers. Conventional through vias extend through the complete board thickness. Non-plated holes are commonly used for mechanical mounting or alignment where an electrical connection is not required. Hole size, finished diameter, annular ring dimensions, and spacing from nearby copper must be compatible with the selected fabrication process. === Solder Mask and Silkscreen === Solder mask is an insulating coating applied over selected areas of the PCB. It protects exposed copper surfaces and helps reduce unintended solder connections during assembly. Openings in the solder mask expose pads and other features that require soldering or electrical contact. Silkscreen is used for component references, polarity indicators, assembly markings, and other information. Markings should remain legible and should not interfere with exposed soldering areas. == PCB Design Workflow == The layout process normally begins after the circuit requirements and schematic have been established. The steps described below are presented in a practical sequence, although engineers may return to earlier stages when design changes are necessary. === Schematic Preparation === The schematic defines the electrical connections between components. It should include complete component references, pin assignments, power connections, and relevant component values. Before beginning layout, the schematic should be reviewed for missing connections, incorrect pin assignments, and other electrical errors. Electrical rule checking can identify certain inconsistencies, such as unconnected pins or conflicting pin types. It cannot determine whether the intended circuit will perform correctly, so engineering review is still required. Component symbols must also be associated with the correct physical footprints before placement. === Footprint Selection === A footprint defines the physical arrangement of pads, holes, and related layout features for a component. Footprints should be selected using the component manufacturer's package drawing and applicable land-pattern recommendations. A component with the correct electrical function may still have a different package or pin arrangement from another part. Important dimensions include pad spacing, lead pitch, hole diameter, package outline, and orientation. Particular care is required when creating custom footprints. Incorrect pad numbering or dimensions can make an otherwise correct circuit board unusable. Where three-dimensional models are available, they can assist with mechanical clearance checks, but they do not replace verification against the component drawing. === Board Outline and Mechanical Constraints === The board outline defines the physical dimensions and shape of the finished PCB. Mounting holes, connectors, switches, indicators, and other mechanically constrained features should be established before placing components that have no fixed location. Connector positions must be checked against mating cables, enclosures, and nearby components. Mounting holes require sufficient clearance for fasteners and assembly tools. The board edge should also have adequate clearance from copper features according to the fabrication requirements. === Component Placement === Component placement has a substantial influence on routing difficulty, electrical performance, and assembly accessibility. A practical placement sequence is: # Position components with fixed mechanical locations, such as connectors, switches, and mounting holes. # Place major integrated circuits and other large components. # Position components that must remain electrically close to particular devices. # Arrange the remaining components to simplify routing and assembly. Decoupling capacitors should generally be positioned close to the power pins they serve, with short connections to the relevant supply and return paths. Placement becomes especially important when the circuit contains fast current transients. Oscillators and their associated components should follow the layout recommendations for the device concerned. Long traces and unnecessary routing changes around sensitive oscillator connections should be avoided. Component orientation should also be considered. Consistent orientation can simplify assembly and inspection, although electrical and mechanical requirements take priority. Adequate spacing must be provided for soldering, inspection, and anticipated repair operations. === Trace Routing === Routing establishes the electrical connections specified by the schematic using copper conductors. In a single copper layer, unrelated traces cannot cross without creating a short circuit. On multilayer boards, traces may cross on different layers and connect between layers using vias. Routing should begin with connections that have significant electrical or physical constraints. These may include power conductors, sensitive analog signals, or connections that must remain short. General routing considerations include: * Use conductor widths appropriate for the expected current and allowable temperature rise. * Maintain sufficient clearance between unrelated copper features. * Avoid unnecessary vias and changes in routing direction. * Keep sensitive signal paths away from identified noise sources where practical. * Provide suitable return-current paths for signal and power connections. * Consider the effects of routing on component access and test-point placement. Trace width must not be selected solely from the schematic. Current, copper thickness, temperature rise, and the operating environment affect conductor sizing. For high-speed or radio-frequency circuits, trace geometry and the surrounding dielectric structure also influence characteristic impedance. These designs may require controlled-impedance routing rather than general-purpose trace dimensions. === Power Distribution and Grounding === Power conductors should be sized according to their current requirements and the acceptable voltage drop. Ground connections provide return paths for circuit currents. Their arrangement can influence noise, signal behavior, and electromagnetic compatibility. A continuous ground plane is often useful on multilayer boards because it provides a relatively low-inductance return path and reduces the need for separate ground traces. Splitting or interrupting a reference plane can force return currents to follow longer paths. Such interruptions should be considered when routing signals across different regions of a board. For low-frequency mixed-signal circuits, component placement and current-return paths should be evaluated together rather than relying automatically on separate analog and digital ground regions. Copper pours may also be used to distribute current or provide additional conductive area. Their electrical connections and clearances should be checked after routing. == Design Rules == Design rules define the geometric limits and electrical constraints used by PCB layout software. Typical rules include minimum trace width, conductor spacing, via dimensions, annular ring requirements, and copper-to-board-edge clearance. These values depend on the manufacturing capability selected for the design. A rule set suitable for one fabrication process may not be appropriate for another. Design rule checking (DRC) can identify many geometric violations, including insufficient clearance, missing connections, and some incorrectly dimensioned features. However, a successful DRC does not guarantee that the circuit is electrically correct, reliable, or fully manufacturable. Engineers should review critical routing, component footprints, mechanical clearances, and manufacturing specifications in addition to automated checks. == Common Layout Problems == Several problems are frequently encountered in early PCB designs. === Incorrect Footprints === An incorrect footprint may result in mismatched pad spacing, reversed pin assignments, or insufficient component clearance. The component datasheet and mechanical drawing should be checked before the layout is released. === Inadequate Trace Width === A narrow conductor may produce excessive voltage drop or temperature rise under load. Trace dimensions should be evaluated using the expected current, copper thickness, and permitted operating temperature conditions. === Poor Decoupling Placement === A decoupling capacitor placed far from the associated integrated circuit may introduce unnecessary impedance into the supply connection. The capacitor, supply pin, and return path should form a compact electrical connection. === Interrupted Return Paths === Signals routed across gaps or discontinuities in reference planes may experience increased loop area and unwanted coupling. Routing and layer organization should account for the paths taken by returning currents. === Insufficient Mechanical Clearance === Components positioned near mounting holes, connectors, or enclosure boundaries may interfere with assembly. Mechanical drawings and board models should be reviewed before production files are generated. == Preparing a Design for Manufacturing == After completing the layout, the design must be converted into the documentation needed for fabrication and assembly. The required manufacturing data normally includes copper-layer artwork, solder mask patterns, silkscreen information, board outline data, and drilling instructions. Gerber files are widely used to represent PCB artwork layers. Drill files identify hole locations and sizes. Depending on the manufacturing workflow, other formats may also be used. A fabrication drawing may specify material, finished board thickness, copper weight, surface finish, tolerances, and other requirements not fully described by the artwork files. Boards intended for assembly also require appropriate component and placement information. Before release, the output files should be reviewed using an independent manufacturing-data viewer where possible. This helps identify missing layers, incorrect outlines, drill alignment errors, and inconsistencies between the layout and exported files. == Glossary == * '''Footprint:''' The physical pad, hole, and outline information associated with a component in PCB layout software. * '''Trace:''' A patterned copper conductor used to connect circuit features. * '''Via:''' A conductive interconnection between copper layers. * '''Copper plane:''' A relatively large continuous copper area used for electrical reference or current distribution. * '''Annular ring:''' The copper surrounding a drilled hole. * '''Solder mask:''' An insulating coating that leaves selected conductive features exposed. * '''Silkscreen:''' Printed identification and assembly markings on a PCB. * '''Stack-up:''' The arrangement and thicknesses of copper and insulating layers within a PCB. * '''DRC:''' Design rule checking, an automated process for identifying layout-rule violations. * '''Gerber:''' A widely used format for representing PCB manufacturing artwork. hm263bqilp5u8f7cj1xjnixjxeus9wx 0 54114 2839987 2314038 2026-10-13T08:02:58Z LokiZhan 3112588 Corrected capacitance unit conversions and expanded explanations of capacitive reactance, practical applications, and example calculations with references. 2839987 wikitext text/x-wiki The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), named after Michael Faraday. One farad is the capacitance of a capacitor that stores one coulomb of electric charge when the potential difference across its terminals is one volt.<ref>[https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure The International System of Units (SI) | BIPM]</ref> The term ''farad'' was introduced by Josiah Latimer Clark in 1861 in honor of Michael Faraday, although it originally referred to a unit of electric charge. An abfarad is an older electromagnetic (CGS) unit of capacitance equal to 10⁹ farads (1,000,000,000 F or 1 GF). The statfarad is the corresponding electrostatic (CGS) unit of capacitance. One statfarad is approximately 1.11265 picofarads (pF).<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-b-conversion-factors/nist-guide-si-appendix-b9 NIST Guide to the SI: Conversion Factors]</ref> == Common Capacitance Values == The farad is a relatively large unit for most electronic applications. Capacitor values are therefore commonly expressed in microfarads (µF), nanofarads (nF), and picofarads (pF). * 1 microfarad (µF) = 10^-6 F * 1 nanofarad (nF) = 10^-9 F * 1 picofarad (pF) = 10^-12 F One microfarad equals 1,000 nanofarads, while one nanofarad equals 1,000 picofarads. Capacitance values vary according to the type and intended use of a capacitor. Smaller values are commonly used in high-frequency circuits, while larger values are often employed in power supply filtering and energy storage applications. == Capacitance in AC Circuits == In an alternating current (AC) circuit, a capacitor is repeatedly charged and discharged as the applied voltage changes. Its opposition to alternating current is called capacitive reactance. For an ideal capacitor, the magnitude of capacitive reactance is calculated using: :<math>X_C = \frac{1}{2\pi fC}</math> where: * <math>X_C</math> is capacitive reactance in ohms (Ω). * <math>f</math> is the frequency in hertz (Hz). * <math>C</math> is capacitance in farads (F). Capacitive reactance decreases as either frequency or capacitance increases. Consequently, a capacitor presents greater opposition to low-frequency currents than to high-frequency currents. In an ideal capacitive AC circuit, current leads voltage by 90 degrees.<ref>[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/15-2-simple-ac-circuits OpenStax: Simple AC Circuits]</ref> == Example Calculation == Consider a 1 µF capacitor connected to a 1 kHz sinusoidal AC source. Its capacitive reactance is: :<math>X_C = \frac{1}{2\pi \times 1000 \times 1\times10^{-6}}</math> :<math>X_C \approx 159.15\ \Omega</math> If the frequency is increased to 10 kHz while the capacitance remains unchanged, the reactance decreases to approximately 15.92 Ω. This illustrates the inverse relationship between frequency and capacitive reactance. == Practical Applications == Capacitors are used in AC coupling, filtering, timing circuits, and power supply decoupling. Their selection depends on the required capacitance, operating frequency, voltage rating, and other electrical characteristics. In practical circuits, capacitor behavior also depends on equivalent series resistance (ESR), equivalent series inductance (ESL), and dielectric properties. These non-ideal characteristics become particularly important at higher frequencies. == References == <references/> [[Category:Electromagnetism]] jrrlk43uo2vy1bxk9r2ka1hvdl3oca5 4 55201 2839914 2810302 2026-10-12T21:46:07Z Jtneill 10242 Expand list of restrictions 2839914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikiversity Autoconfirmed.svg|150px|right]] A user is autoconfirmed when the user account has existed for 4 days; a minimum number of edits is not required. An anonymous IP user is not autoconfirmed. Users who are not autoconfirmed have restricted editing rights, including not being able to: * [[Special:Upload|upload a file]] * move a page * edit semi-protected pages * create new pages via an IP address without logging in If you are not autoconfirmed and an action you want to perform is thereby blocked, you have the following options: * Create an account at [[commons:Main Page|Commons]] and upload files at Commons. You can use the files here at Wikiversity by referencing their file names. * Contact [[Wikiversity:Support staff]] (also by [[Wikiversity:Chat]]) * Write a message in the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]]. [[Category:Wikiversity administration]] 9etfgws3t2cn61bz74km78brt2z1q92 0 55218 2839912 2794308 2026-10-12T21:33:42Z SamLaxarox 3112542 Added redirect. 2839912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Neuroimaging}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 95%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 31%; background-color: #ffffe0; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" | [[Computed Tomography]] (CT)[[Image:64 slice scanner.JPG|thumb|300px|right]] | style="width: 38%; background-color: #e0e0ff; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" | [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] (MRI)[[Image:Modern 3T MRI.JPG|thumb|300px|right]] | style="width: 31%; background-color: #e0e0ff; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" | [[Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] (fMRI)[[Image:Varian4T.jpg|thumb|250px|right]] |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 95%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 31%; background-color: #ffffe0; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" | [[Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography]] (SPECT)<br>[[Image:HybridSpectCTScanner.png|right|170px]] | style="width: 38%; background-color: #e0e0ff; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" | [[Positron Emission Tomography]] (PET)<br>[[Image:ECAT-Exact-HR--PET-Scanner.jpg|right|340px]] |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 95%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 40%; background-color: #e0e0ff; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" | [[Calcium Imaging]][[Image:Calcium_fluorescence_imaging_schematic.png|right|300px]] | style="width: 33%; background-color: #e0e0ff; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" | [[Magnetoencephalography (MEG)]][[Image:NIMH_MEG.jpg|right|300px]] | style="width: 33%; background-color: #e0e0ff; {{text color default}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" | |} [[Category:Neurology]] [[Category:Neuroscience]] [[Category:Media]] Back to [[Neurosociety_Media_Centre|Neurosociety Media Centre]] home page 1f2i3bssyjn29oql0a4gvj48gufrvwa 0 75144 2839843 1953729 2026-10-12T16:46:43Z SamLaxarox 3112542 Added template warning for no inline citations. 2839843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lesson}} {{Projectbox|Theme=9|icon=Human Brain Symbol.svg|text=[[Help:Resources by subject|'''Subject Classification''':]] this is a [[Topic:Neuroscience|neuroscience]] resource.}} {{No footnotes|date=October 2026}} == What is Neuroscience? == '''[[w:Neuroscience|Neuroscience]]''' is a field devoted to the scientific study of the [[w:nervous system|Nervous system]]. It is one of the most interdisciplinary scientific fields, and also one of the most rapidly advancing. Neuroscientists may come from a variety of backgrounds, including [[w:psychology|psychology]], [[w:computer science|computer science]], [[w:biology|biology]], and [[w:medicine|medicine]]. It advances the potential understandings of the humanities by offering hypotheses and conceptualizations for the underlying mechanisms of [[w:thought|thought]], [[w:emotion|emotion]], [[w:behavior|behavior]], and everything in between. Neuroscientists use an ever increasing range of tools, including scanners capable of showing brain activation in real-time, computer models that are capable of acquiring language capabilities using the same basic methodology of developing children, molecular techniques which can explain how changes on an infinitesimally small scale can translate into effects of incalculable gravity, and [[w:ethology|ethological]] studies which decode the complex workings and interactions of living creatures in their natural environments into overarching laws of behavior. From these studies they learn how the nervous system [[w:neural development|arises]], comes to [[w:philosophy of mind|shape]] who we are, and even how it sometimes [[w:neurological disorder|fails]]. == Major Questions in Neuroscience == [[File:Parasagittal MRI of human head in patient with benign familial macrocephaly prior to brain injury (ANIMATED).gif|An MRI scan of the human brain|right]] How do we learn and remember? What are emotions? How and why does the nervous system malfunction? What can be done to reverse, halt, and/or treat adverse physiological or psychological symptoms that result from these malfunctions? What are the implications of neuroscience on law and morality? [[Chemistry and consciousness/Is consciousness a chemical process?|What is consciousness?]], Can intelligence be improved? Where did language come from? Where does a sense of self come from? [[w:neuroscience of free will|Is there free will?]] == Subfields of Neuroscience == ''Molecular'': Neurochemistry, Cellular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience, Neurobiology ''Cognitive'': Computational Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Neuropsychology, Affective Neuroscience ''Behavioral Neuroscience'': Biological Psychology, Behavioral Genetics/Epigenetics, Experimental Psychology, Learning and Behavior ''Medical'': Neuroimmunology, Neuropathology, Neuropharmacology, Neuroprosthetics, Neurotoxicology, Psychopharmacology, Neuroimaging ''Other'': Neurolinguistics, Cultural Neuroscience, Neuroanthropology, Evolutionary Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience, Neuroengineering, Neuroinformatics, Paleoneurology, Social Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Brain Machine Interface (BMI), Neuroeconomics == Why Neuroscience? == As the father of Neuroscience [[w:Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] put it, "As long as our brain is a mystery, the universe-which is a reflection of the structure of the brain- will also be a mystery". No other field offers such a profound glimpse into the human experience, and more importantly how that experience can be improved. [[File:Neural Correlates Of Consciousness.jpg|thumbnail|650px|center|One example of a bold neuroscientific [[w:The Astonishing Hypothesis|theory]] of the roots of [[w:consciousness|consciousness]]]] [[Category:Fundamentals of Neuroscience]] 60jpyqbcxz0ir75d6obw9yvd9qndned 4 75745 2839937 2838345 2026-10-12T23:34:16Z SamLaxarox 3112542 /* Unable to Create Page (?) */ new section 2839937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} ==Review changes to [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]]== {{ping|Codename Noreste}} Could you review changes I made to this filter to help prevent profanity spam using obfuscated spellings? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:44, 25 May 2026 (UTC) : I've adjusted the filter to prevent any potential false positives, see its conditions. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:10, 26 May 2026 (UTC) == Please unban == I want to create a new page (a pro/contra discussion page [[Are humans omnivores or herbivores?|like this one]]); initially it included an entry in the "== External Links ==" section, so it got blocked. I tried using a doi.org link; unfortunately that got blocked, too. Then I tried without, and it said I tried too often… Please unban my user so I can create the page (without an external link…). In general, please consider adding doi.org to a whitelist. DOI links are virtually all academic, so how bad can that possibly be? Thank you! :-) [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44661-47|&#126;2026-44661-47]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-44661-47|talk]]) 11:02, 15 August 2026 (UTC) : Thanks for letting us know. Some suggestion: :* Although you can edit anonymously, it is better to create an account and log in - that will give you more permissions :* You are hitting some spam filters, but the system will learn to trust you if you login and engage in some constructive editing (e.g., edit and improve a page before before adding external links); basically, it doesn't trust you yet. We don't have a lot of volunteer admins so it isn't perfect (there are some false positives), but it prevents a lot of clean-up. : : But now for the not-so-good news. The Wikiversity community recently decide to stop Wikidebates because there were some problematic topics and responses. However, if it is a good topic, there's likely some way to do something similar that would be accepted. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:21, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::My debate question is: "Are humans monogamous or polygamous?" (In my opinion, that makes it very analogous to the diet question I liked to.) [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44661-47|&#126;2026-44661-47]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-44661-47|talk]]) 11:37, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::: This question is an example of a potentially educationally relevant topic to have as a learning project in debate format, but currently debates are not permitted (see [[Wikidebates]] for more info). -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 12:03, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::::I understand. I would generally find it noteworthy that a debate club which used to pretend to be liberal would so readily admit to the opposite and shut itself down, simply because – I'm assuming – someone asked the forbidden questions of our time or questioned the truisms of our time, which stirred up some emotions in the overly sensitive. That, of course, is not what the enlightenment taught us, nor is it in line with what ''actually'' liberal academia is all about. However, it is no surprise to me at all for a socialist project of the Wikimedia realm. I'll go and find myself some better people. Thank you and have a good day, Jtneill. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44661-47|&#126;2026-44661-47]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-44661-47|talk]]) 12:10, 15 August 2026 (UTC) == Request to review AbuseFilter block on a student research draft == Hello. I am a new contributor attempting to create [[Draft:Anti-IL-6 scFv–RDVLPGT fusion concept]], a clearly labeled student research project. The draft separates cited evidence from an unvalidated design hypothesis, states the central limitation (extracellular anti-IL-6 scFv versus intracellular MyD88), includes falsifiable expectations, and uses external links only for DOI references, RCSB PDB 4DOM, and an NCBI iCn3D structural-context view. The edit was disallowed by the rule “New user creating page with external link.” Could a custodian please review the draft and allow the constructive edit, or advise the appropriate way to publish it without removing its verifiable sources? Thank you. [[User:Jayhan0302|Jayhan0302]] ([[User talk:Jayhan0302|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jayhan0302|contribs]]) 08:47, 22 August 2026 (UTC) : Hi Jayhan, : Because you're a new user, the system wants to learn to trust you, so try editing at first without including external links. Then, after a while, it will realise that you're to be trusted, and then you'll be able to add external links. : I hope that helps. : Sincerely,<br> James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 09:04, 22 August 2026 (UTC) :This is a little embarrassing, but I've never been an EditFilter whiz, so I just added the links myself. You will be able to add links yourself after you have made <var>x</var> edits in <var>y</var> days. I can never recall the exact numbers, but they are very small. Let me know if you need more help. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:06, 22 August 2026 (UTC) == Report concerning [[special:contribs/Bśadów$ki112|Bśadów$ki112]] == '''Reasons''': Long-term abuse. Impersonation of [[:sulutil:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]]. --[[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 19:19, 28 August 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:20, 28 August 2026 (UTC) == Custodianship == proofreading and summarizing I excel in social science and current events history political science are my areas of past study. Could I be custodian of primarily pages dealing with social science and politics? I have experience editing am a advanced reader and can accept more than one point of view on almost any topic the point is to see the ethical standard and protection of people of sacred belief of food equitable relationships and not accept any point of view that includes towards a laissez faire attitude on abuse. To me it's what we can do as individuals,as community,as friends as family not what harm is possible for that is off the boards not acceptable. I'll keep a open mind and not stifle any dissent. My interest is also in assuring the complete construction of explanatory paragraphs,proper wording and generally good punctuation. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50875-97|~2026-50875-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-50875-97|talk]]) 15:27, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :What you posted here does not require custodian action and show some poor judgement: This board is for escalated issues that a standard user can't perform. What you are basically writing here is "I would like to be a custodian". There is a process for that, but step one would be having an actual account to edit from, so do that first, then edit here as a non-custodian in a helpful manner, and then make the request if you'd still like that. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:38, 21 September 2026 (UTC) == I am trying to publish a biography == I am a beginner, I cannot succeed. [[User:Petrosa51|Petrosa51]] ([[User talk:Petrosa51|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Petrosa51|contribs]]) 12:57, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :I posted a [[Template:welcome|welcome message]] to your talk page that gives you an overview of Wikiversity. While a biography <em>could</em> be considered appropriate here if part of a larger exercise in learning but this is not an encyclopedia like our sibling project Wikipedia, so generally, we won't have much in the way of article-long biographies. Why were you trying to post a biography here and of whom? ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:24, 27 September 2026 (UTC) ::I am a writer I publish in Romania and USA, and I wanted to put on-line officially, the Bibliography, both in romanian and english, maybe I am not on the right topic pages, I did much work in Romania, and both in USA, and I am proud, but just maybe I didn't came out with the right issued page, I will do my best to make a bibliography, if I may. It was about my works, so far. I will try another day, if I succeed... Very much greetings Iulia, ro Where I can put the text, I have seen other Bibliographies, on wiki? [[User:Petrosa51|Petrosa51]] ([[User talk:Petrosa51|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Petrosa51|contribs]]) 16:41, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :::If you want to contribute here and you want to mention your publications on your userpage, I think that's fine. If you just want to make a user page for vanity's sake and aren't going to actually contribute here, I don't think that's useful: we don't provide free hosting. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:11, 27 September 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you very much for your response, I will agree with that. I have seen book lists at other authors, and that was why, is not vanity is work, Iulia E., from Romania... (Wikipedia hosted that kind, it was not my invention), maybe I will contribute if I may with other things, with much friendship, Iulia [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52080-44|~2026-52080-44]] ([[User talk:~2026-52080-44|talk]]) 22:00, 27 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for protection of User:Bobiversity == Hello. I would like to request protection of [[User:Bobiversity]] because I would prefer that other users not edit my user page. Thank you. [[User:Bobiversity|Bobiversity]] ([[User talk:Bobiversity|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bobiversity|contribs]]) 04:01, 11 October 2026 (UTC) :The anonymous editor(s) have been blocked for two weeks for vandalism. Please let us know if this activity continues. [[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:57, 11 October 2026 (UTC) == Unable to Create Page (?) == Hi, I'm trying to create a page: [[Magnetoencephalography (MEG)]]. </br> When I attempt to create it however, it does not allow me, spitting the following message: </br> "This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New user exceeded new page limit" Any help on this would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 23:34, 12 October 2026 (UTC) lcbvt64sxtkwszo1gch6k8njqjqknv9 2839950 2839937 2026-10-13T02:09:56Z Koavf 147 /* Unable to Create Page (?) */ Reply 2839950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} ==Review changes to [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]]== {{ping|Codename Noreste}} Could you review changes I made to this filter to help prevent profanity spam using obfuscated spellings? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:44, 25 May 2026 (UTC) : I've adjusted the filter to prevent any potential false positives, see its conditions. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:10, 26 May 2026 (UTC) == Please unban == I want to create a new page (a pro/contra discussion page [[Are humans omnivores or herbivores?|like this one]]); initially it included an entry in the "== External Links ==" section, so it got blocked. I tried using a doi.org link; unfortunately that got blocked, too. Then I tried without, and it said I tried too often… Please unban my user so I can create the page (without an external link…). In general, please consider adding doi.org to a whitelist. DOI links are virtually all academic, so how bad can that possibly be? Thank you! :-) [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44661-47|&#126;2026-44661-47]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-44661-47|talk]]) 11:02, 15 August 2026 (UTC) : Thanks for letting us know. Some suggestion: :* Although you can edit anonymously, it is better to create an account and log in - that will give you more permissions :* You are hitting some spam filters, but the system will learn to trust you if you login and engage in some constructive editing (e.g., edit and improve a page before before adding external links); basically, it doesn't trust you yet. We don't have a lot of volunteer admins so it isn't perfect (there are some false positives), but it prevents a lot of clean-up. : : But now for the not-so-good news. The Wikiversity community recently decide to stop Wikidebates because there were some problematic topics and responses. However, if it is a good topic, there's likely some way to do something similar that would be accepted. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:21, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::My debate question is: "Are humans monogamous or polygamous?" (In my opinion, that makes it very analogous to the diet question I liked to.) [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44661-47|&#126;2026-44661-47]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-44661-47|talk]]) 11:37, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::: This question is an example of a potentially educationally relevant topic to have as a learning project in debate format, but currently debates are not permitted (see [[Wikidebates]] for more info). -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 12:03, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::::I understand. I would generally find it noteworthy that a debate club which used to pretend to be liberal would so readily admit to the opposite and shut itself down, simply because – I'm assuming – someone asked the forbidden questions of our time or questioned the truisms of our time, which stirred up some emotions in the overly sensitive. That, of course, is not what the enlightenment taught us, nor is it in line with what ''actually'' liberal academia is all about. However, it is no surprise to me at all for a socialist project of the Wikimedia realm. I'll go and find myself some better people. Thank you and have a good day, Jtneill. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44661-47|&#126;2026-44661-47]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-44661-47|talk]]) 12:10, 15 August 2026 (UTC) == Request to review AbuseFilter block on a student research draft == Hello. I am a new contributor attempting to create [[Draft:Anti-IL-6 scFv–RDVLPGT fusion concept]], a clearly labeled student research project. The draft separates cited evidence from an unvalidated design hypothesis, states the central limitation (extracellular anti-IL-6 scFv versus intracellular MyD88), includes falsifiable expectations, and uses external links only for DOI references, RCSB PDB 4DOM, and an NCBI iCn3D structural-context view. The edit was disallowed by the rule “New user creating page with external link.” Could a custodian please review the draft and allow the constructive edit, or advise the appropriate way to publish it without removing its verifiable sources? Thank you. [[User:Jayhan0302|Jayhan0302]] ([[User talk:Jayhan0302|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jayhan0302|contribs]]) 08:47, 22 August 2026 (UTC) : Hi Jayhan, : Because you're a new user, the system wants to learn to trust you, so try editing at first without including external links. Then, after a while, it will realise that you're to be trusted, and then you'll be able to add external links. : I hope that helps. : Sincerely,<br> James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 09:04, 22 August 2026 (UTC) :This is a little embarrassing, but I've never been an EditFilter whiz, so I just added the links myself. You will be able to add links yourself after you have made <var>x</var> edits in <var>y</var> days. I can never recall the exact numbers, but they are very small. Let me know if you need more help. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:06, 22 August 2026 (UTC) == Report concerning [[special:contribs/Bśadów$ki112|Bśadów$ki112]] == '''Reasons''': Long-term abuse. Impersonation of [[:sulutil:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]]. --[[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 19:19, 28 August 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:20, 28 August 2026 (UTC) == Custodianship == proofreading and summarizing I excel in social science and current events history political science are my areas of past study. Could I be custodian of primarily pages dealing with social science and politics? I have experience editing am a advanced reader and can accept more than one point of view on almost any topic the point is to see the ethical standard and protection of people of sacred belief of food equitable relationships and not accept any point of view that includes towards a laissez faire attitude on abuse. To me it's what we can do as individuals,as community,as friends as family not what harm is possible for that is off the boards not acceptable. I'll keep a open mind and not stifle any dissent. My interest is also in assuring the complete construction of explanatory paragraphs,proper wording and generally good punctuation. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50875-97|~2026-50875-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-50875-97|talk]]) 15:27, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :What you posted here does not require custodian action and show some poor judgement: This board is for escalated issues that a standard user can't perform. What you are basically writing here is "I would like to be a custodian". There is a process for that, but step one would be having an actual account to edit from, so do that first, then edit here as a non-custodian in a helpful manner, and then make the request if you'd still like that. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:38, 21 September 2026 (UTC) == I am trying to publish a biography == I am a beginner, I cannot succeed. [[User:Petrosa51|Petrosa51]] ([[User talk:Petrosa51|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Petrosa51|contribs]]) 12:57, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :I posted a [[Template:welcome|welcome message]] to your talk page that gives you an overview of Wikiversity. While a biography <em>could</em> be considered appropriate here if part of a larger exercise in learning but this is not an encyclopedia like our sibling project Wikipedia, so generally, we won't have much in the way of article-long biographies. Why were you trying to post a biography here and of whom? ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:24, 27 September 2026 (UTC) ::I am a writer I publish in Romania and USA, and I wanted to put on-line officially, the Bibliography, both in romanian and english, maybe I am not on the right topic pages, I did much work in Romania, and both in USA, and I am proud, but just maybe I didn't came out with the right issued page, I will do my best to make a bibliography, if I may. It was about my works, so far. I will try another day, if I succeed... Very much greetings Iulia, ro Where I can put the text, I have seen other Bibliographies, on wiki? [[User:Petrosa51|Petrosa51]] ([[User talk:Petrosa51|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Petrosa51|contribs]]) 16:41, 27 September 2026 (UTC) :::If you want to contribute here and you want to mention your publications on your userpage, I think that's fine. If you just want to make a user page for vanity's sake and aren't going to actually contribute here, I don't think that's useful: we don't provide free hosting. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:11, 27 September 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you very much for your response, I will agree with that. I have seen book lists at other authors, and that was why, is not vanity is work, Iulia E., from Romania... (Wikipedia hosted that kind, it was not my invention), maybe I will contribute if I may with other things, with much friendship, Iulia [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52080-44|~2026-52080-44]] ([[User talk:~2026-52080-44|talk]]) 22:00, 27 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for protection of User:Bobiversity == Hello. I would like to request protection of [[User:Bobiversity]] because I would prefer that other users not edit my user page. Thank you. [[User:Bobiversity|Bobiversity]] ([[User talk:Bobiversity|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bobiversity|contribs]]) 04:01, 11 October 2026 (UTC) :The anonymous editor(s) have been blocked for two weeks for vandalism. Please let us know if this activity continues. [[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 04:57, 11 October 2026 (UTC) == Unable to Create Page (?) == Hi, I'm trying to create a page: [[Magnetoencephalography (MEG)]]. </br> When I attempt to create it however, it does not allow me, spitting the following message: </br> "This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New user exceeded new page limit" Any help on this would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, [[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]]) 23:34, 12 October 2026 (UTC) :There are restrictions on new accounts. We could do two things: I personally recommend that you create it in your userspace and build it up to be ready for primetime and then it can be moved or I could make a blank page and you can edit it from there. I'm willing to do that, but think it's not the best method. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:09, 13 October 2026 (UTC) mhqr0jan23s0lnsisbqdqnsd4w1y5l9 0 107096 2839965 2721343 2026-10-13T05:05:57Z ~2026-54951-99 3112582 /* Chinese Grammar System */ 2839965 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Introduction'''== Language is central to societal life. It is a window on cognition, and may be a window on (a partial explanation of) cultural differences. To understand how the brain processes language, it can be useful to contrast distinct languages. In the current work, Chinese is contrasted with English =='''English Grammar System'''== To understand how Chinese language processing is different from English, it is useful to review the basic structures of English. English, as well as other Indo-European languages (e.g., French, German), is an alphabetic language. The basic structural unit is the phoneme (the smallest unit of sound). Phonemes are combined to make morphemes, which are the basic units of meaning (the smallest semantic unit). A morpheme may be one or more phonemes. A word may be a single morpheme (e.g., cat) or a combination of morphemes (e.g., cat + s = cats). Some morphemes, such as suffixes (e.g., the “s” in “cats”) and prefixes (e.g., “un” in “undo”), cannot stand alone as words. Critically, in English, one can understand the meaning of a word by identifying and understanding the component morphemes, and then combining the meanings of those morphemes. Essentially, the meaning of morphemes is invariant (though there are context-dependent exceptions) and morphemes add to create meaning of the word. In spoken English, the phonemes are combined to create syllables. which are typically, a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (i.e., three phonemes), though there are variations. Phonemes, morphemes and syllables are related by not equated (Jay, 2002). For example, the word “preconception” has three morphemes (“pre” + “concept” + “ion”), but four syllables (“pre” + “con” + “cept” + “ion”) and 12 phonemes (“p” + “r” + “iy” + “k” + “ah” + “n” + “s” + eh + p + “sh” + “an” + “n”). In English, words are combined into meaningful sentences using syntax rules (Ashcraft & Klin, 2006). The comprehension of a sentence is based on the meanings of the words, but the identification, and ultimately the specific meaning, of words is aided by the syntactical rules. Different categories of words fulfill different functions (e.g., nouns, verbs, objects, prepositions, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions). Most words belong to a single category though there are exceptions (e.g., impact, project) particularly for verbs and nouns (note that the pronunciation typically changes when a word changes categories; project as a verb is pronounced differently than project as a noun). More typically, words are altered by suffixes or prefixes when changing categories (e.g., noun and verb forms of a word typically differ). Syntax constrains the sequential word order (word categories) by defining aspects like word order, subject-verb agreement (Liu, Li, Shu, Zhang & Chen, 2010). For example, noun or adjectives follow articles (e.g., “the car”, “a red car”), clauses have a typical subject-verb-object construction (SVO, e.g., “the red car drove into the garage”), and objects follow prepositions (e.g., “into the garage”). Syntax also constrains subject-verb agreement and tense (e.g., “he runs”, “they run” “they ran”). Some Indo-European languages such as French that are structurally similar to English also have gender (Liu,et al 2010; Zhang, Yu & Boland). To understand spoken English, one must parse the sequence of syllables into morphemes and then into words (and sentences), using both semantics and syntax. Semantics is collective meaning of all the words, while syntax is essentially grammar. The difficulty for the comprehension of spoken English is the identification of breaks between words (and sentences). That is, even though it appears effortless for listeners, the breaks between words are not always obvious in the acoustic signal. In written English, the phoneme is essentially associated with a particular letter string, while words are identified by breaks and sentences are clearly marked. Hence, the breaks between words (and sentences) are obvious. However, morphemes (or even the phonemes) within a word are not necessarily obvious (Jay, 2002). In English, syntax and semantics can be processed independently (Liu., et al., 2010), even though both are “required” for interpretation. For example, it is easy to construct sentences that follow the syntactical rules of English (e.g., the water breathes furiously) without having meaning. It is also possible to construct sentences that have meaning while violating syntactical rules (e.g., the boys is gone). Parents can understand the speech of children even if it is ungrammatical. The absence of proper syntax or semantics will make an utterance more difficult to understand or more ambiguous, but not impossible (Liu., et al, 2010). For the comparison of English comprehension to Chinese comprehension, there are a number of other important issues. Firstly, there is a loose hierarchical nesting of meanings particularly for nouns and verbs (e.g, a ginger cat is a type of cat, which is a type of animal, which is a type of animate object; running and walking are types of motion, which is a type of animation). Secondly, synonyms are different words with the same meanings. They can be used to change the word without changing the meaning (e.g., “he taught the student/pupil”), although syntax might be affected (e.g., “he does that everyday” vs “he does that day after day”; “there is one dog” vs “there is a single dog”). Synonyms can be used to generate errors (e.g., “the music was dampened/muted” but not “the cloth was dampened/muted”). Homonyms are words with the same sound but different meanings. They are not detectable (applicable) in speech but are easily identified by both syntax and semantics in written work (e.g., “their” “there” and “they’re” are not interchangeable syntactically or semantically). Like synonyms, homonyms can be used to generate errors, but only in written work. Thirdly, semantics and/or syntax can constrain word category and/or word order (Liu., et al, 2010). In that constraint, he prior context of a word may be highly constraining (e.g., “he put the key into the____”), moderately constraining (e.g., “the sky is ____”), or minimally constraining (e.g., “he wanted a ____”), though the definition of the degree of constraint may be somewhat subjective. Those constraints may be semantic or syntactic or both. Finally, one must also remember that there are numerous exceptions to every rule, be that morphological or syntactical, and that colloquial speech (common, everyday speech) does not follow all the rules (Storkel.,et al, 2004). In English, the rules should be seen as strong guidelines rather than as "rules" (other alphabetic languages are more rigorous). =='''Chinese Grammar System'''== Unlike English, Chinese is an orthographic language. In an orthographic language, each morpheme is only used "in isolation". Each morpheme has a stand-alone meaning (Newman, 2011). Each morpheme is unbound. In English, one has the morphemes "dog", "toy", "escutcheon" and "s" and one may combine “dog” with “s” to get “dogs”, and “toy” with “s” to get “toys”. Even if one were to be unfamiliar with the meaning of escutcheon (the bit of metal or wood that surrounds a key hole), one could surmise that escutcheons is the plural form. Note that “s” cannot be used as a stand-alone word. It can only be used in combination. It must be bound to another morpheme. On the other hand, “dog” and “toy” may be unbound. English has a number of bound morphemes like “s” (plural), “ed” (past tense), “ex” or “un” (inverting the meaning of the following morpheme) “er” (person who), or “il/ile” (pertaining to, or capability). Many prefixes or suffixes are bound morphemes, but note that suffixes and prefixes are not limited to bound morphemes – some can also function as unbound morphemes (e.g., “ate” or “ant” or “an”). Bound morphemes are still morphemes – they have a fixed meaning that is used to modify the other morpheme of the word. For example, “able” in “portable” means more or less the same as the noun “able” and it adds that meaning to any word it modifies. However, there are numerous exceptions that can be confusing (particularly during the acquisition of English). For example, “ate” in “mitigate” (where “ate” means to “make”) is quite different from the verb “ate” (past tense of eat). These exceptions are a consequence of the historical development of English. In addition, one must be mindful of the fact that combining morphemes into new words might (or might not) affect the syntax (grammar). For example, “there is an ant” vs “they are ants” (contrasted with “he walked” “they walked”). Chinese does not work this way. In Chinese, all orthographies are unbound. There are no bound morphemes in Chinese. Each orthography has its single sound. For example, the character for people/person is 人 (rén); one cannot say how many morphemes, phonemes and syllables it has. Although Chinese developed Pinyin (is a pronunciation system to unify pronunciation by using letters) around 50 years ago, it is impossible to recognize anything like morphemes phonemes and syllables by looking at characters, and Pinyin is generally not used for writing. Thus, one does not modify the meaning of an orthography by adding a anything like a bound morpheme. Instead, one denotes different conditions (e.g., plural, past tense) by adding additional unbound orthographies to the sentence. For example, to denote the past, one adds additional words. To be specific about the present tense, one adds additional words. To denote the plural, one adds words. Note that English uses the same tactic for some situations. For example, the future tense uses additional unbound morphemes in an auxiliary plus verb structure (e.g., “he will run”). The structures of Chinese past, present and future tense are all analogous to the structure of the English future tense. This orthographic structure affects both the spoken and written versions of the language. Chinese is complicated by the fact that there are many different spoken dialects of Chinese (e.g., Mandarin and Cantonese) which are not generally intelligible to each other. However, there is only one written form for all. Those who speak different dialects use completely different pronunciations for the same written symbols. Mandarin is the official dialect (the dialect based on the Northern (Beijing) style pronunciation) of the Chinese language, and its use is enforced throughout the education system. Hence it is useful to discuss the written form before discussing the spoken form. In written Chinese, the most basic characters have developed from pictures (Pictographs).These characters “look like” the object represented (e.g., sun, moon tiger). See Figure 1. Other characters (Ideographs) represent abstract concepts, often in a meaningful way (e.g., 一 one, 二 two) but sometime not so (e.g., 四 four). See Figure 2.In these, the most basic element of the construction for each character is called the Stroke (See example 1). The strokes are classified as horizontal, vertical, rise, hook, dot and so on (Xue, Yue, Cao & Wang, 2003). The basic strokes are combined to make basic characters (e.g., 一 one, 木 wood, 水 water, etc). The basic characters are elaborated upon to make more complex characters (e.g., 林woods, 冰 ice, etc). However, the individual strokes have no intrinsic meaning, and do not associate with particular sounds (they are not the same as phonemes or letters in English). Thus, strokes cannot add up to give pronunciations and meanings to characters. At times, one can have a “logical” combination of simpler characters to create a more complex concept. This is called a logical aggregate. For example, east (東) is the representation of the sun rising over trees. Some are shown in Figure 3, Logical Aggregates. However, most of the characters in the Chinese language are not logical-aggregates. Alternatively, aggregates may be “semantically-phonetically based” (see later comments on the spoken language). One component of the character is a simpler character used for its broad semantic meaning to establish a semantic context (Xue., et al, 2003). To this, a second layer is added which may be based on an irrelevant syllable (e.g.,榜 means list of names. It is 木 “wood”+ 旁“side”, see more in Example 2) (Xin Hua Zi Dian, 2005). The semantic phonetic aggregates represent 90 - 95% of all symbols used in Chinese (Xue., et al, 2003). Some are shown in Figure 4:Semantic-phonetic Aggregates. For those who only know English, there is a critical issue for the interpretation of semantic-phonetic aggregates or logical aggregates as “words” or concepts. (Xue, Yue, Cao & Wang, 2003). Generally one cannot add the components of a character to create a more complex concept even if it is a semantic-phonetic aggregate or a logical aggregate. That is, one could not know that the combination of person (the semantic root) with the irrelevant phonetic component “ban” produces “biased”. No one would reasonably guess that the characters woman and child sum to represent “good”, that “pig” plus “roof” is home (家), while “cow” plus “roof” is prison (牢). On the other hand, the fact that sun plus moon is “bright” (明) does seem reasonable. The character for steam (汽) is not the combination of the symbols for water and heat. Chinese characters have evolved throughout Chinese history. However, most people would not be able to figure out the meaning of most of the characters even if they knew that history. Note that the same is true for English. Each English word has its origins, but most English speakers do not know those origins, and knowledge of the origin does not necessarily convey an understanding of its current meaning. Generally, the interpretation of aggregate characters -- even the interpretation of pictographs or ideographs -- is not obvious. They must be memorized. Even if the meanings of the simpler pictographs and ideographs are memorized, the meaning of aggregate characters is not obvious. Turned around, one cannot decompose a Chinese character to understand its meaning. For example, a character may seem to contain the symbol for one (一) or two (二), but that does not mean the character refers to one or two. It is almost impossible to parse a character into components that can be added to create meaning. This is in stark contrast to English where one can determine (to a large part) the meaning of a word by simply understanding its component morphemes (which are dependent on its phonemes) (Xue,et al, 2003). This English decomposition process has no analogue in Chinese. One simply memorizes the meanings of all symbols. There is a further complication. Some complex concepts are the combination of two (or more) simpler characters in very close proximity (e.g., 木 means “wood”, 林 is combined by two木 which means “woodlot”). Finally, different characters may be combined to make more complex concepts. Note that the previous symbol for woods is two copies of the symbol for wood written in very close proximity (closer than two distinct symbols). The combination of two characters to create a single concept is the most common, but a single concept may be represented by from one to four characters. This structure seems analogous to the notion of morphemic addition in English, but one cannot assume that the total meaning is anything like the sum of the two (or more) individual meanings: sometimes it is (e.g., 天真 means naive. 天 means sky, 真 means true.), sometimes it is not (e.g., 学 means study. 习means study. Ï̊ means practice) (XinHua dictionary, 2005). For those who write only in English, sentence structure in Chinese is paradoxically simpler and yet more complicated. In Chinese, semantic information is far more important than syntactical information for comprehension (Liu., et al, 2010; Zhang.,et al, 2010). The context of a statement is essential to the proper interpretation of the statement. For example, 我去学校 (I go to school) may mean “I am going to school” or “I went to school” or “I will go to school” The reader must use context to resolve the ambiguity. In addition, as noted above, a single concept may be denoted by several adjacent characters. Chinese is a type of analytic language. The term “analytic language” refers to a language in which all the words have separate meanings from each other. In other words, each concept is structured by a graphic unit with its own meaning (a graphic unit may be several characters). To express different meanings in Chinese, one simply uses different combinations of characters. One does not modify the structure of a single character to alter its meanings. For example, 木 means “wood”, 树means “tree”, 林 means and lots of trees together, 森 has three distinct meanings as luxuriant growth of trees; obscure dark, and severe. Note that the same symbol may have different meanings based on context. Similarly, the SYMBOL in 树林 means “woodlot”, while the same SYMBOL in 森林 means “forest”. Syntax in Chinese sentences is limited (Liu., et al, 2010). The structure of a sentence typically follows the usual subject-verb-object that is common in English, but it is not so constrained as in English. Additional words are inserted to qualify or change the meaning, but the insertion point is, generally, not as constrained as English. For example, time indicators are placed before or after the subjects. One can say “yesterday, he went to work” or “he, yesterday, went to work”. Verb modifiers (such as the location of activity) are placed before the verb. Prepositional phrases that modify the verb are placed between the verb and location. Objects are typically placed after the verb, but can be before the verb, or even before the subject (Xue., et al, 2003). As noted, context is important for the interpretation of tense. Tense is not indicated by the verb. The standard verb is all tenses (past, present, future) simultaneously. One does not modify a verb to change tense as is done in English (e.g., “run”, “ran”). Instead, if it is necessary to be precise (if context is insufficient), one adds a (single) character modifier. To be precise about the future, one simple adds a single character as in 将( 我将去学校“I will go to school”). To be precise about the past, one uses 过 ( 我去过学校“I went to school”). To be precise about the present one adds two characters that sum to a single meaning as 现在 (我现在去学校“I am going to school now”). Note that the two characters 现在 as a single whole word means “right now”, but the one character 现 means “unveil”, “now”, and “ready-made” (depending on context) and the one character 在 can be a adverb or preposition (depends on situations use as different function) that and it means “exist”, “consist”, or simple emphasis (XinHua dictionary, 2005). Hence, in Chinese, the notion of word agreement does not exist, and the comprehension heavily depends on contexts. Similarly, in Chinese, there is no notion of singular vs plural in the construction of basic sentences. There is no issue of subject verb agreement (Liu., et al, 2010). In contrast to English, Chinese requires the reader to infer the proper meaning of a particular sentence from its context. In Chinese, one cannot count on word order to define the meaning of a sentence or the role of the word in a sentence. The object might be first or last. This implies that the during reading, any prior context is going to have strong effect on the interpretation of a sentence -- much stronger than in English where syntax will establish the meaning sentence. Said another way, in English a sentence may “obviously” conflict with its prior context, and a word in a sentence could conflict with the prior sentence (e.g., a noun where a verb is required). As such, it would stand out as “obviously wrong” or “inconsistent”. This is less likely in Chinese because the structure is more fluid and because the interpretation of the current sentence requires context. That is, in Chinese, even if a word or sentence “makes no sense” it is the job of the reader to “make it make sense”. It also implies that a reader of Chinese must read the entire sentence before meaning can be established. In contrast, in English, one can build meaning word by word. These points are particular issues for sentences read in isolation (without context). When considering spoken Chinese, there is another layer of complication. As noted previously, there are many different dialects of Chinese, all based on the same written form. The Chinese characters, unlike English phonemes, do not provide any clues to their pronunciation. Thus, the match between the character and the pronunciations is completely done through memory. Each dialect has its own memorized repertoire. On the other hand, most people in China must learn Mandarin – it is the language of the educational system (Xue., et al, 2003). In addition, one needs to note that there are many characters that have very different meanings, but the same sound (these are homophones in English) in Mandarin. For example, 植物 zhí wù (plant) and 职务 (position) sound the same despite very different meaning. Thus, in spoken Chinese, context is probably even more important than it is for written Chinese. In Chinese, it is particularly important for listeners to classify phrases with the same sounds but different meanings. For example: in 这里有一株植物 (There is a plant) 我的职务是老师(My position is a teacher), the bolded characters sound exactly same. Considerable effort in the educational system is devoted to the learning of such distinctions. Spoken Chinese also has four different tones that help in the identification of the concept, It is important to pronounce words in a clear and correct tone. For example, 织物 zhī wù(wool), it has same basic sound as zhí wù 职务 and 植物, but has a slightly different tone. These are the most difficult part of spoken Chinese for children to learn. Generally, in verbal and written Chinese, there is a one morpheme to one character to one sound correspondence. However, all of these correspondences are memorized. In addition, the written form does not provide any clues to pronunciation and the verbal form does not provide any clues to the writing. Thus, in verbal and written Chinese, people need to know the meanings of the words (职务 and 植物) and the context of the words to determine the meanings of sentences. Unlike English, one cannot determine the spelling of a verbal word by “sounding it out” and one cannot determine the meaning of a written word by “sounding it out”. In truth, there is a group of characters called xíng shēng zì (形声字) which do actually give clues to pronunciation. For example, 肢 (limb/limbs), the pronunciation is “zhī”. The pronunciation of the right part “支” is “zhī”. However, the number of these characters is very limited. In addition, to be able to pronounce 肢Chinese speakers have to learn Ö§ first, which is a process of memorization. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VhOCX5WLpw A storty of 36 Chinese Characters ] =='''Event-Related Brain Potentials (ERPs) in English'''== To study syntax and semantic process in brain activities, Event related brain potentials (ERPs) are always used. Typically, electrodes are placed on the skull and then used to record the electrical potential -- over some time span -- at that point. This is called a waveform. The recording is usually tied to some specific behavioral event (the “event related” part of ERP), which is usually the presentation of a visual or auditory signal. In particular, ERPs record the timing of specific brain activities and “the summed electrical activity of apical dendrites of synchronously activated clusters of pyramidal neurons within the cortex” (Newman, Pancheva, Ozawa, Neville & Ullman, 2001). Different waveforms are identified by both location (at the skull) and timing (post stimulus). A number of waveforms have well established functional correlates. For example, the N400 is a negative waveform that peaks approximately 400ms after stimulus onset. The peak will be largest over center-parietal electrode sites (Newman, 2001).N400 is usually associated with semantic integration (Liu., et al, 2010). The P600 is a positive wave form that occurs 600ms after the stimulus onset, and is thought to be associated with syntactic violations, ambiguity and syntactic complexity. The peaks will be at the largest at 600 and 800ms over center-parietal electrode sites. (Newman., et al, 2001; Liu., et al 2010). It is often evoked when a stimulus needs to be retrospectively reinterpreted. Some waveforms are labeled by location rather than time. For example, the ELAN (early left anteriour negativity) and LAN (left anterior negativity) are negative waveforms that appear within 300 ms of stimulus onset and are associated with, respectively, word category identification and syntactical errors (Liu., et al, 2010). In the view of some (e.g., Friederici, Gunter, Hahne & Mauth, 2003) they are similar to the P600. =='''Research into English Semantic and Syntactic Processes'''== The research into the processing of English, as well as other Indo-European languages, is very mature in Western countries. In this type of study, psychologists usually design four conditions to compare similarities and differences between semantic and syntactic processes. These conditions are the correct condition (has correct sentences), the semantically incorrect condition (has sentences with semantic violations), the syntactically incorrect condition (has sentences with syntactic violations) and the combined incorrect condition (has sentences with both semantic and syntactic violations). Bornkessel and Schleswksy (2006) suggested a model, called the extended Argument Dependency Model (eADM), to explain how semantic and syntax processing happens in English and other Indo-European languages. They suggested that in sentence comprehension, there is a primacy of syntax over semantics. Hence, ELAN is indexed first by syntactic process. The primacy of syntax is argued in two ways. First of all, in English and other Indo-European languages, syntactic information (e.g., word category and word agreement) provides very important clues for sentence comprehension. Secondly, semantic integration will be blocked if primary syntactic processing fails. This model was supported by the finding of a syntax-related ELAN-600 effect, and the absence of the semantic-related N400 effect. Kuperberg (2007) suggested that there are at least two neural routes towards language comprehension. The first route is called semantic memory-based stream. In sentences, it is for analyzing semantic factors, and semantic relationships of words within content (e.g., word agreements). Moreover, these relationships are compared within prior lexical semantic memory (Kuperberg, 2007; Zhang., et al, 2010). This has suggested the N400 event-related potential is sensitive to semantic computations. The second route of the stream is named combinatorial, and it is contrasted semantic memory-based stream. This stream is sensitive to morpho-syntactic and semantic–thematic constraints. The P600 is representative of this processing. Generally, this model is supported by the finding that sentences with both syntax and semantic violations produce both a ELAN-600 and a N400 (Liu., et al, 2010). Kuperberg also suggested that morphological languages (e.g., Chinese) may have less syntactocentric and more dynamic processing (Kuperberg, 2007). In an auditory study of semantic and syntactic process, Friderici, Gunter, Hahne & Mauth (2003) noted that N400 was found in the semantic-violated condition. In the syntactically incorrect condition, the study showed that left lateralized fronto-temporal P600 (150-600 sm) and LAN were found. Both P600 and LANs are sensitive to syntactic processes. =='''Research into Chinese Semantic and Syntactic Processes'''== Since Chinese has a more limited grammatical morphology (i.e., minimal syntax), it is useful for the investigation of the ELAN and LAN as well as the P600. It provides a cross-language test of syntactical and semantic effects (Liu., et al, 2010). So far, there are very few studies on this topic, and all the studies have suggested that semantic processing in Chinese does not need license from syntax (Liu, et al., 2010; Ye., et al., 2006; Ye, Zhan & Zhou, 2007; Zhang, Yu & Boland, 2010). For example, Ye et al. (2007) designed a research study by using “ba” sentence structure. The “Bǎ” sentence structure is a SVO ordered sentence. “Ba” is a functional and particle verb, which leads the main verb (Ye., et al; Zhang., et al) and defines the actions that the verb has on objects (Xin Hua Zi Dian, 2005). For example, in 设计师做新衣， 把布裁了（ Shì jì shi-(tailor) zuò-(make) xīn yī-(new clothing), bǎ bù- (material) cái(-cut) le, the bǎ serves to define the action of cutting the cloth (Ye., et al, 2006). Ye et al designed ba sentences which were correct, semantically incorrect, syntactically incorrect and combined incorrect. The semantic violations appeared in around the 150-400 ms time window, which is prior to the classical N400 which occurs in the 300-500 ms time window. This observation suggested that N400 in auditory comprehension in Chinese is not quite the same as auditory comprehension in English. In the early window (150-250 ms), semantic and syntactic processes appeared to be independent. However, in the later window (250-400 ms), they started to interact. The broadly negative distribution appeared during N400 latency range, and it was observed in all the conditions. However, P600 was not observed. Liu., et al (2010), designed another experiment to study semantics and syntactic processing by using idioms. Idioms have been very popular in Chinese daily conversation for thousands of years, and many idioms are grounded in historical events, as well as in cultural and traditional values. Although idioms have a long history and a constrained structure, they have a similar syntactic structure to modern Chinese. Idioms are usually consist of four characters. For example, the idiom, 叶公好龙 （yè gōng hào lóng） came from a story, “Mr. Ye likes dragons”. In the story, Mr. Ye liked dragons, and because he liked dragons, he put paintings of dragons everywhere in his place. However, when a real dragon came in a friendly visit to his place, Mr Ye was scared to death. This idiom is used to describe someone who claims that they like something, but are actually afraid of it. Using such idioms, Liu et al. designed a correct condition, a syntactic violation condition, a semantic violation condition and combined syntactic and semantic violation condition. Participants were presented with all four conditions visually. The results suggested that no ELAN and LAN was observed in combined violation condition. The N400 was broadly found in all there conditions, although the syntactic violation was found to produce a smaller N400 than the semantic violation. A left-hemisphere dominant P600 was found in all three violation conditions. Their results were consistent with Yu and Zhang (2008) in that an N400 was found in the syntactically incorrect condition, semantically incorrect condition and combined incorrect condition, but no ELAN was found. In Experiment 1 of another study, Zhang, Yu and Boland (2010) also used “bá” sentences. In syntactically incorrect condition, they used the adverb “hěn” （很）, which corresponds to the word very in English. It is followed by a noun. In Chinese, “hěn” （很） can be bound with adjective or verb, but not with a noun. In the semantically incorrect condition, they used a wrong verb to replace the verb in the correct condition. They used both incorrect syntactic and semantic in the combined condition. Their results suggested that N400 was found in all three incorrect conditions, and that the combined condition had the bigger N400. Furthermore, the results suggested that in syntactic violations, a left-lateralized negativity was found in 300-500 ms time window, followed by a late posterior positivity in the 500-1,000 ms time window (P600). The P600 effect was not produced by verb replacement (Zhang., et al, 2010). In summary, in Chinese sentence comprehension, semantics processes do not need syntax in both verbal and visual presentation. =='''Summary'''== In summary, English and Chinese represent distinct classes of language and therefore language processing. Chinese is a morphological language whereas English is an alphabetic/phonetic language. Chinese is much more dependent on semantic integration than English and Chinese is much less dependent on syntax than English. The learning processes of the two languages are also different. The learning of Chinese requires a great deal of memorization, and the visual characters are memorized separately from the auditory symbols. In Chinese ERPs studies, N400 is largely found, the P600 might be found, and LEAN and LAN are not found. All are found in English. However, in contrast to English, there are only a few studies in Chinese. Thus, for future directions, psychologists can, for example, research garden path sentences and one would predict that a P600 may be observed. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXs0s1fvnyc&feature=related Characters story of Chinese Zodiac Animals ] =='''Reference'''== Bornkessel,I., & Schlesewsky, M (2006). The Extended Argument Dependency Model: A Neurocognitive Approach to Sentence Comprehension Across Languages. Psychological Review. Vol. 113, No. 4, 787–821 Friederici, A., Gunter, T., Hahne, A., & Mauth, K (2003). The relative timing of syntactic and semantic processes in sentence comprehension. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. Vol 15 No 1 19 January 2004. Kuperberg., G (2007). Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: Challenges to syntax. ''Brain Reseach''. 1146 (2007) 23-49. Liu, Y., Li, P., Shu, H., Zhang. Q.,& Chen.,L (2010). Structure and meaning in Chinese: an ERP of idioms. Journal of Neurolinguistics. 23 (2010), 615-630. Newman, A., Pancheva, R., Ozawa, K., Neville, H., & Ullman, M (2001). An Event-Related fMRI study of syntactic and semantic violations. ''Journal of Psychology Research''. 30(3), 339-361. Ye, Z., Zhan, W., & Zhou., X (2007). The semantic processing of syntactic structure in sentence comprension: an ERP study. ''Brain Reseach''. 1142 (2010), 135-145 Ye, Z., Zhan, W., & Zhou., X (2005). Semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from event-related potential. ''Brain Reseach''. Xue, J., Yue, G., Cao, X., & Wang, Z (2003). ''Chinese Handbook''. Beijing: Education Zhang, Y., Yu, J., & Boland., J (2010). Semantics does not need a processing license from syntax in reading Chinese. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology.'' 36(3), 765-781. (2005). Xinhua Dictionary. (5th ed). Beijing <!--{{harvnb|May Jane|1993|p= }}-->{{citation|last1=Chen|first1=May Jane|year=1993 |chapter=A Comparison of Chinese and English Language Processing |editor=|title=Cognition and Culture A Cross-Cultural Approach to Cognitive Psychology |series=|isbn=|publisher=North-Holland|place=|pages=97-117|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166411508616593}} ==Learning Exercise== 1) For English speakers learning Chinese as an adult, what are the hardest things for them to learn or understand? 2) For Chinese speakers learning English as an adult, what are the hardest things for them to learn or understand? 3) In Chinese, what is an idiom and what are the rules/guidelines that govern its use? *What the rules of idioms in Chinese? *For bonus points, which Star Trek episode approximates this linguistic system? 4) The movie “Hero” told a real story about the Zhan Guo dynasty (see Figure 1). The state Qin was very powerful and strong and wanted to rule all other existing six states. Because his state was not powerful enough to resist, the king of Yan asked Jinke (the hero in the movie) to kill the king of the Qin state. To maintain the peace, the king of Yan offered to give some cities to the king of Qin. However, it was a trick. The plan was to assassinate the king of Qin. The hero, Jinke, was supposed to deliver a scroll map to Qin. The map was supposed to identify the cities that would be surrendered. However, in the rolled up map there was a knife. As the map was unrolled, Jinke was supposed to grab the knife and kill the king of Qin. However, he failed the mission. In Chinese, the idiom 图穷匕见 is a reference to this history with 图 (map), 穷 (the end), 匕 (dagger) 见 (occur). Translated, it states "at the end of the map, the dagger occurs". It is interpreted to mean that "at the end of the event, the true event occurs". Given the following four scenerios, choice the one that would be the best application for this idiom? :A: Every four years, Americans vote for their president. :B: During the second World War, before the D-Day invasion at Normandy, the British dumped a dead body with fake information about the invasion to deceive Germany. The Gemans were never sure of the correct invasion site until it actually happened. :C. Criminals have been know to use high wage jobs to entice women from another country to come to Canada. Initially, the criminals are very nice to the women. However, once the women arrive in Canada, the criminals become very agressive and force the women are forced to work in prostitution and pornography. :D. Criminals have been know to use high wage jobs to entice women from another country to come to Canada. Initially, the criminals are very nice to the women. However, once the women arrive in Canada, the criminals become very agressive and force the women are forced to work in prostitution and pornography. Evemtually, the criminals are arrested, and the women regain their freedom. 5) In Chinese, what is a semantic conjunction for characters, and why is difficult for English speakers to learn. 6) Explain the “Ba” structure in Chinese, and contrast it with its functional equivalent in English. [[File:Brain1.jpg|thumb|Figure 2]]7) Unlike English, Chinese writing does not give clear clues of pronunciation. Thus, those who can speak and write Chinese must remember the pronunciation and the written form of a morpheme separately. With reference to Figure 2, please indicate the most likely processing routes for a native Chinese person listening to Chinese and for a native Chinese person reading Chinese. Also with reference to Figure 2, please indicate the most likely processing routes for a native English person listening to English and for a native English person reading English. Discuss any differences. ===Answers=== {| class="wikitable" |- | width="25pt" |1) | *To remember characters and pronunciation *The ideas and the importance of context in speaking *Different tones *The lack of syntax *Morpheme do not combined |- |2) | *Adding morphemes *Understanding syntax *Spelling |- |3) | *Know the history and the stories *Understand rules and context *Understand the important of history in Chinese language development |- |4) |C. |- |5) | *There is a base character that has some semantic meaning *There is a second character layered on top of the first, that is added for its PHONETIC properties. *The meaning of the new character may have no simple relationship with the sum of the two original characters unless you know the historical development. |- |6) | *The BA structure is essentially equivalent to a preposition used in an object phrase but only with objects that can be manipulated by hand. *It is used in the manner of I use X "to do" Y: the BA is the "to do". *That is, it functions like the "to" in "I drove the car to the store", or like the "to" in "I used the sissors to cut the paper". *The BA connects the "car" to the "store" or the "sissors" to the "paper". *One would not use a BA structure for something like "I drove to the store" or "I cut the paper". |- |7) | *When reading and writing, Chinese people may use a more visual processing route. *When speaking or listening, Chinese people may use more auditory processing route. *When reading, writing, speaking or listening, English speakers preferentially use an auditory processing route |} =='''Links'''== http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grammar [[Category:Psycholinguistics|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 02qzsfhv2donqxjtg4h8kxvwz9oijej 10 120912 2839931 2252436 2026-10-12T22:39:41Z Koavf 147 2839931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Template:Building structures | title = [[Template:Building structures|Building structures]] | image = [[File:Ippar-palacio-pena-aerea.jpg|40px]] | listclass = hlist | list1 = * [[Architecture]] * [[Base isolation]] * [[Building]] * [[Building code]] * [[Building elevation control]] * [[Building model]] * [[Template:Building structures]] * [[Construction engineering]] * [[Earthquake engineering]] * [[Earthquake protector]] * [[Foundation in construction]] * [[Seismic damper]] * [[Vibration control]] * [[Wind engineering]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]]</noinclude><includeonly>[[Category:Buildings]]</includeonly> 8gew3627khfnzzzf84v6q0ziiqr58xm 2839932 2839931 2026-10-12T22:39:56Z Koavf 147 2839932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Template:Building structures | title = [[Template:Building structures|Building structures]] | image = [[File:Ippar-palacio-pena-aerea.jpg|40px]] | listclass = hlist | list1 = * [[Architecture]] * [[Base isolation]] * [[Building]] * [[Building code]] * [[Building elevation control]] * [[Building model]] * [[Template:Building structures]] * [[Construction engineering]] * [[Earthquake engineering]] * [[Earthquake protector]] * [[Foundation in construction]] * [[Seismic damper]] * [[Vibration control]] * [[Wind engineering]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]]</noinclude>[[Category:Buildings]] 0getkbv9kayxd3nqofl0ua5vbt0m9yg 0 126915 2840008 2821667 2026-10-13T10:21:23Z ~2026-54751-80 3112594 /* The Holy Grail */ 2840008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Essay}} <[[Happiness]] '''The Tarot is a 78-sheet set of maps that will be used for psychological purposes, and oracle. The Tarot encourages self-reflection and strengthen your own wisdom. Click on a [http://www.random.org/ '''random generator'''] on the internet (1-78 insert) and click Generate. Interprete the Tarot always with the principles of truth and love. The message must correspond to your inner truth and be helpful for you. The presented interpretation of tarot cards is based on the [[w:Rider-Waite tarot deck|Rider-Waite Tarot]] and the knowledge of the [[w:Enlightenment (spiritual)|Enlightenment]]. You can print out the Tarot (left tools), write the numbers 1-78 on little pieces of paper and play it with friends.''' ==The Fool== [[File:Fool.jpg|thumb]] 1. [[w:The Fool (Tarot card)|The Fool]] strolls relaxed and carefree through life. He is on the right way for him. He lives as a free mystic. In his view, he is wise but from the perspective of ordinary people is a fool. They all strive for outer wealth. They run for professional success, a dream partner and maximum consumption. Only the Fool lives otherwise. He follows the path of inner happiness and all-embracing love. On the right shoulder he wears his walking stick. He goes relaxed but with self-discipline on his spiritual path. In his left hand he holds a white rose. It symbolizes his love for God, his spiritual goal. A small white dog is with him. The Fool has some companions along the way into the light. The path of the Fool leads through the mountains of enlightenment. The sun is shining. The enlightened masters (God) guard his way. The fool is led by his inner voice and his good karma. Oracle = Live today primarily from the pleasure principle. Feel just your physical and spiritual needs. Follow your inner spontaneous impulse. Be yourself. Live yourself. What do you want now? What do you need now? Enjoy being. Make yourself and the day beautiful. ==The Master of the Five Elements== [[File:Magician.jpg|thumb|200px|Standing in the Germanic rune: Changing affliction into accepting.]] 2. The highest art of magic is to conjure from the five elements earth, fire, water, air and ether (space) the [[w:Philosopher's stone|Philosopher's stone]]. With the philosopher's stone, you can turn iron (a stressed soul) into gold (an enlightened soul). In the Middle Ages many people were looking for the right recipe to produce gold. They all failed because they did not understand that the doctrine of the five elements is a psychological method. Gold in the alchemy is a state of consciousness that means inner happiness. Inner happiness can be achieved if we consistently exercise the five qualities earth (joy), fire (self-discipline), water (a good feeling for the right way), air (ego resolution, taking things as they are, flowing positive with the wind of life) and love (unity consciousness, ether). For this, the magician (Master of the five elements) has on his table a coin (earth), a rod (fire), a chalice (water) and a sword (air). The fifth element is symbolized by the decoration of the room with red roses (love) and white lilies (purity). The [[w:The Magician (Tarot card)|magician]] raises his wand in the air. He has the power to win. He is the Master of the five elements. He will get inner happiness (enlightenment). He sacrifices his ego by putting his left hand to the ground. He thinks his magic spell (a mantra, a positive word, the oracle sentences). And turns into a golden Enlightened (King of the Coins). Above his head is a halo of the infinity sign, that means eternal life in the light. The posture of the magician shows the Germanic rune: Sacrificing the ego. A vertical line (standing man) that is crossed diagonally (arms). Oracle = You are a Master of life. You win through the five elements. Live in the right moment and in the right amount the five qualities peace, wisdom, love, joy and self-discipline. Sacrifice your ego. Take your situation as it is. Let your false wishes go. Concentrate on your spiritual path (inner happiness, enlightenment, God). Live healthy and happy. Have some fun. Love all. Do good. Go forward with wisdom and self-discipline. Success. ==The High Priestess== 3. [[w:The High Priestess|The High Priestess (Mistress)]] sits in a blue dress (inner peace) in the temple of wisdom (enlightenment) on a throne. To her right is a black and on the left a white pillar (the left and the right Kundalini channel is activated). She holds in her lap a holy book (Bible). She is centered in her spirituality. On her heart chakra we see a christian cross. She has overcome her ego and lives in God (in the light of enlightenment, the higher consciousness). Behind the High Priestess is a beautiful curtain of palms and pomegranates. The palm trees and apples indicate victory and happiness. The High Priestess will triumph in her life because she consistently goes her way of inner happiness and universal love. At her feet we find a crescent moon. The moon is a symbol of the path of peace. The High Priestess lives in calmness and acts out of her inner peace, her intuition and her love. Oracle = Live as a wise woman or wise man. Go the way of wisdom. In the outer life there is a constant changing of sorrow and joy. Nothing is permanent. Anchor yourself in your inner happiness. Consistently go your spiritual path. Make each day your spiritual practices (yoga, reading, praying, meditating). The most important exercise of the wise woman is the daily reading in a spiritual book (oracle). As a result, she never loses her wisdom and will after all external crises always return to her spiritual path. Follow your clear head and your inner sense (intuition). "My way of wisdom is ... Unwisdom is ...). Forward. Success. ==The Path of Love== 4. Day of Blessing. The sky is full of light. From a forest, a river brings good energy. A grain field with ripe ears of corn indicates great harvest. Amidst the grain field sits the Goddess ([[w:The Empress (Tarot card)|Empress]], Great Mother, [[w:Freyja|Freya]], [[w:Demeter|Demeter]], [[w: Mahadevi|Mahadevi]]) in a white dress full of painted roses (purity and love) and a crown of stars on her head (cosmic consciousness). To her right is a large heart with the Venus sign (love). The left hand is relaxed on her knee. The Goddess of Love is well grounded. She rests in herself and in her inner happiness. In her raised right hand she holds a scepter with a crystal ball on it. The ball is a symbol of life in the light (in God). The Goddess (Empress) is enlightened. The light of God shines through her to the world. The Goddess gives her light to her fellow man. She sees herself primarily as a mother of all beings. The Goddess sits comfortably on a large sofa. She acts out of living in rest, being and happiness. Who goes the way of love based in his own peace and happiness, does not use up his energy. His energy, love and happiness is growing more and more. Oracle = Go the path of love. Who lives in all-embracing love and does good to all, harvests a good karma (fate). What is the abundance in your life? What can you give to make your fellow people happy? Give you enough breaks. Don't exhaust your energy. Live in the balance of rest and acting. Give centered in your own happiness. Think the mantra, "I send light to (name). May all people be happy. May the world be happy." What is your deed of love today? Success. ==The Path of Self-discipline== 5. In a desert a [[w:The Emperor (Tarot card)|king with a white beard sits on a throne]]. Under his red cape, he wears a suit of armor. This points to his iron will. He is a master of himself. He has the ability of self-discipline. In his left hand the king holds a ball. The ball represents the spiritual goal of a life in the light (in God, in a unity consciousness). The king strives for enlightenment. He wants to realize his inner happiness. He can achieve his goal, if he does his spiritual exercise constantly and with self-discipline. Behind the throne, we see a blue river flowing. The king must awaken his Kundalini energy. When the energy in him begins to flow, the king will become happy. In his right hand the king holds an (Egyptian) cross. At the corners of the throne are four rams' heads. The king has to sacrifice his ego. He has to take things as they are. In the moment he lives in a desert, in the desert of unhappiness. The way to happiness is to take his situation as it is and to go with self-discipline his way of wisdom and love. The iron king symbolizes the strong God Father ([[w:Moses|Moses]] in the desert, the Yoga-God [[w:Shiva|Shiva]], the German God of War [[w:Odin|Odin]], the Greek God [[w:Zeus|Zeus]]). With wisdom, power and self-discipline he rules his land, his people and over himself. What goal he takes, he achieves it. Oracle = Bring yourself with your spiritual practices into the light. Your way goes through a difficult phase. Listen carefully to the wise king in you. Take things as they are. Let your false wishes go. Live according to a clear schedule. Achieve your goals with self-discipline. "My goals are ... My way to reach my goals is ..." Forward. Success. ==The Enlightened Master== 6. In the temple of God, sits the spiritual Master ([[w:The Hierophant|Hierophant]], High Priest) in a red robe with a golden crown on his head. Two keys lie under his feet in the form of a cross (ego sacrificing). The Master has the spiritual knowledge to open the temple of inner happiness (how to awaken the Kundalini energy). He knows what to do and what to let go of on the path of enlightenment. He can give every person the spiritual practices that personally are effective for him. Besides the two keys are two spiritual students (monks, yogis). One student has a red robe with roses. The other student wears a blue cape with white lilies on it. One student must live primarily as a helper of all beings to awaken his enlightenment energy. The other student must primarily do his spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, reading, meditation, mental work) to attain enlightenment. The Master holds up the triple cross of wisdom, love and self-discipline in his left hand and swears with his right hand by God always to tell the truth. He sits between two pillars in the temple of God. He lives in the light (cosmic unity consciousness). His left and right Kundalini channel is activated. When energy is in the left and right side of the body, automatically starts the main energy in the middle channel to flow from the feet up to the head. This is represented here by a golden crown as a symbol of the activated crown chakra and also by the white stripe in the middle of his shell (body). The Master is enlightened and therefore has the possibility to bless us with true spiritual knowledge and energy. Oracle = Your life is blessed. You will win on your spiritual path. Listen consistently to the voice of your inner truth. Find the right daily exercises for you. Live as a spiritual Master. Master your life. Help your fellow men on their way. Follow the path of your wisdom and love. Think the mantra, "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Forward. Success. ==The Light== 7. [[w:The Lovers|The Lovers.]] A man and a woman (Adam and Eve) walk together the path of enlightenment. Behind everyone of them grows a tree. Everyone has his own personal path. The enlightment tree (tree of paradise) is a symbol of the Kundalini energy (the Kundalini channel in the middle of the body). Around Eve's tree ([[w:Tree of the knowledge of good and evil|tree of knowledge of good and evil]]) winds a snake. The snake is a symbol of wisdom. The woman has a good contact to her inner voice (her feelings). Adam's tree ([[w:Tree of life (biblical)|tree of eternal life in the light]]), however, is slightly larger. The man has more power and self-discipline. To get enlightenment (a life in the light) we need the quality of wisdom and the quality of self-discipline. We need love and strength. If the male and the female aspects in us work good together, we can reach our goal and stay permanently in the light. In the middle between Adam and Eve, rises the mountain of enlightenment. Over the hill appears God in a cloud. Above him shines a large sun. The sun symbolizes the energy of God (the light). God lives in the light and blesses us with light (with spiritual success). He spreads his hands over us and guides us on our way. God has great wings in the Tarot card. He can be seen as a Guardian Angel. In any case expresses the card that we are protected by higher powers. We are protected as a single person or as a couple. The card can also mean that a relationship succeeds. Oracle = You are protected. You can go your way with confidence. God (the enlightened Masters, the Guardian Angel) is with you. Follow your inner voice of truth and love. Go consistenly your personal way of rightness (wisdom). Then you will conquer. "The right way is ... Not right is ..." Forward with optimism. Success. ==The Path of Rest== 8. [[w:The Chariot (Tarot card)|The Chariot]] reaches its goal of enlightenment (healing, happiness) by doing nothing (living in rest, [[w:Wu wei|wu wei]]). It is pulled by two seated sphinxes. One of the sphinxes is black and the other white. White is the color of purification (doing exercises) and black symbolizes the path of rest. Rest and spiritual practices are the way to healing and holiness. In the chariot, a man stands with a crown of stars on his head (cosmic consciousness). He wants to come to enlightenment. Behind him is a blue curtain with many bright stars. He wants to live in being, in God and in happiness. The secret of enlightenment is to live in enough rest so that the energy of a person turns inward. Normally a person uses up his energy in outer activities. At a certain point of rest, the energy turns inwardly and resolves all tensions. Whoever finds this point of calm and consistently lives in it, grows to enlightenment, healing and happiness. He comes into a life in the light. The body heals the tensions nearly by its own. We have only to do also some spiritual practices for our body and our mind. We can do some yoga, meditation, going, reading and mental work (positive thinking). We have to feel what we need and what brings us to inner healing and happiness. Oracle = You need plenty of rest. Live today as a Buddha (Sphinx) of Rest. Let all external goals go of. Avoid hyperactivity. Relax. What is your way of rest now? What spiritual exercises do you need? Get to inner peace. Enjoy your life. Bring so much joy in your day that you feel well in your life. ==Self Mastery== 9. [[w:Strength (Tarot card)|Strength.]] We see a dry desert, at the horizon a blue mountain, and in the foreground a white woman who tames a lion. The lion is a part of her inner self. The woman is fighting with herself. In her fight her spiritual wishes (inner happiness, enlightenment, living in God) with her worldly desires (career, relationship, consumption, outer wealth). The woman will win. She has a flower crown on her head. The sky is yellow. Optimism. The name of the card is strength. Forward with strength. The woman is struggling hard. With wisdom and inner strength the woman solves her problems. She thinks carefully about her situation, her goals and her way. She makes a clear decision and walks her path of wisdom consistently. She closes the lion's mouth. The lion cannot eat the goddess. She controls the animal in her. Step by step she succeeds on her way (to the blue mountain of enlightenment). Step by step she realizes the goddess in her. Above her head is a horizontal eight, a symbol of the eternal life in the light. Oracle = Wisdom is to distinguish the essential from the inessential. Wisdom is to make health, happiness and all-embracing love the center of your life. What are your goals? In what way can you achieve your goals? Educate your thoughts and you'll grow into happiness. "Wisdom is ... Unwisdom is ..." Forward with self-discipline and fortitude. Success. ==The Hermit== [[File:Unique Brachyura at the shore of Alibaug Beach, Maharashtra.jpg|thumb]] 10. A [[w:The Hermit|hermit]] in a gray cloak stands on a snowcapped mountain with a lantern in his right hand and a long staff in his left hand. Around him is only the blue sky. The man symbolizes a yogi who lives and practices separated from his fellow men. His lantern shines a bright light. The lantern is a term for the interior of the yogi. The inner light enlightens him, shows him his way of practicing and enlightens also the world around him. Because of the inner light, he can live happy in his seclusion. His body forms the position of the Is-Rune. The old german word "is" means ice and symbolizes the technique of meditation. In meditation the mind becomes quiet. It is like frozen ice. The hermit practices meditation in sitting, standing, going and lying. This is the original buddhist way to enlightenment. Living in secluded rest, meditating and working on the mind (finding thoughts of peace, love and wisdom) is the fastest path to inner peace and happiness. Oracle = You need a lot of rest to find yourself and to develop your inner happiness. Success on the path of seclusion, rest and spiritual practice ([[yoga]], [[Relaxation_techniques#Yoga_Walking|walking]], [[meditation]], reading, positive thinking). If you are in a relationship or together with other people (a group), find every day some time for yourself. Make some spiritual exercises. Come to rest and inner peace, until the happiness awakes in yourself. Then you can live in giving. This is the best way to lasting happiness in a relationship. If you are a single, use the opportunity to fast spiritual growth. Those who live alone, may well develop their inner happiness. Enlightenment occurs through a lot of rest connected with enough spiritual practice. Most singles flee the silence and the resulting boredom. This boredom is only a transitional stage to enlightenment. When we combine it with spiritual exercises, then there is no more loneliness, but only egolessness, unity consciousness, happiness, positivity and all-embracing love. ==Good Destiny== [[File:Wheel of Fortune.jpg|thumb]] 11. In the sky appears the [[w:Wheel of Fortune (Tarot card)|wheel of Fortune]]. It is the signpost to a blessed life. Around the wheel are the symbols of the five elements. The lion represents the daily self-discipline in spiritual practice. The eagle can differentiate with his good eyes the essential from the inessential in life. The angel follows the path of all-embracing love. The bull is a sacrificial animal. If we sacrifice our ego, we come to enlightenment. The fifth element is the wheel itself. Its circular shape means cosmic consciousness (wholeness, oneness, the zen circle). On the wheel sits a blue [[w:Sphinx|Sphinx]] (Buddha) with a sword. The Sphinx has overcome her ego and awakened her enlightenment energy. Beside the wheel, we see a jackal (Egyptian God of death Anubis, sacrificing the ego) and the Kundalini serpent (awaking the inner happiness). Oracle = After initial difficulties tends the day (your life) to a good end. Who sows good fortune will harvest a good destiny. Live wise and get a good karma. Organize your life as a way of fortune. Plan your life well. Become a happy Sphinx (Buddha, Holy, Goddess, Enlightened). Follow the goal of inner happiness and all-embracing love. Transform your life into a paradise. Be a wise eagle, a strong lion, an angel of love, an egoless bull, and a happy Sphinx (Master of Destiny). What is your way to a good destiny? "My goals are ... My path of a good destiny is ... " Success. ==Rightness== [[File:Justice.jpg|thumb]] 12. [[w:Justice (Tarot card)|The Tarot card Justice]] means rightness. Go the right way in your life. Then you win. A King in a red coat sits in the temple of wisdom on a throne. In his right hand he holds a sword and in his left hand a scale. He looks exactly at the problem, thinks about it, weighs with good inner feeling all arguments, makes a clear decision and carries it out with power. So he comes into the light. Above the king shines a yellow sun. Who wants to live in the light, must consistently follow the path of truth, wisdom and rightness. The term justice comes from the Bible and means in today's language rightness. In the cosmos there are laws of happiness. Anyone who adheres to these laws grows in his happiness. Those who violate these laws will be punished. The laws of nature are inexorable. It is wise to recognize this and to walk in his life the way of wisdom. The king shows us his right foot. The foot is white. We should consistently go our path of wisdom. Oracle = Success on the way of your personal rightness. See your situation. What are your problems? What are your possibilities? What are your abilities? What solves your problem? What is your road to a fulfilled, happy and healthy life? A person has two measuring instruments for a right decisions, the mind and feeling. He can think about a problem and he can feel how to solve it. It is optimal when the mind and the feelings come to the same decision. If we have to make an important decision, we should think so long about a problem until our mind and our feelings find together. Right acting brings a good fortune and wrong acting leads to suffering. This allows us to distinguish a good from a bad decision. We should collect all the information that we can get. We should ask the experts (books, science, internet). We should consider the impact of our actions to the future. Forward with clarity and wisdom. "My right path is .... Not right is ...." Succeed. ==Equanimity== 13. [[w:The Hanged Man (Tarot card)|A man hangs]] upside down from a tree. His right foot is bound on the tree and with his left foot and his arms, he makes a yoga exercise. The man can not avoid his situation, but he can act internally. He can create happiness in his mind with his spiritual exercises (yoga, meditation, positive thinking). He can activate his Kundalini energy. He can flow positively through the difficult situation. He has a halo around his head. An enlightened can overcome outer suffering through inner happiness. Spiritually the hanged man practices a reversal position, through which the Kundalini energy can be activated. In Yoga we have the candle and the headstand. In the legends of the ancient Germans is reported that the God Odin hung nine days upside down from a tree. Then his enlightenment energy awoke and he was able to free himself from his bad situation. Oracle = You go through a difficult situation. Sacrifice your ego and take things as they are. Think positive. Make your spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, meditation, mantras, praying) and awake your Kundalini energy. Take the pain in your life with equanimity. Flow with serenity and inner happiness through all outer suffering. Concentrate on your positive goals. Transform yourself internally into the strong and happy God Odin (a Buddha, a Goddess, an Enlightened). Equanimity and optimism. Success. ==Transformation== 14. [[w:Death_(Tarot_card)|The death]] appears on a white horse with a black flag in his hand. In the black flag, we see a white rose. The white rose is a symbol of the love of God. With spiritual exercises (meditation, positive thinking), we can succeed in our transformation (spiritual cleansing process). The land on our side is a dry desert and in the land of the other the sun is rising. We have to focus on our spiritual goal (a life in the light). Before the white horse, we see four figures. They represent four different attitudes towards our destiny. The king fights against the changing. He must suffer, because he can not let go of his ego. He cannot take things as they are. The bishop sacrifices his ego and so comes good through the difficult time. The woman in white dress is living her grief. She sacrifices her ego by mourning. The child trusts in God as a great father and great mother. Who connects himself every day with God (the enlightened Masters) is protected in all phases of change. He will awaken in the light. Oracle = Transformation. Big change. Something old stops and something new starts. Death of the ego. Take things as they are. Let your false wishes go. Those who sacrifice their ego and are connected with the enlightened Masters (God), can go optimistic and with trust through all times of change. Walk over the big river of transformation to the land of light. A good destiny awaits you. The current cut is painful. But the future will be good. "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Forward with self-discipline and optimism. Success. ==The Middle Way (Temperance)== 15. [[w:Temperance (Tarot card)|An angel in a white dress]] stands with one foot in the water and the other on the earth. In the background we see our spiritual path leading up to the top of a mountain, where the sun is shining. To get inner happiness we have to resolve our tensions. If we exercise spiritually too little, we will not solve our tensions. But when we exercise too strict, we can get tensions by practicing. The angel holds in his hands two cups. He pours wine from the left into the right cup. Under the left cup, we see yellow lilies. Yellow is the color of joy. We must take the middle road with some self-discipline and some pleasure principle to succeed. On the chest is a triangle (love to God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit) and on his forehead an open brow chakra (intuition, inner voice of wisdom). The angel has around his head a golden laurel wreath. He is a winner. Oracle = Find the right balance in all things. Live in the balance of spiritual practice and enjoying life. Slow down your speed. Bring so much joy into your life, that you can walk your spiritual path positively. You win balanced in joy and strength. Today a lot of fun is allowed. Success on the middle path. ==The Ego== [[File:Devil.jpg|thumb]] 16. The [[w:The Devil (Tarot card)|devil]] sits on a stone in the black world of suffering. Under him are a woman and a man. Both are chained to the rock of the devil. The woman has fruit at the end of her tail. She is bound to the world of suffering through her attachment to external pleasures (relationships, carreer, outer wealth). She always wants more and more. Her wishes are growing permanently. The tail of the man is burning. His problem is anger. He creates suffering through his aggressiveness. He cannot take things as they are. He cannot live in peace with the world and himself. The devil is not chained to the stone. He can move freely. He can free himself from his suffering. What must he do? The devil is a symbol of the ego of man. The ego is based on the attachment to external things, on the rejection to suffering situations and on ignorance of the way of inner happiness (unwisdom). If we focus on the development of inner happiness, we can come from hell to heaven. We have to let our false wishes go. We have to take things as they are. We have to be modest in outer things and to concentrate us on the development of inner happiness. Oracle = Free yourself from your darkness. Bring yourself with your spiritual practices into the light. What is today the suffering in your life? What is your problem? How can you solve your problem? Be a master of life. Transform yourself into a Buddha (King, Goddess) of happiness. Live primarily as a being of light. Live centered in yourself (inner happiness) and in giving to all (work for a better world). Move one hand in blessing and think, "I send light to (name). May all people be happy. May the world be happy." Success. ==Steadfastness== [[File:Cairo Tower 2k14.jpg|thumb]] 17. A lightning strikes in a tower with a crown. [[w:The Tower (Tarot card)|The Tower]] is you. An inner or outer storm shakes you. Around the tower there is chaos. We see rain, gray storm clouds and a black sky. But the tower stands on a rock. You go stable through all the difficulties. Two figures flee head over heels. The man wears a crown. The woman has a red cape. The woman embodies the attachment to external things and the blue man the rejection of the given destiny (lack of humility). We have to overcome our ego and to take things as they are. We must let our false wishes go of. We have consistently to make our spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, meditating, positive thinking). Then our Kundalini energy begins to flow. Through the crown chakra cosmic energy flows into us and fills us with light. Therefore, we see a large crown on the tower. It does not fall off, but only shows the way of the cleansing power (Holy Spirit). The cleansing starts in the head (thought work) and then heals the whole body. Oracle = An internal or external crisis cleanse you spiritually. It brings you forward on your spiritual path. You grow by the difficulties into the light. A mental flash resolves tensions (energy blockages) and the Kundalini energy begins to flow. You stay in spite of the crisis firmly on your spiritual path. High praise. Stand up again. The difficulties have somewhat shaken you. Set your crown back on and be a king of your destiny. You are a jack. Bethink yourself on your spiritual path. Realize your life goals. What are your goals? What is your way of victory? Go forward on your path of truth, wisdom and rightness. Succeed with steadfastness and endurance. ==The Lucky Star== 18. A naked woman is kneeling at a source and cleans herself. She brings herself by her spiritual exercises to strength and happiness. With her right hand she pours water into a source (root chakra) and awakens her Kundalini energy. With her left hand she waters the tree of enlightenment and brings her Kundalini energy to rise up in her spine to her head. Then her spirit becomes happy. On the tree sits a small bird. It is the inner voice of the woman. It tells her the best way of exercising. The woman is in good touch with her inner wisdom. Above her a large yellow [[w:The Star (Tarot card)|star]] is shining in the sky, surrounded circular by seven small white stars. This symbolizes the cosmic consciousness of an enlightened (living in God). Oracle = Forward with self-discipline along the path of purification (healing, happiness, enlightenment). Your life is under a lucky star. You will have success. Save yourself with your spiritual exercises. Bring yourself into the light. Follow your voice of wisdom. What exercises do you need now? Practice yoga, walking, reading, doing good and meditation. What is your deed of love today? Optimism. Success. ==Small Steps== 19. A little cancer walks a long way to [[w:The Moon (Tarot card)|the Moon]] (inner happiness, God, enlightenment). In the foreground we see a pond from which the cancer starts. Before him lies the long road into the light. The cancer must travel through a desert. He has to pass two towers, which stand at the entrance of the land of light (the left and right energy channel, activating the Kundalini energy). Behind the two towers we see the blue mountains of enlightenment with the moon in the sky. A dog and a wolf are howling at the moon. The cancer must transform himself from an animal into the moon goddess. He has to overcome his animal instincts and to put God (the inner happiness) into the center of his life. The moon is a symbol for a good intuition. The cancer follows his intuition (inner wisdom), and thus finds his way into the light. He has only little feet. He can only go forward with small steps. Drops of light fall upon the earth. The small cancer gets help from the moon goddess. Oracle = You are now only a small cancer. You have little strength, the situation is difficult and the road is long. But even small beings can win if the light is with them. God (the moon in the sky) is merciful to you. You will reach your goals. What is your way of success? Listen to your inner voice. Go forward with wisdom and perseverance. Accept yourself as you are. Go with a clever strategy by the day. Find your way creatively and sensitively. Forward with small steps. Success. ==Optimism== 20. On a white horse is riding a naked child. Its arms are open to life. It trusts the future. It accepts the will of the cosmos. It takes all things as they are. It flows positively with his life. A large sun shines in the sky with a friendly face. The enlightened masters (God) protect and guide their child. Therefore, it can optimistically ride into his future. A red flag next to the [[w:The Sun (Tarot card)|sun]] indicates the victory of light. Sunflowers on the horizon say, that abundance, joy and happiness come to us. Oracle = Trust in life. Define your goals clearly. Go your way with patience. Everything will be fine. The light is with you. "My goals are ... My way is...." Forward with optimism. Success. ==Resurrection== [[File:Resurrection.jpg|thumb]] 21. In the sky appears from a cloud an angel with a trombone. On the trombone is a flag with a red cross on a white background (ego sacrificing, mental cleaning). On earth, the dead rise from their graves. They stretch out the hands to the sky. It is the [[w:Judgement (Tarot card)|Day of Judgement]]. God powerfully awakens the dead to stand up and to go into the light. Oracle = Restart. End of repression. Reconciliation. New beginning. Hope. Wake up. Don't stay in the darkness. Bethink yourself on your goals. Go your way powerfully. Save yourself with your spiritual exercises. What is your trombone today? What idea can awaken your spirits again? Be a spiritual lion. See you as a yoga tiger. Visualize yourself as a powerful Goddess. Be the angel with the trombone. Overcome your laziness. You are a fighter. What actually brings your life energy to flow again? Rub yourself with cold water. Turn on loud music. Do yoga exercises. Go for a walk. Forward with force. The power is with you. Success. ==The World== 22. [[w:The World (Tarot card)|The World (cosmic consciousness).]] In a large laurel wreath dances a naked woman. In each hand she holds a wand. Around the victor's wreath we see an eagle, a lion, a bull and a man. The eagle stands for wisdom, the lion for strength, the bull for ego sacrificing and the man for love. The woman is a Mistress of the Five Elements. With the five qualities inner peace, wisdom, love, happiness and self-discipline she transforms her world into a paradise. The circle (laurel wreath) symbolizes the cosmos. The woman in the circle has a cosmic consciousness. Through her two wands (spiritual exercises), she can hold herself in an internal equilibrium and an enlightened consciousness. Her world is in order. Everything is right as it is. She is naked. She is free. She has given up her ego. She flows positively with her life. She lives in harmony with herself and her world. She is content with her life and can see her world as a paradise. Oracle = Be a Mistress of the Five Elements. Keep up yourself with your spiritual practices in internal equilibrium. Practice always in the right moment wisdom, peace, self-discipline, love and enjoyment. Then you will conquer. Live in calmness, do your spiritual exercises (yoga, meditation, walking, reading) and bring the love into the world (do good). Flow positively with your life. Go ahead with trust. Be content with yourself and your life. Everything is fine as it is. ==Ace of Wands== 23. God appears in the grey sky. Out of a white cloud a hand [[w:Ace of Wands (Tarot card)|gives us a stick.]] God gives us the strength we need for our success. God is with us. The power is with us. The enlightened Masters strengthen us. Under the stick, we see a river, a green country and a white castle on a hill. The white castle is our goal. Our goal is to live in God, to live in the light, to be enlightened. White is the colour of purification. We have to purify us spiritually. We must do every day our spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, meditation, mental work). The river is the border between the material world and the world of light. We have to overcome our ego to get into the light. We have to live centered in spirituality (in God, in wisdom, in the principles of inner happiness). Lasting happiness is only possible if we make the wisdom (God, inner happiness) to the center of our life. We must be centered in rest (calmness), wisdom, love and self-discipline. Oracle = Live as a winner. You can do it. You have enough strength to win. God gives you today all the power you need to get through your current difficult situation and to achieve your goals. Bethink on your power. Think your mantra of victory. What sentence gives you the power to succeed? "My word of victory is ... (I got the power. I will win)." Think your sentence as a mantra. Program your mind to win. You'll achieve your goals. Forward with self-discipline and optimism. You will conquer your inner or outer enemies. The power is with you. Luck. Success. ==The Bodhisattva== 24. [[w:Two of Wands|Two of Wands.]] A conqueror stands on his castle wall, looking out into the wide world. Before him lies the sea. He is on the beginning of a journey. In his right hand he holds a world globe. He concentrates on his goal. The left hand stamps out a large staff on the ground. Behind him is a second rod. The conqueror activates with the two rods his kundalini energy and thereby gets the power for a successful journey. On the left side of the castle wall we see the image of a cross of red roses and white lilies. The red roses indicates the path of universal love and the white lilies the path of inner purification. The conqueror wants a happy world and is doing his part for this. At the same time he is also working on his own inner happiness. He makes his spiritual exercises and gets a cosmic consciousness (enlightenment). The essence of Christianity is the way of the twofold love, "Love God (spiritual exercises), and love your fellow man (doing good)." This is the best way of a happy and fulfilled life. Oracle = Get a fulfilled life. Live as a [[w:Bodhisattva|Bodhisattva]] ([[w:Karma yoga|Karma Yogi]]). Work for a happy world. Don't work for your ego, but for the happiness of all people. This is the fastest way into a cosmic consciousness (enlightenment, a life in God). There is one great danger on the Bodhisattva way. Don't exhaust your energy but grow in your energy. Give you every day enough rest. Make every day enough exercises (sports, recreation, meditation, mental work). Awaken every day your inner power (Kundalini energy) with [[yoga]], [[Relaxation_techniques#Yoga_Walking|walking]], [[Meditation#Ten_points_of_meditation|visualising]], praying (mantra) and meditation. Feel exactly what you need. Then you win internally and externally. Success. ==Patience== 25. [[w:Three of Wands|Three of Wands.]] A merchant with a rod in his right hand is watching his three ships on the yellow shimmering sea sailing into the wide world. The sky is orange. Justified optimism. The merchant simply needs to wait and see. The ships sail by itself to its target. Behind the back of the merchant we see left and right a rod. The man lives in the right balance of rest and activity. He is wearing a dress made ​​of five colors. The red cape gives him strength. The green cloth means hope. Below is a yellow cloth for some joy. The sleeves of the hand holding the stick is blue. We can interpret blue as the color of loyalty. The man sticks to his goal. A black sash with white dots indicates sadness and inner cleansing. Who wants to reach a goal in his life, has always to sacrifice something. The man makes the necessary sacrifice for his successful path. Oracle = Patience. Everything is evolving from its own. It is only a matter of time until success occurs. What did you start? What success do you expect? The future will be good. Hopeful expectation. Optimism. Luck. Success. ==Jubilation== 26. [[w:Four of Wands|Four of Wands.]] Four bars covered with a garland of flowers stand on a still blank square in front of a castle. In the background we can already see some people celebrate. Two women swing bouquets over the head. They move from the background of the card toward the fairground. But they are not yet arrived at their destination. The goal is the spiritual self-realization, enlightenment, living in God. This goal is indicated by the castle in the background. The two main routes into a life in God are the path of universal love (doing good) and the path of spiritual practice (meditation, mental work). The right woman is wearing a red cape. She goes the way of love. The left woman has a white dress and a blue cloak. She cleans herself through spiritual exercises (reading, praying, walking, meditation). The flower garland hangs over both women. We have to combine the path of love and of spiritual practice to grow optimally in the light. The background of the tarot card is orange. Optimism. The women walk successfully the way into the light. Oracle = Before Thanksgiving. Your actions will lead to a big success. Your efforts will bear good fruit. Great joy awaits you. Something good is coming towards you. You can be optimistic about the future. Jubilation. Celebrate the day. ==Pleasure Principle== 27. [[w:Five of Wands|Five of Wands.]] The sky is blue. Five young men tussle in the free nature with big sticks. The number five points to the theory of the five elements. We succeed with the five qualities wisdom, self-discipline, peace, love and some enjoyment. Oracle = Go ahead playfully. Live mainly from the inside out. Feel your inner spontaneous impulse. Who exactly lives himself, gets by this much inner strength and reaches his goal by the power of joy. Ask yourself, "What do I want now? What do I need now?" What is your way of living? Be creative. Have fun. Succeed with the pleasure principle. ==Victory== 28. [[w:Six of Wands|Six of Wands.]] The sky is blue. A rider on a white horse is holding a lance with a victor's wreath. He wears a laurel wreath on his head. Around him ride five other fighters who acclaim him. The rider is a winner. He has worked hard for his success. Now he enjoys his success. He was victorious in his fight. He is satisfied with himself and his life. He has cleaned himself inside and realized his higher self (inner purity, the white horse). He fought for a better world and realized the cosmic consciousness (enlightenment, a life in God). To that refers the victor´s wreath in the form of a circle. Oracle = The winner. You have won or you will win. Visualize yourself as a winner. Live as a winner. What are your goals? What is your way of victory? Think the mantra: "My goals are ... My way to win is ..." Although the situation is difficult and you hardly believe in your victory. Just go ahead with a clear winner will, a wise strategy, optimism and perseverance. At the end of the fight, the victory is waiting for you. You'll achieve your goals. The light is with you. Success. ==The Fighter== 29. [[w:Seven of Wands|Seven of Wands.]] A giant man stands with a large stick on a hill and knocks his enemies down. The man is strong and has a favorable position. He is stronger than his opponents. He has a green suit (hope, optimism). The sky is blue. That indicates inner peace and strength. Seven is a number of completion. But for this the man has to fight still some time. The man stands alone against a multitude, but he dominates the fight and will win. His opponents are smaller than he. We only see their six rods. Oracle = You have to struggle a bit. But you are strong and your position is favorable. Do not let yourself be overcome by your internal and external problems (enemies). Forward with strength and endurance. You will win. "My enemies are ... My way to win is ..." Optimism. Success. ==Concentration on the Goal== 30. [[w:Eight of Wands|Eight of Wands.]] Eight arrows fly through the blue sky into the land of light. The land of light is our goal. The land of light is inside and outside. Outside we can work for a happy world, outer wealth and a good life. We can transform our world into a paradise. Inside we can develop happiness, enlightenment and a life in God. We can transform our mind into a paradise view of life. Eight is a number of harmony and positivity. Under the eight arrows, we see a great river. To pass the river, we have to overcome our ego. We must purify our inner self with our spiritual exercises to get into a paradise feeling of life. In the green land of light on the other side of the river we see on a hill a white castle. This white castle is our enlightened self. The goal is near, but the big river is not yet crossed. Oracle = You have to work hard, but you will reach your goal. You succeed, if you concentrate on your goal. Think at your goal. Motivate yourself with your goal. See the benefits which you get when you reach your goal. Forward with all your power. Cross the great river. Overcome your ego. "My goal is ... My way of victory is ..." Success. ==The Embattled Fighter== 31. [[w:Nine of Wands|Nine of Wands.]] A fighter stands with his spear on a gray road. He looks skeptical about the future. On his head he wears a white bandage. His clothing is torn on his right shoulder. He has a hard fight behind him. But the battle continues. The fighter has already his sleeves rolled up. Behind him are lined up like a garden fence, eight rods. The fighter has a strong backing in God (in himself, his wisdom and his strength). Behind the fence we see under a blue sky, a green country. The fighter is defending his land (his place, his position, his people). The land is slightly undulating. His task is moderate to handle. Oracle = Bethink yourself on your strength. You are struck something. See you strong today. You are a giant, a strong man, a powerful woman. You are the Germanic God [[w:Thor|Thor]], the God of Thunder. You are the powerful Goddes [[w:Freyja|Freya.]] You have enough power to go on your way to success. Your task is to deal with. Forward with self-discipline and endurance. The light is with you. Success. ==The Hard Worker== 32. [[w:Ten of Wands|Ten of Wands.]] The sky is blue. A strong man brings ten large bars to his house. The man is dressed in green, the way is green and the house is green. Green is the color of hope. The man will do his job. But he carries heavy on the bars. His way is not easy. The man has to spend a lot of force to achieve his goal. Ten is the number of completion. On the horizon we see green trees, fertile fields and some houses. The man is building a happy world. Oracle = The road is hard, but you have enough power to reach your goals. You have to work hard for your success. Enlightenment is hard mental work. A happy world is not easy to do. Forward with self-discipline and endurance. Optimism. Success. ==Self-Reflection== 33. [[w:Page of Wands|Page of Wands.]] A young man looks at his wand. He is a student. He has to find his goals of life. He has to find out who he is and what his task is. On the horizon to the right we see three mountains. The mountains (of enlightenment) are the goal of the man. Three is a number of action and energy. First, find your goals. And second, go on with power and self-discipline. The sky is blue. On his head the young man wears a white hat (internal cleansing) with a red feather (power). He has a yellow robe with black salamanders. The salamanders are animals of the fire element. Oracle = A new beginning. Think about your life. Reflect your goals. Find the best way to go forward. Awaken your Kundalini energy with your spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, visualization, mantra, meditation). "My goals are ... My path is ..." Forward. Reach your goals. You can do it. The power is with you. Optimism. Success. ==Full Speed Ahead== 34. [[w:Knight of Wands|Knight of Wands.]] A knight in armor of iron gallops on a brown horse with a lance in his hand through a desert to three pyramides in the left background. The pyramids are his goal (peace, love and happiness). His journey goes through the desert of renunciation. The knight has to renounce of some external things, so that he can achieve his goal of inner happiness (enlightenment, a life in God). He must overcome his inertia and go with power his way of wisdom. Then he will achieve his goals. The knight wears on his helmet a red plume. The robe over his armor is yellow and full of circular salamanders (small dragons). He will overcome his ego and jump into the light. Oracle = Full speed ahead. The situation is difficult. You're a bit tired on your way. Be a knight, a spiritual hero, a winner. Look at your goals and go your way with power. What are your goals? What is your path? " My goals are ... My way to succeed is ..." Forward with courage, power and optimism. Success. ==The Strong Mother== 35. [[w:Queen of Wands (Tarot card)|Queen of Wands.]] In a yellow dress with a blue cloak sits the queen of wards on a throne. In her left hand she holds a sunflower (love to her goal) and in her right hand a big wand (power). On her head she wears a crown (wisdom, enlightenment). Over her head and on the sides of her throne are four lions. She has the power to rule successful her land (the kingdom of flowers). She rules her country, her people and herself. Thanks to her power and clear vision she leads her people and her country into the light. At the feet of the queen sits a black cat. The black color indicates egolessness. The Queen has given up her ego. She takes things as they are. She is subordinated to the will of the cosmos (God). She flows positively with all situations. The cat embodies gentleness, softness and strength of will. What a cat wants, it enforces it. It can purr lovingly. It can also convert itself into a small tiger. Oracle = Take things in your life as they are. Keep your goals. Work for a world of love, peace and happiness. Put your world into a good order. Be a strong mother of your family. Visualize yourself as a queen of wands. The power is with you. Forward with wisdom, love and power. Success. ==The Strong Father== 36. [[w:King of Wands|King of Wands.]] The king of wands sits on his throne with a golden crown (enlightened master), a red dress (good motivation) and green shoes (hope). In his right hand he holds a big wand. The power is with him. He rules successful his land. There are many difficulties in his country. The people need a strong king. Where self-discipline is necessary, he enforces it. Where lightness (joy) is possible, he admits it. In case of problems he always finds a solution. At his feet we see a little black lizard and on the back wall of his throne are lions. The king of wands is a beggar in God (egoless) and a Buddha (a lion) at the same time. This is the secret of his power. His power comes from God, from a consistent spiritual life (enough rest and enough exercises). Oracle = You're the boss. The power is with you. Success. You have all the power you need to fulfill your job. Rule your land (family, company, yourself). Live after a clear day plan of health and the inner power will always be with you. Put as many spiritual exercises in your day so that you always stay in strength and happiness. Do the five principles of health. Make every day endurance training (walking, jogging, cycling, yoga), eat healthy (lots of vitamins, low in calories, at least one apple a day), avoid harmful substances (smoking, alcohol, drugs, too much TV), relax enough (breaks, meditation, sleep) and think positive (optimistic). ==Ace of Coins== 37. [[w:Ace of Coins|Ace of Coins.]] A hand appears in the sky from a cloud (God) and offers a golden coin. God offers you the way to peace, love and happiness (enlightenment). The coin contains an abstract drawing of a man (self-realization). Under the coin, we see a door in a tall hedge. The door is open. You only have to go your path into the land of light (the blue mountains in the background). Before the gate grow white lilies (inner cleansing) and in the hedge red roses (all-embracing love). The path of happiness consists of spiritual exercises (white lilies) and working for a happy world (red roses). Oracle = The life offers you a great opportunity. A door opens up. You have only to go the way. You must make a clear decision. Then God (your inner wisdom) will guide you on your way. You will reach your goal. Recognize that you own a great treasure. You've got the knowledge of enlightenment. You've got the knowledge to transform your world into a paradise. You've got the knowledge to become a Buddha, a Goddess, a King of Coins. Go your way into the light. Decide yourself to be happy and to live a fulfilled life. "My way of wisdom is ... Unwisdom is ..." Use the favorable situation. Get the great treasure. Succeed. ==Dancing with the Chaos== 38. [[w:Two of Coins|Two of Coins.]] The sky is light-colored blue (things are not too difficult). On the path of life a man in a green dress and with green shoes dances with the ups and downs of his life. He wears red trousers, a red belt, a red skirt and a large red hat (love and wisdom). He's a good dancer. In his hands he juggles left and right a gold coin. The two coins are connected by a green band, which forms a horizontal eight. On the horizon we see big waves and two sailing ships. A ship passes up a wave and the other ship is flowing down. Life is an eternal up and down. A man of inner happiness dances wise with all events of life. Through his spiritual path, he stays in his inner balance. The two main spiritual techniques to get equilibrium (two gold coins) are regularly body exercises (yoga, meditation, walking) and mental exercises (self-reflexion, mind control, positive thinking). Oracle = Flow flexible with the outer chaos and keep your inner balance. A master of his mind lives permanently anchored in the light (God, enlightenment) and dances wisely with all outward situations. Live in rest and act out of the rest. When the body is quiet, you can more easily hold your mind quiet. Stop your negative thoughts and focus on positive thinking. Do every day something nice that opens your heart. Forward. Optimism. Success. "My positive thought is ... (I'm a master of life. I live as a winner. I am always optimistic.)" ==A Good Plan== 39. [[w:Three of Coins|Three of Coins.]] A sculptor is working in a church on an ornate column. The church is a symbol for God, for a life in the light, for the big goal of enlightenment (lasting happiness). The column stands for the path to reach this goal. To succeed, we need a good plan. On the right, we see the creator in the green cape with a white scroll. Next to him stands the abbot of the monastery. We can look at him as our inner wisdom. At the top of the column are three coins. Our spiritual victory depends on a good plan, on good contact to our inner wisdom and on good self-discipline (the sculptor). Oracle = Succeed with a good plan. With a good plan of life, you will receive a successful life. With a good plan of the day, you get a successful day. First set your goals. With what strategy are you victorious? Go forward in your speed. Give you enough rest and spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, meditation), so that your energy lasts for the whole day. Get also some enjoyment. "My goal is ... My successful strategy is ...(I succeed with love to my goal, self-discipline, enough rest and a little bit pleasure)." ==Contentment== 40. [[w:Four of Coins|Four of Coins.]] A rich king sits on a stone bench. He has four large coins. One coin he holds convulsively at his heart. The sky and the earth are gray. The king experiences his world as gray. He is not satisfied with himself and his life. His problem is that he doesn´t know how to get contentment. He doesn't know how to live happily. The Greek philosopher Epicurus taught, that we have to limit our worldly desires, if we do not want to become its victims. We should define our point of enough. We should think about how much for us is necessary on external things. We should give it to us. And then we should find contentment and let no other external desires arise in us. When they arise, we should overcome by positive thinking. Oracle = Nothing is taken for granted in the universe. Nothing really belongs to you. It is the right of life to take away everything at any time. Be content with what you have. There once was a Sufi Master who gave his students an apple with a bad spot and said, "This is the apple of paradise." The students focused on the bad spot and were dissatisfied. The master saw the whole apple and lived in paradise (in God). Limit your worldly desires. Find your point of enough. Today is a day of satisfaction. Be happy. Everything is good as it is. ==Compassion== 41. [[w:Five of Coins|Five of Coins.]] Two poor people go through the snow. The woman is barefoot. She has no shoes. The man is hobbling and supported by crutches. Both suffer from the life. But the man in the blue cloak wears a bell around his neck. He is a man of knowledge. He knows the way of inner happiness. Him makes the external cold not much, because he is warm inside. With his knowledge, he can also help the woman. In the black night appears a shining church window with five gold coins. The world needs the five values ​​of wisdom, compassion, love, peace and happiness. Only through positive values, the inner and outer poverty of the people in the world can be overcome. The task of the wise is to share his wisdom with his fellow men. Oracle = Today helps you the way of compassion. It frees you from the attachment to your suffering. It opens your heart and heals yourself emotionally. Think more of others than to yourself. Concentrate more on the suffering of your fellow man than to your own suffering. Wish that all people in the world are happy. Live for this goal. A poor man helps another. So both get into the light. If you just look at the world around you, then you know where your help is needed. Forward. Success on the path of compassion and universal love. For people in relationships this card means that they should form a team of happiness. If both work together positively, they can get a happy relationship. They should accept the suffering in their lifes and focus on the development of inner happiness. ==Give and Be Happy== 42. [[w:Six of Coins|Six of Coins.]] A merchant gives two poor people some of his wealth. He is standing and the poor are sitting. He can act and they not. The poor can not help themselves. They can not rescue themselves from poverty. They need the help of the merchant. Only the merchant has the potential to which the poor can be saved. Around him are six gold coins like a halo. The merchant gives the poor with his right hand. In his left hand he holds a scale. He gives every poor exactly what he needs. One poor has a green and the other a blue cape. The green poor needs love and hope. The blue poor needs strength and self-discipline. Oracle = Giving is today your way to happiness. Recognize that you are rich. Share your wealth with the suffering world. Help the poor. Help spiritual and material. What possibilities do you have to do good? What is your deed of love today? It makes you happy when you give what to whom? Success. Move a hand in blessing and think, "I send light to (name). May all people be happy. May the world be happy." ==Relax and Be Content== 43. [[w:Seven of Coins|Seven of Coins.]] A man stands in front of a green vine. Everything grows well. The fruits are not yet discernible. The wine grower has to wait. He puts his chin on the handle of his hoe. The farmer can only let life take its course. Everything else now depends on the sun, on the right moisture and ultimately on the fate. The cosmos is the master of the fate and not the farmer. The dress and the shoes of the farmer are green. He is full of hope and optimism. A yogi can make each day just his physical and mental exercises. He can not force the harvest. Enlightenment comes of the grace of the cosmos. The seven coins refer to the seven main chakras of a human being. When the seven chakras are released from their tensions, the energy rises up in the kundalini energy channel. The yogi then feels internally happy like a vine full of grapes. When the energy reaches the crown chakra, the mind of the yogi unites with God. He wakes up in a life in the light. Oracle = Come to rest after the hard work. Relax. Hand over the results to God (to life). Everything evolves by itself. Be content with yourself. Everything is fine as it is. ==Diligence== 44. [[w:Eight of Coins|Eight of Coins.]] A craftsman sits on a wooden bench and worked diligently eight gold coins. In his hands he holds a hammer and a chisel. With the chisel he imprints to the gold coins the drawing of stars. The craftsman works for a happy world. He is a Bodhisattva (Karma Yogi). He works not for his ego, but for the happiness of all people. He works for the enlightment of his fellow men and thereby gets enlightenment himself (six chakras on the tree of enlightenment, one is in work and one is for the world). So he tranforms himself by working for a happy world into a life in the light. He is wearing a dress made ​​of four colors. He is successful with the qualities wisdom, love, self-discipline and optimism (hope). Oracle = Diligently working forward. Steady patience with achievement kept in mind. Get yourself into the light. Realize your inner happiness and lead your people into to the light. Connect yourself every day with the enlightened Masters (God), listen to your inner voice (feeling of correctness) and find your way to a fulfilled life. "My goals are ... My way to success is ..." The light is with you. Ahead with self-discipline and perseverance. Success. ==The Mistress of Mind== 45. [[w:Nine of Coins|Nine of Coins.]] The Mistress of mind stands in front of us in an orange dress decorated with flowers. She holds a tamed falcon on her left fist. The falcon is her own spirit. She controls her thoughts. She masters her mind and her life. Right and left are growing two trees. The land is green and the sky around her head is yellow. The mistress of mind has activated her Kundalini energy (the right and left Kundalini channel) and lives in the light (in peace, love and happiness). With her right hand she touches nine golden coins, which lie on the ground. She is surrounded by mature vines. The golden coins and the vines symbolizes enlightenment, inner happiness, a successful life. She carries on her head a red cap. She goes the way of all-embracing love and lives as a Karma Yogini (Bodhisattva) for the goal of a happy world. A small snail at her feet says slowly with small steps forward. The mastery of the mind is a long way. Oracle = What spiritual practices help you (yoga, meditation, walking, positive thinking)? What is your problem? How can you solve it? Work on your thoughts. Be a Mistress of your mind. "My way of a successful life is ..." Slowly forward. Success. ==The Old Master in the Background== 46. [[w:Ten of Coins|Ten of Coins.]] The old master with white hair sits inconspicuously in an archway at the entrance of the city (the world of wordly people). He wears a coat of red grapes (inner happiness) and magical characters (spiritual knowledge). Ten coins form a picture of the enlightenment tree. The old master is enlightened. He lives in God (unity consciousness), in rest (inner peace) and in happiness. Before the master we see two white dogs (his spiritual disciples). He helps his people, but he lives in another dimension. He keeps himself secluded from the world of addiction energies and can thus keep his enlightenment energy. Oracle = Stay in the background. Remain unobtrusively. Do not get caught up in the struggles of the worldly people. Help them as a secret Master. Mainly help the people who want your help. Help through the power of your arguments and not through negative emotions. Occur not as a Master, but as a friend of all beings. Go the way of all-embracing love. Appear small and friendly. Behave unobtrusive and modest. Then you win. ==Think about Yourself== 47. [[w:Page of Coins|Page of Coins.]] A young man in a green dress (hope) with a red hat (love) holds a large gold coin in front of his face. He looks at his richness, his potential, his way of happiness. He reflects on himself and his goals in his life. He creates a positive vision (concept) of himself. He wants to be a Buddha, a Goddess, an Enlightened. The sky is yellow (optimism). The land is green (growth). And at the horizon, we see the blue mountain of enlightenment. Oracle = Self-reflection. Take you as you are. The spiritual path always starts at the point where you are right now. Accept you with your faults and weaknesses. You may be small. You may be sad and afraid. You may have flaws. Even a small person can win spiritually when he connects himself with the enlightened Masters and consistently follows the voice of his inner wisdom. What we lack in spiritual forces, we get it from the enlightened Masters. They give us the energy we need for spiritual victory. Think the mantra, "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Think about yourself and your richness (potential, skills, goals). What do you want in your life? What are your wishes? What are your goals? What is your way of wisdom, love and happiness? Optimism. The light is with you. Success. ==Do Your Job== 48. [[w:Knight of Coins|Knight of Coins.]] A knight sits on a black horse. Next to him is a brown field. The field must be cultivated. The knight holds a golden coin in his hands. He got the seed of happiness. He has to plant it. Then the field will bring a good harvest, the harvest of a fulfilled life (enlightenment, happiness). The helmet of the knight is decorated with oak leaves, as is the forehead of the horse. The Knight is a winner. He has the necessary skills to win (knowledge, self-discipline, love of the target). To achieve his goals, the knight must bring a sacrifice. He must give up something in order to win. The horse is black. Black is the color of mourning, the resolving of the ego and the entry into the cosmic consciousness. The knight has to go through the darkness to get into the light. The sky is yellow. Optimism. The light (God, the enlightened Masters) is with him. Oracle = Do your job. Work on your field. Set plants of happiness, remove all weeds, care every day for your inner growth, live in love, do good and harvest a life of happiness. You got a great treasure. You know the path of a happy life. Forward with wisdom and endurance. What is your necessary sacrifice to reach your goals? "My goal is... My sacrifice is.. My way of victory is..." Optimism. Success. ==Paradise View of Life== 49. [[w:Queen of Coins|Queen of Coins.]] The Queen of Coins sits on her throne in a happy world with many flowers. She is clothed with a red dress. She lives in the all-embracing love. At her feet plays a little rabbit. In the background shines the blue mountain of enlightenment. The Queen is focused on the gold coin in her lap. She lives in God, in the essentials. She exercises to recognize herself as a Goddess (Enlightened) and her world as a paradise. Thus she awakes her Kundalini energy, gets a paradise feeling of the world around her and becomes inwardly happy. Oracle = Today be gentle with yourself and your fellow people. Concentrate on the positive in your life and your world. Be happy with what you have. Count to five positive things, "Positive in my life is ..." What thought makes you feel your world as a paradise? "My paradise thought is ... (I live in the essentials. I have all what I need to be happy. Everything is fine.)" ==The King of Spirituality== 50. [[w:King of Coins|King of Coins.]] The King of Spirituality sits happy on his throne. He holds a big golden coin in one hand (he owns the big treasure of enlightenment) and in the other hand a scepter with a crystal ball (living in God, in a unity consciousness). He wears a coat with painted red grapes and is surrounded by ripe wine grapes. The king has reached his goal. He lives in the light. Four bulls pictured on his throne show that he has overcome his ego and succeeded with great self-discipline. On his head he wears the crown of a Master of Spirituality. He is a Buddha, a Siva, a Jesus, a Socrates. He is a ruler in the land of light and lives in the all-embracing love to his people. Oracle = What is your spiritual role model? Buddha, Siva, Jesus, Socrates, the Goddess, to be a Master of Life? Find your role model, meditate on it, awaken your Kundalini energy and thus stay every day on your spiritual path. Then you will one day realize your role model by yourself. Find an inspiring picture of your role model in the internet (Google) and copy it into your computer. Connect with its energy, identify with it and get its spiritual power. Feel how its energy flows in you by thinking the mantra, "My goal is... My role model is..." Be a winner in your life. Today is a blessing day. The enlightened Masters are with you. ==Ace of Cups== 51. [[w:Ace of Cups|Ace of Cups.]] From a cloud in the sky a hand appears, offering us a golden chalice (the Holy Grail). A white dove (the Holy Spirit) comes from heaven and fills us with spiritual energy. From the cup flow five energy streams in a big pond full of lotus flowers. God (the life) makes us the gift of spiritual purification. Life gives us the opportunity to transform into a Buddha / a Goddess (King and Queen of Coins). The dove is holding in its beak a white wafer (Host) with a cross on it. Jesus Christ gave bread (wafer) and wine (in the chalice) on the eve of his crucifixion to his disciples. He transmitted them his enlightenment energy. He enabled them to become a son (daughter) of God like him. The Tarot card symbolizes the baptism (spiritual initiation). After the baptism by John, Jesus meditated forty days in the desert. Then the devil (his ego) disappeared and the angels served him. Jesus could help his fellow man with his enlightenment energy. Oracle = Day of blessing. Initiation. Great transformation. Something changes your life. You go through an inner cleansing process. You get spiritual knowledge or spiritual energy. The chakras are opened and the Kundalini energy starts to flow. Go your way into the light. There might be some difficult energy processes in your body or in your mind. Go through it. Think of the grace. One day you will realize great happiness and a life in the light. ==Healing== 52. [[w:Two of Cups|Two of Cups.]] A man and a woman with a laurel wreath on their heads give each other a chalice with healing energy. To win, we must connect our female and male energies. We succeed with wisdom, love, self-discipline and much rest. Above the man and the woman raises a healing wand with two snakes and a winged lion's head. With the energy of the lion and the wisdom of the snakes we will reach our goal. The land is green and the sky is bright blue. Ahead with optimism. Oracle = Healing. Success through the combination of female and male energy. Succeed with wisdom, love, self-discipline and much rest. Live by the five principles of health (healthy diet, regular exercise, plenty of relaxation, positive thinking, avoidance of stress). Build enough exercises every day in your life so that you resolve your internal tensions. What is your suffering? What is your way of healing? "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Follow consistently your inner voice of wisdom. Forward with a wise daily schedule of healing. Heal yourself. Success. ==Great Success== 53. [[w:Three of Cups|Three of Cups.]] Three women are toasting each other with their cups. One woman is wearing a white dress, the second a red and the third an orange. The woman with the orange dress maintains in her left hand blue grapes. The main route to the great victory is the Trimurti Yoga, the yoga of the threeness. Trimurti Yoga is the wise combination of prayer (connecting with the enlightened Masters or with God, Bhakti Yoga), all-embracing love (doing good, Karma Yoga) and spiritual practice (meditation and mental work, Jnana Yoga). Anyone who connects himself regularly with the enlightened Masters (praying, reading, oracle, meditation) will be led to the great victory on the spiritual path. Who makes every day some spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, meditating, reading) resolves his inner tensions and grows into the light (in his inner happiness). Those who work for a better world come into a cosmic consciousness and thereby get enlightenment. The white woman walks the way of wisdom (Jnana Yoga). The red woman lives in the all-embracing love. And the orange woman holding the ripe wine grapes practices Bhakti Yogi. Together they got a great victory. They received a great harvest for their work. On the ground we see many fruits. Oracle = A great success. A great victory. Rejoice. Make yourself aware of your success. What did you work for? What have you harvested? Celebrate your success. Think: "My success is ... My victory is ... I am thankful for ..." Forward with joy. Rejoice your day of victory. "My act of joy today is ...." ==Come From Sadness to Happiness== 54. [[w:Four of Cups|Four of Cups.]] A young man sits propped against a tree. He thinks about the sense of life. He seeks his path in life. From the blue sky a hand appears out of a cloud and gives him a cup (an idea). Three golden chalices stand already before the man. What do the four cups symbolize? After the system of the Tarot, the four cups are symbols how to come into the paradise (into a life of happiness). The three cups in front of the man contain the qualities of wisdom (eagle, mind work), self-discipline (lion, exercises), and ego-sacrificing (taurus, take things as they are). The fourth cup is filled with love and joy. All four qualities together are able to awaken the energy of happiness. They can bring the tree of enlightenment to grow. The first three qualities are necessary to be successful on the path of inner happiness. But without love and joy the way is hard to go. The young man must bring more love and joy into his life to come from sadness to happiness. Oracle = Go your spiritual way with enough joy. What makes your mind positive? Activate your Kundalini energy with spiritual exercises (yoga, walking, meditation, reading, positive thinking). Look for a positive purpose in your life. Have enough fun every day. "The sense of life is... The positive task in my life is.... My deed of joy is..." Come from sadness to happiness. Forward. Success. ==Mourning== 55. [[w:Five of Cups|Five of Cups.]] A man in a black cloak stands with his head down, looking to three fallen chalices from which the liquid has leaked. The sky is grey. The man has suffered a great loss in his life. He is sad. He lives in a world of suffering. Behind the man are standing two more chalices. They are filled. They help him to walk over the white bridge in the background into the land of light. In the middle of the paradise we see the castle of God. If we live in the essentials, we can transform our mind into happiness. The task of the man it is to cross the blue river and to reach the land of light. How can the man come from the land of suffering into the land of light? Only our inner tensions hinder our enlightenment. If we resolve the tensions with our spiritual exercises, our inner happiness awakes. We must only practice the exercises long enough and effectively. Tensions can sit in the body and in the mind. We need exercises for the body (walking, yoga, meditation) and exercises for the mind (reading, positive thinking). The main route into the light is today the activity. Oracle = You had a big loss in your life. What is your loss? Think several times: "I'm sad because ..." Live your grief. Grief is a way of inner cleansing, of letting go. Go through the grief into the light. Make as long your spiritual exercises (yoga, reading, walking, meditation) until you are in the light (in a positive state of mind). Realize the Sat-Chid-Ananda (being-unity consciousness-happiness). Bring much joy (enjoyment, lovely things) in your life. Forward with optimism. Success. ==Day of Blessing== 56. [[w:Six of Cups|Six of Cups.]] A young boy gives lovingly a little girl a golden chalice with a white star flower. He shows his girlfriend how she can successfully practice the spiritual path. He makes her the great gift of wisdom. He gives her the knowledge of the path of inner happiness. The girl is wearing a white glove. She is willing to take the spiritual knowledge. She is ready for spiritual truth. She is willing to go the spiritual path successfully. Oracle = Success on the spiritual path. Ahead with peace, joy and optimism. What is your act of love today? If you are the giver, stay small and modest. Do not give to strengthen your ego, but to strengthen the happiness in the world. If you are the taker, be thankful for the gift. Students and masters are blessed from God. Celebrate the day. Today is a day of a great gift. ==A Vision of Your Life== 57. [[w:Seven of Cups|Seven of Cups.]] A visionary (black figure) sees seven golden chalices, which appear in a cloud in the sky. The center chalice contains the higher self (a person in a white triangle). A golden snake symbolizes inner healing. A head stands for a positive vision of oneself. The castle means a life in the essentials (in God). The great treasure in the life on earth is the way to enlightenment. To get permanent inner happiness we have to overcome our ego (the blue dragon). To win on our spiritual path (laurel wreath) we need endurance. The first step to victory is to create a positive vision. The second step is to find the path to realize our goals. The third step is to go the way until we have reached our goals. Oracle = Get clarity. Create a clear vision of your life. What do you want to achieve in your life? What are your goals? What is your idea of ​​a happy life? What visions appear in your mind? Those who have positive visions, also have the power to live positively. "My goals are ... My positive vision is ..." Realize your dream of a happy life. Stay on your track. Go consistently your way of wisdom and hope. Forward. Success. ==Flexible Forward == 58. [[w:Eight of Cups|Eight of Cups.]] A man in a red coat is walking with a large stick through a landscape full of shoals and rocks. The moon has moved in front of the sun. The man finds the right way, because he follows his inner wisdom (intuition). The red coat means that he goes the way of all-embracing love. He sees the suffering of others and helps them within his means. The path is difficult to find because it is dark. The man felt his way with his stick. He looks exactly at his situation. He listens carefully at his inner voice of wisdom. He avoids the water holes, goes his way flexible forward and reaches his goal. Oracle = The situation is difficult. Go slowly forward with a good feeling for the right way. Hear at your inner wisdom. Feel in each moment what you need and what is your path of victory. Look exactly at your situation and find flexible your way. Optimism. Success. ==Completion== 59. [[w:Nine of Cups|Nine of Cups.]] A contented man sits with arms crossed on a bench. He has spent force and effort to get to his current success. The man got a great triumph. The success is characterized by nine golden chalices on the blue podium behind him. Now the man lives on a winning level. His green shoes indicate that he may go his way forward with optimism. The fortune will be with him. Everything is good and will be getting better and better. Oracle = Completion. The good thing is done. You have won. High level of satisfaction. Now you are allowed to relax and to enjoy your life. Be happy about your success. Celebrate your victory. Dedicate your victory to all beings. "I dedicate my success to the happiness of all beings. May all people be happy. May the world be happy." ==The Rainbow== 60. [[w:Ten of Cups|Ten of Cups.]] On the blue sky appears a rainbow with ten golden chalices. The people in the green country under the rainbow are happy. The children dance. A man and a woman are jubilating. They look to the rainbow in the sky. The rainbow is a symbol of fortune. It points to great internal or external happiness. The rainbow is a semi-circle of light. If we extend the rainbow, we get a circle. Enlightenment can be well represented by a circle. The circle symbolizes the cosmos, wholeness, inner harmony. The enlightened is in harmony with himself and his world. Enlightenment comes always by grace. We can only do what we can, but the Holy Spirit (the light of God) comes into us by his own. We have no claim on luck in our life, but life can bless us if it wants. Oracle = Great grace. Great happiness. Day of blessing. Something very happy has happened or will happen. Which happy event has happened in your life? What has come to completion? What are you thankful for today? If you start something, this card shows you a great success. Celebrate the day. The heaven has blessed you with great fortune. ==The Inner Voice== 61. [[w:Page of Cups|Page of Cups.]] A young man with a blue hat (intuition) stands on the shore of the sea (in front of his own subconscious). He holds a chalice with a fish in his right hand. The man speaks with the fish. He asks him for advice, for guidance and help along the way. The fish is his inner voice of wisdom. The inner wisdom is a combination of clear thinking and inner feeling. If we think clearly about a problem and explore our feelings, we find our personal best way of life. Who is good in touch with himself finds his path to spiritual self-realization. We can consider our inner voice as the voice of God (the enlightened Master) in ourselves. In a higher dimension the enlightened Masters are connected with us through the energy of truth. They can lead us through our inner voice of wisdom into a life in the light. All we have to do is to follow consistent our personal way of wisdom (rightness). The knave of Cups is wearing a blue dress with white and red lilies on it. He goes the path of inner purification (white flowers) and the path of universal love (red flowers). He is good in touch with his inner voice (the fish in the chalice). Thus he will be a winner in his life. Oracle = Consider carefully your inner and outer situation. What are your goals? What is your path of wisdom? Listen to your inner voice. Connect yourself with the enlightened energies (with God). "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Forward with a good inner feeling, wisdom and endurance. Optimism. Success. ==Creativity== 62. [[w:Knight of Cups|Knight of Cups.]] A knight on a white horse (power, inner purification) passes the great river from the land of suffering to the land of light. He follows his inner voice of wisdom and succeeds. In his right hand, he holds a big golden chalice. The chalice represents his wisdom. It is the Holy Grail. Anyone who follows his inner voice of wisdom finds the path of spiritual self-realization. He can turn his hardened (iron) soul into a golden soul full of happiness and light. The knight (spiritual hero) wears the insignia of the God Hermes (winged helmet and winged sandals). He is a Bodhisattva. He brings the people the message of the way of love, peace and happiness. Oracle = Overcome all difficulties creatively. Stay on your track. Listen to your inner voice of wisdom. What are your goals? What is your way of wisdom. "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Think about, "My way of wisdom is... Unwisdom is ..." Forward with wisdom, creativity and endurance. The power is with you. Success. ==The Holy Grail== 63. [[w:Queen of Cups|Queen of Cups.]] On the beach of the sea sits in a white dress (inner purification) with a golden crown, the Queen of Cups. The stone throne (self-discipline) is decorated with mermaids (a good inner sense). The Queen concentrates at the ornate chalice with a cross on top in her hands. Two angels on the left and right side pray to the chalice. The ornate chalice is the [[w:Holy Grail|Holy Grail]]. It represents the holy life in God. It represents a life in happiness, holiness and love. It shows us the goal of enlightenment. The way to reach this goal is not easy to find and to go. We need a clear thinking, a good feeling and much self-discipline. By the grace of God we will succeed. This Tarot Card shows that the grace is with us. We hold the Holy Grail in our hands. We can find our way into a life of happiness. We only have to go our spiritual path with wisdom and endurance. The Queen of Cups is in a good contact with herself. She is a Mistress of spirituality. She finds creatively her way to her goal. Oracle = Focus on your goal and flow creatively through all difficulties. Save yourself with your spiritual exercises. Practice at the right time meditation, walking (sports), reading, doing good and enjoying the life. Be a master of an effective happiness practicing. With a good inner feeling you find your way into the light. Forward with endurance. Success. ==The Master of Dance== 64. [[w:King of Cups|King of Cups.]] In the midst of the wild sea of life sits the King of Cups on his throne of stone (serenity). He is buffeted by raging storms. The clothing of the king is blue (inner peace). His cloak is orange (love) with a red border (power). Around his neck he wears a necklace with a gold fish. He is the king of wisdom and good inner feeling. In his right hand he holds a golden chalice (wisdom) and in the left hand a golden scepter (power). He sticks to his wisdom and rules with power himself and his world. Ultimately, the King of Cups represents an enlightened master who can retain his enlightenment even in difficult situations. In Tibetan Buddhism he is called a Master of Mahamudra. In Yoga we speak of a Siddha, a master of the spiritual energies. As a symbol of this, there is the dancing Shiva ([[w:Nataraja|Nataraja]]), who sacrifices his ego (under his feet), lives in the unity of the cosmos (in a circle of light) and holds himself with the five elements (arms, legs and head) in internal equilibrium. Thus he can dance with the life and always keep his happiness. Oracle = You are a Master of Dance with life. You stay even in the greatest external chaos internally stable. With the five elements of serenity, self-discipline, wisdom, love and enjoyment you keep your internal equilibrium. You dance with the difficulties and grow by that into in a life in the light. High praise. ==Ace of Swords== 65. [[w:Ace of Swords|Ace of Swords.]] Out of the gray sky (a situation of suffering) a hand (God) gives you a sword with a golden crown. It is the crown of the spiritual winner. To get enlightenment (happiness, a life in the light) you have to sacrifice your ego. You have to give up something to break through into the light. At the crown are hanging an olive branch and a palm branch. You will succeed. From the golden crown are falling six tears to the ground. The waiver is not easy. But the expected fortune gives you the strength to perform your sacrifice. Oracle = Who wants to achieve a goal has to sacrifice something for it. He must give up something (companionship, pleasure) and has to invest something (effort, work, self discipline). An athlete trains every day to win the competition. A worker is working every day hard to obtain external wealth. A yogi exercises every day consistent to get enlightenment. The cosmos makes you today the great gift of success. He blesses your path of sacrifice. You'll achieve your goal. If you now make the necessary sacrifice for your goal, you will get a large external or internal win. What sacrifice is necessary to achieve your goal? "My goal is ... The necessary sacrifice (waiver) is ..." What do you need, so that you can go your way positively? Give it to you. Forward. Get the victor crown. You will one day be a king of happiness. Success. ==Inner Sense== 66. [[w:Two of Swords|Two of Swords.]] On a gray beach in the dark night a woman in a white dress is sitting on a stone bench. Her eyes are bandaged. Her arms are crossed protectively in front of the heart chakra. Behind the white woman is the sea of her subconsciousness with some rocks and the land of paradise (happiness) in the background. To find her way, she must carefully explore her subconsciousness. She must feel exactly what blocks her inner happiness. What wrong desires, attachments and fears are in her. A half moon shines on the sky above her. She will find her way to her goal (happiness) with a good inner sense (intuition). In her hands she holds two swords, which show like two large sensors to the left and right top in the sky. The swords are her feelers on the way to happiness. The two swords to resolve inner tensions are wisdom (a clear mind, clear thinking) and a good feeling for oneself. Oracle = Follow your truth (reason) and your inner feeling (intuition). When reason and inner feeling work together well, they can bring you to happiness. Inner happiness is created by the resolution of the tensions in the body and in the mind. What exercises dissolve your inner tensions and bring you into happiness? Physical (walking, yoga, sports, meditation) and spiritual exercises (reading, mental work, all-embracing love, positive sentences) are required. Explore yourself, find out what you need, live on a wise spiritual schedule and organize your day well. The path in the moment is hard to see. Stay on your track. Go slowly forward. Feel what is right in each moment. Success. ==Suffering== 67. [[w:Three of Swords|Three of Swords.]] The sky is grey. Sorrows. It's raining. Grief. A big red heart is pierced by three swords. Pain. Go into the nothingness, sacrifice your ego, accept your fate and transform into fullness. By killing your ego with the three swords of wisdom, spiritual exercises and all-embracing love you can get to happiness. Live as a spiritual practitioner, as a helper of all beings and in God (being-unity consciousness-bliss). There is a way to overcome all suffering. This is the path of enlightenment. Walk consistently the way of inner happiness and reach a higher level of life. At this level you integrate all grief and stay anyhow in the light, because the happiness comes from inside (from God). Oracle = There is suffering in your life. You can overcome the suffering. Sacrífice your ego by doing your spiritual practices (meditation, reading, walking, doing good, enjoying the life). Accept all the suffering, bring enough spiritual exercises in your life and live primary for the happiness of your fellow man. Flow positive with life. Forward with wisdom, self-discipline and optimism. Succeed in five steps. '''The problem:''' Describe briefly your situation and your problem. How exactly is your situation? What is the problem? Where is the center of the problem? '''The emotions:''' What are the feelings it in you? Fear, anger, addiction / desire, grief. What feeling is strongest? Where is the feeling sitting in your body? '''The thoughts:''' What thoughts are connected with your feelings? Why are you sad, anxious, angry or longing? Count all your stressful thoughts down. (My thoughts are ...) '''Thinking:''' Think about your problem for so long, until you find a solution. Collect all the information you need. Think about different solutions. What is the way out of your problem? What triggers your problem? '''Implementation:''' Succeed. Fulfill your positive life plan. Avoid meaningless brooding. Now is the time to realize powerful. Go your way to victory. "My positive thought is ....(I will win. I will get happiness. Forward.)" ==Ego Sacrificing== 68. [[w:Four of Swords|Four of Swords.]] A dead knight lies in a grave chamber on a brown coffin. Above him hang on the wall three swords. A fourth sword is beside the coffin. The knight (spiritual hero) has his hands folded in front of the heart chakra. He prays to God (the enlightened Masters) and God will help him. In a stained glass window in the upper left corner of the Tarot Card we see the resurrected Christ, who blesses a kneeling disciple. The way to come from suffering to happiness show the four swords. They point to the head (wisdom), the heart (love), the solar plexus (power) and the whole body of the knight (ego sacrificing). Oracle = Take the suffering in your life. Let your false desires go. Pray: "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Come to resurrection. Stand up. Free yourself. What is your problem? What solves your problem. Go consistently your way of wisdom, love and happiness. Make your spiritual exercises (meditation, walking, reading, mind work). Live in the all-embracing love and find your way of doing good. Go ahead on a middle path. Bring enough enjoyment into your life. Forward with self-discipline. Success. ==The Enemy== 69. [[w:Five of Swords|Five of Swords.]] Storm clouds move across the sky. A difficult situation. External or internal chaos. But you will win, if you go forward cleverly. A smiling man carries the two swords of his enemies on his shoulder. He has defeated his enemies. The enemies go away sad. In his right hand the winner holds his own sword, and on the ground lie two other swords. All in all the man has five swords. The number five points to the five elements of the Tarot. The man succeeded with the five qualities wisdom, power, serenity, love and joy. He is a Master of the five elements. The way to win is firstly to recognize clearly the internal and external opponents. If we see them clearly, we find their weaknesses and can overcome them with a clever strategy. Oracle = You are a winner on your problems. What are your goals? Look exactly at your situation. Where are the difficulties? What is the way to go through? What is your (inner or outer) enemy? How can you overcome him? Be creative. Be clever. What is your way of victory? Think: "My opponent is ... My way to win is ..." Forward with optimism. You will succeed. ==The Ferryman== 70. [[w:Six of Swords|Six of Swords.]] A boatman takes his family (a wife and a child) with himself on his way across the great river into the land of light. In the boat stick six swords. Working as a spiritual ferryman is a way to sacrifice the ego, to live in the all-embracing love and to attain enlightenment. Many spiritual people have lost themselves on the way of helping. If a not enlightened man wants to work as a spiritual teacher (priest, yoga teacher, psychotherapist, life coach), he must be aware of the ego traps and able to control his negative qualities. After any contact with his unenlightened fellow men he must spiritually cleanse his mind. Who is not fully enlightened and works as a spiritual teacher has to be aware of his actions. He should focus on his own practicing, connect every day with the enlightened Masters and check himself on pride, greed, attachment, careerism, and sexual lack of clarity. A real spiritual Master is more a beggar than a Buddha. He is anchored in the egolessness and not in the idea to be ​​a great enlightened. He is more a servant of his fellow men as their king. He lives in being and giving and not in wanting to be admired. Oracle = Working as a spiritual ferryman gives you the strength to bring yourself to enlightenment. Help your fellow man. Rescue spiritually your family, your children and all people associated with you. Give them the great knowledge of inner happiness and the path of all-embracing love. Keep yourself small. Stay humble, modest and as a servant of all. Connect yourself every day with the enlightened Masters (God). The enlightened Master will lead and protect you. "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." Success. ==Cleverness== 71. [[w:Seven of Swords|Seven of Swords.]] A man with a red hat (love) sneaks up on tiptoe, with five swords in the arm from a tent camp. He robs his opponents their power. He is very clever and careful. The sky is yellow. Optimism. The man wins on his way. Two swords are stuck behind him in the ground. The man is good earthened. He holds himself small and unobtrusively. Therefore his opponents underestimated him. They sleep and he uses the situation to succeed. In Norse mythology there is the figure of Loki. Loki the sly knows how to help in any situation. He is a cunning fox. He can always think of something. He is clever, creative, flexible, and usually at the end victorious. Oracle = The clever spiritual master. Do good. Help your fellow man on the spiritual path. Connect love and wisdom. Then you succeed. The situation is difficult. The enemy is strong. Consider the conditions. Recognize your opportunities. Be aware of your personal strengths and weaknesses. What is your goal? In what way can you reach it? "My situation is ... My way to victory is..." Flow clever, creative and flexible with the circumstances and you will win. Forward with optimism. Success. ==Sensitive Feeling== 72. [[w:Eight of Swords|Eight of Swords]] A woman blindfolded and with arms shackled goes her way through a country full of water holes. The sky is gray. The situation is difficult. The woman can feel the right path only with her feet. She can only go forward slowly. Around the woman stuck eight swords in the ground. The number eight points to the path of love (karma yoga). In the background we see a white castle on a hill. The white castle is the goal of enlightenment. Who is innerly purified lives in God (the cosmos) as in a castle. Nothing outwardly can destroy his inner peace and happiness. The woman wants to get enlightenment through the path of all-embracing love. She wants to destroy her ego by doing good to all. The way of embracing love is hard to go. There are many traps lurking along the way. If a person works too little for the goal of a happy world, this dissolves not his ego. He does not get into a cosmic consciousness and develops no inner happiness. If a man works too hard for his fellow people and cares too little for himself, he loses his enlightenment energy. A Karma-Yogi must therefore live in the right balance of external work, sufficient rest, and spiritual practice. Ideally, he should work out from the rest (God) for a happy world. Oracle = The situation is difficult. The path is hard to see. Look carefully at your situation, your fellow man and your personal options. Success through a sensitive feeling for the right way. Go forward step by step. Thus you will reach your goals. "The right way in the moment is... Now I do best ..." Success. ==Mourning== 73. [[w:Nine of Swords|Nine of Swords.]] Nine swords lie horizontally on a black wall. Great sacrifice of the ego. A woman in a white nightgown sits weeping on her bed. She holds her hands over her face. Great mourning. On the bed frame we see a picture of standing man who kills a seated man with a spear. The seated man symbolizes the sad woman. Something has killed the ego of the woman. She has to let go her false wishes. Mourning is helpful for that. On the legs of the woman lies a beautiful blanket with red roses. If the woman takes her hands from her face, she can see the beauty in her life. The way to overcome her grief is love (red roses) and spiritual practice (blue drawings). Oracle = After the crisis. Overcome your grief. Let your sorrows go. Think about your positive goals. Get up, be active and succeed in your life. What is your way of a successful life? What are your goals? "My goals are... My way to win is... " Success. Optimism. Go forward to happiness. Enjoy the day. Do something you like. ==Twilight of the Gods== 74. [[w:Ten of Swords|Ten of Swords.]] On the ground lies a dead man. He is covered by a blood-red cloth. Ten swords stuck in his back. The sky is black. Ten is the number of God. The man gave up his ego. He has let go of his worldly desires. He has accepted the suffering in his life. He has sacrificed himself in his spiritual path. He expects only happiness from himself, from his spiritual exercises, from a life in God (inner happiness). The outer world is dead to him. He recognized his wordly desires as an illusion, as a false dream. Some life in him is still there. His white left arm shows at us. His hand forms a mudra (energy awakening through spiritual exercises). Under the yellow horizon we see the big river and the land of light. We have to stand up, to cross the river and to awaken our inner happiness. We can be happy amidst all the chaos of life. We only need to let our attachment to the world go and to live in enough rest, enough spiritual practicing and in the all-embracing love (doing good to all, working for a happy world). Then our body will be filled with enlightened energy, and we feel strength, love, peace and happiness in us. Oracle = The path over the great river into the land of light runs through the death of the ego. Let your false wishes go. Take the things how they are. Stand up and go into the land of light. Make your spiritual exercises (yoga, meditation, reading, walking, doing good). Forward with strength. Success. ==Self-Confidence== 75. [[w:Page of Swords|Page of Swords.]] On a hill stands a young man and swings his sword. He goes his way with self-confidence. The blue sky shows some clouds. He has to fight a little bit. But the problems are small and the page can do it well. The sword refers us to the path of sacrifice. The young man must cut his worldly attachments. He has to concentrate on his spiritual goals, and focus himself on his spiritual path. Above the head of the young swordsman are flying ten black birds. Ten is the number of God. Black is the color of ego sacrificing. To come into a life in the light, the young man has to go through the darkness. The boots of the young man are red (power), the pants are green (hope), the vest is brown (serenity), the collar is white (wisdom) and the sleeves are yellow (happiness). The young man will succeed on his way into the light. Oracle = Look at you as a winner and you will conquer. What are your goals? What is your path? Think: "My goal is... My way of victory is..." Trust in your own power. If you trust yourself and go consistently your path of truth, the victory is with you. There are some minor difficulties and problems. Go forward with confidence and firmness. Success. ==Save the World== 76. [[w:Knight of Swords|Knight of Swords.]] Chaos in the world. Stormy clouds. Black trees. The land is parched and needs water. A knight (spiritual hero) in an iron armor (power) with a red cape (love) comes on a white horse and saves the world. He swings his sword. He fights with all his power for a better world. If the world were a village of 100 inhabitants, then one man is super rich. He owns a third of the country and 30% of the village's assets. 20 people have 80% of the total wealth of the village. They have much more than they need. 40 people have enough money. 40 people (40%) are the poor. Half of them are malnourished or starving directly. In their environment, there is no adequate disease prevention, severe addiction problems (drugs, alcohol) and an escalating crime. The external wealth has doubled in the West in the last fifty years. At the same time the number of depression has increased tenfold. The unregulated capitalism leads to large external wealth for a few people and hunger and unhappiness for ever more people. Capitalist globalization will bring a few super-rich, a little wealth for a small middle class and a massive impoverishment of a large underclass. It creates huge slums, crime and a lot of substance abuse problems. If we do the capitalist globalization with no wisdom, we will destroy the environment, poverty will become uncontrollably large and the unhappiness will grow. There will be many senseless wars. We need a globalization of love, wisdom and peace. The world community should be centered in the principles of universal love, world peace, happiness for all, enough work for all, enough food for all and adequate health care for all. A world savior works within his means for a happy world. Humanity is one family. In a good family, all family members contribute to the success of the entire family. May we understand this, accept our social responsibility and act powerful. Oracle = Forward. Look at the misery of the world. Don't look away. There are always people who need help (the poor, elderly, sick, lonely). There is always something that we just can do. Anyone can send light to his fellow man every day. Anyone can participate in a charity. Anyone can donate some money. Anyone can live as a world savior. We can spread the knowledge from the path of wisdom and love on the internet. We can strengthen our fellow people with positive thinking. We can organize social activities. The internet offers great opportunities to work for a better world. A Bodhisattva (Knight of Swords) concentrates on the suffering of the world, awakes his compassion and grows by this to enlightenment. He gets an unity consciousness by working for the poor and suffering people of the world. Work for a world of love, peace and happiness. What can you do? "My way to help is ..." Sacrifice your ego. Overcome your dullness. Forward as a hurricane. The power is with you. Success. ==Queen of Love== 77. [[w:Queen of Swords|Queen of Swords.]] The Queen of Love sits in a white dress (cleansing exercises) with a golden crown (mistress of wisdom) on a stone throne (self-discipline) in the midst of gray clouds (outer misfortune). She lives in a world of suffering, but her head is clear. Spiritually she lives in a dimension above her outer suffering. The Queen holds a sword like a szepter in her right hand (power) and blesses with her left hand all people with love and wisdom. The sky is blue and a black bird flies over her head (ego sacrificing). The tarot card shows the Queen not frontally but sideways. She takes her fellow man more important then herself. She lives in the center of life as a Bodhisattva (Queen of Love) and thus can rise herself above her own suffering. Oracle = The bad news is: "You live in a field of suffering." What is the suffering in your life? The good news is: "You can still be happy and just because." You can transform your field of suffering into a field of spiritual growth (Buddha field). Your suffering can be your great helper on the way to inner happiness. Without the suffering in your life you'd probably never practice consistently spiritually. The secret of a happy life is that happiness is not primarily an external but an internal matter. If happiness is mainly an internal matter, then we can grow even in outer misfortune to inner happiness. We only have to do enough spiritual exercises (yoga, meditation, walking, reading, mental work). We only have to resolve our internal tensions. Then at some point happiness and enlightenment appears in us. We only need to organize our life so that we grow spiritually. We must develop enough self-discipline. We must live on an effective daily spiritual exercise plan. And we should live in the center of our life as a karma yogi (Bodhisattva, person of all-embracing love). We must take our fellow man more important than ourselves, so that our ego dissolves and we get a unity consciousness. Transform yourself into a Goddess of Happiness. Do your spiritual exercises. Move a hand and send all people light: "I send light to... May all people be happy. May the world be happy." Happiness on the way of spiritual exercises and all-embracing love (doing good to others). Forward. Success. ==The Master of Life== 78. [[w:King of Swords|King of Swords.]] In the land of suffering (black trees, grey clouds) sits the King of Swords on a stone throne (self-discipline) in a blue clothing (inner peace). He has a red cape over his shoulders (love), a crown on his head (wisdom) and a sword in his right hand (ego sacrificing). He has to take things as they are. His left hand lies on his knees. On the middle finger we see the Philosopher's Stone. The King of Swords is a Master of Life. He owns the knowledge to transform unhappiness into happiness. His secret is the combination of love, wisdom and spiritual exercises. He lives by a consistent spiritual day plan (going, reading, meditating, resting). He practices consistently mental work (overcoming negative thoughts and feelings). On the back wall of his throne is a drawing of the paradise with Adam and Eve, two crescent moons (a symbol for God) and many butterflies. His vision is a happy world full of love, peace and wisdom. His vision is to live in paradise, to transform his world into a paradise. Oracle = Forward on the threefold way of wisdom, love and spiritual exercises. Succeed through consistent mental work (self-reflection, positive thinking), doing good (working for a happy world) and enough daily exercises (yoga, walking, meditation, oracle reading). Give yourself enough rest and enough pleasure. Go with a clever strategy through your day. Transform yourself from unhappiness to happiness. You master your life in a difficult situation. Forward. Success. ==See also== {{wikibooks|Yoga}} *[[Tarot]] *[[Yoga oracle]] *[[w:Divinatory, esoteric and occult tarot|'''Divinatory, esoteric and occult tarot''']] *[[God]] *[[Happiness]] ==External links== *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfoSE4gjFco&feature=related Lost History-Tarot Cards (Video, 3 min.)] * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/tarot/index.htm Sacred Texts website] [[Category:Happiness]] nm9ltgc8giwmxd2bujuzq94a6se2p8x 0 139384 2839967 2837710 2026-10-13T05:14:16Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2839967 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260722.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20261012.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2C.CLA.20261012.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2D.CLA.20260720.pdf|D]] || || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] pq5m6miimpwe2qw1sw2514e5r6tbmpq 0 151104 2839994 2591125 2026-10-13T08:47:17Z LokiZhan 3112588 Corrected inaccurate soldering instructions and expanded the lesson to cover soldering techniques, common defects, and safety precautions. 2839994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soldering''' is a method of joining metal surfaces using a filler metal, called solder, which melts at a lower temperature than the materials being joined. In electronics, soldering is commonly used to connect component leads, wires, and terminals to printed circuit boards (PCBs). A soldered connection must provide both electrical continuity and adequate mechanical strength. Good results depend on clean surfaces, suitable solder and flux, correct heating, and proper handling while the joint cools. <table style="color:black" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="50%"> __TOC__ </td> <td align="left" width="50%"> {{ee90_IntroToElectronics_classnav|*}} </td> </tr> </table> == Soldering Equipment and Materials == A basic electronics soldering workstation includes a temperature-controlled [[:w:Soldering iron|soldering iron]], [[:w:Solder|solder]], flux, an iron-tip cleaning tool, and a suitable holder for the iron. Soldering irons transfer heat to the joint through a metal tip. Temperature-controlled stations maintain a selected tip temperature and are generally preferable for work involving electronic components. Solder is available in different alloys and wire diameters. Traditional tin-lead alloys and lead-free alternatives have different melting characteristics and may require different working temperatures. Flux removes surface oxides and assists solder wetting. Many solder wires contain a flux core, although additional compatible flux may be useful for some joints. Other useful equipment includes: * Wire strippers and side cutters * Tweezers and small pliers * A PCB holder or suitable work fixture * Brass wool or a damp soldering sponge for cleaning the iron tip * Eye protection and suitable fume extraction Soldering should be performed on a stable, heat-resistant work surface. == How a Solder Joint Forms == When solder is heated above its melting range, it can flow over suitable metal surfaces and form a metallurgical connection. This process is called ''wetting''. Proper wetting requires the surfaces to be sufficiently clean and heated to an appropriate temperature. The soldering iron is used to heat the parts being joined. Solder is then introduced to the heated joint, where it melts and flows onto the metal surfaces. Applying solder only to the iron tip and transferring it to an unheated connection is generally not a suitable method for forming a reliable electronic solder joint. The molten solder may cool before adequately wetting the surfaces. A small amount of solder may be applied to the iron tip to improve heat transfer, but the joint itself must still receive sufficient heat. The amount of solder should be enough to form the required connection without bridging adjacent conductors or obscuring important features. == Soldering Wires == Wire soldering is commonly used for connecting conductors to terminals, connectors, and other electrical assemblies. Before soldering, the wire insulation should be stripped to expose the required conductor length. The exposed strands should remain intact and free from contamination. For stranded wire, the strands may be lightly twisted together to keep them organized. Pre-tinning can help prepare the conductor for certain soldered terminations, although it is not appropriate for every connection method. A typical wire-soldering procedure is: # Secure the wire and terminal so that they cannot move during soldering. # Clean the exposed metal surfaces if necessary. # Apply suitable flux where required. # Place the soldering iron tip against the parts to be joined. # Allow the joint to heat, then apply solder to the heated connection. # Remove the solder wire once sufficient solder has flowed around the joint. # Remove the iron and allow the connection to cool without movement. [[File:Soldering_method_on_wires.webm|none|thumb|Demonstration of wire soldering by heating the conductors before applying solder.]] The finished joint should show that the solder has wetted the conductors and the terminal. Excessive solder buildup or exposed wire beyond the intended connection should be avoided. For wires that may be pulled, bent, or vibrated, appropriate strain relief is necessary. The solder joint should not be relied upon as the sole mechanical support. == Applying Solder to the Iron Tip == A small amount of solder is commonly applied to a clean soldering iron tip before making a joint. This is known as ''tinning the tip''. A thin solder coating helps protect the tip from oxidation and improves heat transfer between the iron and the workpiece. However, tinning the iron tip is different from making a soldered connection. Melting a large quantity of solder on the tip and transferring it to cold conductors can produce poor wetting and an unreliable joint. [[File:Soldering_method_on_the_heating_element.webm|none|thumb|Demonstration of solder applied to the heated iron tip. This technique should be distinguished from heating the workpiece and forming a properly wetted solder joint.]] When soldering, the tip should contact the parts being joined so that heat can flow into the connection. Solder is normally fed to the joint rather than accumulated on the iron tip. After use, the tip should be cleaned appropriately and left with a thin protective coating of solder before the iron is switched off. == Soldering Components to a PCB == Through-hole soldering is used for components whose leads pass through holes in a printed circuit board. Before soldering, check the component value, orientation, and lead arrangement. Polarized components, such as certain capacitors and diodes, must be installed in the correct direction. The component should be positioned so that its leads pass through the intended holes without excessive mechanical stress. === Basic Procedure === # Place the component in the correct position on the PCB. # Secure the board and component to prevent movement. # Clean and tin the soldering iron tip if necessary. # Place the tip so that it contacts both the component lead and the associated copper pad. # Apply solder to the heated joint and allow it to wet the lead and pad. # Remove the solder wire, followed by the iron. # Allow the joint to solidify before moving the board or component. # Inspect the connection and trim the excess lead length where required. The soldering time and iron temperature depend on the component, pad dimensions, board construction, and solder alloy. A connection to a large copper area may require more heat than a small isolated pad because the surrounding copper conducts heat away from the joint. Prolonged heating should be avoided. Excessive heat can damage components, lift copper pads, or degrade the PCB laminate. === Surface-Mount Components === Surface-mount components have terminals that connect directly to pads on the PCB surface rather than passing through holes. Small surface-mount parts may be soldered manually using a fine soldering tip, suitable flux, and an appropriate work fixture. In commercial production, surface-mount assemblies are commonly manufactured using solder paste printing, automated component placement, and reflow soldering. The assembly method should be appropriate for the component package and the available equipment. == Common Soldering Defects == Soldering defects may result from inadequate heating, contaminated surfaces, incorrect solder quantity, or movement during solidification. === Poor Wetting === Poor wetting occurs when solder does not spread properly over the surfaces being joined. Possible causes include insufficient heating, oxidation, contamination, or unsuitable flux. A properly formed joint should show solder contact with the intended metal surfaces rather than solder merely resting on them. === Insufficient Solder === A joint with insufficient solder may lack adequate electrical or mechanical connection. The required solder quantity depends on the component and connection geometry. Adding more solder is not always the correct solution if the original problem is poor wetting. === Excessive Solder === Excessive solder may conceal the shape of the joint or create an unintended connection to adjacent conductors. A solder bridge between separate circuit connections may produce a short circuit. Excess solder can be removed using suitable desoldering braid or other rework equipment. === Disturbed Joints === Movement while molten solder solidifies can affect joint formation. The workpiece should remain stationary until the joint has cooled sufficiently. === Thermal Damage === Excessive heating can damage component bodies, insulation, solder pads, and PCB materials. Temperature selection, tip size, contact time, and the thermal mass of the connection should be considered together. == Inspection and Rework == A soldered connection should be inspected after cooling. For a typical through-hole connection, the solder should show adequate wetting of the lead and pad. There should be no unintended solder bridges, loose component leads, or visible damage to the board. Joint appearance depends on the solder alloy, surface finish, and connection geometry. Lead-free solder joints may appear less shiny than traditional tin-lead joints, so a dull surface alone is not sufficient evidence of a defect. If a connection requires rework, the original cause should be identified before additional solder is applied. Desoldering braid, solder extraction tools, and appropriate flux may be used to remove excess solder or prepare a joint for repair. Repeated heating should be minimized to reduce the risk of damaging the pad or component. == Safety Precautions == Soldering irons operate at temperatures high enough to cause burns and ignite nearby combustible materials. Students should follow these precautions: * Keep the iron in its holder when it is not being used. * Do not touch the metal tip or other heated parts. * Keep cables, paper, and flammable materials away from the heated tip. * Use suitable fume extraction and avoid breathing directly above the soldering area. * Wear eye protection when cutting leads or working with molten solder. * Wash hands after handling solder and before eating, particularly when using lead-containing alloys. * Do not solder energized circuits. * Switch off the soldering equipment after use. Flux fumes can irritate the respiratory system, and repeated exposure to some flux materials may cause occupational health problems. Where lead-containing solder is used, appropriate hygiene and material-handling precautions are required. == References == * [https://www.science.smith.edu/~jcardell/Courses/EGR328/Readings/Soldering%20Guide.pdf Soldering Guide – Smith College] Back to: [[Topic:Electronic Engineering]] {{ee90_IntroToElectronics_classnav|}} {{lecture_alt}} jd853g4q9t17lyjc7e4pu67wq522xf1 0 154978 2839927 2006354 2026-10-12T22:17:38Z The Citer 3110681 2839927 wikitext text/x-wiki == How are Fungi different from other Kingdoms? == See below for the information. == Cell Structure == * Fungi has a nucleaus * Fungi has a rigid cell wall that is made of chitin, and inside the chitin, is the plasma memberane, which regulates the flow of substances * Fungi can be one celled or many celled * They have a filamentous cell structure that is essentially undifferentiated * The Fungi are all heterotrophic. {{outdent}} These are the reasons they are included in their own kingdom, having a cell wall made out of chitin. The Fungi cells are different from other cells. == Habitat == In damp and moist areas and environments. Some examples are: * The ground * The trees * The rocks * The forests and very moist environments. ===== [http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/FunFacts/Live_Grow.htm Fun Facts on Fungi] ===== Fungi can also be located in your garden and backyards. Some even stick on people, fungi sticking on your feet is called [http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/FunFacts/ClubGlossary.htm athlete's foot]. == Picture or physical description (include color) == * Moldy looking, most Fungi is unpleasant to look at. Fungi == Food == Fungi absorb nutrients from living or dead organic matter (plant or animal stuff) that they grow on. They absorb simple, easily dissolved nutrients, such as sugars, through their cell walls. They give off special digestive enzymes to break down complex nutrients into simpler forms that they can absorb. == Reproductive Cycle == # '''Germination''' {{outdent}} A fungal spore is a singal cell. Then, if suitable, it germinates to begin vegetative growth. # '''Vegetative Growth''' {{outdent}} Yeasts (A common fungus) grow vegetatively by budding, where in "daughter" cells bud from "mother" cells. # '''Sporulation''' {{outdent}} When conditions are right, spore producing structures develop from the vegetative phase. Spores are released into the environment to begin the life cycle again. # '''Asexual Reproduction''' {{outdent}} Many fungi, especially molds, are capable of generating spores without mating. These spores are produced by mitosis, creating individuals identical to the parent. # '''Sexual Reproduction''' {{outdent}} Sexual reproduction and meiosis can occur between compatible individual. Meiotic spores are genetically variable, possessing traits from both parents. # '''Fragmentation''' {{outdent}} Some fungi have lost the ability to produce spores. These species reproduce by disseminating hyphae that are easily fragmented and carried away. === Asexual Reproduction === Users who have participated in this project may be confused between Asexual and Sexual. According to [http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/asexual_sexual_reproduction.htm EDinformatics], asexual reproduction in the Fungi Kingdom is reproduction without sex, making an educated guess, Sexual Reproduction is reproduction with sex between two Fungi cells. Now, getting back on track. Asexual Reproduction is, mentioned before, without sex. This reproduction occurs when a single Fungi cells makes a copy of itself, these are known as clones. So, these may bond together, we will now talk about differents type of Asexual reproduction == Importance for Humans == * Some of the Fungi have great flavors, which are added on food. So we eat fungi. An example of this is Fungi keeps cheese tangy and sharp. * Chemicals that fight diseases. * Takes chemicals from decaying organisms and reuses them. === Enemies of Humans === * Unfortunately, the Fungi Kingdom has organisms that harm people. * Some Fungi are poisonous * Some fungi give people itchy diseases, such as Athlete's Foot. * Some Fungi spoil food and make you sick * Some Fungi coat bathroom tiles, make your bathroom un pleasant looking. {{outdent}} In the autumn of 1997, one kind of fungus was responsible for the shutting down of a library in Staten Island. The fungus, which was around the basement made people cough and sneeze like they had the flu. [[Category:Classified Kingdoms]] [[Category:Fungi]] [[Category:Mycology]] nwfg78f0wxo7rlnvt9lsn24zkpv33e1 4 162205 2839980 2836017 2026-10-13T07:40:00Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2026-42 */ new section 2839980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2026-31 == <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:49, 27 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == Tech News: 2026-32 == <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:46, 3 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == Tech News: 2026-33 == <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 10 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == Tech News: 2026-34 == <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> == Tech News: 2026-35 == <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == Tech News: 2026-36 == <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Updates for editors''' * The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28. * At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors. * Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 31 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == Tech News: 2026-37 == <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback. * The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi> instead of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi> option, as gadgets are always loaded through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:44, 7 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> == Tech News: 2026-38 == <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]]. * The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a "read more" button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks. * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:31, 14 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == Tech News: 2026-39 == <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|"Suggestion mode" Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing "experimental" edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe. * A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]]. * The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi> configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:56, 27 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == Tech News: 2026-40 == <section begin="technews-2026-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013] * Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769] * An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]]. * Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Draft:</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section. * New magic words <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual. * On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:49, 28 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31092225 --> == Tech News: 2026-41 == <section begin="technews-2026-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations. * Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading. * Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847] * Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. * A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/api/</nowiki></code></bdi> pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/w/rest.php/</nowiki></code></bdi>). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W41"/> 18:52, 5 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31098825 --> == Tech News: 2026-42 == <section begin="technews-2026-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name=":1" /></syntaxhighlight>). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name="Miller2026-1" /></syntaxhighlight>). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304] '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs. * The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077] * [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]]. * Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There are three major changes coming to dumps: the legacy content dumps [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ deprecated in January 2026] will now be sunset, the replacement [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports MediaWiki Content File Exports] will be delayed to implement a “safety buffer”, and they are now also available as 7zip-compressed files. Users will need to switch the URL they download their dump from. For more information, timeline and migration instructions, see [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Legacy content dumps sunset]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation discovered unauthorized activity by OpenAI agents on Wikimedia projects, including edits to wikis, attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool, and heavy automated traffic. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Read the blog post on Diff]] for more details about the activity and the Foundation’s response. '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon! We’ll be meeting in lovely Tirana, Albania for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] from April 9–11, 2027. Scholarship and staff sponsorship applications are currently being [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ accepted through Pretix] and will close on October 30, 2026. General registration will open in January 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 07:40, 13 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31142468 --> ny950eq46kxy9g8unu4dxfyhm88tvsl 0 167620 2839975 2718457 2026-10-13T06:29:40Z Jtneill 10242 /* What is Emotion */ 2839975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Mood and emotion:<br>What are the differences and similarities between mood and emotion}} {{MECR|http://www.screencast.com/t/EAcmY9PN}} {{center top}}[[File:Sadness.jpg|100px]] [[File:Scared Girl.jpg|100px]] [[File:Sadness 2.jpg|100px]] [[File:Scared Child at Nighttime.jpg|100px]] [[File:Grass of Happiness.jpg|100px]] [[File:Angry girl.jpg|100px]] [[File:Bathing in Despair.png|100px]] [[File:Depression-loss of loved one.jpg|100px]] [[File:She was loved.jpg|100px]] [[File:Love heart.jpg|100px]] {{center bottom}} == Overview == How many times have you pondered if it’s an emotion or a mood that you are feeling? You probably haven't given this that much thought, but hopefully by the time you have finished reading this chapter you will have asked yourself the question "is it a mood or an emotion that I am feeling"? and be able to know the difference! The expressions of emotion and mood represent a challenge for psychologists. While the words are often used interchangeably, the majority of academics agree that the concepts they denote are closely related. Distinctions between them are clouded, in part, as an emotion and a mood may well feel very much the same from the viewpoint of an individual experiencing them (Beedie, Terry and Lane, 2010). == What is emotion? == [[Emotion]] has many different aspects, existing as subjective, biological, purposive, and social phenomenon. Emotions are subjective feelings, as they cause us to feel a certain way, for instance anger or joy. [[Wikipedia:Emotion classification#Basic and complex emotions|Basic emotions]] are made up of fear, anger, disgust, sadness, joy and interest (Izard as cited in Reeve, 2009). [[[Wikipedia:Robert Plutchik|[Robert|Plutchik]]] was a Professor Emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Adjunct Professor at the University of South Florida. Robert Plutchik's psychoevolutionary theory of emotion is one of the most influential classification approaches for general emotional responses. Robert Plutchik's psychoevolutionary theory of emotion is one of the most significant category approaches for general emotional responses{{repeated}}. He believed there to be eight primary {{grammar}} emotions—anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, anticipation, trust, and joy. Plutchik suggested that these 'basic' emotions are biologically primitive and have evolved in order to increase the reproductive fitness of the animals{{fact}}. [[File:Plutchik-wheel.svg|thumb Plutchik-wheel]] Plutchik's wheel of emotion is used to show different emotions of compelling and nuanced. Plutchik first suggested his cone-shaped model (3D) or the wheel model (2D) in 1980 to explain how emotions were related. Emotions are '''short-lived''', feeling arousal-purposive-expressive phenomena that assist us to adjust to the opportunities and challenges we face right the way through important life events{{fact}}. Emotions are also '''biological responses''', energy-mobilizing reactions that train the body for change to whatever situation one faces. LeDoux (1995) states that emotions are physiological processes, having no alternative but to be understood fully without considering the structural and functional aspects of the physical underlying mechanisms (as cited in Cacioppo and Gardner, 1999){{explain}}. Lazarus believes that thought is a necessary condition of emotion and that emotions prioritise behaviour in ways to optimise adjustment to the demands we face (Reeve 2009). Five characteristics of emotions place them at the centre of our lives. Firstly, acute emotions and other affective states, such as moods, divulge what is individually valuable to us and help as a barometer of how well or poorly we are performing in moving forward our most cherished values, goals, and beliefs{{fact}}. For example, when events go wrong, we may feel anxiety, anger, guilt, shame, envy, or jealousy, each of which reveals a different harm or threat. Secondly, emotions are among the most obvious characteristics of our ongoing relationships with family members, lovers, friends, co-workers, competitors, and even some short-term social contacts. For example, emotions have always been a key theme of literature, drama, and cinema, in the aspect of stories about people having difficulties adapting to the demands and opportunities of everyday living (Lazarus, 2006). Thirdly, emotions enable or worsen interpersonal relationships, mainly intimate ones, as anger can challenge affection and lead to retribution. Guilt and anxiety can also cause problems where it can undermine the determination to achieve something or to assert oneself such as shame similarly can lead to anger or can mask the truth{{grammar}}. For example, there is no more useful coping skill than understanding how to deal with interpersonal relationships, particularly when these relationships are problematic{{fact}}. Fourthly, if we think we can understand what has triggered an emotion in others or ourselves, the process concerned can be obscure, particularly with regard to the emotion’s deepest and most inaccessible personal reserves. For example, while some of us are more open than others, we are usually unwilling to reveal to others our inner selves in case the truth confirms socially harmful. Lastly, emotions can be challenging to control, particularly when they are intense. Emotional control is one of the functions of coping. For example, we may know the dangers of expressing anger toward someone we care about, but when we are triggered, the immediate impulse to react to the offence may be too strong to manage, and so we attack. This can result in a mutual escalation of anger until it develops into a rage, which can proceed to long-term psychological or physical injury to one or both participants (Lazarus, 2006). == Research - Emotion and Mood == === History === This importance on the origins of emotions is obvious across a wide span of academic approaches to emotion. Accordingly, evolutionary theorists offer historical versions of emotion by distinguishing their own origins in functionally equivalent reactions of other species and in distinguishing how biologically based, genetically programed emotions experienced selection pressures, or threats to survival, species to the physical and social environment of human evolution. Research on emotion has increased a great deal over the years, beginning with William James’s famous essay, ``What is an emotion?’’ (1884). Since this time there has been substantial attention given to recording what emotions are, describing the appraisal and experiential processes, behaviours and action tendencies, and physiological accompanying of emotion (Cacioppo and Gardner, 1999). For instance, Darwin treated the emotions as separate discrete entities, or modules, such as '''anger''', '''fear''', '''disgust''', etc. and any{{huh}} different kinds of research that included neuroscience, perception and cross-cultural evidence show that Darwin's conceptualization of emotions as separate discrete entities is correct{{fact}}. Of course, each emotion also varies on attributes such as intensity or acceptability, which can be considered as dimensions that describe differences within each discrete emotion (Ekman, 1984). Whereas{{grammar}}, the German physician Wilhelm Wundt proposed an alternative view of emotion about a decade later. Wundt wrote about variations in dimensions or continua of pleasantness and activity or intensity. This very different conceptualization enjoyed popularity in twentieth-century psychology, with Schlosberg (1941) the major proponent in the mid-century, then adopted by Russell at the end of the last century (Ekman, 2009). As such the biological, biochemical, and neural substrates of emotion, as well as neuropsychological characteristics of emotional expressions, continued to be important and active areas of research (Cacioppo and Gardner, 1999). '''Research study''' Indeed, it appears likely that emotion and mood are distinct along more than one condition, and it is easy to see how a difference in their individual underlying physiological processes would lead to differences in phenomenal experience. This in turn leads to differences in expression, behaviour, and linguistic descriptions of the two states. A considerable feature of emotion-mood differences in the literature is that none of them are by published data (Beedie, Terry & Lane, 2010). A study was conducted by Beedie, Terry and Lane who adopted a ‘folk psychology’ perspective for the purpose of investigating non-academic {{missing}} to distinguish between emotion and mood and then they compared the emergent distinctions to those previously proposed in the academic literature. The method they used was to ask participants a question: ‘What is the difference between emotion and mood’. There were 106 participants made up of male = 55 and female = 51. The recruited participants were from a mostly educated to degree level or above. The reason for this was the researchers thought that less educated participants would not be able to provide emotion-mood distinctions 'eloquently' (Beedie, Terry & Lane, 2010). '''The results''' Results showed that participants described emotion and mood as distinct phenomena in expressions of how they were established in phenomenal experience, and how they influenced on behaviour. While 16 different distinctions were reported, significant agreement was evident among respondents about the nature of the differences. For example, most participants who cited controllability as a distinction agreed that emotion is less controllable than mood. Similarly, authors in the academic literature, although not agreeing on the specific criteria by which to distinguish emotion from mood, tended to agree on the direction of the various distinctions{{explain}}. Moreover, academic and non-academic views were also generally in accord about the direction of emotion-mood differences, agreeing that emotions are more intense, brief, volatile, etc. than moods. The aim of the paper was to present data that must prove useful to researcher{{grammar}} interested in progressing a distinct scientific distinction between emotion and mood than is what’s available (Beedie, Terry & Lane, 2010). A link has been provided if you want to read more of this study: [http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/doi/pdf/10.1080/02699930541000057 Distinction between emotion and mood] == Theories - Emotion and Mood == There are a large range of theories on emotion and mood. I have outlined two of the most important ones that have significantly changed the course of the psychology world. === Two-factory theory === The [[Wikipedia:Two-factor theory of emotion|Two-factor theory of emotion]] (also referred to as the Shachter-Singer theory of emotion) was designed by researchers [[Wikipedia:Stanley Schachter|Stanley Schachter]] and [[Wikipedia:Jerome E. Singer|Jerome E. Singer]] (1962). It was named 'two-factor' because they believed that there were two factors that underscored all emotional experiences. At the time an emotion is felt, a '''physiological arousal''' becomes known and the person uses the environment to seek an emotional cue to make sense of the arousal. This can cause the person to misinterpret the emotions based on the body’s physiological state. The cognitive component comes into play when the brain does not know why it is feeling an emotion therefore it relies on external stimuli for direction on how to name that emotion (Schachter & Singer, 1962). ===James-Lange Theory === [[[Wikipedia:James–Lange theory#cite note-2|The|James-Lange theory]]] claims that all emotion is from the presence of a stimulus, which induces a physiological response (such as muscular tension), a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of mouth. This physical arousal causes a person to feel a certain emotion. The theory explores the emotion as a secondary feeling, indirectly initiated by the primary feeling, which is the physiological response caused by the presence of a stimulus. The specific pathway involved in the experience of emotion was also described by James. He stated that an object has an effect on a [[Wikipedia:Sensory system|sense organ]], which relays the information it is receiving to the [[Wikipedia:Cerebral cortex|cerebral cortex]]. The brain then sends this information to the muscles and [[Wikipedia:Organ (anatomy)|viscera]], which causes them to respond. Finally, impulses from the muscles and viscera are sent back to the cortex, transforming the object from an "object-simply apprehended" to an "object-emotionally felt." James explained that his theory went against common sense. For example, while most would think the order of emotional experience would be that a person sees a bear, becomes afraid, and runs away, James thought that first the person has a physiological response to the bear, such as trembling, and then becomes afraid and runs. According to James, the physiological response comes first, and it is followed by an emotion and a reaction. James believed that these responses were "reflex type" reactions which are built in: "Instinctive reactions and emotional expressions shade imperceptibly into each other. Every object that excites an instinct excites an emotion as well." == What is Mood == [[Wikipedia:Mood (psychology)|Mood]] is defined as a temporary state of mind or spirits (Oxford Dictionary, 1994). Moods can be broken down into two distinct groups: '''Positive and negative mood.''' The human brain and body have been shaped by natural selection to perform this affective categorization and to respond accordingly. Affective categorizations and responses are so significant that organisms have rudimentary reflexes for categorizing and approaching or withdrawing from specific classes of stimuli and for giving metabolic support for these actions (Davis 1997, LeDoux 1995 as cited in Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999). [[Wikipedia:Mood (psychology)#Positive mood|Positive mood]] [[Wikipedia:Mood (psychology)#Negative mood|Negative mood]] === Positive affect state=== Signifies to the everyday, low-level general state of feeling good. For example, walking through a park, listening to music, or making progress on your assignment. Positive affect is a person’s present level of pleasure, enthusiastic and progress toward aims. People who feel high positive affect characteristically feel enthusiastic and experience energy, alertness, and optimism, where those who feel low positive affect characteristically feel lethargic and bored. Where an emotion is to capture your attention, positive affect is more subtle (Reeve, 2009){{grammar}}. === Negative affect state === Negative mood is when people feel high negative affect normally experience dissatisfaction, nervousness, and irritability, whereas those who fellow negative affect are calm and relaxed (Reeve, 2009). Note: Both positive and negative affect relate not only to moods but also to wide-ranging cognitive, multinational, biological and behavioural systems (Reeve, 2009). '''Everyday mood''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Positive affect''' !! '''Negative affect''' |- | Pleasurable engagement || Unpleasant engagement |- | Reward driven, appetitive motivational system || Punishment-driven aversive motivational system |- | Approach behaviour || Withdrawal behaviour |- | Dopaminergic pathways || Serotonergic & noradrenergic pathways |} Based on Reeve, (2009), pp. 322-344) == The difference between emotion and moods == Moods develop from processes that are vague and are at times unknown (Goldsmith as Cited in Reeve, 2009). Davidson (1994) believes that moods typically influence cognition and guide what the person thinks about (as cited in Reeve, 2009), whereas Ekman maintains moods emanate from mental events that last for hours or days (Ekman as cited in Reeve, 2009). Emotions may be characterised from moods (Parkinson, Totterdell, Briner, & Reynolds, 1996). One such feature is '''duration''' (Nowlis & Nowlis, 1956); mood is the "pervasive and sustained 'emotional climate,'" and emotions are "fluctuating changes in emotional 'weather'". Another feature is that emotions normally have '''exact objects''' and give rise to ‘behavioural response tendencies’ related to these objects (Frijda, 1993; lsen, 1984; Lazarus, 1991a (as cited in Frijda, 1999). By contrast, moods are more dispersed (Morris, 1989), and while they may offer rise to broad action tendencies such as approach or withdrawal (Lang, 1995), moods bias our thinking more than they bias our action (Davidson, 1994; Fiedler, 1988) (as cited in Frijda, 1999). Experiences considered to be ‘emotions’ usually involve affect. They share these qualia with other experiences not usually considered; emotions’, notably moods and particular sensory experiences, like sweet tastes and foul smells. One feature that establishes them separately is that emotions include an object. Emotions are ‘intentional states’. {{grammar}} Meaning that they are felt to be ‘about’ something, whether it is a person, objects, or an event. They also involve a certain relationship to that object. This may well be the main aspect that distinguishes emotions from moods. One may know what caused one’s mood, but feeling and behavioural impulse are not directed toward or away from the causal object. The major aspect differentiating emotions from sensory affect, and from non-emotional states, is the experience of a shift in control precedence (Frijda, 1999){{explain}}. Fridja (1994) claims that while both mood and emotion are sources of information to the person, they vary in what they indicate. Emotions signal responses to certain ‘affectivity’ important events, and mood being a cue to one’s current “global state of action readiness” and/or “evaluation of the life situation”. The majority of the existing efforts at differentiating between mood and emotion depend on antecedent and opinion (Frijda, 1999). An example of this is when you express a ‘pleasure of the mind to someone’, you might also refer to moods (happy vs sad) and stages of arousal (excited vs cals). Mood and levels of arousal vary from emotions in a significant way. They are not deliberate, are not concentrated on objects but moods and levels of arousal are related to emotions. Moods share at least one quality with emotions: they '''both include affect'''. Additionally, levels of arousal are inevitable consequences of moods and emotions (Frijda, 1999). {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Criteria''' !! '''Emotions''' !! '''Moods''' |- | Antecedents || Significant life events || Ill-defined |- | Action-specificity || Specific || Influence cognition |- | Time course || Short-lived || Long-lived |} Based on Reeve (2009, p.322) Click [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XsWQKqcahM here] to see a YouTube clip explaining the difference between moods and emotions. == Conclusion == The topic "what is the differences and similarities between emotion and mood" has evoked a great deal of debate over the years {{grammar}} either separate topics or both. There is distinct difference in emotion and mood yet there are a lot of similarities as well. As a result this is what we have learned: *Emotions are short-lived. Feeling-arousal-purposive that assists us with adapting to opportunities and challenges. *Moods last longer and they influence behaviour and direct specific courses and action{{huh}}. History shows that things change over time as researchers have discovered new ways study the emotions and moods of both animals and people. The biggest difference is that emotions and moods arise from different causes. Where emotion emerge from life situations, moods on the other hand arise from processes that are ill-defined. == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Beedie, C., Terry, P., Lane, A. (2005) Distinctions between emotion and mood, Cognition and Emotion, 19:6, 847-878, DOI: 10.1080/02699930541000057 boingcd. (2012, 28 March). Moods and Emotion [Video File] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XsWQKqcahM Cacioppo, J. T. Gardner. W. (1999) Emotion Annual Review. Psychol. 1999.50:191–214 Dacher Keltner & James J. Gross. (1999) ''Functional Accounts of Emotions, Cognition and Emotion'', 13:5, 467-480, DOI: 10.1080/026999399379140 Dolan, R. J. (2002). ''Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior''., Science, New Series, Vol. 298, No. 5596 (Nov. 8, 2002), pp. 1191-1194 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science., Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3832941., Ekman, Paul. (2009)., Published 2 November 2009 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0189 Philosophical. Transactions of The Royal Society Biological Sciences., 12 December 2009 vol. 364 no. 1535 ''Emotions at Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management'' editted by Roy L. Payne, Cary L. Cooper Frijda, N. H. (1999). ''Emotions and Hedonic Experience''. Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology,. Lazarus, R. (2006)., Emotions and Interpersonal Relationships: Toward a Person-Centered Conceptualization of Emotions and Coping., Martin, L., Ward., Achee J. W., and Wyer, R.,Jr. (1993)., ''Mood as Input: People Have to Interpret the Motivational Implications of Their Moods''., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Date: March 1, 1993. Reeve, J. (2009) ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (5th ed.) USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Sizer, L. (2000). ''Towards a computational theory of mood''. The British journal for the philosophy of science, 51(4), 743-770. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). ''Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State''. Psychological Review, 69, pp. 379–399. }} == External links == *Paul Ekman [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781895/#RSTB20090189C1 Darwin's Contribution to our understanding of emotional expressions] *[http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1080/02699930541000057#.VEzsVr4Vf8s Distinction between Emotion and Mood] *[http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/02699931.2013.837378#.VEzs074Vf8s Gender differences in emotion recognition: Impact of sensory modality and emotional category] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mood]] 49jbep2yjgyg9bm051fdodtjn5b5x0m 2839976 2839975 2026-10-13T06:30:04Z Jtneill 10242 /* What is Mood */ 2839976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Mood and emotion:<br>What are the differences and similarities between mood and emotion}} {{MECR|http://www.screencast.com/t/EAcmY9PN}} {{center top}}[[File:Sadness.jpg|100px]] [[File:Scared Girl.jpg|100px]] [[File:Sadness 2.jpg|100px]] [[File:Scared Child at Nighttime.jpg|100px]] [[File:Grass of Happiness.jpg|100px]] [[File:Angry girl.jpg|100px]] [[File:Bathing in Despair.png|100px]] [[File:Depression-loss of loved one.jpg|100px]] [[File:She was loved.jpg|100px]] [[File:Love heart.jpg|100px]] {{center bottom}} == Overview == How many times have you pondered if it’s an emotion or a mood that you are feeling? You probably haven't given this that much thought, but hopefully by the time you have finished reading this chapter you will have asked yourself the question "is it a mood or an emotion that I am feeling"? and be able to know the difference! The expressions of emotion and mood represent a challenge for psychologists. While the words are often used interchangeably, the majority of academics agree that the concepts they denote are closely related. Distinctions between them are clouded, in part, as an emotion and a mood may well feel very much the same from the viewpoint of an individual experiencing them (Beedie, Terry and Lane, 2010). == What is emotion? == [[Emotion]] has many different aspects, existing as subjective, biological, purposive, and social phenomenon. Emotions are subjective feelings, as they cause us to feel a certain way, for instance anger or joy. [[Wikipedia:Emotion classification#Basic and complex emotions|Basic emotions]] are made up of fear, anger, disgust, sadness, joy and interest (Izard as cited in Reeve, 2009). [[[Wikipedia:Robert Plutchik|[Robert|Plutchik]]] was a Professor Emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Adjunct Professor at the University of South Florida. Robert Plutchik's psychoevolutionary theory of emotion is one of the most influential classification approaches for general emotional responses. Robert Plutchik's psychoevolutionary theory of emotion is one of the most significant category approaches for general emotional responses{{repeated}}. He believed there to be eight primary {{grammar}} emotions—anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, anticipation, trust, and joy. Plutchik suggested that these 'basic' emotions are biologically primitive and have evolved in order to increase the reproductive fitness of the animals{{fact}}. [[File:Plutchik-wheel.svg|thumb Plutchik-wheel]] Plutchik's wheel of emotion is used to show different emotions of compelling and nuanced. Plutchik first suggested his cone-shaped model (3D) or the wheel model (2D) in 1980 to explain how emotions were related. Emotions are '''short-lived''', feeling arousal-purposive-expressive phenomena that assist us to adjust to the opportunities and challenges we face right the way through important life events{{fact}}. Emotions are also '''biological responses''', energy-mobilizing reactions that train the body for change to whatever situation one faces. LeDoux (1995) states that emotions are physiological processes, having no alternative but to be understood fully without considering the structural and functional aspects of the physical underlying mechanisms (as cited in Cacioppo and Gardner, 1999){{explain}}. Lazarus believes that thought is a necessary condition of emotion and that emotions prioritise behaviour in ways to optimise adjustment to the demands we face (Reeve 2009). Five characteristics of emotions place them at the centre of our lives. Firstly, acute emotions and other affective states, such as moods, divulge what is individually valuable to us and help as a barometer of how well or poorly we are performing in moving forward our most cherished values, goals, and beliefs{{fact}}. For example, when events go wrong, we may feel anxiety, anger, guilt, shame, envy, or jealousy, each of which reveals a different harm or threat. Secondly, emotions are among the most obvious characteristics of our ongoing relationships with family members, lovers, friends, co-workers, competitors, and even some short-term social contacts. For example, emotions have always been a key theme of literature, drama, and cinema, in the aspect of stories about people having difficulties adapting to the demands and opportunities of everyday living (Lazarus, 2006). Thirdly, emotions enable or worsen interpersonal relationships, mainly intimate ones, as anger can challenge affection and lead to retribution. Guilt and anxiety can also cause problems where it can undermine the determination to achieve something or to assert oneself such as shame similarly can lead to anger or can mask the truth{{grammar}}. For example, there is no more useful coping skill than understanding how to deal with interpersonal relationships, particularly when these relationships are problematic{{fact}}. Fourthly, if we think we can understand what has triggered an emotion in others or ourselves, the process concerned can be obscure, particularly with regard to the emotion’s deepest and most inaccessible personal reserves. For example, while some of us are more open than others, we are usually unwilling to reveal to others our inner selves in case the truth confirms socially harmful. Lastly, emotions can be challenging to control, particularly when they are intense. Emotional control is one of the functions of coping. For example, we may know the dangers of expressing anger toward someone we care about, but when we are triggered, the immediate impulse to react to the offence may be too strong to manage, and so we attack. This can result in a mutual escalation of anger until it develops into a rage, which can proceed to long-term psychological or physical injury to one or both participants (Lazarus, 2006). == Research - Emotion and Mood == === History === This importance on the origins of emotions is obvious across a wide span of academic approaches to emotion. Accordingly, evolutionary theorists offer historical versions of emotion by distinguishing their own origins in functionally equivalent reactions of other species and in distinguishing how biologically based, genetically programed emotions experienced selection pressures, or threats to survival, species to the physical and social environment of human evolution. Research on emotion has increased a great deal over the years, beginning with William James’s famous essay, ``What is an emotion?’’ (1884). Since this time there has been substantial attention given to recording what emotions are, describing the appraisal and experiential processes, behaviours and action tendencies, and physiological accompanying of emotion (Cacioppo and Gardner, 1999). For instance, Darwin treated the emotions as separate discrete entities, or modules, such as '''anger''', '''fear''', '''disgust''', etc. and any{{huh}} different kinds of research that included neuroscience, perception and cross-cultural evidence show that Darwin's conceptualization of emotions as separate discrete entities is correct{{fact}}. Of course, each emotion also varies on attributes such as intensity or acceptability, which can be considered as dimensions that describe differences within each discrete emotion (Ekman, 1984). Whereas{{grammar}}, the German physician Wilhelm Wundt proposed an alternative view of emotion about a decade later. Wundt wrote about variations in dimensions or continua of pleasantness and activity or intensity. This very different conceptualization enjoyed popularity in twentieth-century psychology, with Schlosberg (1941) the major proponent in the mid-century, then adopted by Russell at the end of the last century (Ekman, 2009). As such the biological, biochemical, and neural substrates of emotion, as well as neuropsychological characteristics of emotional expressions, continued to be important and active areas of research (Cacioppo and Gardner, 1999). '''Research study''' Indeed, it appears likely that emotion and mood are distinct along more than one condition, and it is easy to see how a difference in their individual underlying physiological processes would lead to differences in phenomenal experience. This in turn leads to differences in expression, behaviour, and linguistic descriptions of the two states. A considerable feature of emotion-mood differences in the literature is that none of them are by published data (Beedie, Terry & Lane, 2010). A study was conducted by Beedie, Terry and Lane who adopted a ‘folk psychology’ perspective for the purpose of investigating non-academic {{missing}} to distinguish between emotion and mood and then they compared the emergent distinctions to those previously proposed in the academic literature. The method they used was to ask participants a question: ‘What is the difference between emotion and mood’. There were 106 participants made up of male = 55 and female = 51. The recruited participants were from a mostly educated to degree level or above. The reason for this was the researchers thought that less educated participants would not be able to provide emotion-mood distinctions 'eloquently' (Beedie, Terry & Lane, 2010). '''The results''' Results showed that participants described emotion and mood as distinct phenomena in expressions of how they were established in phenomenal experience, and how they influenced on behaviour. While 16 different distinctions were reported, significant agreement was evident among respondents about the nature of the differences. For example, most participants who cited controllability as a distinction agreed that emotion is less controllable than mood. Similarly, authors in the academic literature, although not agreeing on the specific criteria by which to distinguish emotion from mood, tended to agree on the direction of the various distinctions{{explain}}. Moreover, academic and non-academic views were also generally in accord about the direction of emotion-mood differences, agreeing that emotions are more intense, brief, volatile, etc. than moods. The aim of the paper was to present data that must prove useful to researcher{{grammar}} interested in progressing a distinct scientific distinction between emotion and mood than is what’s available (Beedie, Terry & Lane, 2010). A link has been provided if you want to read more of this study: [http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/doi/pdf/10.1080/02699930541000057 Distinction between emotion and mood] == Theories - Emotion and Mood == There are a large range of theories on emotion and mood. I have outlined two of the most important ones that have significantly changed the course of the psychology world. === Two-factory theory === The [[Wikipedia:Two-factor theory of emotion|Two-factor theory of emotion]] (also referred to as the Shachter-Singer theory of emotion) was designed by researchers [[Wikipedia:Stanley Schachter|Stanley Schachter]] and [[Wikipedia:Jerome E. Singer|Jerome E. Singer]] (1962). It was named 'two-factor' because they believed that there were two factors that underscored all emotional experiences. At the time an emotion is felt, a '''physiological arousal''' becomes known and the person uses the environment to seek an emotional cue to make sense of the arousal. This can cause the person to misinterpret the emotions based on the body’s physiological state. The cognitive component comes into play when the brain does not know why it is feeling an emotion therefore it relies on external stimuli for direction on how to name that emotion (Schachter & Singer, 1962). ===James-Lange Theory === [[[Wikipedia:James–Lange theory#cite note-2|The|James-Lange theory]]] claims that all emotion is from the presence of a stimulus, which induces a physiological response (such as muscular tension), a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of mouth. This physical arousal causes a person to feel a certain emotion. The theory explores the emotion as a secondary feeling, indirectly initiated by the primary feeling, which is the physiological response caused by the presence of a stimulus. The specific pathway involved in the experience of emotion was also described by James. He stated that an object has an effect on a [[Wikipedia:Sensory system|sense organ]], which relays the information it is receiving to the [[Wikipedia:Cerebral cortex|cerebral cortex]]. The brain then sends this information to the muscles and [[Wikipedia:Organ (anatomy)|viscera]], which causes them to respond. Finally, impulses from the muscles and viscera are sent back to the cortex, transforming the object from an "object-simply apprehended" to an "object-emotionally felt." James explained that his theory went against common sense. For example, while most would think the order of emotional experience would be that a person sees a bear, becomes afraid, and runs away, James thought that first the person has a physiological response to the bear, such as trembling, and then becomes afraid and runs. According to James, the physiological response comes first, and it is followed by an emotion and a reaction. James believed that these responses were "reflex type" reactions which are built in: "Instinctive reactions and emotional expressions shade imperceptibly into each other. Every object that excites an instinct excites an emotion as well." == What is mood? == [[Wikipedia:Mood (psychology)|Mood]] is defined as a temporary state of mind or spirits (Oxford Dictionary, 1994). Moods can be broken down into two distinct groups: '''Positive and negative mood.''' The human brain and body have been shaped by natural selection to perform this affective categorization and to respond accordingly. Affective categorizations and responses are so significant that organisms have rudimentary reflexes for categorizing and approaching or withdrawing from specific classes of stimuli and for giving metabolic support for these actions (Davis 1997, LeDoux 1995 as cited in Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999). [[Wikipedia:Mood (psychology)#Positive mood|Positive mood]] [[Wikipedia:Mood (psychology)#Negative mood|Negative mood]] === Positive affect state=== Signifies to the everyday, low-level general state of feeling good. For example, walking through a park, listening to music, or making progress on your assignment. Positive affect is a person’s present level of pleasure, enthusiastic and progress toward aims. People who feel high positive affect characteristically feel enthusiastic and experience energy, alertness, and optimism, where those who feel low positive affect characteristically feel lethargic and bored. Where an emotion is to capture your attention, positive affect is more subtle (Reeve, 2009){{grammar}}. === Negative affect state === Negative mood is when people feel high negative affect normally experience dissatisfaction, nervousness, and irritability, whereas those who fellow negative affect are calm and relaxed (Reeve, 2009). Note: Both positive and negative affect relate not only to moods but also to wide-ranging cognitive, multinational, biological and behavioural systems (Reeve, 2009). '''Everyday mood''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Positive affect''' !! '''Negative affect''' |- | Pleasurable engagement || Unpleasant engagement |- | Reward driven, appetitive motivational system || Punishment-driven aversive motivational system |- | Approach behaviour || Withdrawal behaviour |- | Dopaminergic pathways || Serotonergic & noradrenergic pathways |} Based on Reeve, (2009), pp. 322-344) == The difference between emotion and moods == Moods develop from processes that are vague and are at times unknown (Goldsmith as Cited in Reeve, 2009). Davidson (1994) believes that moods typically influence cognition and guide what the person thinks about (as cited in Reeve, 2009), whereas Ekman maintains moods emanate from mental events that last for hours or days (Ekman as cited in Reeve, 2009). Emotions may be characterised from moods (Parkinson, Totterdell, Briner, & Reynolds, 1996). One such feature is '''duration''' (Nowlis & Nowlis, 1956); mood is the "pervasive and sustained 'emotional climate,'" and emotions are "fluctuating changes in emotional 'weather'". Another feature is that emotions normally have '''exact objects''' and give rise to ‘behavioural response tendencies’ related to these objects (Frijda, 1993; lsen, 1984; Lazarus, 1991a (as cited in Frijda, 1999). By contrast, moods are more dispersed (Morris, 1989), and while they may offer rise to broad action tendencies such as approach or withdrawal (Lang, 1995), moods bias our thinking more than they bias our action (Davidson, 1994; Fiedler, 1988) (as cited in Frijda, 1999). Experiences considered to be ‘emotions’ usually involve affect. They share these qualia with other experiences not usually considered; emotions’, notably moods and particular sensory experiences, like sweet tastes and foul smells. One feature that establishes them separately is that emotions include an object. Emotions are ‘intentional states’. {{grammar}} Meaning that they are felt to be ‘about’ something, whether it is a person, objects, or an event. They also involve a certain relationship to that object. This may well be the main aspect that distinguishes emotions from moods. One may know what caused one’s mood, but feeling and behavioural impulse are not directed toward or away from the causal object. The major aspect differentiating emotions from sensory affect, and from non-emotional states, is the experience of a shift in control precedence (Frijda, 1999){{explain}}. Fridja (1994) claims that while both mood and emotion are sources of information to the person, they vary in what they indicate. Emotions signal responses to certain ‘affectivity’ important events, and mood being a cue to one’s current “global state of action readiness” and/or “evaluation of the life situation”. The majority of the existing efforts at differentiating between mood and emotion depend on antecedent and opinion (Frijda, 1999). An example of this is when you express a ‘pleasure of the mind to someone’, you might also refer to moods (happy vs sad) and stages of arousal (excited vs cals). Mood and levels of arousal vary from emotions in a significant way. They are not deliberate, are not concentrated on objects but moods and levels of arousal are related to emotions. Moods share at least one quality with emotions: they '''both include affect'''. Additionally, levels of arousal are inevitable consequences of moods and emotions (Frijda, 1999). {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Criteria''' !! '''Emotions''' !! '''Moods''' |- | Antecedents || Significant life events || Ill-defined |- | Action-specificity || Specific || Influence cognition |- | Time course || Short-lived || Long-lived |} Based on Reeve (2009, p.322) Click [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XsWQKqcahM here] to see a YouTube clip explaining the difference between moods and emotions. == Conclusion == The topic "what is the differences and similarities between emotion and mood" has evoked a great deal of debate over the years {{grammar}} either separate topics or both. There is distinct difference in emotion and mood yet there are a lot of similarities as well. As a result this is what we have learned: *Emotions are short-lived. Feeling-arousal-purposive that assists us with adapting to opportunities and challenges. *Moods last longer and they influence behaviour and direct specific courses and action{{huh}}. History shows that things change over time as researchers have discovered new ways study the emotions and moods of both animals and people. The biggest difference is that emotions and moods arise from different causes. Where emotion emerge from life situations, moods on the other hand arise from processes that are ill-defined. == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Beedie, C., Terry, P., Lane, A. (2005) Distinctions between emotion and mood, Cognition and Emotion, 19:6, 847-878, DOI: 10.1080/02699930541000057 boingcd. (2012, 28 March). Moods and Emotion [Video File] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XsWQKqcahM Cacioppo, J. T. Gardner. W. (1999) Emotion Annual Review. Psychol. 1999.50:191–214 Dacher Keltner & James J. Gross. (1999) ''Functional Accounts of Emotions, Cognition and Emotion'', 13:5, 467-480, DOI: 10.1080/026999399379140 Dolan, R. J. (2002). ''Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior''., Science, New Series, Vol. 298, No. 5596 (Nov. 8, 2002), pp. 1191-1194 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science., Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3832941., Ekman, Paul. (2009)., Published 2 November 2009 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0189 Philosophical. Transactions of The Royal Society Biological Sciences., 12 December 2009 vol. 364 no. 1535 ''Emotions at Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management'' editted by Roy L. Payne, Cary L. Cooper Frijda, N. H. (1999). ''Emotions and Hedonic Experience''. Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology,. Lazarus, R. (2006)., Emotions and Interpersonal Relationships: Toward a Person-Centered Conceptualization of Emotions and Coping., Martin, L., Ward., Achee J. W., and Wyer, R.,Jr. (1993)., ''Mood as Input: People Have to Interpret the Motivational Implications of Their Moods''., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Date: March 1, 1993. Reeve, J. (2009) ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (5th ed.) USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Sizer, L. (2000). ''Towards a computational theory of mood''. The British journal for the philosophy of science, 51(4), 743-770. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). ''Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State''. Psychological Review, 69, pp. 379–399. }} == External links == *Paul Ekman [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781895/#RSTB20090189C1 Darwin's Contribution to our understanding of emotional expressions] *[http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1080/02699930541000057#.VEzsVr4Vf8s Distinction between Emotion and Mood] *[http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/02699931.2013.837378#.VEzs074Vf8s Gender differences in emotion recognition: Impact of sensory modality and emotional category] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mood]] 5nkfiq5pfzpk1ace24j4binlk0acd0v 0 195006 2839996 2839604 2026-10-13T08:59:53Z Jtneill 10242 /* Outline */ Convert table to list 2839996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 9: Individual emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Emotion collage.png|right|300px]] This lecture discusses 20 specific emotions, including: * what causes them, * how they are expressed, and * what they motivate. Take-home messages: * Emotions are purposeful—they guide action tendencies towards adaptive functional response * Learning about the causes, functions, and consequences of individual emotions expands emotion knowledge and makes adaptive responses to different situations more likely ==Outline== ==Outline== 20 individual emotions: * '''Basic (7)''' ** Fear ** Anger ** Disgust ** Contempt ** Sadness ** Interest ** Joy * '''Self-conscious (5)''' ** Shame ** Guilt ** Embarrassment ** Pride ** Triumph * '''Cognitively complex (8)''' ** Envy ** Gratitude ** Disappointment ** Regret ** Hope ** Schadenfreude ** Empathy ** Compassion ==Motivations generated by specific emotions== Typical motivational urges generated (i.e., functions served) by specific emotions are shown in Table 1. '''Table 1''' ''Motivational Urges Generated by Specific Emotions'' (based on Reeve (2018, p. 340)) {| class="wikitable" |'''Emotion''' |'''Motivational urge''' |- |'''Basic''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] |Flee; protect oneself |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Anger]] |Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] |Reject; get rid of; get away from |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] |Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] |Repair a loss or failure |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] |Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] |Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- |'''Self-conscious''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] |Restore the self; protect the self |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] |Make amends |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] |Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] |Authentic: Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks Hubristic: Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] |Display dominance and power over the defeated |- |'''Cognitively complex''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] |Benign: Move up; improve one’s position. Malicious: Tear down; reduce another's position |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] |Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] |Give up; helplessness |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] |Undo a poor decision or behaviour |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] |Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] |Reinforce feelings of superiority |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] |Act prosocially; help the other |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] |Reduce suffering |} ''Note''. Links go to categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Also see the table of individual emotions with definitions and links to corresponding Wikipedia articles in the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions#Individual emotions|20 emotions tutorial]]. ==Readings== * Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) or Chapter 13: Individual emotions and feelings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-XdVSEAVAWahOMksgubomM75asUHHwjuyCA3k2gYEUA/edit?usp=sharing Individual emotions] (Google Slides) <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/individual-emotions Lecture slides] (Slideshare) * Handouts ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] --> ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Tutorial) ==Recording== * [Lecture 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9800d60cf1dd42a9965a01aedc64012f Lecture 9 (2025)] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9917dadac2144ffeb6a6ea773aad9ce8 Lecture 9 recording] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c61875ec86bd4258ac3f5e0ceaeded04 Lecture 9 recording] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/fb1b6680261a4a55b4ee699544c920f8 Lecture 9 recording](2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6bc4d9bf00b643d7b19aff736a499f39 Lecture 9 recording] (2021) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/96e78b4252504c3193258d2e0dc2f05e Lecture 9 recording] (2020) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/4fa588c8-f9f8-4f6f-8bc5-2a0411bbc261/public Lecture 9 recording] (2019) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/68737326-23d4-4ceb-ad51-ef21a6855637/public Lecture 9 recording] (2018) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/8ed1c121-f6b4-4ac1-b5a2-5130d65c38ca/public Lecture 9 recording] (2017) --> <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2017). Feeling thanks and saying thanks: A randomized controlled trial examining if and how socially oriented gratitude journals work. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'', ''73''(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22469 }} --> ==External links== * [https://medium.com/polyamory-today/compersion-or-mudita-unlearning-jealousy-the-buddhist-way-aad804a81d7 Compersion or mudita: Unlearning jealousy the buddhist way] (Polyamory Today) * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079828_Dirt_Disgust_and_Disease_Is_Hygiene_in_Our_Genes Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes] (Curtis & Biran, 2001; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hide-and-seek/201505/empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs. sympathy] (Psychology Today) * [http://www.rpforschools.net/articles/ASP/Tangney,%20Tracy%20&%20Robins%202007%20The%20self-conscious%20emotions%20-%20Theory%20and%20Research.pdf The self-conscious emotions] (Tangney et al., 2007; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/joy-and-pain/201401/what-is-the-difference-between-envy-and-jealousy What is the difference between envy and jealousy?] (Psychology Today) {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Empathy]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]] a72w1al4fx5gbyjhj305dmgymn99j3y 2839997 2839996 2026-10-13T09:07:25Z Jtneill 10242 2839997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 9: Individual emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Emotion collage.png|right|300px]] This lecture discusses 20 specific emotions, including: * what causes them, * how they are expressed, and * what they motivate. Take-home messages: * Emotions are purposeful—they guide action tendencies towards adaptive functional response * Learning about the causes, functions, and consequences of individual emotions expands emotion knowledge and makes adaptive responses to different situations more likely ==Outline== 20 individual emotions: * '''Basic (7)''' ** Fear ** Anger ** Disgust ** Contempt ** Sadness ** Interest ** Joy * '''Self-conscious (5)''' ** Shame ** Guilt ** Embarrassment ** Pride ** Triumph * '''Cognitively complex (8)''' ** Envy ** Gratitude ** Disappointment ** Regret ** Hope ** Schadenfreude ** Empathy ** Compassion ==Motivations generated by specific emotions== Typical motivational urges generated (i.e., functions served) by 20 specific emotions are shown in Table 1. '''Table 1''' ''Motivational Urges Generated by 20 Specific Emotions'' (based on Reeve (2024, p. 277)) {| class="wikitable" |'''Emotion''' |'''Motivational urge''' |- |'''Basic''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] |Flee; protect oneself |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Anger]] |Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] |Reject; get rid of; get away from |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] |Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] |Repair a loss or failure |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] |Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] |Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- |'''Self-conscious''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] |Restore the self; protect the self |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] |Make amends |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] |Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] |Authentic: Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks Hubristic: Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] |Display dominance and power over the defeated |- |'''Cognitively complex''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] |Benign: Move up; improve one’s position. Malicious: Tear down; reduce another's position |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] |Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] |Give up; helplessness; acceptance of negative outcome |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] |Undo or repair a poor decision or behaviour |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] |Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] |Joy at justice being served; reinforces feelings of superiority |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] |Act prosocially; help someone |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] |Reduce suffering |} ''Note''. Links go to categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Also see the table of individual emotions with definitions and links to corresponding Wikipedia articles in the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions#Individual emotions|20 emotions tutorial]]. ==Readings== * Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) or Chapter 13: Individual emotions and feelings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-XdVSEAVAWahOMksgubomM75asUHHwjuyCA3k2gYEUA/edit?usp=sharing Individual emotions] (Google Slides) <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/individual-emotions Lecture slides] (Slideshare) * Handouts ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] --> ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Tutorial) ==Recording== * [Lecture 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9800d60cf1dd42a9965a01aedc64012f Lecture 9 (2025)] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9917dadac2144ffeb6a6ea773aad9ce8 Lecture 9 recording] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c61875ec86bd4258ac3f5e0ceaeded04 Lecture 9 recording] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/fb1b6680261a4a55b4ee699544c920f8 Lecture 9 recording](2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6bc4d9bf00b643d7b19aff736a499f39 Lecture 9 recording] (2021) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/96e78b4252504c3193258d2e0dc2f05e Lecture 9 recording] (2020) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/4fa588c8-f9f8-4f6f-8bc5-2a0411bbc261/public Lecture 9 recording] (2019) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/68737326-23d4-4ceb-ad51-ef21a6855637/public Lecture 9 recording] (2018) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/8ed1c121-f6b4-4ac1-b5a2-5130d65c38ca/public Lecture 9 recording] (2017) --> <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2017). Feeling thanks and saying thanks: A randomized controlled trial examining if and how socially oriented gratitude journals work. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'', ''73''(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22469 }} --> ==External links== * [https://medium.com/polyamory-today/compersion-or-mudita-unlearning-jealousy-the-buddhist-way-aad804a81d7 Compersion or mudita: Unlearning jealousy the buddhist way] (Polyamory Today) * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079828_Dirt_Disgust_and_Disease_Is_Hygiene_in_Our_Genes Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes] (Curtis & Biran, 2001; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hide-and-seek/201505/empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs. sympathy] (Psychology Today) * [http://www.rpforschools.net/articles/ASP/Tangney,%20Tracy%20&%20Robins%202007%20The%20self-conscious%20emotions%20-%20Theory%20and%20Research.pdf The self-conscious emotions] (Tangney et al., 2007; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/joy-and-pain/201401/what-is-the-difference-between-envy-and-jealousy What is the difference between envy and jealousy?] (Psychology Today) {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Empathy]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]] 0tfds7fwt04yni1myycvct6iyzmvnkl 2839998 2839997 2026-10-13T09:08:01Z Jtneill 10242 /* Readings */ 2839998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 9: Individual emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Emotion collage.png|right|300px]] This lecture discusses 20 specific emotions, including: * what causes them, * how they are expressed, and * what they motivate. Take-home messages: * Emotions are purposeful—they guide action tendencies towards adaptive functional response * Learning about the causes, functions, and consequences of individual emotions expands emotion knowledge and makes adaptive responses to different situations more likely ==Outline== 20 individual emotions: * '''Basic (7)''' ** Fear ** Anger ** Disgust ** Contempt ** Sadness ** Interest ** Joy * '''Self-conscious (5)''' ** Shame ** Guilt ** Embarrassment ** Pride ** Triumph * '''Cognitively complex (8)''' ** Envy ** Gratitude ** Disappointment ** Regret ** Hope ** Schadenfreude ** Empathy ** Compassion ==Motivations generated by specific emotions== Typical motivational urges generated (i.e., functions served) by 20 specific emotions are shown in Table 1. '''Table 1''' ''Motivational Urges Generated by 20 Specific Emotions'' (based on Reeve (2024, p. 277)) {| class="wikitable" |'''Emotion''' |'''Motivational urge''' |- |'''Basic''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] |Flee; protect oneself |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Anger]] |Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] |Reject; get rid of; get away from |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] |Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] |Repair a loss or failure |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] |Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] |Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- |'''Self-conscious''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] |Restore the self; protect the self |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] |Make amends |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] |Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] |Authentic: Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks Hubristic: Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] |Display dominance and power over the defeated |- |'''Cognitively complex''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] |Benign: Move up; improve one’s position. Malicious: Tear down; reduce another's position |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] |Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] |Give up; helplessness; acceptance of negative outcome |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] |Undo or repair a poor decision or behaviour |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] |Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] |Joy at justice being served; reinforces feelings of superiority |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] |Act prosocially; help someone |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] |Reduce suffering |} ''Note''. Links go to categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Also see the table of individual emotions with definitions and links to corresponding Wikipedia articles in the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions#Individual emotions|20 emotions tutorial]]. ==Readings== * <!-- Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) or -->Chapter 13: Individual emotions and feelings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-XdVSEAVAWahOMksgubomM75asUHHwjuyCA3k2gYEUA/edit?usp=sharing Individual emotions] (Google Slides) <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/individual-emotions Lecture slides] (Slideshare) * Handouts ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] --> ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Tutorial) ==Recording== * [Lecture 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9800d60cf1dd42a9965a01aedc64012f Lecture 9 (2025)] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9917dadac2144ffeb6a6ea773aad9ce8 Lecture 9 recording] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c61875ec86bd4258ac3f5e0ceaeded04 Lecture 9 recording] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/fb1b6680261a4a55b4ee699544c920f8 Lecture 9 recording](2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6bc4d9bf00b643d7b19aff736a499f39 Lecture 9 recording] (2021) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/96e78b4252504c3193258d2e0dc2f05e Lecture 9 recording] (2020) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/4fa588c8-f9f8-4f6f-8bc5-2a0411bbc261/public Lecture 9 recording] (2019) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/68737326-23d4-4ceb-ad51-ef21a6855637/public Lecture 9 recording] (2018) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/8ed1c121-f6b4-4ac1-b5a2-5130d65c38ca/public Lecture 9 recording] (2017) --> <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2017). Feeling thanks and saying thanks: A randomized controlled trial examining if and how socially oriented gratitude journals work. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'', ''73''(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22469 }} --> ==External links== * [https://medium.com/polyamory-today/compersion-or-mudita-unlearning-jealousy-the-buddhist-way-aad804a81d7 Compersion or mudita: Unlearning jealousy the buddhist way] (Polyamory Today) * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079828_Dirt_Disgust_and_Disease_Is_Hygiene_in_Our_Genes Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes] (Curtis & Biran, 2001; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hide-and-seek/201505/empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs. sympathy] (Psychology Today) * [http://www.rpforschools.net/articles/ASP/Tangney,%20Tracy%20&%20Robins%202007%20The%20self-conscious%20emotions%20-%20Theory%20and%20Research.pdf The self-conscious emotions] (Tangney et al., 2007; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/joy-and-pain/201401/what-is-the-difference-between-envy-and-jealousy What is the difference between envy and jealousy?] (Psychology Today) {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Empathy]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]] nhsbvvk47q9crx1aipxbki5coub6vc3 2839999 2839998 2026-10-13T09:09:51Z Jtneill 10242 /* Motivations generated by specific emotions */ 2839999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 9: Individual emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Emotion collage.png|right|300px]] This lecture discusses 20 specific emotions, including: * what causes them, * how they are expressed, and * what they motivate. Take-home messages: * Emotions are purposeful—they guide action tendencies towards adaptive functional response * Learning about the causes, functions, and consequences of individual emotions expands emotion knowledge and makes adaptive responses to different situations more likely ==Outline== 20 individual emotions: * '''Basic (7)''' ** Fear ** Anger ** Disgust ** Contempt ** Sadness ** Interest ** Joy * '''Self-conscious (5)''' ** Shame ** Guilt ** Embarrassment ** Pride ** Triumph * '''Cognitively complex (8)''' ** Envy ** Gratitude ** Disappointment ** Regret ** Hope ** Schadenfreude ** Empathy ** Compassion ==Motivations generated by specific emotions== Typical motivational urges generated (i.e., functions served) by 20 specific emotions are shown in Table 1. '''Table 1''' ''Motivational Urges Generated by 20 Specific Emotions'' (based on Reeve (2024, p. 277)) {| class="wikitable" |'''Emotion''' |'''Motivational urge''' |- |'''Basic (7)''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] |Flee; protect oneself |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Anger]] |Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] |Reject; get rid of; get away from |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] |Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] |Repair a loss or failure |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] |Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] |Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- |'''Self-conscious (5)''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] |Restore the self; protect the self |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] |Make amends |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] |Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] |Authentic: Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks Hubristic: Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] |Display dominance and power over the defeated |- |'''Cognitively complex (8)''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] |Benign: Move up; improve one’s position Malicious: Tear down; reduce another's position |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] |Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] |Give up; helplessness; acceptance of negative outcome |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] |Undo or repair a poor decision or behaviour |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] |Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] |Joy at justice being served; reinforces feelings of superiority |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] |Act prosocially; help someone |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] |Reduce suffering |} ''Note''. Links go to categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Also see the table of individual emotions with definitions and links to corresponding Wikipedia articles in the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions#Individual emotions|20 emotions tutorial]]. ==Readings== * <!-- Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) or -->Chapter 13: Individual emotions and feelings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-XdVSEAVAWahOMksgubomM75asUHHwjuyCA3k2gYEUA/edit?usp=sharing Individual emotions] (Google Slides) <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/individual-emotions Lecture slides] (Slideshare) * Handouts ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] --> ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Tutorial) ==Recording== * [Lecture 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9800d60cf1dd42a9965a01aedc64012f Lecture 9 (2025)] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9917dadac2144ffeb6a6ea773aad9ce8 Lecture 9 recording] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c61875ec86bd4258ac3f5e0ceaeded04 Lecture 9 recording] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/fb1b6680261a4a55b4ee699544c920f8 Lecture 9 recording](2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6bc4d9bf00b643d7b19aff736a499f39 Lecture 9 recording] (2021) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/96e78b4252504c3193258d2e0dc2f05e Lecture 9 recording] (2020) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/4fa588c8-f9f8-4f6f-8bc5-2a0411bbc261/public Lecture 9 recording] (2019) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/68737326-23d4-4ceb-ad51-ef21a6855637/public Lecture 9 recording] (2018) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/8ed1c121-f6b4-4ac1-b5a2-5130d65c38ca/public Lecture 9 recording] (2017) --> <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2017). Feeling thanks and saying thanks: A randomized controlled trial examining if and how socially oriented gratitude journals work. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'', ''73''(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22469 }} --> ==External links== * [https://medium.com/polyamory-today/compersion-or-mudita-unlearning-jealousy-the-buddhist-way-aad804a81d7 Compersion or mudita: Unlearning jealousy the buddhist way] (Polyamory Today) * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079828_Dirt_Disgust_and_Disease_Is_Hygiene_in_Our_Genes Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes] (Curtis & Biran, 2001; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hide-and-seek/201505/empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs. sympathy] (Psychology Today) * [http://www.rpforschools.net/articles/ASP/Tangney,%20Tracy%20&%20Robins%202007%20The%20self-conscious%20emotions%20-%20Theory%20and%20Research.pdf The self-conscious emotions] (Tangney et al., 2007; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/joy-and-pain/201401/what-is-the-difference-between-envy-and-jealousy What is the difference between envy and jealousy?] (Psychology Today) {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Empathy]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]] p5rbidtarjfmlk33e90wmapc86yn6kd 2840019 2839999 2026-10-13T11:11:20Z Jtneill 10242 /* Motivations generated by specific emotions */ 2840019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 9: Individual emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Emotion collage.png|right|300px]] This lecture discusses 20 specific emotions, including: * what causes them, * how they are expressed, and * what they motivate. Take-home messages: * Emotions are purposeful—they guide action tendencies towards adaptive functional response * Learning about the causes, functions, and consequences of individual emotions expands emotion knowledge and makes adaptive responses to different situations more likely ==Outline== 20 individual emotions: * '''Basic (7)''' ** Fear ** Anger ** Disgust ** Contempt ** Sadness ** Interest ** Joy * '''Self-conscious (5)''' ** Shame ** Guilt ** Embarrassment ** Pride ** Triumph * '''Cognitively complex (8)''' ** Envy ** Gratitude ** Disappointment ** Regret ** Hope ** Schadenfreude ** Empathy ** Compassion ==Motivations generated by specific emotions== Typical motivational urges generated (i.e., functions served) by 20 specific emotions are shown in Table 1. '''Table 1''' ''Motivational Urges Generated by 20 Specific Emotions'' (based on Reeve (2024, p. 277)) {| class="wikitable" |'''Emotion''' |'''Motivational urge''' |- |'''Basic (7)''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] |Flee; protect oneself |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Anger]] |Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] |Reject; get rid of; get away from contaminated object |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] |Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] |Repair a loss or failure |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] |Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] |Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- |'''Self-conscious (5)''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] |Restore the self; protect the self |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] |Make amends |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] |Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] |Authentic: Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks Hubristic: Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] |Display dominance and power over the defeated |- |'''Cognitively complex (8)''' | |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] |Benign: Move up; improve one’s position Malicious: Tear down; reduce another's position |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] |Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] |Give up; helplessness; acceptance of negative outcome |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] |Undo or repair a poor decision or behaviour |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] |Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] |Joy at justice being served; reinforces feelings of superiority |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] |Act prosocially; help someone |- |[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] |Reduce suffering |} ''Note''. Links go to categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Also see the table of individual emotions with definitions and links to corresponding Wikipedia articles in the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions#Individual emotions|20 emotions tutorial]]. ==Readings== * <!-- Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) or -->Chapter 13: Individual emotions and feelings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-XdVSEAVAWahOMksgubomM75asUHHwjuyCA3k2gYEUA/edit?usp=sharing Individual emotions] (Google Slides) <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/individual-emotions Lecture slides] (Slideshare) * Handouts ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] --> ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Tutorial) ==Recording== * [Lecture 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9800d60cf1dd42a9965a01aedc64012f Lecture 9 (2025)] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9917dadac2144ffeb6a6ea773aad9ce8 Lecture 9 recording] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c61875ec86bd4258ac3f5e0ceaeded04 Lecture 9 recording] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/fb1b6680261a4a55b4ee699544c920f8 Lecture 9 recording](2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6bc4d9bf00b643d7b19aff736a499f39 Lecture 9 recording] (2021) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/96e78b4252504c3193258d2e0dc2f05e Lecture 9 recording] (2020) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/4fa588c8-f9f8-4f6f-8bc5-2a0411bbc261/public Lecture 9 recording] (2019) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/68737326-23d4-4ceb-ad51-ef21a6855637/public Lecture 9 recording] (2018) * [https://echo360.org.au/media/8ed1c121-f6b4-4ac1-b5a2-5130d65c38ca/public Lecture 9 recording] (2017) --> <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2017). Feeling thanks and saying thanks: A randomized controlled trial examining if and how socially oriented gratitude journals work. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'', ''73''(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22469 }} --> ==External links== * [https://medium.com/polyamory-today/compersion-or-mudita-unlearning-jealousy-the-buddhist-way-aad804a81d7 Compersion or mudita: Unlearning jealousy the buddhist way] (Polyamory Today) * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079828_Dirt_Disgust_and_Disease_Is_Hygiene_in_Our_Genes Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes] (Curtis & Biran, 2001; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hide-and-seek/201505/empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs. sympathy] (Psychology Today) * [http://www.rpforschools.net/articles/ASP/Tangney,%20Tracy%20&%20Robins%202007%20The%20self-conscious%20emotions%20-%20Theory%20and%20Research.pdf The self-conscious emotions] (Tangney et al., 2007; pdf) * [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/joy-and-pain/201401/what-is-the-difference-between-envy-and-jealousy What is the difference between envy and jealousy?] (Psychology Today) {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Empathy]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]] 3bi5s271eixiaw3ob5som856j9e2off 102 205987 2839880 2718065 2026-10-12T18:24:05Z SamLaxarox 3112542 2839880 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Add your name to the list using * ~~~~ --> * -[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:19, 19 November 2016 (UTC) * Since 8 September 2011‎ with [[Dominant group/Astronomy]]. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 02:39, 27 April 2018 (UTC) *Likith raja singh {{unsigned|Likithrajasingh|21 January 2019‎}} *Palenie[[User:Pelanie For Life|Pelanie For Life]] ([[User talk:Pelanie For Life|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pelanie For Life|contribs]]) 08:51, 4 November 2020 (UTC) * Evaristo Mateyo - 29 June 2022, my username is [[w:User:Webwritter-junior|Webwritter-junior]]. * BrownieBytes, 06/08/2024 * [[SamLaxarox]]; Since October 12th, 2026. andto97f5wa3e7pair1ok8t3zxj668l 0 235207 2839917 2388734 2026-10-12T21:50:55Z The Citer 3110681 Added phylogeny! 2839917 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A member of the Phylum Loricifera, ''Pliciloricus enigmatus''.]] Loricifera *Name Meaning: Corset bearer *English Common Name: Brush heads *Major distinguishing characteristics: Umbrella-like scales at each end *Approximate number of species described: about 122 ==Natural History== The Loricifera are marine animals. They live in the sediment between the grains of gravel or other sediment types. ==Taxonomy== The Phylum is divided into one order and three families. *Order Nanaloricida **Family Nanaloricidae **Family Pliciloricidae **Family Urnaloricidae ==Phylogeny== {{Clade |label1=Loricifera |1={{Clade |1=†''Eolorica deadwoodensis'' |2=†''Orstenoloricus shergoldii'' |label3=†''Sirilorica'' [[File:Sirilorica.png|60px]] |3={{Clade |1=†''Sirilorica carlsbergi'' |2=†''Sirilorica pustulosa''}} |4={{Clade |1=''Patuloricus tangaroa'' |2=''Tenuiloricus shirayamai'' |3={{Clade |1=Urnaloricus |2=Pliciloricidae [[File:Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg|60px]] |3=Nanaloricidae [[File:Spinoloricus.png|60px]]}} }} }} }} ==Anatomy== The small-bodied Loricifera have a head, mouth and digestive system. They also have a lorica, which is an armor-like lorica which is a protective external shell. ==The Fossil Record== One fossil, the Cambrian-era ''Eolorica deadwoodensis'' may be associated with the Loricifera. ==Quiz== * [[/Loricifera Quiz/]] ==References and Further Reading== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loricifera Loricifera] at Wikipedia *[http://tolweb.org/Loricifera/2475 Loricifera] at Tree of Life *[http://eol.org/pages/1537/overview Loricifera] at Encyclopedia of Life {{Animalia}} [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Zoology]] fhoiszo047hz0z8ejlm7w4m06erqx48 0 235209 2839918 2010633 2026-10-12T21:55:09Z The Citer 3110681 I created a phylogeny with the least amount of offshoots possible. 2839918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Limnonathia, drawing.tif|thumb|300px|Right|''Limnonathia'', drawing, a Micrognathozoan.]] *Micrognathozoa (sometimes called Phylum Gnathifera) *Name Meaning: Tiny jaw animals *English Common Name: Micrognathozoans *Major distinguishing characteristics: Accordion like extensible thorax *Approximate number of species described: 1 ==Natural History== Micrognathozoa are one of the smallest animals, averaging one-tenth of a millimeter (0.004 inches) long. Its main diet is bacteria, blue-green algae and diatoms. L. maerski has a large ganglion, or 'brain', in its head, and paired nerve cords ==Taxonomy== One species is known. It's classification is: *Class Micrognathozoa *Order Limnognathida *Family Limnognathiidae *species ''Limnognathia maerski'' ==Phylogeny== {{Clade |label1=Micrognathozoa |1={{Clade |label1=Limnognathida |1={{Clade |label1=Limnognathiidae |1={{Clade |label1=Limnognathia |1={{Clade |1=Limnognathia maerski}}}}}}}}}} ==Anatomy== They have very complicated jaws, the parts connected by ligaments and muscles. They can extend part of the jaw outside the mouth to eat or regurgitate indigestible items. It's possible that Micrognathans hatch as males and become female as they grow. ==The Fossil Record== There is no known fossil record. ==Quiz== * [[/Micrognathozoa Quiz/]] ==References and Further Reading== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnognathia Micrognathozoa] at Wikipedia (the sole genus is ''Limnognathia'') *[http://tolweb.org/Limnognathia_maerski/2482 Micrognathozoa] at Tree of Life (the sole species is ''Limnognathia maerski'') *[http://eol.org/pages/5006388/overview Micrognathozoa] at Encyclopedia of Life [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Zoology]] hrj6wutx3biq8yarre00fnn1pkiqiyf 2839919 2839918 2026-10-12T21:56:18Z The Citer 3110681 2839919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Limnonathia, drawing.tif|thumb|300px|Right|''Limnonathia'', drawing, a Micrognathozoan.]] *Micrognathozoa (sometimes called Phylum Gnathifera) *Name Meaning: Tiny jaw animals *English Common Name: Micrognathozoans *Major distinguishing characteristics: Accordion like extensible thorax *Approximate number of species described: 1 ==Description== Micrognathozoa are one of the smallest animals, averaging one-tenth of a millimeter (0.004 inches) long. Its main diet is bacteria, blue-green algae and diatoms. L. maerski has a large ganglion, or 'brain', in its head, and paired nerve cords ==Taxonomy== One species is known. It's classification is: *Class Micrognathozoa *Order Limnognathida *Family Limnognathiidae *species ''Limnognathia maerski'' ==Phylogeny== {{Clade |label1=Micrognathozoa |1={{Clade |label1=Limnognathida |1={{Clade |label1=Limnognathiidae |1={{Clade |label1=Limnognathia |1={{Clade |1=Limnognathia maerski}}}}}}}}}} ==Anatomy== They have very complicated jaws, the parts connected by ligaments and muscles. They can extend part of the jaw outside the mouth to eat or regurgitate indigestible items. It's possible that Micrognathans hatch as males and become female as they grow. ==The Fossil Record== There is no known fossil record. ==Quiz== * [[/Micrognathozoa Quiz/]] ==References and Further Reading== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnognathia Micrognathozoa] at Wikipedia (the sole genus is ''Limnognathia'') *[http://tolweb.org/Limnognathia_maerski/2482 Micrognathozoa] at Tree of Life (the sole species is ''Limnognathia maerski'') *[http://eol.org/pages/5006388/overview Micrognathozoa] at Encyclopedia of Life [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Zoology]] 2v0xtc2y97d2u65y4avnpwlq8xkflde 0 235216 2839921 2388729 2026-10-12T22:00:21Z The Citer 3110681 Added phylogeny! 2839921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Shells01.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A group of Gastropod shells, Phylum Mollusca.]] *Mollusca *Name Meaning: Thin shell *English Common Name: Mollusks or molluscs *Major distinguishing characteristics: Muscular foot and Mantle, round shell *Approximate number of species described: 85,000 ==Natural History== Mollluscs are so diverse that it is difficult to set out a single natural history for them. They live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. There are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. There are active predators and filter feeders. As adults some are highly mobile, and some are sessile and never move once they set down. ==Taxonomy== There are 8 living classes of Mollusc. *Gastropoda (snails) *Bivalvia (clams, etc.) *Polyplacophora (chitons) *Cephalopoda (octopuses and squid) *Scaphopoda (tusk shells) *Solenogastres *Caudofoveata *Monoplacophora ==Phylogeny== {{clade|style=font-size:90% |label1='''Mollusca''' |1={{clade |label1=Aculifera |1={{clade |1=Polyplacophora [[File:Chiton magnificus.jpg|35px]] |label2=Aplacophora |2={{clade |label1= |1=Caudofoveata [[File:Falcidens crossotus.jpg|40px]] |2=Solenogastres [[File:Epimenia verrucosa.jpg|40px]] }} }} |label2=Conchifera |2={{clade |1=Monoplacophora [[File:Tryblidium reticulatum 2.jpg|30px]] |2=Cephalopoda [[File:Octopus vulgaris Merculiano.jpg|40px]] |3={{clade |label1= |1=Bivalvia [[File:Bivalve Sea Shell.png|40px]] |2=Gastropoda [[File:Grapevinesnail 01a.jpg|50px]] |3=Scaphopoda [[File:Natural History - Mollusca - Dentalium Tarentinum.png|12px]] }} }} }} }} ==Anatomy== Molluscs are highly diverse, but all have a mantle that has a cavity used for breathing and excretion (and secretes the shell in species with shells). Non-bivalves have a radula, which is a hard structure that rasps food into the mouth. ==The Fossil Record== There are between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species. Good evidence exists that the gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods were around by the Cambrian (541 to 485.4 million years ago). ==Quiz== * [[/Mollusca Quiz/]] ==References and Further Reading== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca Mollusca] at Wikipedia *[http://tolweb.org/Mollusca Mollusca] at Tree of Life *[http://eol.org/pages/2195/overview Mollusca] at Encyclopedia of Life {{Animalia}} [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Zoology]] 467x1qp06zrbhfoz2eda3zxvtixz60i 0 235272 2839901 2837054 2026-10-12T19:31:46Z The Citer 3110681 Added phylogeny! (may fix it later) 2839901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png|thumb|300px|right|A sample of plant diversity.]] In botany, the equivalent of a Phylum is called a division. The Kingdom Plantae is divided into 14 Divisions. A Division (pl. Phyla) is the largest formal major grouping within plant taxonomy below kingdoms. This list is presented in alphabetical order, and not in any systematic/evolutionary arrangement. Science is by no means static. There are arguments of all sizes and shapes about the taxonomy of the Plant Divisions. Other sources may combine or split these listed Divisions. However, at this time, the list presented here should stand in good stead for an introduction to the topic of plant diversity. There are approximately 380,000 plant species that have been described by science. This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of plants within the Division *An approximate number of species described within that Division. Since botany does not stand still, this number can change. You can also see [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. ==Anthocerotophyta== [[Image:Hornwort (3144429129).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Hornworts.]] [[/Anthocerotophyta/]] Name Meaning: Anthoceros-like plant English Common Name: Hornworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 100-300 or more ==Bryophyta== [[Image:Mose09.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Moss, a bryophyte.]] [[/Bryophyta/]] Name Meaning: Bryum-like plant, moss plant English Common Name: Moss Major distinguishing characteristics: Persistent branched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 12,000 ==Charophyta== [[Image:Chara overview.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Chara'', a Charophyte.]] [[/Charophyta/]] Name Meaning: Chara-like plant English Common Name: Charophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 1,000 ==Chlorophyta== [[image:Bulletin de l'Acadmie impriale des sciences de St.-Ptersbourg (20431048865).jpg|thumb|100px|right|A Chlorophyte.]] [[/Chlorophyta/]] Name Meaning: Yellow-green plant English Common Name: Chlorophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: mainly autotrophs with exceptions and have the same chlorophyll a and b pigments as "higher" plant divisions Approximate number of species described: 8,000 ==Cycadophyta== [[Image:Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.]] [[/Cycadophyta/]] Name Meaning: Cycas-like plant, palm-like plant English Common Name: Cycads Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds, crown of compound leaves Approximate number of species described: 100 - 200 ==Ginkgophyta== [[Image:Gingko biloba2.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gingko biloba''.]] [[/Ginkgophyta/]] Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==Glaucophyta== [[Image:Glaucophyte.jpg|thumb|100px|right|A glaucophyte.]] [[/Glaucophyta/]] Name Meaning: Blue-green plant English Common Name: Glaucophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 14 - 26<ref>[http://jcs.biologists.org/content/131/2/jcs203414 The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | Journal of Cell Science]</ref> ==Gnetophyta== [[Image:Gnetum scandens (6780786863).jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gnetum scandens''.]] [[/Gnetophyta/]] Name Meaning: Gnetum-like plant English Common Name: Gnetophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels. Approximate number of species described: 70 ==Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)== [[Image:Clubmoss - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Clubmoss.]] [[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Lycopodium-like plants, wolf plant English Common Name: Clubmosses, spikemosses Major distinguishing characteristics: Microphyll leaves, vascular system Approximate number of species described: 1290 living ==Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)== [[Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Flower Closeup 2242px.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Magnolia virginiana''.]] [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Magnoliophyta|Magnoliophyta]] Name Meaning: Magnolia-like plant English Common Name: Flowering plants, angiosperms Major distinguishing characteristics: Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels Approximate number of species described: 300,000 (that's a lot!) ==Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)== [[Image:Liverwort Ferndale Park.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Liverwort.]] [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)]] Name Meaning: Marchantia-like plant, liver plant English Common Name: Liverworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9,000 ==Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)== [[Image:Taxus wallichiana kz1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Taxus wallichiana'', the Himalayan Yew, a conifer.]] [[/Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Pinus-like plant, cone-bearing plant English Common Name: Conifers Major distinguishing characteristics: Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids Approximate number of species described: 629 extant ==Polypodiophyta (Monilophyta)== [[Image:Tree Fern.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Tree fern fronds and fiddleneck (growing young frond).]] [[/Polypodiophyta/]] (Monophyte) Once called [[wikipedia:Fern|Pteridophyta]] (outdated! The sub-divisions Lycopodiophyte and Euphyllophyte have been differentiated) Name Meaning: Many foot plant, Polypodium-like plant English Common Name: ferns, horsetails Major distinguishing characteristics: Prothallus gametophytes and vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9000 ==Rhodophyta== [[File:Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034 (single).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Red algae has fractals.]] [[/Rhodophyta/]] Name Meaning: Rose Plant, Red Plant English Common Name: Red algae Major distinguishing characteristics: Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments, redder than [[Streptophytes]]. Approximate number of species described: 7000 ==Phylogenetic tree of plants== {{Clade |label1=Plants |sublabel1=(with chloroplasts<br/>from cyanobacteria) |1={{clade |1=[[/Rhodophyta/]] [[File:Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034 (single).jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[/Glaucophyta/]] [[File:Glaucocystis nostochinearum.jpg|50px]] |label2=Green Plants |sublabel2= (green plants) |2={{clade |1=[[/Chlorophyta/]] [[File:Volvox sp.png|50px]] |bar1=darkgreen |2={{clade |1=Prasinococcaceae |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=font-size:50%;line-height:50%; <!-- spacer --> |3={{clade |1= {{clade |1=Mesostigmatophyceae |2={{clade |1=Chlorokybophyceae |2=''Spirotaenia'' [[File:Spirotaenia condensata.jpg|30px]] |bar2=blue }} }} |2={{clade |1=Klebsormidiophyceae [[File:Klebsormidium bilatum Belgium (14759117646).jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=''Chara'' [[File:CharaGlobularis.jpg|40px]] |bar1=blue |2={{clade |1=Coleochaetophyceae |2={{clade |label1=Zygnematophyceae |1=[[File:The freshwater alga Spirogyra.jpg|50px]] |label2=Embryophyta |sublabel2= (land plants) |2={{clade |label1="Atracheophytes"<!--note that Bryophyta=Mosses only--> |1={{clade |1=[[/Anthocerotophyta/]] [[File:Phaeoceros laevis 48205337 (white background).jpg|40px]] |label2=Setaphyta |2={{clade |1=[[/Marchantiophyta/]] [[File:Conocephalum conicum (e, 144739-474742) 1022.jpg|50px]] |2=[[/Bryophyta/]] [[File:WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum formosum.png|20px]] }} }} |label2=Tracheophyta |sublabel2=(with lignified<br/>xylem tubes) |2={{clade |1=[[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/|Lycophyta]] [[File:Lycopodium clavatum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-219 (extracted).jpg|50px]] |label2=Euphyllophyta |sublabel2=(with leaves) |2={{clade |label1=[[/Polypodiophyta/]] |1=[[File:California Arena Point fern.jpg|50px]] |label2=Spermatophyta |sublabel2= (seed plants) |2={{clade |label1=Gymnospermae |1={{Clade |1=Cycadophyta [[File:Cycas_rumphii-IMG_9702.JPG|60px]] |2=Ginkgophyta [[File:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|60px]] |3=Pinophyta [[File:Sapins_pectinés.jpg|60px]] }} |label2=Magnoliophyta |2={{clade |1=Amborellaopsida [[File:Amborella trichopoda (3173820625)-2.jpg|60px]] |2={{clade |1=Nymphaeaopsida [[File:Aampal poov.JPG|60px]] |2={{clade |1=Austrobaileyaopsida [[File:Austrobaileya-scandens-SF24315-01.jpg|60px]] |2={{clade |label1=Mesomagnoliopsida |1={{clade |1=Magnoliidae [[File:Asimina triloba - pawpaw - desc-flower.jpg|60px]] |2=Chloranthales [[File:Sarcandra glabra2.jpg|60px]] |label3="Pancotyledona" |3={{clade |1=Monocota [[File:Banana-Single.jpg|60px]][[File:Dew on grass Luc Viatour.jpg|60px]] |label2=Dicota |2={{clade |label1="Paradicota" |1=Ceratophyllales [[File:Ceratophyllum demersum s. str. sl2.jpg|60px]] |2=Eudicota [[File:Acer pseudoplatanus Chaltenbrunnen.jpg|60px]] [[File:Sunflowers in Canada1.JPG|60px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Other Resources== *[http://tolweb.org/Green_plants/2382 Tree of Life, Green Plants] *[http://eol.org/pages/281/overview Encyclopedia of life, Plantae] *[[Animal Phyla]], a companion piece to this one *[[Streptophytes]], a "slice" of this page.* ==Quizzes== [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Magnoliophyta/Quiz]] ==References== * [[Wikipedia:Phylum]] {{reflist}} [[Category:Plants]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Botany]] [[Category:Biology]] t8d74iqygh1kscd7hqsjqsre7bb4bb3 2839902 2839901 2026-10-12T19:32:05Z The Citer 3110681 2839902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png|thumb|300px|right|A sample of plant diversity.]] In botany, the equivalent of a Phylum is called a division. The Kingdom Plantae is divided into 14 Divisions. A Division (pl. Phyla) is the largest formal major grouping within plant taxonomy below kingdoms. This list is presented in alphabetical order, and not in any systematic/evolutionary arrangement. Science is by no means static. There are arguments of all sizes and shapes about the taxonomy of the Plant Divisions. Other sources may combine or split these listed Divisions. However, at this time, the list presented here should stand in good stead for an introduction to the topic of plant diversity. There are approximately 380,000 plant species that have been described by science. This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of plants within the Division *An approximate number of species described within that Division. Since botany does not stand still, this number can change. You can also see [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. ==Anthocerotophyta== [[Image:Hornwort (3144429129).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Hornworts.]] [[/Anthocerotophyta/]] Name Meaning: Anthoceros-like plant English Common Name: Hornworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 100-300 or more ==Bryophyta== [[Image:Mose09.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Moss, a bryophyte.]] [[/Bryophyta/]] Name Meaning: Bryum-like plant, moss plant English Common Name: Moss Major distinguishing characteristics: Persistent branched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 12,000 ==Charophyta== [[Image:Chara overview.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Chara'', a Charophyte.]] [[/Charophyta/]] Name Meaning: Chara-like plant English Common Name: Charophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 1,000 ==Chlorophyta== [[image:Bulletin de l'Acadmie impriale des sciences de St.-Ptersbourg (20431048865).jpg|thumb|100px|right|A Chlorophyte.]] [[/Chlorophyta/]] Name Meaning: Yellow-green plant English Common Name: Chlorophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: mainly autotrophs with exceptions and have the same chlorophyll a and b pigments as "higher" plant divisions Approximate number of species described: 8,000 ==Cycadophyta== [[Image:Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.]] [[/Cycadophyta/]] Name Meaning: Cycas-like plant, palm-like plant English Common Name: Cycads Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds, crown of compound leaves Approximate number of species described: 100 - 200 ==Ginkgophyta== [[Image:Gingko biloba2.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gingko biloba''.]] [[/Ginkgophyta/]] Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==Glaucophyta== [[Image:Glaucophyte.jpg|thumb|100px|right|A glaucophyte.]] [[/Glaucophyta/]] Name Meaning: Blue-green plant English Common Name: Glaucophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 14 - 26<ref>[http://jcs.biologists.org/content/131/2/jcs203414 The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | Journal of Cell Science]</ref> ==Gnetophyta== [[Image:Gnetum scandens (6780786863).jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gnetum scandens''.]] [[/Gnetophyta/]] Name Meaning: Gnetum-like plant English Common Name: Gnetophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels. Approximate number of species described: 70 ==Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)== [[Image:Clubmoss - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Clubmoss.]] [[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Lycopodium-like plants, wolf plant English Common Name: Clubmosses, spikemosses Major distinguishing characteristics: Microphyll leaves, vascular system Approximate number of species described: 1290 living ==Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)== [[Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Flower Closeup 2242px.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Magnolia virginiana''.]] [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Magnoliophyta|Magnoliophyta]] Name Meaning: Magnolia-like plant English Common Name: Flowering plants, angiosperms Major distinguishing characteristics: Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels Approximate number of species described: 300,000 (that's a lot!) ==Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)== [[Image:Liverwort Ferndale Park.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Liverwort.]] [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)]] Name Meaning: Marchantia-like plant, liver plant English Common Name: Liverworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9,000 ==Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)== [[Image:Taxus wallichiana kz1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Taxus wallichiana'', the Himalayan Yew, a conifer.]] [[/Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Pinus-like plant, cone-bearing plant English Common Name: Conifers Major distinguishing characteristics: Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids Approximate number of species described: 629 extant ==Polypodiophyta (Monilophyta)== [[Image:Tree Fern.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Tree fern fronds and fiddleneck (growing young frond).]] [[/Polypodiophyta/]] (Monophyte) Once called [[wikipedia:Fern|Pteridophyta]] (outdated! The sub-divisions Lycopodiophyte and Euphyllophyte have been differentiated) Name Meaning: Many foot plant, Polypodium-like plant English Common Name: ferns, horsetails Major distinguishing characteristics: Prothallus gametophytes and vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9000 ==Rhodophyta== [[File:Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034 (single).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Red algae has fractals.]] [[/Rhodophyta/]] Name Meaning: Rose Plant, Red Plant English Common Name: Red algae Major distinguishing characteristics: Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments, redder than [[Streptophytes]]. Approximate number of species described: 7000 ==Phylogenetic tree of plants== {{Clade |label1=Plants |sublabel1=(with chloroplasts<br/>from cyanobacteria) |1={{clade |1=[[/Rhodophyta/]] [[File:Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034 (single).jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[/Glaucophyta/]] [[File:Glaucocystis nostochinearum.jpg|50px]] |label2=Green Plants |sublabel2= (green plants) |2={{clade |1=[[/Chlorophyta/]] [[File:Volvox sp.png|50px]] |bar1=darkgreen |2={{clade |1=Prasinococcaceae |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=font-size:50%;line-height:50%; <!-- spacer --> |3={{clade |1= {{clade |1=Mesostigmatophyceae |2={{clade |1=Chlorokybophyceae |2=''Spirotaenia'' [[File:Spirotaenia condensata.jpg|30px]] |bar2=blue }} }} |2={{clade |1=Klebsormidiophyceae [[File:Klebsormidium bilatum Belgium (14759117646).jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=''Chara'' [[File:CharaGlobularis.jpg|40px]] |bar1=blue |2={{clade |1=Coleochaetophyceae |2={{clade |label1=Zygnematophyceae |1=[[File:The freshwater alga Spirogyra.jpg|50px]] |label2=Embryophyta |sublabel2= (land plants) |2={{clade |label1="Atracheophytes"<!--note that Bryophyta=Mosses only--> |1={{clade |1=[[/Anthocerotophyta/]] [[File:Phaeoceros laevis 48205337 (white background).jpg|40px]] |label2=Setaphyta |2={{clade |1=[[/Marchantiophyta/]] [[File:Conocephalum conicum (e, 144739-474742) 1022.jpg|50px]] |2=[[/Bryophyta/]] [[File:WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum formosum.png|20px]] }} }} |label2=Tracheophyta |sublabel2=(with lignified<br/>xylem tubes) |2={{clade |1=[[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/|Lycophyta]] [[File:Lycopodium clavatum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-219 (extracted).jpg|50px]] |label2=Euphyllophyta |sublabel2=(with leaves) |2={{clade |label1=[[/Polypodiophyta/]] |1=[[File:California Arena Point fern.jpg|50px]] |label2=Spermatophyta |sublabel2= (seed plants) |2={{clade |label1=Gymnospermae |1={{Clade |1=Cycadophyta [[File:Cycas_rumphii-IMG_9702.JPG|60px]] |2=Ginkgophyta [[File:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|60px]] |3=Pinophyta [[File:Sapins_pectinés.jpg|60px]] }} |label2=Magnoliophyta |2={{clade |1=Amborellaopsida [[File:Amborella trichopoda (3173820625)-2.jpg|60px]] |2={{clade |1=Nymphaeaopsida [[File:Aampal poov.JPG|60px]] |2={{clade |1=Austrobaileyaopsida [[File:Austrobaileya-scandens-SF24315-01.jpg|60px]] |2={{clade |label1=Mesomagnoliopsida |1={{clade |1=Magnoliidae [[File:Asimina triloba - pawpaw - desc-flower.jpg|60px]] |2=Chloranthales [[File:Sarcandra glabra2.jpg|60px]] |label3="Pancotyledona" |3={{clade |1=Monocota [[File:Banana-Single.jpg|60px]][[File:Dew on grass Luc Viatour.jpg|60px]] |label2=Dicota |2={{clade |label1="Paradicota" |1=Ceratophyllales [[File:Ceratophyllum demersum s. str. sl2.jpg|60px]] |2=Eudicota [[File:Acer pseudoplatanus Chaltenbrunnen.jpg|60px]] [[File:Sunflowers in Canada1.JPG|60px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Other Resources== *[http://tolweb.org/Green_plants/2382 Tree of Life, Green Plants] *[http://eol.org/pages/281/overview Encyclopedia of life, Plantae] *[[Animal Phyla]], a companion piece to this one *[[Streptophytes]], a "slice" of this page.* ==Quizzes== [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Magnoliophyta/Quiz]] ==References== * [[Wikipedia:Phylum]] {{reflist}} [[Category:Plants]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Botany]] [[Category:Biology]] 0faghrsu8kkhqj7rl0yjhradnmzphxb 2839903 2839902 2026-10-12T19:35:00Z The Citer 3110681 /* Phylogenetic tree of plants */ 2839903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png|thumb|300px|right|A sample of plant diversity.]] In botany, the equivalent of a Phylum is called a division. The Kingdom Plantae is divided into 14 Divisions. A Division (pl. Phyla) is the largest formal major grouping within plant taxonomy below kingdoms. This list is presented in alphabetical order, and not in any systematic/evolutionary arrangement. Science is by no means static. There are arguments of all sizes and shapes about the taxonomy of the Plant Divisions. Other sources may combine or split these listed Divisions. However, at this time, the list presented here should stand in good stead for an introduction to the topic of plant diversity. There are approximately 380,000 plant species that have been described by science. This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of plants within the Division *An approximate number of species described within that Division. Since botany does not stand still, this number can change. You can also see [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. ==Anthocerotophyta== [[Image:Hornwort (3144429129).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Hornworts.]] [[/Anthocerotophyta/]] Name Meaning: Anthoceros-like plant English Common Name: Hornworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 100-300 or more ==Bryophyta== [[Image:Mose09.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Moss, a bryophyte.]] [[/Bryophyta/]] Name Meaning: Bryum-like plant, moss plant English Common Name: Moss Major distinguishing characteristics: Persistent branched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 12,000 ==Charophyta== [[Image:Chara overview.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Chara'', a Charophyte.]] [[/Charophyta/]] Name Meaning: Chara-like plant English Common Name: Charophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 1,000 ==Chlorophyta== [[image:Bulletin de l'Acadmie impriale des sciences de St.-Ptersbourg (20431048865).jpg|thumb|100px|right|A Chlorophyte.]] [[/Chlorophyta/]] Name Meaning: Yellow-green plant English Common Name: Chlorophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: mainly autotrophs with exceptions and have the same chlorophyll a and b pigments as "higher" plant divisions Approximate number of species described: 8,000 ==Cycadophyta== [[Image:Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.]] [[/Cycadophyta/]] Name Meaning: Cycas-like plant, palm-like plant English Common Name: Cycads Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds, crown of compound leaves Approximate number of species described: 100 - 200 ==Ginkgophyta== [[Image:Gingko biloba2.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gingko biloba''.]] [[/Ginkgophyta/]] Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==Glaucophyta== [[Image:Glaucophyte.jpg|thumb|100px|right|A glaucophyte.]] [[/Glaucophyta/]] Name Meaning: Blue-green plant English Common Name: Glaucophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 14 - 26<ref>[http://jcs.biologists.org/content/131/2/jcs203414 The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | Journal of Cell Science]</ref> ==Gnetophyta== [[Image:Gnetum scandens (6780786863).jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gnetum scandens''.]] [[/Gnetophyta/]] Name Meaning: Gnetum-like plant English Common Name: Gnetophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels. Approximate number of species described: 70 ==Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)== [[Image:Clubmoss - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Clubmoss.]] [[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Lycopodium-like plants, wolf plant English Common Name: Clubmosses, spikemosses Major distinguishing characteristics: Microphyll leaves, vascular system Approximate number of species described: 1290 living ==Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)== [[Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Flower Closeup 2242px.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Magnolia virginiana''.]] [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Magnoliophyta|Magnoliophyta]] Name Meaning: Magnolia-like plant English Common Name: Flowering plants, angiosperms Major distinguishing characteristics: Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels Approximate number of species described: 300,000 (that's a lot!) ==Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)== [[Image:Liverwort Ferndale Park.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Liverwort.]] [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)]] Name Meaning: Marchantia-like plant, liver plant English Common Name: Liverworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9,000 ==Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)== [[Image:Taxus wallichiana kz1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Taxus wallichiana'', the Himalayan Yew, a conifer.]] [[/Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Pinus-like plant, cone-bearing plant English Common Name: Conifers Major distinguishing characteristics: Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids Approximate number of species described: 629 extant ==Polypodiophyta (Monilophyta)== [[Image:Tree Fern.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Tree fern fronds and fiddleneck (growing young frond).]] [[/Polypodiophyta/]] (Monophyte) Once called [[wikipedia:Fern|Pteridophyta]] (outdated! The sub-divisions Lycopodiophyte and Euphyllophyte have been differentiated) Name Meaning: Many foot plant, Polypodium-like plant English Common Name: ferns, horsetails Major distinguishing characteristics: Prothallus gametophytes and vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9000 ==Rhodophyta== [[File:Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034 (single).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Red algae has fractals.]] [[/Rhodophyta/]] Name Meaning: Rose Plant, Red Plant English Common Name: Red algae Major distinguishing characteristics: Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments, redder than [[Streptophytes]]. Approximate number of species described: 7000 ==Phylogenetic tree of plants== {{Clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%; |label1=Plants |sublabel1=(with chloroplasts<br/>from cyanobacteria) |1={{clade |1=[[/Rhodophyta/]] [[File:Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034 (single).jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[/Glaucophyta/]] [[File:Glaucocystis nostochinearum.jpg|50px]] |label2=Green Plants |sublabel2= (green plants) |2={{clade |1=[[/Chlorophyta/]] [[File:Volvox sp.png|50px]] |bar1=darkgreen |2={{clade |1=Prasinococcaceae |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=font-size:50%;line-height:50%; <!-- spacer --> |3={{clade |1= {{clade |1=Mesostigmatophyceae |2={{clade |1=Chlorokybophyceae |2=''Spirotaenia'' [[File:Spirotaenia condensata.jpg|30px]] |bar2=blue }} }} |2={{clade |1=Klebsormidiophyceae [[File:Klebsormidium bilatum Belgium (14759117646).jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=''Chara'' [[File:CharaGlobularis.jpg|40px]] |bar1=blue |2={{clade |1=Coleochaetophyceae |2={{clade |label1=Zygnematophyceae |1=[[File:The freshwater alga Spirogyra.jpg|50px]] |label2=Embryophyta |sublabel2= (land plants) |2={{clade |label1="Atracheophytes"<!--note that Bryophyta=Mosses only--> |1={{clade |1=[[/Anthocerotophyta/]] [[File:Phaeoceros laevis 48205337 (white background).jpg|40px]] |label2=Setaphyta |2={{clade |1=[[/Marchantiophyta/]] [[File:Conocephalum conicum (e, 144739-474742) 1022.jpg|50px]] |2=[[/Bryophyta/]] [[File:WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum formosum.png|20px]] }} }} |label2=Tracheophyta |sublabel2=(with lignified<br/>xylem tubes) |2={{clade |1=[[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/|Lycophyta]] [[File:Lycopodium clavatum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-219 (extracted).jpg|50px]] |label2=Euphyllophyta |sublabel2=(with leaves) |2={{clade |label1=[[/Polypodiophyta/]] |1=[[File:California Arena Point fern.jpg|50px]] |label2=Spermatophyta |sublabel2= (seed plants) |2={{clade |label1=Gymnospermae |1={{Clade |1=[[/Cycadophyta/]] [[File:Cycas_rumphii-IMG_9702.JPG|60px]] |2=[[/Ginkgophyta/]] [[File:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|60px]] |3=[[/Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)/|Pinophyta]] [[File:Sapins_pectinés.jpg|60px]] }} |label2=[[/Magnoliophyta/]] |2={{clade |1=Amborellaopsida [[File:Amborella trichopoda (3173820625)-2.jpg|60px]] |2={{clade |1=Nymphaeaopsida [[File:Aampal poov.JPG|60px]] |2={{clade |1=Austrobaileyaopsida [[File:Austrobaileya-scandens-SF24315-01.jpg|60px]] |2={{clade |label1=Mesomagnoliopsida |1={{clade |1=Magnoliidae [[File:Asimina triloba - pawpaw - desc-flower.jpg|60px]] |2=Chloranthales [[File:Sarcandra glabra2.jpg|60px]] |label3="Pancotyledona" |3={{clade |1=Monocota [[File:Banana-Single.jpg|60px]][[File:Dew on grass Luc Viatour.jpg|60px]] |label2=Dicota |2={{clade |label1="Paradicota" |1=Ceratophyllales [[File:Ceratophyllum demersum s. str. sl2.jpg|60px]] |2=Eudicota [[File:Acer pseudoplatanus Chaltenbrunnen.jpg|60px]] [[File:Sunflowers in Canada1.JPG|60px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Other Resources== *[http://tolweb.org/Green_plants/2382 Tree of Life, Green Plants] *[http://eol.org/pages/281/overview Encyclopedia of life, Plantae] *[[Animal Phyla]], a companion piece to this one *[[Streptophytes]], a "slice" of this page.* ==Quizzes== [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Magnoliophyta/Quiz]] ==References== * [[Wikipedia:Phylum]] {{reflist}} [[Category:Plants]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Botany]] [[Category:Biology]] 0z7v0pwa2rupxro1t8pngf95d9rnhtb 3 250786 2839981 2836018 2026-10-13T07:40:00Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2026-42 */ new section 2839981 wikitext text/x-wiki == First Message Posting == Update Talk on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 21:04, 29 June 2019 (UTC) == Update Sandbox User == == Posting to sandbox == Update Sandbox on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin/sandbox]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]])[[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 11:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 16:15, 7 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. 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[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:38, 1 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:17, 23 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:22, 15 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:30, 29 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:24, 26 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:43, 3 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:10, 10 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 13:49, 17 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:07, 24 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:02, 7 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:49, 21 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:33, 5 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:31, 19 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:47, 2 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:27, 16 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:58, 23 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:01, 30 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:35, 13 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 18:32, 20 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> 22:23, 27 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 4 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> 15:30, 11 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> 20:53, 18 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> 20:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> 22:06, 15 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> 20:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> 22:27, 13 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> 22:05, 20 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> 01:23, 11 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> 21:15, 7 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> 19:18, 14 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> 22:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> 22:07, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> 19:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == Tech News: 2022-15 == <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> 19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == Tech News: 2022-16 == <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> 23:11, 18 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == Tech News: 2022-17 == <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == Tech News: 2022-18 == <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> 19:33, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == Tech News: 2022-19 == <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> 15:22, 9 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == Tech News: 2022-20 == <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> 18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == Tech News: 2022-21 == <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == Tech News: 2022-22 == <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> 20:28, 30 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == Tech News: 2022-23 == <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == Tech News: 2022-24 == <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> 16:58, 13 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == Tech News: 2022-25 == <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == Tech News: 2022-26 == <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> 20:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == Tech News: 2022-27 == <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Tech News: 2022-28 == <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> 19:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == Tech News: 2022-29 == <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> 22:59, 18 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Tech News: 2022-30 == <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == Tech News: 2022-31 == <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> 21:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == Tech News: 2022-32 == <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == Tech News: 2022-33 == <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> 21:08, 15 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == Tech News: 2022-34 == <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> 00:12, 23 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == Tech News: 2022-35 == <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> 23:05, 29 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == Tech News: 2022-36 == <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == Tech News: 2022-37 == <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == Tech News: 2022-38 == <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == Tech News: 2022-39 == <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == Tech News: 2022-40 == <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:23, 4 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == Tech News: 2022-41 == <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> 14:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == Tech News: 2022-42 == <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == Tech News: 2022-43 == <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 24 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == Tech News: 2022-44 == <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:15, 31 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == Tech News: 2022-45 == <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == Tech News: 2022-46 == <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:54, 14 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-47 == <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-48 == <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == Tech News: 2022-49 == <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == Tech News: 2022-50 == <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 12 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == Tech News: 2022-51 == <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == Tech News: 2023-02 == <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 10 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == Tech News: 2023-03 == <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 17 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == Tech News: 2023-04 == <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == Tech News: 2023-05 == <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 31 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == Tech News: 2023-06 == <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == Tech News: 2023-07 == <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == Tech News: 2023-08 == <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 21 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == Tech News: 2023-09 == <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == Tech News: 2023-10 == <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == Tech News: 2023-11 == <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == Tech News: 2023-12 == <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:25, 21 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == Tech News: 2023-13 == <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:13, 28 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == Tech News: 2023-14 == <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 3 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == Tech News: 2023-15 == <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == Tech News: 2023-16 == <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 18 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == Tech News: 2023-17 == <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == Tech News: 2023-18 == <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == Tech News: 2023-19 == <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == Tech News: 2023-20 == <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == Tech News: 2023-21 == <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == Tech News: 2023-22 == <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 29 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == Tech News: 2023-23 == <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == Tech News: 2023-24 == <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == Tech News: 2023-25 == <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == Tech News: 2023-26 == <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == Tech News: 2023-27 == <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == Tech News: 2023-28 == <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == Tech News: 2023-29 == <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == Tech News: 2023-30 == <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == Tech News: 2023-31 == <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == Tech News: 2023-32 == <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:20, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == Tech News: 2023-33 == <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:59, 15 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == Tech News: 2023-34 == <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == Tech News: 2023-35 == <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == Tech News: 2023-36 == <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:33, 4 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == Tech News: 2023-37 == <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:07, 11 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == Tech News: 2023-38 == <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 18 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Tech News: 2023-39 == <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == Tech News: 2023-40 == <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 3 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == Tech News: 2023-41 == <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == Tech News: 2023-42 == <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == Tech News: 2023-43 == <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:16, 23 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == Tech News: 2023-44 == <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == Tech News: 2023-45 == <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:05, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == Tech News: 2023-46 == <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == Tech News: 2023-47 == <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == Tech News: 2023-48 == <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 27 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == Tech News: 2023-49 == <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == Tech News: 2023-50 == <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:12, 12 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == Tech News: 2023-51 == <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:17, 18 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == Tech News: 2024-02 == <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:19, 9 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == Tech News: 2024-03 == <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == Tech News: 2024-04 == <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:03, 23 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == Tech News: 2024-05 == <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == Tech News: 2024-06 == <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == Tech News: 2024-07 == <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == Tech News: 2024-08 == <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == Tech News: 2024-09 == <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == Tech News: 2024-10 == <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == Tech News: 2024-11 == <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == Tech News: 2024-12 == <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == Tech News: 2024-13 == <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:56, 25 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == Tech News: 2024-14 == <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == Tech News: 2024-15 == <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 8 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-16 == <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-17 == <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == Tech News: 2024-18 == <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == Tech News: 2024-19 == <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:44, 6 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == Tech News: 2024-20 == <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:58, 13 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == Tech News: 2024-21 == <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == Tech News: 2024-22 == <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == Tech News: 2024-23 == <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == Tech News: 2024-24 == <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == Tech News: 2024-25 == <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == Tech News: 2024-26 == <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:32, 24 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == Tech News: 2024-27 == <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == Tech News: 2024-28 == <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 8 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == Tech News: 2024-29 == <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == Tech News: 2024-30 == <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:04, 23 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == Tech News: 2024-31 == <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 29 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == Tech News: 2024-32 == <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 5 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == Tech News: 2024-33 == <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 12 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Tech News: 2024-34 == <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == Tech News: 2024-35 == <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == Tech News: 2024-36 == <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == Tech News: 2024-37 == <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == Tech News: 2024-38 == <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == Tech News: 2024-39 == <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:36, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == Tech News: 2024-40 == <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:20, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == Tech News: 2024-41 == <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 7 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == Tech News: 2024-42 == <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == Tech News: 2024-43 == <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == Tech News: 2024-44 == <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:56, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == Tech News: 2024-45 == <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == Tech News: 2024-46 == <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 12 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:00, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:22, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == Tech News: 2024-50 == <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == Tech News: 2024-51 == <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == Tech News: 2025-03 == <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == Tech News: 2025-04 == <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:36, 21 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == Tech News: 2025-05 == <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:14, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == Tech News: 2025-06 == <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == Tech News: 2025-07 == <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == Tech News: 2025-08 == <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:16, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == Tech News: 2025-09 == <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == Tech News: 2025-10 == <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:30, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == Tech News: 2025-11 == <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == Tech News: 2025-12 == <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == Tech News: 2025-13 == <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == Tech News: 2025-14 == <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 1 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == Tech News: 2025-15 == <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == Tech News: 2025-16 == <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 15 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == Tech News: 2025-17 == <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Tech News: 2025-18 == <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == Tech News: 2025-19 == <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:14, 6 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == Tech News: 2025-20 == <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:37, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:12, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:04, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == Tech News: 2025-24 == <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:16, 10 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == Tech News: 2025-25 == <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 16 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Tech News: 2025-26 == <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Tech News: 2025-27 == <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 30 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == Tech News: 2025-28 == <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 8 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == Tech News: 2025-29 == <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 14 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == Tech News: 2025-30 == <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 21 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == Tech News: 2025-31 == <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:26, 29 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == Tech News: 2025-32 == <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:40, 5 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == Tech News: 2025-33 == <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 11 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == Tech News: 2025-34 == <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:38, 19 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == Tech News: 2025-35 == <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 26 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == Tech News: 2025-36 == <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 1 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == Tech News: 2025-37 == <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 9 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == Tech News: 2025-38 == <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:07, 15 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == Tech News: 2025-39 == <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:55, 22 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == Tech News: 2025-40 == <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 29 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == Tech News: 2025-41 == <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:23, 6 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == Tech News: 2025-42 == <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:59, 13 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == Tech News: 2025-43 == <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == Tech News: 2025-44 == <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 27 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == Tech News: 2025-45 == <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:34, 3 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == Tech News: 2025-46 == <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == Tech News: 2025-47 == <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:26, 17 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == Tech News: 2025-48 == <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:56, 24 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == Tech News: 2025-49 == <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 1 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == Tech News: 2025-50 == <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:45, 8 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == Tech News: 2025-51 == <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == Tech News: 2025-52 == <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 22 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == Tech News: 2026-24 == <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:30, 8 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == Tech News: 2026-25 == <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 15 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == Tech News: 2026-26 == <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:05, 23 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == Tech News: 2026-27 == <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:48, 29 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == Tech News: 2026-28 == <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:57, 6 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == Tech News: 2026-29 == <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. * The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:11, 13 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == Tech News: 2026-31 == <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:49, 27 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == Tech News: 2026-32 == <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:46, 3 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == Tech News: 2026-33 == <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 10 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == Tech News: 2026-34 == <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> == Tech News: 2026-35 == <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == Tech News: 2026-36 == <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Updates for editors''' * The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28. * At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors. * Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 31 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == Tech News: 2026-37 == <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback. * The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi> instead of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi> option, as gadgets are always loaded through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:44, 7 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> == Tech News: 2026-38 == <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]]. * The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a "read more" button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks. * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:31, 14 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == Tech News: 2026-39 == <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|"Suggestion mode" Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing "experimental" edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe. * A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]]. * The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi> configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:56, 27 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == Tech News: 2026-40 == <section begin="technews-2026-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013] * Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769] * An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]]. * Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Draft:</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section. * New magic words <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual. * On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:49, 28 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31092225 --> == Tech News: 2026-41 == <section begin="technews-2026-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations. * Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading. * Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847] * Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. * A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/api/</nowiki></code></bdi> pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/w/rest.php/</nowiki></code></bdi>). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W41"/> 18:52, 5 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31098825 --> == Tech News: 2026-42 == <section begin="technews-2026-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name=":1" /></syntaxhighlight>). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name="Miller2026-1" /></syntaxhighlight>). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304] '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs. * The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077] * [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]]. * Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There are three major changes coming to dumps: the legacy content dumps [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ deprecated in January 2026] will now be sunset, the replacement [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports MediaWiki Content File Exports] will be delayed to implement a “safety buffer”, and they are now also available as 7zip-compressed files. Users will need to switch the URL they download their dump from. For more information, timeline and migration instructions, see [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Legacy content dumps sunset]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation discovered unauthorized activity by OpenAI agents on Wikimedia projects, including edits to wikis, attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool, and heavy automated traffic. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Read the blog post on Diff]] for more details about the activity and the Foundation’s response. '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon! We’ll be meeting in lovely Tirana, Albania for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] from April 9–11, 2027. Scholarship and staff sponsorship applications are currently being [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ accepted through Pretix] and will close on October 30, 2026. General registration will open in January 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 07:40, 13 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31142468 --> 9m33jhe1mvekmb29eh3jhcxi9wbjogs 0 251552 2840007 2837598 2026-10-13T10:08:45Z James500 297601 /* Series of books */ Add 2840007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of children's non-fiction books.<ref>See [[w:Children's non-fiction literature]].</ref> Age ranges are publishers recommendations except where otherwise stated. ==Metabibliography== *Times Educational Supplement *The Good Book Guide to Children's Books. 4th Ed: Penguin, 1987. *Guide to Children's Books. Waterstone. *School Library Journal *The School Librarian [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:E9dP8nEVjD0C] [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:CAdPJzNmfk8C] *School Librarian and School Library Review [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:WxqNxn4saUwC] [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:ixmkYEea1WIC] *Journal of the School Library Association *Signal Review: A Selective Guide to Children's Books *Reading Time. (Children's Book Council of Australia). [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:xy3ON6nCgWsC] *Education Equiment (1959 onwards). Junior Education Equipment (1966 onwards). Benn. See 'Technical and Specialised Periodicals Published in Britain', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=09UoAQAAMAAJ p 84]; Guide to Current British Journals, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_-HiAAAAMAAJ v1] pp 82 & 84. *Children's Book Review Index (Gale, 1975 onwards) *"Books for Children and Young People" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=72gyAQAAIAAJ&pg=PT2#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Percy H Muir (compiler). Children's Books of Yesterday. Cambridge University Press for the National Book League. 1946. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AxtEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of books== General series *[[w:Eyewitness Books|Eyewitness Guides]]. Dorling Kindersley. *Dorling Kindersley Pockets *Kingfisher Pocket Books *Little Library. Kingfisher. *Spotlights. Andromeda Oxford. *Usborne Illustrated Dictionaries *I Spy. Michelin. *MADABOUT series. Piccolo Books. *How and Why Wonder Books. Carousel. *Domino series. Domino Pocket Poster Guides. Fontana. *Black's Junior Reference Books *MacDonald Junior Reference Library *MacDonald First Library *Study Books. Bodley Head. *Fun Fax *Junior Fun Fax *"The Ultimate . . . Sticker Book". Dorling Kindersley. *Blackwell's Learning Library. *Blackwell. Little Learning Library. *Look Books. Closer Look Books. Hamish Hamilton. *[[w:Observer's Books|Observer's Books]]. Frederick Warne. *Warne's Picture Reference Books General series for A Level, O Level, etc *A Level Course Companions. Letts. *Longman Revise Guides *Macmillan Master Series *Oxford Revision Guides *Courcy (ed). Instant Revision. Collins. *Coordination Group Publications *Lonsdale School Revision Guides *Collins Revision History series *Cambridge History Programme (GCSE) *Tonge and Hepplewhite (eds). Discovering History. National Curriculum History. Causeway Press. (Key Stages 3 & 4). *Rebuilding the Past. Oxford University Press. **Martin Windrow and Richard Hook. The Horse Soldier. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QgHi_ntozOgC] **Martin Windrow and Richard Hook. The Footsoldier. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7JbM2xAuOaoC] **Bernard Brett. The Fighting Ship. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kzX6SMfg1G4C] *The Roman World **[[w:Peter Connolly (classical scholar)|Peter Connolly]]. The Roman Fort. 1991. Paperback. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MWb5e8TExsIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Adventures from History. Ladybird Series 561. *Tim Wood. A History of Britain. Paperbird Series F895. Ladybird History of Britain. *Discovering. Ladybird Series 861. *Jump! History Books. *Growing Up in Other Times. Wayland. (Age 9-13) *Horrible Histories. Scholastic. *Amanda Earl (ed). How They Lived. Wayland. *Day That Made History. Dryad Press. (Age 12-16) *John Robottom (ed). Making the Modern World. Longman. *The Ancient World in Action. Bell and Hyman. (Classical Studies O-Level) *He Went With. Harrap. Geography series *Unstead (ed). Looking at Geography. 1957 to 1960 Art series *Ernest Raboff. Art for Children. Harper Trophy. Harper & Row. (Books on individual artists) *How to Draw. Usborne. *Craft Topics. Watts Books. *Build Your Own. Siena (imprint of Parragon Books). Cutaway series and periodicals *Look Inside Cross-Sections. Dorling Kindersley. *"The Eagle" magazine published many cutaways ==Encyclopedias== *The Hamlyn Children's Encyclopedia. 1971. Rev Ed: 1985. *The Junior General Knowledge Encyclopedia. Octopus Books. 1978. BCA. 1979. *Junior Pears Encyclopaedia. 4th Ed: 1964 *Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. 1st Ed: 1991. 8th Ed: 2016. Abridged: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TWEbDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover] *Kingfisher Encyclopedia of Everything *Pocket Encyclopedia. Kingfisher Pocket Books. Science encyclopedias *Leslie Basford (ed). Junior Science Encyclopaedia. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1961. *Hamlyn Junior Science Encyclopedia. 1973. *Times Junior Science Encyclopedia. 1997. *The Kingfisher Science Encyclopedia. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5olYAAAAYAAJ 47] SLJ 86 *The Usborne Science Encyclopedia History encyclopedias *The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia *The Usborne Encyclopedia of World History Geography encyclopedias *Jenny Tyler, Lisa Watts and Tessa Campbell. Children's Encyclopedia of Our World. Usborne. 1976. *The Kingfisher Geography Encyclopedia ==Annuals== Annuals that contain non-fiction articles *Blue Peter *Daily Mail Annual for Boys and Girls ==History== World History *Plantagenet Somerset Fry. The Hamlyn Children's History of the World. 1972. *The Kingfisher Illustrated History of the World. 1993. *DK Illustrated History of the World. Dorling Kindersley. 1994. *The Usborne Book of World History *The Kingfisher Atlas of World History Twentieth Century *The Usborne History of the Twentieth Century ==Science and technology== Outer space, astronomy and spacecraft *Heathcote, Corwin and Staples. The Newsround Book of Space. BBC Books. 1992. Paperback 1993. *The Kingfisher Space Encyclopedia *Stott and Twist. Space Facts. Dorling Kindersley Pockets. 1995. *Space. Little Library. Kingfisher Books. (Age 6-9) *James Muirden. Pocket Book of Astronomy. Kingfisher Pocket Books. 2nd Ed. Astronomy Handbook. 1982. Reviews: Signal Review, Education Equipment, Good Book Guide to Children's Books. *Patrick Moore. Stars and Space. Black's Junior Reference Books, No 8. *Patrick Moore. "Let's Look at the Sky: The Planets" and "Let's Look at the Sky: The Stars". Carousel. 1975. *Henry Brinton. Man in Space. Black's Junior Reference Books, No 20. *Spacecraft. Domino Series. Fontana. *Bruce LaFontaine. History of Space Exploration Coloring Book. Dover Coloring Books. Dover Publications. New York. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6pv3U1KzKfAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Google]. Big Book of Space Exploration to Color. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=37LaPQ482-cC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Google]. Also includes "Exploring the Solar System" (1998) and "Constellations of the Night Sky" (2003). *Butterfield. Space. Look Inside Cross-Sections. Dorling Kindersley. 1994. *Matthew Linton. Space. (Making the Modern World, Russia). Longman. 1972. *The Ultimate Space Sticker Book. Dorling Kindersley. *Patrick Moore. The Astronomy Quiz Book. Carousel. Computers *Jean Atelsek. All About Computers. Ziff Davis Press. 1993. (Age 10+) *Lisa Watts (ed). The Beginner's Computer Handbook: Understanding & Programming the Micro. Usborne. 1983. Previously published as "Understanding the Micro", "Introduction to Computer Programming" and "Computer Spacegames". *Carey, David. How it works - The Computer. Wills & Hepworth. 1971. (Ladybird Series 654: How it works) ==Other== *EMA Learning Games *Harris' Instructive Games. (1830) Quarterly Literary Advertiser, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jL207Xv3wikC&pg=PP67#v=onepage&q&f=false Harris' Instructive and Amusing Books] at  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jL207Xv3wikC&pg=PP92#v=onepage&q&f=false 24] *The Counties of England: A Geographical Game. John Jaques & Son Ltd. (Educational card game). Commentary: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0046760X.2014.943810] [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O26646/the-counties-of-england-a-card-games-john-jaques-son/]. *Historical Pastime. (A New Game of the History of England). 1802. 1830. (Educational board game). [https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/83da8b9c-3708-47d9-9922-dd34316e88ef] [https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/ef0019a5-3658-4661-8e97-5e601b9c31db] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AxtEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zFDQAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aBtAAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sxryAAAAMAAJ] *Chronology: A Card Game for all Time. Spear's Games. 1996. (Age 12 to adult) ==Notes== {{reflist}} mqnibmsujnfhy9o4xeevboi7z0co9gx 2840010 2840007 2026-10-13T10:30:59Z James500 297601 /* Series of books */ Add 2840010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of children's non-fiction books.<ref>See [[w:Children's non-fiction literature]].</ref> Age ranges are publishers recommendations except where otherwise stated. ==Metabibliography== *Times Educational Supplement *The Good Book Guide to Children's Books. 4th Ed: Penguin, 1987. *Guide to Children's Books. Waterstone. *School Library Journal *The School Librarian [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:E9dP8nEVjD0C] [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:CAdPJzNmfk8C] *School Librarian and School Library Review [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:WxqNxn4saUwC] [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:ixmkYEea1WIC] *Journal of the School Library Association *Signal Review: A Selective Guide to Children's Books *Reading Time. (Children's Book Council of Australia). [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:xy3ON6nCgWsC] *Education Equiment (1959 onwards). Junior Education Equipment (1966 onwards). Benn. See 'Technical and Specialised Periodicals Published in Britain', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=09UoAQAAMAAJ p 84]; Guide to Current British Journals, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_-HiAAAAMAAJ v1] pp 82 & 84. *Children's Book Review Index (Gale, 1975 onwards) *"Books for Children and Young People" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=72gyAQAAIAAJ&pg=PT2#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Percy H Muir (compiler). Children's Books of Yesterday. Cambridge University Press for the National Book League. 1946. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AxtEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of books== General series *[[w:Eyewitness Books|Eyewitness Guides]]. Dorling Kindersley. *Dorling Kindersley Pockets *Kingfisher Pocket Books *Little Library. Kingfisher. *Spotlights. Andromeda Oxford. *Usborne Illustrated Dictionaries *I Spy. Michelin. *MADABOUT series. Piccolo Books. *How and Why Wonder Books. Carousel. *Domino series. Domino Pocket Poster Guides. Fontana. *Black's Junior Reference Books *MacDonald Junior Reference Library *MacDonald First Library *Study Books. Bodley Head. *Fun Fax *Junior Fun Fax *"The Ultimate . . . Sticker Book". Dorling Kindersley. *Blackwell's Learning Library. *Blackwell. Little Learning Library. *Look Books. Closer Look Books. Hamish Hamilton. *[[w:Observer's Books|Observer's Books]]. Frederick Warne. *Warne's Picture Reference Books General series for A Level, O Level, etc *A Level Course Companions. Letts. *Longman Revise Guides *Macmillan Master Series *Oxford Revision Guides *Courcy (ed). Instant Revision. Collins. *Coordination Group Publications *Lonsdale School Revision Guides *Collins Revision History series *Cambridge History Programme (GCSE) *Tonge and Hepplewhite (eds). Discovering History. National Curriculum History. Causeway Press. (Key Stages 3 & 4). *Rebuilding the Past. Oxford University Press. **Martin Windrow and Richard Hook. The Horse Soldier. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QgHi_ntozOgC] **Martin Windrow and Richard Hook. The Footsoldier. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7JbM2xAuOaoC]. Review: Alan Borg, "The universal soldier", Times Literary Supplement, 25 November 1983, p 1319. **Bernard Brett. The Fighting Ship. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kzX6SMfg1G4C] *The Roman World **[[w:Peter Connolly (classical scholar)|Peter Connolly]]. The Roman Fort. 1991. Paperback. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MWb5e8TExsIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Adventures from History. Ladybird Series 561. *Tim Wood. A History of Britain. Paperbird Series F895. Ladybird History of Britain. *Discovering. Ladybird Series 861. *Jump! History Books. *Growing Up in Other Times. Wayland. (Age 9-13) *Horrible Histories. Scholastic. *Amanda Earl (ed). How They Lived. Wayland. *Day That Made History. Dryad Press. (Age 12-16) *John Robottom (ed). Making the Modern World. Longman. *The Ancient World in Action. Bell and Hyman. (Classical Studies O-Level) *He Went With. Harrap. Geography series *Unstead (ed). Looking at Geography. 1957 to 1960 Art series *Ernest Raboff. Art for Children. Harper Trophy. Harper & Row. (Books on individual artists) *How to Draw. Usborne. *Craft Topics. Watts Books. *Build Your Own. Siena (imprint of Parragon Books). Cutaway series and periodicals *Look Inside Cross-Sections. Dorling Kindersley. *"The Eagle" magazine published many cutaways ==Encyclopedias== *The Hamlyn Children's Encyclopedia. 1971. Rev Ed: 1985. *The Junior General Knowledge Encyclopedia. Octopus Books. 1978. BCA. 1979. *Junior Pears Encyclopaedia. 4th Ed: 1964 *Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. 1st Ed: 1991. 8th Ed: 2016. Abridged: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TWEbDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover] *Kingfisher Encyclopedia of Everything *Pocket Encyclopedia. Kingfisher Pocket Books. Science encyclopedias *Leslie Basford (ed). Junior Science Encyclopaedia. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1961. *Hamlyn Junior Science Encyclopedia. 1973. *Times Junior Science Encyclopedia. 1997. *The Kingfisher Science Encyclopedia. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5olYAAAAYAAJ 47] SLJ 86 *The Usborne Science Encyclopedia History encyclopedias *The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia *The Usborne Encyclopedia of World History Geography encyclopedias *Jenny Tyler, Lisa Watts and Tessa Campbell. Children's Encyclopedia of Our World. Usborne. 1976. *The Kingfisher Geography Encyclopedia ==Annuals== Annuals that contain non-fiction articles *Blue Peter *Daily Mail Annual for Boys and Girls ==History== World History *Plantagenet Somerset Fry. The Hamlyn Children's History of the World. 1972. *The Kingfisher Illustrated History of the World. 1993. *DK Illustrated History of the World. Dorling Kindersley. 1994. *The Usborne Book of World History *The Kingfisher Atlas of World History Twentieth Century *The Usborne History of the Twentieth Century ==Science and technology== Outer space, astronomy and spacecraft *Heathcote, Corwin and Staples. The Newsround Book of Space. BBC Books. 1992. Paperback 1993. *The Kingfisher Space Encyclopedia *Stott and Twist. Space Facts. Dorling Kindersley Pockets. 1995. *Space. Little Library. Kingfisher Books. (Age 6-9) *James Muirden. Pocket Book of Astronomy. Kingfisher Pocket Books. 2nd Ed. Astronomy Handbook. 1982. Reviews: Signal Review, Education Equipment, Good Book Guide to Children's Books. *Patrick Moore. Stars and Space. Black's Junior Reference Books, No 8. *Patrick Moore. "Let's Look at the Sky: The Planets" and "Let's Look at the Sky: The Stars". Carousel. 1975. *Henry Brinton. Man in Space. Black's Junior Reference Books, No 20. *Spacecraft. Domino Series. Fontana. *Bruce LaFontaine. History of Space Exploration Coloring Book. Dover Coloring Books. Dover Publications. New York. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6pv3U1KzKfAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Google]. Big Book of Space Exploration to Color. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=37LaPQ482-cC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Google]. Also includes "Exploring the Solar System" (1998) and "Constellations of the Night Sky" (2003). *Butterfield. Space. Look Inside Cross-Sections. Dorling Kindersley. 1994. *Matthew Linton. Space. (Making the Modern World, Russia). Longman. 1972. *The Ultimate Space Sticker Book. Dorling Kindersley. *Patrick Moore. The Astronomy Quiz Book. Carousel. Computers *Jean Atelsek. All About Computers. Ziff Davis Press. 1993. (Age 10+) *Lisa Watts (ed). The Beginner's Computer Handbook: Understanding & Programming the Micro. Usborne. 1983. Previously published as "Understanding the Micro", "Introduction to Computer Programming" and "Computer Spacegames". *Carey, David. How it works - The Computer. Wills & Hepworth. 1971. (Ladybird Series 654: How it works) ==Other== *EMA Learning Games *Harris' Instructive Games. (1830) Quarterly Literary Advertiser, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jL207Xv3wikC&pg=PP67#v=onepage&q&f=false Harris' Instructive and Amusing Books] at  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jL207Xv3wikC&pg=PP92#v=onepage&q&f=false 24] *The Counties of England: A Geographical Game. John Jaques & Son Ltd. (Educational card game). Commentary: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0046760X.2014.943810] [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O26646/the-counties-of-england-a-card-games-john-jaques-son/]. *Historical Pastime. (A New Game of the History of England). 1802. 1830. (Educational board game). [https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/83da8b9c-3708-47d9-9922-dd34316e88ef] [https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/ef0019a5-3658-4661-8e97-5e601b9c31db] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AxtEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zFDQAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aBtAAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sxryAAAAMAAJ] *Chronology: A Card Game for all Time. Spear's Games. 1996. (Age 12 to adult) ==Notes== {{reflist}} 3djuci4dffg7kqfsf3dtbyb2bce3p5g 0 264277 2839910 2839476 2026-10-12T20:37:50Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 6 January 1890, Monday */ 2839910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] 1890 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January 1890== Sometime in January 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] was initiated into the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 144). Sometime in 1890 Annie Besant and [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] founded the Working Women's Club in the East End (Besant Chronology.pdf). Maye Dilke was a member (Crawford 170). [[Social Victorians/People/Frank Harris|Frank Harris]] says,<blockquote>One day in 1890 I had George Meredith, Walter Pater and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] dining with me in Park Lane and the time of sex-awakening was discussed. Both Pater and Wilde spoke of it as a sign of puberty. Pater thought it began about thirteen or fourteen and Wilde to my amazement set it as late as sixteen. Meredith alone was inclined to put it earlier.<ref>Harris, Frank. ''My Life and Loves''.</ref></blockquote> ===1 January 1890, Wednesday, New Year's Day=== <blockquote>Sharp frost was experienced over the East of England yesterday morning, and in South London the thermometer had been as low as 27deg., and 28deg. in Hyde-park. It rose during the day to 41deg., but in the evening frost again set in. Later the thermometer rose again to 32deg., and there was an appearance as of coming rain.<ref><cite>The Morning Post. 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): P. 4, Col. F.</cite></ref></blockquote>Influenza was spreading all over Europe. A true pandemic carried by international commerce and travel, it was called the Russian flu.<p> According to the "Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning" in the Morning Post,<blockquote>A second supplement to the Gazette, issued last night, contains the following: — "Lord Chamberlain's Office, January 1. "Orders for the Court's going into mourning on Thursday next, the 2d instant, for her late Majesty the Empress of Brazil, viz." — "The ladies to wear black dresses, white gloves, black or white shoes, feathers, and fans, pearls, diamonds, or plain gold or silver ornaments. The gentlemen to wear black Court dress, with black swords and buckles. "The Court to change the mourning on Thursday, the 16th instant, viz.: — [new paragraph] The ladies to wear black dresses, with coloured ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments, or grey or white dresses, with black ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments. The gentlemen to continue the same mourning. "And on Thursday, the 23d instant, the Court to go out of mourning."<ref><cite>"Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning." The Morning Post, 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676): page 5 Col. G.</cite></ref></blockquote> === 6 January 1890, Monday === Empress Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach died on 7 January, and her funeral was on 11 January 1890. (She had been Queen of Prussia and the first German Empress. Her mother had been a Romanov, and she had been married to William I, German Emperor; their eldest son, Frederick William, married Vicky, Princess Royal, Queen Victoria's first-born child. She had politics similar to those of her daughter-in-law, but not of her grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II or Bismarck.) Bertie did not attend her funeral:<blockquote>The decision of the Prince of Wales not to go to Berlin for the funeral of the Empress Augusta has caused much surprise, to say the least of it; but H.R.H. preferred to conclude his visit to Baron Hirsch at Merton, where there was a prodigious slaughter of partridges during the four days' ''chasse''.<p> The guests invited to Merton to meet the Prince were the Duc de Chartres, the Duchess of Manchester, Lord Hartington, Lord and Lady de Grey, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Mr. Henry Chaplin, and Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon.<ref>"What the World Says." ''The World'' 15 January 1890, Wednesday: 14 [of 40], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0006339%2F18900115&page=14. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' says,<blockquote>The Prince of Wales, attended by General Teesdale, C.B., left Sandringham on Monday afternoon [Monday, 6 January] for Merton. ... The Princess of Wales, with Princesses Victoria and Maud, remains at Sandringham. The Prince of Wales is the guest of the Baron de Hirsch at Merton, the ancient seat of the De Grey's in Norfolk. Among the other guests at Merton are the Marquis of Hartington, who travelled by special train with the Prince from Wolferton, via King's Lynn and Swaffham, to Wotton, where the host met them and conducted them to Merton; the Duc de Chartres, the Duchess of Manchester, Viscountess Mandeville, and Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon.<ref>"The Queen and Royal Family." ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' 12 January 1890, Sunday: 12 [of 12], Col. 2a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000079%2F18900112&page=12&article=046&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Lloyd's Weekly London Newspaper'', p. 12.</ref></blockquote>The ''Thetford and Watton Times and People's Weekly Journal'' has a little more:<blockquote>The Prince of Wales, attended by General Teesdale, C.B., left Sandringham on Monday afternoon for Merton. ... The Princess of Wales, with Princesses Victoria and Maud remain at Sandringham. The Prince of Wales is the guest of the Baron de Hirsch at Merton. Among the other guests at Merton are the Marquis of Hartington, M.P., who travelled by special train with the Prince from Wolferton, ''vía'' King’s Lynn and Swaffham, to Watton, where the host met them and conducted them to Merton; the Duc de Chartres, the Duchess of Manchester, the Earl and Countess de Grey, Viscountess Mandeville, General Ellis, Sir James Mackenzie, and Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon. Mr. Chaplin was expected to have joined the party, but at present is unable to do so.<ref>''Thetford & Watton Times'' 11 January 1890, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001533%2F18900111&page=4&article=090&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Thetford & Watton Times and People's Weekly Journal'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 7, Tuesday === The newspaper reports of several fights lack dates, so these aggregated descriptions are still under construction. Check February, too. The Fracas at the Trocadero and the meeting at the Pelican Club occurred on the same day. The [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Smith-Slavin 1889-12-23|Smith-Slavin Fight]] was 23 December 1889. At least 2 [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Pelican Club Meeting Smith-Slavin match|meetings at the London Pelican Club]] followed, as well as the [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Fracas at the Trocadero|Fracas at the Trocadero]]. === 9 January 1890, Thursday === ==== The York Hunt Ball ==== This account is from the ''Irish Society'', which explains which women's costumes are the focus:<blockquote>The fashionable world and his wife are out of town just now, having good times at country houses. They shed the light of their brilliant presence on those annual functions known as county balls, and enjoy themselves also at those popular and picturesque entertainments to which they are bidden by the masters and members of the various hunts. One of the smartest dances of last week took place at York on Thursday evening. It was in fancy costume, and was in aid of funds for the York County Hospital. Once upon a time the journey from London to the Minster City of the North was a far cry, and one not lightly undertaken. Now it is luxurious and short. In consequence this hall presented the appearance of one in town in mid-season. There was conspicuous for height and handsomeness the familiar figure and face of Countess de Grey. Lady Helen Duncombe, too, who shares with her Grace of Leinster, and Lady Cynthia Graham, the family beauty of the House of Feversham, was seen in the marvellously becoming (to her) costume of the Empire period. Lady Lilian Wemyss, a lady "divinely tall,” and appropriately fair, was garbed in pink and white of a fashion hailing from the Empire. A "square;” in which the lady dancers were all gowned empirically, was the event of the evening. An event worth remembering it was. The costumes were superb, but their attractions were nowhere in comparison with the charms the [Col. 1c–2a] wearers. These were all tall and each one handsome. Lady de Trafford’s pretty face and fine figure showed to great advantage in her gown of white satin, veiled with gold-bordered ''chiffon'', and with an Empire trained cloak from her shoulders of Rose du Barri velvet lined with white satin, and bordered with gold galon. The colour of the velvet in what is seen in the half-yellow, half-scarlet petals of the soft textured nasturtium bloom. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]] looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse. One might go on for long enough describing costume after costume, and then leave them half out. Therefore, we shall, like the judge "sum up” and "charge” for a verdict of the utmost brilliancy.<ref>"Our London Letter." ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 1b–2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 10, Friday === The ball at the Ulster Club Ball, Belfast:<blockquote>The Ulster Club gave on Friday evening last week, in the Ulster Hall, Belfast, one of the most successful balls ever held in that prosperous City of the North of Ireland. It was given in honour of the Marquis of Londonderry and the Marchioness, who, with their son, Lord Castlereagh, were the guests of the evening. Lord Londonderry is an Ulster man of whom the natives of the Northern Province are justly proud, and to entertain him was an honour which has been long looked for by the Club. The hall, which is a splendid building admirably adapted for the purpose of a large dance, was changed beyond the recognition of its oldest frequenters by the skill of clever and tasteful decorators. A temporary archway was erected at the entrance, with cloakrooms for ladies and men at either side. The entrance was prettily carpeted and gracefully draped with delicately-coloured Oriental silk. The walls were hung with handsome Eastern fabrics of rich and harmonious colour, with large mirrors at intervals, which served in effect to double the size of the room. The prettily proportioned vestibule and smaller apartments adjoining the ball-room were decorated and furnished each in the style of a different period. The ceilings were prettily draped with rich but soft-coloured India and China silks. The minor hall made an admirable supper-room, and was also most artistically decorated. The flowers on the table were much admired. The orchestra made music from out a very multitude of floral blooms, and that most effective decoration of blocks of ice hollowed out and lighted by electricity, which so puzzled the Shah of Persia when over here, was liberally made use of. The principal families in the north of Ireland were invited; among others, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, the Duke and Duchess of Manchester, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], the Marchioness of Downshire, the Earl and Countess of Lanesborough, the Earl and Countess of Enniskillen, the Earl and Countess of Belmore, the Earl and Countess of Caledon, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Earl and Countess of Ranfurley,  and the Earl and Countess of Erne, His Grace the Primate of all Ireland, Mrs. Knox and the Misses Knox. The regiments stationed in the North of Ireland were largely represented. Mr. J. Blakiston-Houston, V.L., as senior trustee of the club, had the honour of taking Lady Londonderry to supper. The Marquis took the Countess of Castlestuart; the Right Hon. Col. Forde, D.L., also a club trustee, Lady Fanny Lambert; Sir Edward Cowan, Lord Lieutenant of the County Antrim, Lady Clanmorris; Captain Cramsie, J.P., High Sheriff of Antrim, Lady O'Neill; Lord Castlestuart, Lady Charlotte Montgomery; Lord Clanmorris, the Hon. Mrs. Alexander; Lord O'Neill, Mrs. Forde; and General Wiseman-Clarke, Mrs. Knox. Dancing was kept up till an early hour on Saturday morning, the ball having proved a genuine success.<ref>"Court and Society Notes." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 18 January 1890, Saturday: 44 [of 60], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005980%2F18900118&page=44. Same print title, p. 94.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 13, Monday === ==== Wallace-Camp Boxing Match ==== An Important Boxing Match between two 8-stone (112-pound, Bantam-weight) boxers. Lord Mandeville seems to have been an organizer. Nunc (Edwin) Wallace in June of 1890 fought American George Dixon, who defeated Wallace to become the first Black fighter to win a world prize in boxing.<blockquote>Nunc Wallace and G. Camp for £1,000. On Monday night, at the Ormonde Club, London, the above-named met to do battle for the largest sum of money that has ever been "put up" for a glove contest. That a couple of 8st [8 stone] men could be brought together in a glove contest for the sum of £1,000 would, even in the palmy days of the Prize Ring, have been scouted by the merest tyro in ring matters. Celebrities like Peter Morris, George Holden, Joe Nolan, and Dan Thomas never fought for more than £200, but here we have a stake of £500 a-side freely put down to see who is the better man of the  two. This money, when the match was made last autumn, would have been gladly increased by either side to double the amount, therefore "the fight of his life" is applicable to both George Camp and Edwin ("Nunc") Wallace. The match, made so far back as October last was really the outcome of the bout between Camp and Wallace in the second round of an 8st competition, decided at the Royal Aquarium in December, 1888. A very close struggle ensued, so close, indeed, that the judges ordered a fourth round of two minutes. Wallace eventually get- [Col. 2c–3a] ting the award. From the moment the decision was given Camp's friends were dissatisfied, and hence the contract which was signed for Monday night's battle. With thirteen weeks in which to get fit, neither man was in a hurry to commence work, and the match had been ratified neatly a month before  Wallace took up his quarters at Sutton Coldfield, with Ben Garrington to look after him. Camp journeyed to Brighton with his old trainer, George Bagnall, and it is needless to say neither man wanted for anything. Thinking a change desirable, Wallace a mouth ago also made a move to Brighton, where his interests were studied to the minutest detail by Mr. Sam Mordecai. Both men were waited on hand and foot. Mr. Sam Blandford, representing Camp's backer, took up residence in the famous watering-place, and hardly ever lost sight of the Bermondsey youth. On the other hand Wallace hardly ever drank out of a pot that Mr. Sam Mordecai did not examine, and in this way the men progressed satisfactorily in their training. Lords and Dukes begged for the "tip" as to where the meeting would be in vain, and letters from legal luminaries, magistrates and city magnates came in shoals to those entrusted with the management. The backers on each side were obdurate, and at the final deposit the names of the fortunate <nowiki>''</nowiki>thirty" agreed upon, were handed in. The men were articled to weigh at twelve o'clock on Monday, and so as not to attract attention it was decided this important part of the programme should be performed at Brighton. Accordingly the scales having been fixed in Camp's bedroom, the rivals, in the presence of Lord  Mandeville, Mr. E W Bayly, Mr. Derriman, Mr. Sam Blandfold, and Mr. Dunning, and their trainers, "tipped the beam[.]" Wallace was the first to "pass," weighing 8ths 8st 1 1/2lb stripped. Camp failing to reach this by half a pound, also clothed in Nature's garb. Both looked in splendid trim, though Camp's ruddy complexion was more taking to the eye than the pale appearance of "Nunc." Wallace was attired in black drawers with a gold stripe, red socks, and black rubber-soled shoes. Camp was all in white, with canvas shoes, and amidst almost oppressive silence they faced each other at 8.50 p.m. The Contest ... Round 15 and Iast. The doctoring of Harper and Habbijam brought Camp round before he had again to face the music, but he looked very bad indeed when the watch holder gave the word to start once more. It was only a question of a few minutes, for Wallace was as yet little the worse for the struggle so far, while on Camp's part there was everything to fear. The latter, however, without the slightest trace of the "white feather," sprang up and met Wallace full of confidence, the latter coming at his weak opponent with a straight left on the face. The "Brum forced" Camp back to the ropes, and then smashed the left on the mouth, and only just missed with the right. Still having the best of it he popped in the left again, and down Camp went Iike a log through the ropes. In quicker time than it takes to tell the Surrey boxer was up and at it once more, but with a manifest disadvantage. Receiving right and left on the head he again went down, and in falling strunk his head against the skirting board outside the ring. Wallace stood over him, but at respectable distance, like a Roman gladiator, and the smile which played round his features, was one of victory, for Camp this time was beaten. Failing to rise within the stipulated ten second[s], Mr Angle awarded the fight to Wallace, the round having lasted 2min 45sec. The award was received with exulting shouts by the friends of Wallace, and the clever little boxer was at once raised shoulder high and lifted from the ring. Poor Camp soon came to, but was terribly cut up over his defeat, and for a time refused to be comforted. Wallace, recognising the pluck and ability of his vanquished foe, shook hands in kindly fashion, and thus ended one of the best conducted of modern contests with the gloves. Time of contest, 58 min 45secs.<ref>"A Great Glove Fight." ''Dublin Sporting News'' 17 January 1890, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 2c–4x [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0004807%2F18900117&page=3&article=022&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> ===16 January 1890, Thursday=== <blockquote>About two hundred members of the newly formed Dulwich Literary and Scientific Association attended the conversazione given on Jan. 16 at Surrey House Museum, Forest Hill, when Mr. Horniman, F.R.G.S., acted as cicerone round the rooms, richly stored with historical relics, ornithological curiosities, and art treasures.<ref>''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 25, 1890; pg. 120; Issue 2649, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 21, Tuesday === The marriage of Baron S. Alfred Oppenheim and Miss Florence Hutchins:<blockquote>In the church of St. Mary Abbotts, Kensington, the marriage took place of Baron S. Alfred von Oppenberm and Miss Florence Hutchins, daughter of Mrs. Parkinson Sharp, of Palace-gate. The Hon. and Rev E. Carr Glyn and the Rev. Henry White, M.A., officiated. Among those who attended the reception afterwards held were Prince and Princess Malcom Khan, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Dowager Countess of Harrington, Admiral Sir Edward Inglefield, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Lady Cottenham, and General Du Plat.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 22 January 1890, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001112%2F18900122&page=5&article=080&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 5.</ref></blockquote>The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description that is slightly more full. Is Count von Alten related to [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Manchester]]?<blockquote>At St. Mary Abbots, Kensington, yesterday, the marriage took place of Baron S. Alfred Von Oppenheim, only son of Baron Edward Von Oppenheim, of Cologne and Schloss Schlenderham, and Miss Florence Hutchins, only daughter of Mrs. Parkinson Sharp, of 10, Palace-gate. The service was fully choral, the officiating clergy being the Hon. R. E. Carr-Glyn, rector of St. Mary Abbots, and the Rev. Henry White, M.A., chaplain in ordinary to the Queen. The bride, who was given away by her stepfather, Mr Parkinson Sharp, wore a plain dress of rich white ivory satin, elaborately draped with real orange blossoms. Count C. Von Leyden, Councillor of the German Embassy, attended the Baron as best man. Half a dozen bridesmaids followed the bride elegantly attired in costumes of white cashmere, with white corded silk sashes. They were Miss Aim e [sic] Winslow, Miss Emry Von Oppenheim, Miss Vitty Von Oppenbeim, Miss Potter, Miss Eleanor Heywood, and Miss Seymour. The reception was given at Mrs. Parkinson Sharp's town residence, 10, Palace-gate, Kensington, which was largely attended among those present being Prince and Princess Malcom Khan, Baron and Baroness E. von Oppenheim, Baron Max Oppenheim, Baron von Wedd Yarlsberg, Countess de Bunsen, Baron and Baroness de Plency, Count von Alten, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Dowager Countess of Harrington, Admiral Sir Edward Inglefield, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Lady Cottenham, General Du Plat, &c.<ref>"Marriage of Baron S. Alfred Von Oppenheim." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 22 January 1890, Wednesday: 7 [of 8m], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000098%2F18900122&page=7&article=016&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 28, Tuesday === According to the ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' on 28 January 1890 people were buying "Exploration" shares, which funded exploration expeditions with the possibility of rights to minerals or resources or the development of monopolies for goods that were "discovered."<blockquote>Royalty and the peerage have gone in for "Exploration" shares. The Duchess of Albany is the possessor of fifty shares, which hardly seems to assume the dimensions of a royal investment. Certainly the general public would incline to the idea that a princess would never condescend to invest so small a sum as £25 in anything unless it were a hat or a jacket. The Duke of Fife, on the other hand, has been allotted a thousand shares. The Duchess of Manchester and the Countess of Mandeville have thirty each.<ref>"Notes — Mainly Personal." ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 28 January 1890, Tuesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2b [of my 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000453%2F18900128&page=2&article=001&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 29, Wednesday === [[Social Victorians/Santurce Murrieta Wedding 1890-01-29|Santurce Murrieta Wedding 1890-01-29]] === 1890 January 30, Thursday, through at least 1890 February 8, Saturday === Kim, Lord Mandeville was in Brighton — at 80, King's-road — at least as early as 30 January.<ref>"Brighton Visitors." ''Brighton Gazette'' 30 January 1890, Thursday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000938%2F18900130&page=3&article=073&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.</ref> The ''Lady's Pictorial'' lists "recent arrivals" in Brighton:<blockquote>Though a good many people have left Brighton, still fresh visitors arrive, and the front is crowded when the weather is a little kind. Amongst the most recent arrivals may be mentioned the Countess of Strafford, Lady Susan Byng, Lady Chelmsford, Lord and Lady Seaton, Lady Jane Grimston, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lord Mandeville]], Lord Romilly and the Hon. John Romilly, Viscount and Viscountess Hampden, the Hon. R. Somerset, the Hon.  Thomas Dundas, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. A. W. Verney Cave, Lady Elizabeth Cartwright, Colonel Sir Alfred and Lady Kirby, Mr. Bazley White, M.P., and Lady Bazley White, Sir Hugh Montgomery, Sir Frederick and Lady Perkins, Lady Ellis, General Seymour, &c., &c.<ref>Dorothy. "Brighton Notes." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 8 February 1890, Saturday: 51 [of 60], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005980%2F18900208&page=51&article=671&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title, p. 203.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1890== === 1890 February 6, Thursday === Before 6 February but not long before. The prize-fighter Pete Jackson fought a match at the New Pelican Club.<blockquote>It is always well to hear that distinguished visitors have enjoyed the hospitality which we have extended to them. This satisfaction is afforded us in full measure by the eminent "Parson" Davis, manager of Pete Jackson, the prize-fighter, who has just been regaling an American interviewer with an account of his experiences in England:— He had been treated in splendid style, and Jackson was received well everywhere. Nothing would give him greater pleasure than to revisit England, and he hoped soon to do so. "I shook a paw with the Prince,” said the parson. "We had a high old time with Albert E. His Royal Highness was exceptionally friendly with Jackson, and actually made a pump handle of his arm. He shook hands with him again and again. The Prince is in capital  health, and" —— But at this point the interviewer mysteriously breaks off. The Prince, however, was not the only British notable to whom Parson Davis referred. He explained that the cause of the trouble with Smith at the New Pelican Club was that the gloves furnished Jackson were too small in the fingers, and when he closed his hand he almost split them, and could not fight. The matter was explained to the officers of the Club, where the fight took place, and other gloves were procured for Jackson:— Fair play was given, and the audience, which included [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lords Mandeville]] and Lonsdale, were loud in their admiration of Jackson's skill.<ref>"The Tittle Tattle of the Week." ''Pall Mall Budget'' 6 February 1890, Thursday: 4 [of 36], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005967%2F18900206&page=4. Same print title, p. 162.</ref></blockquote> ==== The Fracas at the Trocadero ==== This report from the ''Eddowes's Shrewsbury Journal'', 12 January 1890, has paragraphs with gossip; the middle paragraph is not about Lord Mandeville, and the paragraph that follows these is about an epidemic in London; could it be the Russian flu?<blockquote>A great stir has been caused in London by the repert [sic] — only too well authenticated I regret to say — to the effect that a certain individual, who for some years past has been connected somewhat prominently alike with journalism and theatrical enterprise, has suddenly levanted [sic] in consequence of his name being associated with the recent West End scandals. What makes the matter all the more talked about is the fact that the person most concerned has for a long time posed as a conspicuous figure in Society, having given numerous receptions and himself being strongly to the fore at most of the big banquets, first nights and similar gatherings. He has hob-nobbed, in fact, with the wealthy and illustrious, but there is every reason to believe that his pleasant career has been prematurely cut short by a series of disclosures, which are  too gross and too scandalous to be referred to in detail. The report is all the talk at the clubs.<ref>"Notes of the Week." ''Eddowes's Shrewsbury Journal'' 15 January 1890, Wednesday: 3 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001504%2F18900115&page=3. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 12 February 1890, Wednesday === ==== Lady Constance Leslie's Reception ==== <blockquote>On Wednesday last Lady Constance Leslie had an evening party at her residence in Stratford-place.<p> The numerous guests included Prince Ernest of Hohenlohe, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, and the Countesses Gleichen, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Mensdorf, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, Baroness de Brienen and Mdlles de Brienen, the Duke of Abercorn, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Frances Spencer Churchill, Earl and Countess of Portarlington, Earl Stanhope, the Earl of Northbrook, the Earl and Countess of Arran, the Earl and Countess of Erne and the Ladies Cole, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr. Brandling, Viscount Clifden, Viscountess Bary, Viscount Torrington, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Viscount and Viscountess de Vesci and Lady Sarah Spencer, Viscountess Galway, and Mr Caryl Ramsden, Lord de L'Isle and Dudley, Lord Alcester, Lord and Lady Wantage, Lord Ashbourne, Lady Henry Grosvenor and Lady G. Ogilvy, Lady Cloncurry, Lord Morris and Mr. M. Morris, Lady Charles Beresford, Lord Rowton, Lady Blanche Hozier, Lady Colville, Lady Rayleigh, Lady Constance Lytton and Mr. Charles Earle, Lady Evelyn Sutton, Lady Ernest Seymour and Ladies Fortescue, Lord and Lady Sandhurst, Lady Mary Lloyd, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Windsor, Lord and Lady William Seymour, Lady Guy Campbell, Lady Egerton, Lady Fitzgerald, Baron d'Erlanger and Mr. Charles Derenberg, Hon. R. C. Spencer, M.P., and Mrs. Spencer, Hon. Evelyn Ashley, Hon. W. Mansfield, Hon. Lionel Ashley, Hon. A. Hood, Hon. William Lowther and Miss Lowther, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Fitzroy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Frederick Leveson Gower, Hon. Kenneth Howard, Hon. Francis Villiers, Hon. Francis Bertie, Hon. Arthur Walsh, Colonel the Hon. Charles Edgcumbe, General Hon. John Bourke, General and Hon. Mrs. Ellis and Mrs. R. Sneyd and Miss Ellis, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Hon. Alan and Hon. Evan Charteris, Hon. Alexander Yorke, Hon. Derek Keppel, General Sir Dighton Probyn, Hon. Percy Wyndham, Hon. Everard Baring and Hon. Susan Baring, Hon. Mrs. Brett, Hon. Claud Hay, the Right Hon. Henry Matthews, Sir George Arthur, Sir George Maude, Sir Philip Currie, C.B., Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller, Sir Charles Grant, Sir Mackenzie Wallace, Sir Herbert Maxwell, M.P., Sir Oscar Clayton, Sir Robert Gresley, Sir Algernon West and Mr. Horace West, Sir George and Lady Russell and Miss Brackenbury, Sir Henry and Lady Longley, the Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, General Crealock, General Charles Fraser, Colonel Saunderson, M.P., and Hon. Mrs. Saunderson, Colonel and Mrs. Stewart and Miss Streatfeild [siv], Colonel and Miss Balfour, Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke and Miss Clarke, Colonel R. Baring, Captain and Mrs. Jekyll, Captain and Mrs. J. Bagot, Captain Lambert Ward, Captain A. Bagot, Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C, M.P., Mr[.] Hussey Walsh, M.P., Mr and Mrs. W. Hartpole Lecky, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Combe, Mr Henry Foley, Mrs. Arbuthnot and Miss Guthrie, Mr. and Mrs. Heseltine and Miss Dorothy Heseltine and Lord Cantelupe, the Miss Stopford Brooke, Mr. and Mrs. Thackeray Ritchie, Mr Edmund Byng, Mr. and Mrs. Wilton Phipps, Professor Sidney Colvin, Mr. and Miss Tennant, Mr. Godfrey Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Turton and Mr. Sidney Ponsonby, Mrs. Adare, Mrs Cecil Paget and Mr. Hugo Wemyss, Mrs. L. Drummond, Mr. and Mrs E. Hope, Mrs. L. Seymour and Miss Seymour, Mr. Guy Repton, Mr. and Mrs. Julian Sturgis and Miss Beresford, Mr. Poynter, R.A., Mrs. Daniel Cooper, Mr. Hamilton Aïdé, Mr. Alwyne Maude, Mrs. C. Bentinck, Mrs. Bingham Mildmay, Mr. Philip Habord, Mr. and Mrs. George Bulteel, Mrs. Beerbohm Tree and Miss Julia Neilson, Mr. Hallé [Halle?], Mr. Rudolph Lehmann and Miss Lehmann, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. R. Ronalds]], Mr. Ellice, Mr. Arthur, Madame Blumenthal, Miss Julia Leslie, Mr. and Mrs. Jeune, Mr and Mrs. Charles Stuart-Wortley and Misses Millais, Mrs. Arkwright, Mr Joachim, Mr. Gillett, Mr. Pulteney (Scots Guards), Colone| Cuthbert Larking, Mr. Harry Higgins, M. Tividar Nachez, Mr. G. Ross, Herr Johannes Woolff, Mrs. Charles Bagot and Miss Bagot, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Henry Petre, Miss Balch, Mr. and Lady Maud Ramsden, Mr. Adolphus Liddell, Mr Knowles, Mr. Grenfell, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mrs. Henry Gordon and Miss Gordon, Mr. Henry James, Mr. St. Leger, Mrs. Dacre Hamilton and the Misses Nugent, Mr. Harbord, Mr Somerset, Mr. Ruggles-Brise, Mr. and Miss Hughes of Kinmel, Mr. and Mrs Douglas Freshfield, Mrs. Homer, Mr. W. H. Mallock, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Benson, Mr. H. Seymour, Mr. Ernest Law, Mr. Hugh Grimston, Mr. Lionel Cust, Mr. Chappell, Mr. and Mrs. Du Maurier, Mr. Boughton, R.A., and Mrs. Boughton, Mr. R. Roche, Mr. Montagu Wilson, Mr. Herbert Hope, &c.<ref>"Lady Constance Leslie's Reception." ''Morning Post'' 15 February 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900215/008/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 24 February 1890, Monday === Lilly Langtry starred in Shakespeare's ''As You Like It'' at the St. James's Theatre. The Daily Telegraph had a long review and mentioned more names:<blockquote> The motto of Petronius, which is said to have adorned the Globe Theatre in Shakespeare's time, "Totus mundus agit histrionem," and which is reproduced in Jaques' famous speech, may be said to have received a novel illustration in the brilliant audience which completely filled the St. James's Theatre last evening. A very distinguished section of the world "played the actor" in the stalls, boxes, and dress-circle, and evinced the keenest dramatic interest in the long-deferred production of "As You Like It." The Prince and Princess of Wales, with the Duchess of Fife, surveyed the scene from the Royal box, while amongst the many who secured seats for the first were the Austrian Ambassador, the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Duchess of Manchester]], Countess de Grey, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Lady Colin Campbell, Lord Wolverton, Lord and Lady Coleridge, Sir Charles Russell, Sir Edward and Lady Guinness, Baroness de Stern, and Mr. Alfred Rothschild. Naturally enough there was much curiosity in seeing once more on the London stage an actress who has since her last appearance devoted so much serious study to her profession, and gained so much success both before American and provincial audiences; while the sympathy evoked by her recent severe illness, delaying for four weeks the production of the comedy, added an almost pathetic note to the general excitement and enthusiasm. In the second scene of the first act, when the tenderly attached cousins make their earliest appearance on the stage, Celia's first words, "| pray thee, Rosalind, sweet, my coz, be merry," answered by Rosalind’s "Dear Celia, I show more mirth than I am mistress of," were almost drowned in the applause which accompanied the recognition of Mrs. Langtry. From time to time, whenever opportunity served, enthusiasm broke out anew, culminating in the triumph of plaudits which formed the fit ending to the gracefully-delivered epilogue with which Rosalind takes her farewell of her audience. There can be no doubt that, with all due allowance for the inevitable nervousness which accompanied a first production before a critical though sympathetic house, the revival of the immortal comedy was generally pronoanced to be a success. The fancifally-named "As You Like It" — where even in nomenclature the author confesses his indebtedness to the romance of Thomas Lodge — with greater dullness than is usually the case with Shakespeare's plays. Indeed interest is hardly aroused till the scene before the Duke's Palace, where Rosalind and Celia witness the wrestling — which after a few more performances will probably go less stagily than it did last night — between Charles and Orlando. It is only when we are transported to the Forest of Arden that Shakespeare's romantic fancy allows itself full course, and it was only when she was accoutred in the doublet and hose that Mrs. Langtry exercised her full charm upon the audience. The difficulty for the actress in the character of Rosalind is the contrast between the early abandon of her frankly-expressed love for the son of Rowland de Bois and the subsequent archness and reserve with which she plays with her lover in the forest. Orlando goes through precisely an opposite change. From the careless desperateness of a man who is out of favour with fortune in the opening scene, he changes to the sentimental devotion of a "love-shaked fancy-monger" in the sylvan glades. If that interchange of parts be missed much is lost in the sprightly  contrasts of the drama. Unfortunately, no sooner did Orlando enter on the wrestling-ground last night, than he started and caught at his heart in obvious suggestion of love at first sight. Much is lost of the utter wonderment at Rosalind’s unexpected graciousness in giving him her chain, which keeps him tongue-tied later, if he betrays so early the fatal ravages of Cupid — a betrayal which is hardly likely in a man whom neglect and misery have driven to the last stage of reckless hardihood. Rosalind must love her champion before her winning thanks for his prowess have made the starred younger brother first marvel at and then adore the frank and generous advances of his benefactress. In the fine words, "My father was no traitor," Mrs. Langtry rose to the full height of the character she was depicting. Throughout the greater part of the first act there was grace, loveableness, charm, but also a kind of flatness, or, at all events, an even and somewhat uninteresting level of characterisation which did not convey the promise of all that this loveliest creation in Shakespeare's gallery could do, when the Court life was exchanged for the freer and less conventional existence in the woods. All the more praise, therefore, is Mrs. Langtry’s due, that when she finds herself in the Forest of Arden, she brings before us a truer Rosalind. The beautiful first scene between the disguised Ganymede and her amorous swain showed Mrs. Langtry at her best. The quick and nimble wit, the archness and pretty coquetry of a girl who is sick at heart with love and feeds her passion in a playful and adorable tyrannising over the unconscious lover, were depicted with a reality which won instant recognition from the spectators. For the rest, however, Mrs. Langtry’s Rosalind was an unequal performance, now rising with unexpected force into the regions of pure comedy, now sinking to an ordinary level of  uncomfortably-disguised womanishness. There were bright patches of power in the midst of a somewhat dull and colourless expanse. Much of this was, no doubt, due to the excitement and fatigue of a first night, to which also may be attributed possibly the sameness of some of her gestures and a restlessness which was something more than Rosalind's anxiety to win in her own incomparable way the happiness of which she was in search. A few nights hence firmness of carriage and self-control of manner will fill in the details of a character which was most graphically and sympathetically sketched in outline at the St. James’s last night. Mr Laurence Cautley as Orlando made most favourable impression on his audience. Through all the earlier scenes — with the exception of that wholly unnecessary lapse into amorousness on the lawn of Duke Frederick, which has been already noted — he sustained the character of a picturesque and youthful gallant with considerable success, though, possibly, a stronger dash of manly independence might not have come amiss to the Shakespearean hero. Touchstone is a more difficult part to play. Indeed, in some respects, he is the most difficult of all Shakespeare's clowns. He is on the borderland between the earlier, more conventional style of Costard, Launce, and Launcelot, and the far more elaborate and important clowns in "Twelfth Night" and "King Lear." He is not so clever as Feste, not so human and real as that inimitable and tender-hearted Edgar who tries to solace the wild ravings of his discrowned king. He is halfway between such farcical beings as Kempe and Tarlton probably depicted, and that witty, self-conscious, irresponsible Jester, which Shakespeare ultimately made an entirely new creation on Elizabethan boards. It is no discredit to Mr. Sugden that he failed to realise so ingenious a conception. He presented a Touchstone who was full of amusing quips, and he went through all the catalogue of points in the Book of Honour in the fifth act with admirable skill; the Touchstone of "As You Like It" we are probably not likely to see often on the modern stage. Mr. Bourchier’s Jaques was a far higher piece of portraiture, grave and bitter and cynical as that early disciple of Schopenhauer should be, with touches of humour which only serve to show the depths of a naturally perverse and misanthropical nature. The celebrated "Seven Ages" speech  was capitally delivered, with a conscientious care and easy mastery which are rare enough in an actor who has so lately left the ranks of the amateurs. For the rest, the Adam of Mr Everill, and the Andrey of Miss Marion Lea seemed to give most pleasure to the audience, though she was sometimes — espectally in the pronunciation of the word "poetry" — inclined to represent the boorishness of the wench with an accent  which reproduced simulated inebriation rather than native clumsiness. Miss Armbruster as Hymen also deserves a word of praise. The piece was produced under the direction of the Hon. Lewis Wingfield, and the scenery, which in the Forest Glade of Acts II., III., and IV., formed a beautiful stage picture, was designed by Messrs. Perkins and Bruce Smith. After all, was any one ever wholly satisfied with the representaton of one of Shakespeare's comedies? No thing is further from the truth as a general statement than the pedant’s theory that Shakespeare is for the study, and not for the boards. If ever, however, the paradox be true that a great dramatic artist suffers when his plays gain a dramatic representation, it is when "As You Like It," "Twelfth Night" and "Midsummer Night's Dream" are brought face to face with a modern audience and amid nineteenth century surroundings. It ts not with impunity that the light that never was on sea and land is parodied by the glare of the footlights. For, honest stage-craftsman as Shakespeare was, in the full spring-tide of his poetic genius there was a divine and masterful intolerance of the real and the commonplace, a reckless flight into an ideal world, peopled by beings coined in the mint of his dainty imagination — aerial and disembodied creations whose actions and characters refuse to submit themselves to the narrow rules of the every-day world. In such a sphere banished lovers shall be predestined to meet and cement their happy unions, and lions and snakes shall be the habitual denizens of a forest where shepherds and shepherdesses prattle their erotic strains, and even a crafty Oliver shall repent of his past sins and fall in love with gentle Celia, owing to the poetic exigencies of Cloud Cuckoo Land. How can one  see all these things with the cynical eye of the modern ''Fin de Siècle'' and not feel an inevitable shock of dissatisfaction and surprise? How is it possible to avoid the jarring sense of discord when the dream picture is realised in the setting of prosaic reality? For Shakespeare's comedy is a romantic work of the mind, a refuge for all those delightful improbabilities which an indolent or whimsical fancy strings together to construct a series of complications and incidents which interest us, while they elude the sober tests of reason and judgment. But we must not carry this vein of thought too far. It is true that we have in such plays comedies of incident rather than of character. Yet Shakespeare is too and heart-whole to linger only at the Ivory gate. He throws even into these merry plots the force of that instinctive knowledge of human nature which produces real personages, tricked out in witty and imaginative guise. Shakespeare was able to pour everything into his comedies which he did into his tragedies, though in the one there is only suggestion, while in the other there is the elaboration of that is deep and tragic as well as humorous in life. Rosalid, Orlando, Touchstone, and Jaques are none the less real because they are ideal; and it is on these grounds that we can praise the conscientious and capable artists who presented these characters in flesh and blood on the St. James's stage. Nor does Shakespeare, as some have thought, intend in this play to preach [Col. 1c–2a]  any polemic against the life of the town, or compose any passionate encomium for the simple graces of the country. He is too great to be didactic on such narrow issues. Wherever men and women live, there they can be happy; or, as Touchstone says to Corin, when he expresses ignorance of the Court, one-sided enthusiasts for either streets or hedge-rows are truly damned, "like an ill-roasted egg, all on one side." Equanimity, such that of the Duke and old Adam, carries with it, wherever it be, the gracious gentleness of an eternal Eden.<ref>"St. James's Theatre." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 25 February 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 12], Col. 6a–7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001112%2F18900225&page=5&article=048&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Daily Telegraph'', p. 5. </ref></blockquote> The ''St. James's Gazette'' reported:<blockquote> We came intending to like it very much, and we succeeded in our intention. Indeed, we spent a really pleasant evening at the St. James's Theatre, Many of us knew one another to nod to, and some of us had bowing acquaintance with the author of the play; so it was all very sociable and comfortable. There were just enough shop-window celebrities to give an air of distinction to the rest of the audience, and everybody had a right to hope that his neighbours were wondering who he was. The critics were quite at their ease, having nothing to criticise except the acting; not being expected to suggest any slight alterations in the play (such as cutting out Acts I., III., and V., and rewriting Acts II. and IV.), but just to accept it as it stood, without even tracing it back to the French vaudeville from which it was, no doubt, originally adapted. The performance had many individual merits, but it also had two general faults. The first and least striking fault was that the interludes were  slurred over instead of being played up to. Now, the plot of "As You Like It" is so loose that a lengthy interlude (provided it be pretty) does not check the flow of interest; indeed, it gives a welcome rest and allows you to pick up your thoughts again. The other fault is one which may be, and is likely to be, remedied the play goes on. But at present it is neither smart nor spontaneous: the parts do not hang well together, and there is none of the enthusiasm which helps to pass off the interior performances of less skilful actors. The deficiency which we have noted was probably due to the serious illness from which Mrs. Langtry had been suffering and from which it was evident last night that she had not made a complete recovery. She worked very hard as Rosalind, and worked very well, and several times she made a really good hit; she was, perhaps, at her best in her indignant appeal to the usurper Duke against his unexpected and unjust decree of banishment. She was charming, again, in her embarrassment (as Miss Litton was charming before her) when she had her first meeting with her unconscious lover and she suggested very cleverly the absence of her skirts. She did her love-making archly and merrily; but though the pretended pretence gave her a right to go beyond the limits of maiden coyness, she seemed occasionally to assume the masculine Initiative when the feminine Suggestive would have been prettier. it was a pleasant though uneven performance, with plenty of grace in it and plenty of brains. The Touchstone of Mr. Sugden was in every way admirable — crisp, humorous, and distinctive. That his clowning was occasionally tedious was no fault of his. The palate of a modern audience does not relish these long-drawn pedantries of buffoonery. Our sense of humour is not more refined — it is different, and that's the end of it. But in the scenes with Audrey (and Miss Marion Lea made a capital Audrey — open-mouthed and innocently wicked or wickedly innocent) Mr. Sugden had a better opportunity and he made the most of it. There the humour was not conventional, and the audience enjoyed a laugh which was not scholarly. A word of praise must given to Mr. Brodie for his conscientious and effective rendering of the difficult and ungrateful part of the moonstruck lover of the wayward Phoebe. The first appearance of Mr. Bourchier in London attracted much interest. As an amateur at Oxford and elsewhere he was believed Iikely to to great things upon the stage, and his performance of Jaques was by no means a disappointment. The fault of it was that he did not suggest either the melancholy or the sententiousness which we associate with the character. The melancholy was but skin-deep, and the sententiousness simply was not there. But every actor has a right to read a part in his own way if it is a good way. And there is much to said for Mr. Bourchier's interpretation of Jaques. The temptation is to be stagy; Mr. Bourchier's tendency is to be natural. And he carried it out with great success in speaking the lines of the Seven Ages of Man. He caught up the Duke's phrase just as if it had dropped in the course of an ordinary conversation; and he played with it for a time until it seemed of itself to suggest to his mind the famous soliloquy. Certainly Mr. Bourchier’s method was effective, as it drew one of the heartiest rounds of applause in the whole evening. Among the company were noticed the following well known persons:— His  Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of Fife, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Lord De Grey, Mr. Alfred De Rothschild, Lord Lurgan, Sir Charles Russell, Sir Edward Guinness, Lady Colin Campbell, Lady Curzon, Lady Londonderry, Lady Hothfield, Hon. Alan Charteris, Mr. Oscar Wilde, Mr. Akers Douglas, M.P., Mr. Justin McCarthy, M.P., Sir Allen Young, Lord and Lady Coleridge, the Austrian Ambassador, the Spanish Ambassador, Lady Hozier, Mr. George Lewis, Mr. Whistler, Lady Greville [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]]?].<ref>"As You Like It."  ''St James's Gazette'' 25 February 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 16], Col. 1b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001485%2F18900225&page=5&article=027&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p. </ref></blockquote> This report is from ''Blalud, The Bath Society Paper'':<blockquote>Happily, there was no disappointment in store for the friends and admirers of Mrs. Langtry, who gathered on Monday night at the St. James’s Theatre in great force, to welcome this popular lady back to London and receive her with an extra warmth of cordiality in token of satisfaction at her recovery from her recent severe illness. Eight years have elapsed since she last played Rosalind in London. Since then she has travelled much, both at home and abroad, and followed the study and practice of her art with unfailing spirit and determination. She returns to the character which all leading actresses aspire to play in Shakespeare’s glorious dream of the Court of Duke Frederick and the forest of Arden a far riper artist, and, says the ''Daily News'', she presented us on Monday with an impersonation which compared to her former efforts is as the finished portrait to the crude sketch. Her performance may lack the great high tide of girlish impulsiveness, but first nights before an exceptionally critical audience and some remains of the languor of her recent indisposition doubtless contributed to rob her acting of something of its force and impulse. But her ''Rosalind'' remains a most winning and beautiful performance. A handsomer ''Rosalind'', or one that has worn the doublet and hose with more grace and picturesqueness (Mrs, Langtry, we may here note, scorns the modern heresy of boots, and appears in the more orthodox hose cross-gartered), has certainly not been seen in our time. The performance is full of good points; as when at the words, "here on the skirts of this forest like the fringe of a petticoat," she remembers with a momentary touch of maidenly shyness that petticoats no longer form part of her attire. Again, when in bantering her lover, who exhibits so strange an inability to recognize the voice and features of the woman whom he passionately loves, she pauses at "a beard neglected," and pointing at ''Orlando’s'' smooth chin bursts into uncontrollable laughter; again, when in the mock marriage scene, with ''Celia'' for the priest, her mind for the moment seems to wander away into such a dream as this mockery might suggest to one so deeply in love. The distinguishing feature of the impersonation, indeed, is the subtle suggestion of serious passion that underlies the frolicsome and bantering moods, and exhibits itself again and again in many subtle forms. The play is beautifully put on the stage, and if some of the performers fall a long way short of ideal excellence there are several impersonations that stand forth in strong relief and are of far more than common excellence. The ''Phœbe'' and ''Silvius'' of Miss Beatrice Lamb and Mr. Matthew Brodie deserve special note: but the most brilliant success of all in the case of the minor characters was undoubtedly the ''Audrey'' of Miss Marion Lee, whose hoydenish, but not ungraceful antics, whose happy, contented ignorance, whose mingled wonderment and admiration at ''Touchstone's'' philosophical utterances were admirable. Everything that taste can suggest has been done to embellish the play; the musical features are strengthened by an efficient chorus, and the costumes designed by the Hon. Lewis Wingfield are rich and handsome. Perhaps it might be objected that Mrs. Langtry’s beautiful green velvet doublet, with its slashes, tags, and laces, her cinnamon jerkin, her black cap and jewelled buckle, and her rich and massive cloak were hardly suited to her daring enterprise on the highways and in the forests of the Duke’s dominions. The restoration of Hymen, gracefully represented by Miss Violet Armbruster, and the final morris dance in honour of the nuptials, gave the crowning fanciful touch to the performance, and prepared the spectators for the playful epilogue, which was spoken by Mrs. Langtry, in her simple nuptial white robe and leopard skin, with rare elocutionary grace and effect,. [sic] The audience which greeted Mrs. Langtry was at once distinguished and interesting. The Royal box was occupied by the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Fife, the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, and the Duke of Fife. Among the representatives of "Society" were Lady Londonderry, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Lord de Grey, Lord and Lady Coleridge, Lady Curzon, Lady Hothfield, Lord Lurgan, Lady Greville [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]]?], Lady Hozier, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Sir Charles Russell, Sir Edward Guinness, Mr. Coningsby Disraeli, Mr. Akers Douglas, M.P., Mr. Justin M‘Carthy, M.P., Sir Allen Young, Lady Colin Campbell, Lady Monckton, Mrs. Labouchere, and the Austrian and Spanish Ambassadors. Pictorial art was represented by Mr. Whistler; music by Mdme. Antoinette Sterling; dramatic writing by Mr. H. A. Jones; and theatrical interests by Mrs. Bancroft, Miss Genevieve Ward, Mr. and Mrs. John Lart, Mrs. John Hare, Mr. M. L. Mayer, Mr. Augustus Harris, &c.<ref>"Mrs. Langtry." ''Bladud'' 26 February 1890, Wednesday: 9 [of 16], Col. 2b–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005771%2F18900226&page=9&article=055&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Blalud, The Bath Society Paper'', p. 9.</ref></blockquote> === 25 February 1890, Tuesday === On 5 March, the ''World'' reports on a party hosted by Mrs. Adair that must have been held the week before:<blockquote>Many smart people were present at Mrs. Adair's party in Curzon Street on Tuesday night. The rooms, lighted by electricity, looked their prettiest with floral decorations consisting entirely of tulips, the hostess appearing in a gown of terra-cotta velvet trimmed with dark fur. The Austrian Ambassador and Madame Waddington were among those who listened to Miss Damian’s rendering of a new song by Tosti, and to the glees sung by Mr. Avon Saxon's American quartet; and among others present were Lady Charles Beresford, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Fanny Marjoribanks, who brought her sister, Lady Sarah Churchill, Sir Arthur Sullivan (just back from his annual sojourn at Monte Carlo), Lord and Lady Wharncliffe, Lady Howe and Lady Edith Curzon, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Mrs. Cavendish-Bentinck, General Charles Fraser, Lady Conyers, Madame de Brienen, and Sir Philip Currie.<ref>"What the World Says." ''The World'' 5 March 1890, Wednesday: 19 [of 44], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0006339%2F18900305&page=19&article=061&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>The ''Daily Telegraph'' covered the party with a few additional names:<blockquote>A casual passer-by in Curzon-street last night might almost have imagined from the long string of carriages assembled there that, in spite of the cold east wind blowing, the London season had already begun. Mrs. Adair had together to hear some beautiful music, including a celebrated quartette of American singers, a large and fashionable crowd, composed of the ''élite'' of London society, comprising among many others, the Austrian Ambassador, the French Ambassadress, the Marquis and Marchioness of Tweeddale, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Fanny Marjoribanks and Lady Sarah Spencer-Churchill, Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe, Countess Howe and Lady Edith Curzon, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord George Nevill, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Viscountess Mandeville, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr Brandling, Viscount and Viscountess Bury and the Hon. Mary Keppel, the Countess of Crawford, the Earl of Clonmell, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Viscountess Melgund, Lady Conyers, Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, Lord Alington, Lord Alcester, Lord Greenock, Viscount de Vesci, Lady Hilda Brodrick, Hon. W. Lowther, M.P., and Mrs. Lowther, Hon. Mrs. Bampfylde, Hon. Hallyburton Campbell, Mrs. and Miss Campbell, Hon. Kenneth Howard, Hon. Derek Keppel, Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, Lady FitzGerald, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Madame de Brienen, Lieutenant-General Sir Seymour Blane, General C. Fraser, M.P., Mr. Chamberlain, M.P., Mr. Howard Vincent, M.P., and Mrs Vincent, Mr. Charles Hall, M.P., Mrs. Cavendish-Bentinck, Sir C. Rivers Wilson, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Philp Currie.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 26 February 1890, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001112%2F18900226&page=5&article=094&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Daily Telegraph'', p. 5. </ref></blockquote>The ''Sporting Gazette'' also had a report, on 1 March:<blockquote>Mrs. Adair's party in Curzon-street on Tuesday night was, as usual, exceedingly smart and dressy. The "smarties" turned out strong for this Anglo-American function, and wore their best frocks and jewels. Lady Tweeddale, Lady Howe, with Lady Edith Curzon, Lady Fanny Majoribanks chaperoning her younger sister, Lady Sarah Churchill, Lady Curzon, Lady Antrim with Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Lady William Nevill with some lovely diamonds, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Lord Alington, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Mrs Cavendish Bentinck, and others. The singing of an American quartette was ''the'' feature of the evening.<ref>"The Man About Town." "The County Gentleman." ''Sporting Gazette'' 1 March 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 38], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0002525%2F18900301&page=6&article=053&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title, p. 274.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1890== === 10 March 1890, Monday === The Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a ball in celebration of their wedding anniversary. This report from the ''Bedfordshire Mercury'' is very brief:<blockquote> The Prince and Princess of Wales, in celebration of the anniversary of their wedding on March 10, 1863, gave a dance at Marlborough House on Monday night. The Danish Minister and Madame de Falbe were among the company invited, also the Earl and Countess Brownlow, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Lord Alwyne Compton, Baron F. de Rothschild, &c.<ref>"Notes of the Aristocracy." ''Bedfordshire Mercury'' 15 March 1890, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001290%2F18900315&page=7&article=073&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> The report from the ''Morning Post'' suggests that this was a smaller party than usual for the Prince and Princess of Wales:<blockquote>In celebration of the anniversary of the Prince and Princess of Wales's wedding day, their Royal Highnesses gave an evening party (dancing) at Marlborough House last night. His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, her Royal Highness Princess Beatrice (Princess Henry of Battenberg) and his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Battenberg, her Royal Highness the Princess Louise of Wales (Duchess of Fife) and the Duke of Fife, his Royal Highness Prince George of Wales, her Royal Highness the Princess Victoria of Wales, her Royal Highness the Princess Maud of Wales, her Royal Highness the Princess Mary Adelaide (Duchess of Teck), and his Highness the Duke of Teck and her Serene Highness the Princess Victoria of Teck and his Serene Highness Prince Francis of Teck, and their Serene Highnesses the Prince and Princess Victor of  Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Countess Victoria Gleichen were present. The following had the honour to receive invitations, but some amongst them were unavoidably prevented from attending: — The French Ambassador (M. Waddington) and Madame Waddington, the German Ambassador (Count Hatzfeldt) and the Countess Marie Hatzfeldt, the Turkish Ambassador (Rustem Pasha), the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador (Count Deym) and the Countess Deym, the Italian Ambassador  (Count Tornielli), the Countess Tornielli, and Mademoiselle Virginia dei Conti Lazzari, the Danish Minister (M. de Falbe) and Madame de Falbe, the Russian Chargé d'Affaires (M. Bontineff), his Serene Highness Prince Louis Esterhazy, M. A. Kroupensky, M. A. de Stoeckl, Count Leyden, Count Albert Mensdorff, Count Reventlow, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, M. de Soveral, the Marques and Marquesa de Santurce, Mr. A. de Murrieta, Mr. C. de Murrieta. The Duke and Duchess of Leeds and Lady Alice Osborne, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, the Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Westminster, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Frances Spencer Churchill, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, the Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury and Lady Gwendolen Cecil, the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, Count Gleichen, the Earl and Countess Brownlow, the Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily  Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Clarendon, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Clonmell, the Earl of Dudley, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and Lady Florence Wyndham Quin, the Earl and Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson Gower, the Earl and Countess of Hardwicke, the Earl and Countess Howe and Lady Evelyn Curzon, the Earl and Countess of  Kilmorey, the Earl and Countess of Lathom and Lady Alice Wilbraham, the Earl and Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosalind Bingham, the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe and Lady Albertha Edgcumbe, the Earl and Countess of Romney and Lady Florence Marsham, the Earl and Countess of Rosebery, the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Earl of Stradbroke, the Earl and Countess of Sefton and Lady Gertrude Molyneux, the Earl and Countess Spencer, Viscount Drumlanrig, Lord and Lady Randolph Spencer Churchill, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lord Ernest Hamilton, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Lord Charles Montagu, Viscount Chelsea, Viscount and Viscountess Coke and the Hon. Violet White, Viscount Curzon, Lady Georgina Curzon and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, Viscount Fincastle, Viscount Royston, Viscount Valletort, Lord and Lady Brooke, Lord Burghersh, Lord Capell, Lord and Lady Norreys and the Hon. Coralie Glyn, Lady Charles Beresford, Lord Marcus Beresford, Lord Alwyne Compton, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord Richard Nevill, Lord Henry Paulet, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Admiral Lord Alcester, Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell, Lord Alington and the Hon. Winifred and Hon. Mildred Sturt, Lord and Lady Colville of Culross  and the Hon. Blanche Colville, Lord and Lady De  Ramsey, Lady Hastings, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord Lurgan, Lord and Lady Revelstoke and the Hon. Susan Baring, Lord and Lady Rothschild,  Lord Rowton, Lord Suffield and the Hon. Judith and Hon. Eleanor Harbord, Lord and Lady Wimborne and the Hon. Frances Guest, Lord Wolverton, Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, Captain the Hon. Maurice Bourke, R.N., Colonel the Hon. Henry Byng and the Misses Byng, the Hon. Alan Charteris, Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. C. Edgcumbe, the Hon. Sir Spencer and Lady Ponsonby Fane, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu, the Hon. C. R. and Mrs. Spencer, the Hon. S. M'Donnell, the Hon. Alexander Yorke, the Hon. H. and Lady Feodora Sturt, the Hon. Arthur Walsh, the Hon. R. Winn, the Right Hon. W. E. and Mrs. Gladstone and Miss Gladstone, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, the Right Hon. H. Chaplin, the Right. Hon. Sir Henry James, the Right Hon. Sir C. L. Wyke, the Hon. S. C. Colville, the Hon. Assheton Harbord, the Hon. Julia Stonor, the Hon. H. Stonor, the Hon. E. Stonor, Captain the Hon. Henry White, Sir Edward and Lady Guinness, Sir Charles Hartopp, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir John and Lady Lister Kaye, Sir James and Lady  Mackenzie, Colonel Sir Nigel and Lady Emily Kingscote, Admiral Sir R. and the Hon. Lady Macdonald and Miss Macdonald, General Sir Dighton and Lady Probyn, Sir Francis and the Hon. Lady Knollys, Major-General Sir Christopher Teesdale, Sir Oscar Clayton, Sir Allen Young, Lieutenant-General Bateson, Lieutenant-General Charles Fraser, Major-General and the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Ellis and Miss Ellis, Colonel J. P. Brabazon, Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke and the Misses Clarke, Captain H. F. Stephenson, R.N., Lieutenant-Colonel F. H. Poore, Lieutenant-Colonel R. Vivian, Major C. Swaine, Captain Douglas Dawson, Captain C. H. A. Hervey, the officers of the Queen's Guard, St. James's Palace, Mr. G. Byng, Mr. Henry Calcraft, Mr. Victor Cavendish, Mr. Henry Ellis, Mr. Horace Farquhar, Mr. and Mrs. George Forbes and Miss Forbes, Mr. Montagu Guest, Mr. Charles Hall, Mr. E. W. Hamilton, Mr. and Lady Hilda Higgins, Mr. Holzmann, Miss Knollys, Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Knollys, Mr. Ronald Moncrieffe, Mr. Alfred Montgomery, Mr. Arnold Morley, Mr. Henry Petre, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. Reuben Sassoon and Miss Sassoon, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Edgar Sebright, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, Mr. Christopher Sykes, and Mr. O. G. St. George Williams. Messrs. Coote and Tinney's band was in attendance.<ref>"Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 11 March 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 8]. Col. 6b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000174%2F18900311&page=5&article=055&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p. </ref></blockquote> ==April 1890== Arnold Dolmetsch took out a three-day ticket to the Reading Room in April 1890 (Campbell 22). === 9 April 1890, Wednesday === ==== The New Forest United Hunt Ball ==== <blockquote>This annual ball was beld at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhearst, on Wednesday night, and was a most brilliant gathering, upwards of 200 being present, not only the New Forest but also neighbouring hunts being well represented. Among those present were Earl and Countess of Londesborough, Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Lilian Denison, Hon. Louis Johnstone, Hon. Gerald and Mrs Lascelles, Major Downman, Capt. Sandbach, R.H.A., Col. and Mrs Sinkins, Col. Fitzroy Smyth, Lady Thursby and party, Mr Stanley Pearce (Master of the Foxhounds), Mr F. Lovell (Master of the Deerhounds) and party, Lady Adela Goff and party, Hon. Miss St. Leger Glyn and party, Mr A. H. Jeffreys, M.P., and Mrs Jeffreys, Hon. Mrs A. Peter, Mr Somerset H. Onslow, Mr Lancelot Orde, Lord Garioch, Mr and Mrs C. K. Francis, the Countess of Normandy, Lady Mary Agar, Lord Montagu, Hon. John Scott Montagu, Viscount Cantelupe, Prince Dhuleep Singh, Hon. D. Keppel, Col. Charles Needham (1st Life Guards), [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Mrs Cornwallis West, Mr and Mrs Shelley Bontein, Col. Gridley, Col. Newton, Col. Elliot, R.H.A., Lady Meyrick and party, Sir W. Jervois, Lady Jervois and party, &c.<ref>"The New Forest United Hunt Ball." ''The Sportsman'' 11 April 1890, Friday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001055/18900411/024/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1890== Leonora Braham appeared at the Opera Comique as Ruth Ferns in ''Gretna Green''. ===21 May 1890, Wednesday=== It was his pupil the young Countess Valda Gleichen who found a sponsor for Dolmetsch's first but brief appearance at a London concert on 21 May 1890, when the 'Magpie Minstrels' … gave one of their bi-annual performances at the Princes' Hall" (Campbell 30). ==June 1890== === 3 June 1890, Tuesday === ==== Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies ==== <blockquote>Yesterday evening society passed a large proportion of time on wheels, and the number of receptions was more than the most inveterate could get through wvith comfort. ... Meanwhile, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale dined with Mrs. Arthur Wilson in Grosvenor-place, and a small and select concert followed. The Duchess of Leinster was, as ever, the most beautiful among many beauties, the Hon. Helen Henniker, after her long mourning, was warmly greeted by swarms of friends, and the Countess of Lovelace, in grey satin, chaperoned her débutante niece, Miss Milbank. Prince "Eddie" went from Mrs. Arthur Wilson's hospitable mansion to that of Mrs. J. Graham Menzies. It is unusual to find mother and daughter entertaining this illustrious young man on the same evening. Mrs. Menzies, who has succeeded Lord Suffield in his beautiful house in Upper Grosvenor-street, had one of the smartest and most successful balls of the present season. The Blue Hungarians played with immense vigour and owing to the postponement of Lady Carnarvon's ball, there was no competition for men and married women. Countess Howe, Lady Brougham and Vaux, Lady Aveland and Miss Willoughby, Viscountess Stormont, the Hon. Lady Grey Egerton and Miss Egerton, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Earl of Craven, Countess of Coventry, Mrs. Mackay, Lady Sykes, the Marchioness of Granby, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Lord Garioch, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson, and many others were present.<ref>"Yesterday Evening Society." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18900604/015/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==== Münster-Hay Wedding ==== Account of the wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay. Count Bismarck sent a gift.<blockquote>St. Andrew's Church, Wells-street, was completely filled yesterday afternoon on the occasion of the marriage of Count Alexander Münster, son of Count Münster, German Ambassador in Paris, with Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay, younger daughter of the Earl and Countess of Kinnoull. The ceremony was fixed for half-past two o'clock, but all the seats in the body of the church were occupied long before that time by invited guests. The rood screen was hidden with white flowers, and a number of tall palms were skilfully arranged in and about the chancel. The bridegroom was early in his place, and wore the splendid white and gold uniform of the Garde du Corps of the Emperor; his best man, Prince Hans Heinrich Pless, wearing the scarlet and gold uniform of the Garde Hussars. The six bridesmaids were Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, Hon. Marie Hay, Hon. Marjory Murray, Miss Rosalind Lovell, and Miss Gladys Hadow (niece of the bride). They wore pretty dresses of pale blue satin, veiled with white chiffon; the skirts were edged with a frill, and the bodices finished with quaint fichus of the chiffon, fastened in front with a bunch of forget-me-nots. They wore drawn hats of the chiffon, covered with forget-me-nots, and their posies were of the same flowers, intermixed with pink roses, and tied with narrow pink ribbons. Each wore a gold bangle with centre forming the initials "A.M.," and a single turquoise drop. The bride entered the church at half-past two, and was received by her father, who led her to the chancel steps, preceded by the choristers singing a nuptial hymn. The bride's dress was of ivory satin made with a very long train. The front was fringed round the hem with orange blossoms and veiled with old Brussels lace, the gift of her mother; the bodice was entirely covered with beautiful old lace, and finished at the neck on one side with a cluster of orange blossoms. She wore a small wreath of orange blossoms and myrtle arranged in the hair at the back and a tulle veil falling almost to the end of the train and held by diamond stars, the gift of the bridegroom. The bride's other jewels included two diamond drop hairpins, the gift of Count Münster; an emerald and diamond brooch, from the bridegroom; enamel and diamond heartsease brooch, from Lady Mary Mills; a diamond and emerald bracelet, from the Duke of Beaufort; and a diamond bracelet, from the Duke and Duchess of Athole. Her train was held by her two little nephews, Masters Roland and Patrick Hadow, wearing Scotch dress with lace ruffles. The service, which was fully choral, was performed by the Rev. Provost Rorison, of St. Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, assisted by the Rev. W. T. Houldsworth, rector of St. Andrew's. The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull afterwards entertained the bridal party at the residence of the Earl of Londesborough, uncle of the bride, in Grosvenor-square. Among the numerous guests were the Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal, the German Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym, Count Münster and the Countesses Marie, Julia, and T. Münster, Prince Pless, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Count Donhoff, Baroness von Beckendorff-Hindenburg, Baron E. Fürstenberg, Count Paul Metternich, Geheimrath Schmettau, Countess Valentin, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de]] [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], Captain Hasenclever, Count Leyden, Herr von Rath, Count Francis Deym, Baron and Baroness Deichmann, Count Mensdorff, Herr Pilgrim Baltazzi, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Baroness d' Erlanger [?], Herr von Kemnitz, Baron Cramm, Vicomte de Janzé, the Duke of Beaufort, the Duchess of Athole, and the Ladies Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Countess of Dunraven and Ladies Wyndham Quin, the Countess of Kilmorey, the Countess of Galloway and Miss Stewart, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Countess of Strathmore and Lady Constance Lyon, the Earl and Countess of Roden, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Miss Willoughby, the Countess of Westmorland. Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe, Viscountess Coke, Viscountess Stormont and Hon. MabeI Murray, Viscountess Malden and Hon. Miss Capel, Lord Hay of Kinfauns [?], Lady Delamere and Miss Cholmondeley, Lady Brougham, Lady Esher, Lord Saye and Sele and Hon. Maud and Hon. Gertrude Fiennes, Lady Helen MacGregor and Miss MacGregor, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, Lady Raglan, Lord Charles Innes Ker, Lady Elizabeth Bertie, Lady Frances Pratt and Lady Clementine Pratt, Lady Geraldine Somerset, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lady Mary Mills and Miss Pereira, Lady Dorchester, Lady Louisa Moncreiffe and Misses Moncreiffe, Lady Norreys, Lady Petre, Lady Jane Trefusis, Lord Frederic Hamilton, Baroness de Brienen and Miss de Brienen, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Lady Scott, Miss Scott and Mrs. Green, Lord Zouche and Hon. Miss Curzon, Mr. and Lady Constance Hadow, Hon. Lady Campbell, Lady William Nevill and Miss Bannerman, Hon. Alastair and Mrs. Hay, Hon. Miss Greville, Captain Hon. Randolph Stewart, Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Charles Walsh, Hon. William Walsh, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Colonel Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hay and Miss Maude Hay, Hon. Mrs. Greville Nugent, Hon. Mrs. Colville and Miss Streatfeild [sic], Hon. Claude Hay, Sir Charles and Lady Forbes of Newe, Laely Borthwick, Sir Francis Montefiore, Sir Henry Hoare, Sir George Arthur, Sir William Gordon Cumming, General and Mrs. Wilkinson, Colonel and Mrs. Chaine, Colonel Arthur Paget, Colonel H. M. Hozier, the Provost of St. Ninian's, Major Finch, Major Candy, Colonel Lloyd, Captain and Mrs. Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Hay Drummond, Captain and Mrs. Lloyd, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Captain Lumley, Captain Barrow, Major Anstruther, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Arthur Hay, Mr. Raglan Somerset, Mr. and Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mrs. Villiers, Mr. Henry Petre, Mrs. Keighley, Mrs. E. Balfour and Miss Balfour and Miss Ellice, Mrs. Dick Cunynghame and Miss A. M'Gregor, Rev. C. Weidemann, Miss Balfour and Miss E. Balfour, Mrs. and Miss Halford, Mr. and Mrs. Toler, Mrs. and Miss Townley, Rev. Dr. M'Ewan, Mr. A. F. Levita, Mr. F. Stephens, Mrs. and Miss Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. George Forbes and Miss Forbes, Mrs. Luke Wheeler, Mrs. J. Beerbohm, Dr. and Mrs. W. M. Collins, Mrs. and Miss Orde, Mrs. Murray, Miss Glyn, Mrs. Godfrey Pearse, Mr. Balfour, Mr. Leopold Goldberg, Mr. and Miss Oswa d [Oswald], Mr. and Mrs. C. Bulteel, Mrs. Brydges Wyllyams, Mr. H. Balfour, the Misses Codrington, Miss Finch, Mrs. Barron and Miss Sullivan, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Mr. Granville and Miss Berkeley, Mr. M'Gregor, Mrs. and Miss Needham, Mr. and Mrs. A. Consett and Miss Consett, Mrs. Herbert Naylor LeyIand, Mr. and Mrs. A. Darby, Mrs. Montefiore, Mrs. Charles Murray and Miss Murray, Mrs. Thomas Legh, the Rev. John F. Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs. Claud Hay, Mr. Fiztalan Manners, Mr. Albert Stopford, Mr. Hervey Pechell, and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Orde. Later in the day Count Alexander Münster and his bride left for Hillingdon Court, Uxbridge, the residence of the Hon. A. Mills, where they will pass the early days of the honeymoon, and then proceed to Chàlet Sans Souci, Bellaggio, Lake of Como, lent by Mr. Hervey Pechell. They will afterwards go to Wiesbaden, and thence to Count Münster's German country seat, where a great reception awaits them. The wedding presents were very numerous. Count Munster presented the bride with a diamond necklace and pair of diamond drop hairpins. The bridegroom's gifts to his bride included a tiara of three diamond stars, a brooch formed of an emerald of unusual size set in diamonds, large pearl pendant, gold bracelet set with turquoises, and diamond and turquoise ring. The Duke of Beaufort presented Lady Muriel with an emerald and diamond bracelet. The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull's presents included a quantity of plate and other articles. Prince Henry of Battenberg sent a large silver-mounted claret jug; Count Bismarck, a silver box; the Marchioness of Waterford, gold snake bracelet, with pearl head and ruby eyes; the Duke and Duchess of Athole, diamond "M" bangle; Lady Ermyntrude Malet, massive silver bowl; Countess Marie Münster, silver tea set and tray; Baron E. Fürstenberg, pair of gold-mounted claret jugs; Baron and Baroness Erlanger, large silver bowl; Baron and Baroness Gungberg, pair of antique silver mounted jugs.<ref>"Marriage of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Hay." ''Morning Post'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900604/064/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===4 June 1890, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post, <quote>Lady Thurlow's first dance. / Mrs. Coddington's Ball. / The Fourth of June celebration at Eton. / ... Royal Society of Literature — Paper on "Early England," by Mr. Carmichael, S. </quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 4 June 1890: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6A). ===13 June 1890, Friday=== ? or on the 12th? Arnold Dolmetsch had a concert at which his students performed (Campbell 31). It was reviewed very positively in the 13 June Daily Graphic, especially Helene Dolmetsch's performance. They did Purcell's Fairy Queen. They used a harpsichord. ===26 June 1890, Thursday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1890== ===3 July 1890, Thursday=== <blockquote>On July 3, 1890, Besant’s house at 19 Avenue Road, St. John’s Wood, was inaugurated as a new center of Theosophical work, serving as the European headquarters of the [[Social Victorians/Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] and as HPB’s residence. That house became also the meeting place of HPB’s Inner Group, twelve of her students who were eager for more intense training than was feasible in a larger, more general gathering.</blockquote>That Inner Group is different from the Esoteric Section.<ref>"Esoteric World Chapter 23." ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53</ref><blockquote>The hall had a seating capacity of about 200. On the opening night [July 3, 1890] [sic] the room was crammed, and many were unable to gain admission. The speakers were Mrs. Besant, Mr. Sinnett, a Mrs. Woolff (of America), and Mr. [Bertram] Keightley. HPB was present but said nothing, on account of the critical state of her health.<ref>"23a. Henry S. Olcott, July 1890, London [Olcott 1931, 4:254–6]." Esoteric World Chapter 23. ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53.</ref></blockquote> === 4 July 1890, Friday, 11 p.m. === ==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ==== The Prince and Princess of Wales were hosts of this ball, as Queen Victoria was not present. Many of the Queen's children and their spouses were present.<ref>"State Ball at Buckingham Palace." ''Morning Post'' 5 July 1890, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900705/038/0005. Same print title and p.</ref> The dancing commenced shortly after the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at 11:00. === 1890 July 15, Tuesday === ==== Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen ==== The beginning of the ''Morning Post'' article, which is followed by a very long list of people invited:<blockquote>Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a garden party at Marlborough House yesterday afternoon to meet the Queen. Her Majesty was accompanied by their Royal Highnesses the Princesses Victoria and Margaret of Prussia, and was attended by the Duchess of Roxburghe, Miss M'Neill, the Hon. Evelyn Moore, the Hon. Bertha Lambert, and Major-General Sir Henry Ewart and Major F. A. Bigge. Madlle. De Perpigna was in attendance on the Princesses Victoria and Margaret. The following were present: — Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh and Prince Alfred, and the Princesses Marie, Victoria, Alexandra, and Beatrice of Edinburgh; their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Prince Arthur, and the Princesses Margaret and Patricia of Connaught; their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Princess Victoria and Princess Louisa of Schleswig-Holstein, her Royal Highness the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, and the Marquis of Lorne. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, her Royal Highness the Princess Frederica and the Baron von Pawell-Rammingen, his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide Duchess of Teck and his Highness the Duke of Teck and Princess Victoria of Teck, his Royal Highness the Duke d'Orleans and Princess Hélène d'Orleans, his Imperial Highness Don Pedro Augustus of Coburg and Braganza, his Serene Highness the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, his Serene Highness the Prince of Leiningen and their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Countesses Gleichen, and Count Gleichen.<ref>"Garden Party at Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 15 July 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3a–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900715/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 19 July 1890, Saturday === ==== Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner ==== This report from the ''Fife Free Press'' is missing a big piece of the 2nd paragraph, where the bridesmaids' and bride's dresses are described, because the page was damaged. The digitized copy is also generally poor.<blockquote>On Saturday forenoon, in Michael’s Church, Chester Square, London, was celebrated the marriage of Lord Loughhorough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn with Miss Violet Aline Vyner, younger daughter of Mr R. C. Vyner, of Fairfield, Yorkshire. The chancel was beautifully decorated with palms and a profusion of lilies most artistically arranged. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge. Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess and the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria, and the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone were among those present. The wedding party began to arrive at 11 o’clock, the bridesmaids being early in attendance. They were the Ladies Sybil and Angela St Clair Erskine, sisters of the bridegroom; Lady Anne Lambton, Miss Musgrave, Miss Rachel Gurney, and Miss Fleming. They were charmingly dressed in soft cream crepon, with violet velvet Zoave jackets, forming half sleeves and capes at the back, and pretty turn-down collars and cravats of white mosseline [mousseline?] chiffon, and the skirts were very plainly made. They wore large white hats lined with a band of violet velvet near the face, and trimmed on the crown with white ostrich plumes, a bunch of violets fastening the brim at the back. Each wore a brooch — the St Clair cross in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of the latter, and surmounted by a baron’s cornet of the same precious stones — the gift of the bri[degroom]; and carried a bouquet of Marechal Niel [roses?] ...ging sprays of the same, and tied w... ribbons. The bride entered the ... eleven o’clock, being received at ... father, who led her to the cha... her away. The service be... procession was preceded up ... choir, who sang "The voic..." The bride’s dress was ... with a long court train, ... white velvet being embro... ...und the train, and fasten... ...ver true lover’s knot. The picture... ...gh silver waistband, had full slee... mousseline chiffon; and a small ... blossoms was most becomingly arra... with a long tulle veil. The Earl of Chesterfield discharged the duties of best man. The Rev. Canon Fleming, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen and Vicar of St Michael's, performed the marriage rite, assisted by the Rev. Edgar Sheppard, Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, and the Rev. J. Thomson, of Rosslyn, near Edinburgh. The hymn “Thine for ever! For of love,” was sung the end of the service. Canon Fleming afterwards delivered a most impressive address. After the benediction the clergy and bride and bridegroom passed to the vestry, the Prince of Wales following with Mrs Vyner. Pretty wedding favours of orange blossoms, Parma violets, and white heather were then distributed amongst the congregation. Mr and Mrs Vyner afterwards welcomed the wedding party at Ashburnham House, Dover-street. The ''dejeuner'' was served in three rooms, one being reserved for the bride and bridegroom and the Royal party. The table in the latter room was decorated with several of Mr Vynet's racing trophies. The band of the Grenadier Guards performed in the garden during the reception. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Teck and Princess Victoria were present at the breakfast, and among the general company were Count Munster and Countess Maria Munster, the Marchese and Marchesa de Montagliari, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon, the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquis of Northampton, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Dowager Marchioness of Conyngham and Lady Blanche Conyngham, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Countess of Rosslyn, Earl and Countess Compton, the Earl of Feversham, the Earl of Durham, the Countess of Coventry and the Ladies Coventry, Countess Howe and Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Yarborough, the Earl of Clonmell, the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, the Countess of Kilmorey, Countess de Grey, Viscount Molyneux, the Bishop of Gibraltar and Mrs Sandford, Viscountess de Labrosse and Mdles. de Labrosse, Lord Greenock, Lord and Lady Algernon Lennox, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Lady Julia Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, Hon. Lady Campbell of Blythswood, Lady Constance Harris, Lady Florence Harris, Lord and Lady Burghley, Lady Dorchester, Lord Houghton, Lady Curzon, Lady Brougham and Vaux and Miss Musgrave, Baron de Hirsch, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Baroness Burdett Coutts and Mr Burdett Coutts, M.P., Lady Astley, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord and Lady Brooke and Hon. Leopold and Hon. Marjorie Greville, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lord Elcho, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and the Misses Willoughby, Lady Ewart, Lady Hindlip, Lady Cecilia Rose, Lord Rowton, Lord Capell, Lady Mabel Compton, Lord and Lady Herries, Lady Sykes, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Ventry and Hon. Miss de Moleyns, Hon. Lady Knollys, Lady Manners, Hon. Lady Drummond and Misses Drummond, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Assheton Harbord, Hon. Derek Keppel, Hon. Captain Bourke, Hon. Mrs Percy Mitford, Hon. Philip Harbord, Hon. and Rev. L. Tyrwhitt, Hon. Coralie Glyn, Hon. M. Lambton, Hon L. Greville, Hon. Alwyn Greville, Hon[.] Eva Greville, Hon. Frances Dawnay, Hon Evelyn Paget, Hon Mrs Algernon Grosvcnor, Hon and Mrs Lambton. Hon. Mrs Evelyn Pelham, Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Hon. W. Maxwell, Hon. G. and Mrs Dawnay, Hon. Captain Lambton, General Sir Seymour Blane, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir Archibald and Miss Edmunstone, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey Thompson, Mrs Gladstone, Mr and Lady Margaret Cameron, Mr and Lady Florence Astley, Mr and Lady Elizabeth Melville Cartwright and Miss Melville Cartwright, General and Mrs Duff and Miss Duff, General Owen Williams, Colonel and Mrs Anstruther Thompson, Colonel Stopford Sackville, Colonel Craig, Colonel Brabazon, Colonel Forester, Colonel Stanley Clarke (in attendance on the Prince of Wales) and Miss Clarke, Major Davidson, Canon and Mrs Fleming, Captain St John Mildmay (in attendance on the Duke of Cambridge), Captain and Mrs FitzGeorge, Mrs William Portal, the Sub Dean of the Chapels Royal, Rev. W. M. and Mrs Wollaston, Rev. R. West, Mr and Miss Chamberlain. Mr and Mrs W. H. Grenfell, Mr Christopher Sykes, M.P., Mr Reuben Sassoon, Mr Arthur Sassoon, Mrs Bischoffsheim, Mr and Mrs Herbert Naylor Leyland, Dr and Mrs Anderson, Mrs Oswald, Mr and Mrs Surtees, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr and Mrs Menzies, Miss Willoughby and Miss Gertrude Willoughby, Mr Arthur Paget, Miss Christie, Mr Dowdall, Mrs Eastwood and the Misses Eastwood, Mr Frederick Warre, Mr William Williamson, Mrs Burton, Mrs Chaine, Captain and Mrs Livesey Wardle, Captain A. R. Hill, Miss Helby, Mrs and Miss Winslow, Mr and Miss Oswald, Mr Willoughby, Mr Quintin Hume, Mr F and Miss Fitzherbert, Mrs and Miss F. Hotham, Mr and Mrs Moreton Frewin, Mrs Charles Otway, Mr Calcraft, Mr Watson, Mr Fennick, Mr Montgomery, Mr Cecil Murray, Mr and Mrs Sneyd, Mr Leslie Stephen, Mr Edgar Sebright, Miss Fleetwood Wilson, Mrs and Miss Farmer of Nonsuch, Mr and Mrs Dennistoun and Miss Dennistoun, Mr and Mrs J. R. Lane Fox and Miss Lane Fox, &c. The bride and bridegroom left early in the afternoon for Easton Lodge, Dunmow, the seat of Lord and Lady Brooke, in Essex, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride travelled in a costume of biscuit coloured armure silk, the top of the bodice and sleeves being of pale pink mousseline de soie, and the lower part of the former inserted with pink velvet ribbons to form a high band, Tuscan straw-hat trimmed with pink crepe de chine, and biscuit feathers. The presents exceeded four hundred in number. The Prince of Wales presented the bride with a trefoil moonstone and diamond brooch and the bridegroom with a sapphire and diamond pin. The Princess of Wales's gift the bridegroom was a silver-necked claret jug. The Duke of Cambridge gave an amethyst and diamond pendant, and the bridegroom a pair of silver gilt candlesticks; and Princess Mary and the Duke of Teck presented the bride with a silver sugar basin. The bridegroom’s gifts to the bride were a diamond and sapphire watch bracelet, a diamond half-hoop ring, diamond brooch with pearl centre, diamond and turquoise brooch, formed of the St Clair badge in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of diamonds, surmounted by a baron’s coronet in the same precious stones, a large salts bottle with two heart-shaped moonstones set with rubies and diamonds and a silver sugar basin. The bride presented Lord Loughborough with a turquoise and diamond stud. The Earl of Rosslyn presented the bride with diamond necklet. The Countess of Rosslyn’s gifts were diamond orchid brooch and a pink feather fan. Mr R. C. Vyner’s gifts to his daughter were a diamond and pearl tiara and gold mounted dressing case, and Mrs Vyner gave her a sapphire and diamond ring. The Marchioness of Stafford gave a ruby and diamond pin; Lady Mary Vyner antique diamond tiara; the Ladies Angela and Sybil Erskine sapphire and diamond bracelet; Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine with "1890" in rubies and diamonds; Lord and Lady A. Compton large diamond star; the Earl of Rosslyn presented his son with a large silver bowl and two silver dishes; the Countess of Rosslyn's present was a travelling bag; Mr Vyner gave him a luncheon basket; Mrs Vyner a silver ''entree'' dish; the Marchioness of Stafford case containing silver coffee and tea pots, urn and stand, sugar basin, and cream jug; Lord and Lady Brooke four antique silver sauce boats; Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon ['''Col. 1c–2a'''] Lennox three antique silver ''entree'' dishes. The Earl of Rosslyn's Fifeshire tenants presented Lord Loughborough with a beautiful antique silver bowl, two antique silver dessert dishes, and two antique sugar castors; and to the bride they gave an antique silver tea service. The congregation of Rosslyn Chapel presented the bridegroom with a complete and elegant writing set, whilst Lord Rosslyn's servants gave him a silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks. Mr Vyner's servants presented the bride with a silver salver and six ''liqueur'' cups. The servants of Newby Hall gave a silver coffee pot, and Mr Vyner’s Cheshire tenants presented a case containing silver tea pot, sugar basin, and cream jug. The bride also received from the Duchess of Portland a travelling bag; the Duchess de Luynes, sapphire and diamond ring; the Duke of Westminister, Indian necklace; the Marquis of Northampton, diamond bracelet; the Marquis of Ripon, sapphire and diamond bracelet; the Marchioness of Ripon, turquoise and diamond bangle, the Earl of Durham, a diamond half hoop bracelet; Earl and Countess Cowper, a diamond "V V” brooch; Dowager Viscountess Downe, moonstone and diamond crescent; Lady Skyes [Sykes] ruby and diamond fish brooch; Lady Millbank, sapphire and diamond brooch Lord Douglas Compton, double heart brooch; Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, gold curb chain bracelet set with pearls; Earl and Countess Compton, bangle with “Vi” and “good luck” on it; the Duke and Duchess of St Albans, tea service with table; the Marchioness Conyngham, silver cream jug; the Marchioness of Tavistock, silver vase; the Countess of Rodin, a silver I bowl; the Countess of Yarborough, silver candlesticks; Viscountess Downe, silver tea caddie; Lady de Trafford, gold mounted salts bottle; the Hon. F. Dawnay, large silver candlesticks[;] Hon. F and Lady Lampton, travelling clock; Hon. W. Lambton, silver candlesticks; Sir R. and Lady Graham, silver salver; Sir Roderick and Miss Cameron, two silver dishes; General Williams, diamond bangle; Colonel and Mrs G. FitzGeorge, gold mounted bottle; Major and Mrs Egerton, pair of silver candlesticks; Major Stuart Wortley, diamond Swallow; Major Davidson, heart-shaped brooch in coral and diamonds; Captain and Lady Cecilia Rose, a brougham; Mr Beaumont, silver bowl; Miss Edmonstone, moonstone and diamond hat pins; Mrs Harris, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Mr Egerton, turquoise and diamond brooch; Sir Cecil Murray, sapphire and diamond pin; Mr A. Farquharson, diamond swallow brooch; Mr and Mrs Hulse, two small silver vases; Miss Fleetwood Wilson, diamond bangle; Mrs A. Wilson, tortoiseshell candlestick; Mr Quintin Hume, salts bottle mounted with diamonds and rubies; Miss Helbert, gold violet pin; Mr Chamberlain, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Arthur Coventry, gold mounted bottle with "Vi" in diamonds; Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, diamond hand brooch, together with a number of other gifts. Among the presents to the bridegroom were — from the Marchioness of Downshire, antique silver sugar sifter; the Marquis of Exeter, silver sandwich case; the Marchioness of Bath, antique Dutch silver box; the Marquis of Downshire, a gold pencil; Count Munster, cigarette case and match box; Count Alexander Munster, a hunting flask; the Countess of Lindsay, antique silver pen-tray; the Earl of Mar and Kellie, silver matchbox; the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, silver cigarette box; the Earl of Chesterfield, antique silver gilt inkstand; the Countess of Bradford, gold seal with agate; the Countess of Warwick, antique silver bowl; the Earl of Coventry, silver pen-tray; the Countess of Wharncliffe, two silver candlesticks; the Earl and Countess of Cromartie, two antique silver cups; Viscountess of Newport, silver paper knife; Mr and Mrs A. Sassoon, ruby and diamond pin; Lord John Cecil, silver salver; Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby, antique silver-mounted cruet stand; Lord William Nevtll, antique brandy carrier; Lady Margaret Spicer, silver match box; Lord Burghley, four silver salt cellars and spoons; Baron de Hirch [Hirsch?], silver inkstand; Lady W. E. Osborne Elphinstone, silver inkstand; Lord Kesteven, silver cream jug; Lord Capell, silver cigarette case; Lord and Lady Gerard, tortoiseshell and silver travelling clock; Lady Lilian Wemyss, silver cigarette case; Dad Alwyne Compton, umbrella containing matchbox and whistle; Lord and Lady Lennox, two antique silver ''entree'' dishes and bacon dish; Lord Burghersh, silver cigarette lighter; Lady Angela 8t Clair Erskine, four silver salt cellars; Lady Randolph Churchill, gold pencil case, with two sapphires; Lord Houghton, antique gold basket; Lady Sybil St Clair Erskine, umbrella; Lord and Lady Dorchester, large crystal seal; Hon. Derek P. Keppel, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. E. and Mrs Pelham, silver inkstand; Hon. G. N. Curzon, silver gilt bowl; Hon. F. St Clair Erskine, four silver candle-sticks; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. A. and Mrs Bourke]], four small silver dessert dishes; Hon. Mrs Elliot Yorke, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Mr and Mrs L. Greville, tortoise-shell and silver box; Hon. R Somerset, diamond and pearl pin; Hon. G. H. Willoughby, silver ink-stand; Hon. H. and Mrs Grosvenor, umbrella; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], enamel and diamond pin; Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, cigarette case and lighter; Hon. W. Maxwell, silver-backed clothes and hat brushes; Hon. Sidney Greville, saltspoons; Hon. M. C. Maxwell Scott, two silver ''menu'' plates; Hon. W. Edwardes, pin; [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Captain Hon. A.]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Mrs Greville]], silver gilt bowl, fork, spoon, and ladle; Sir Frederick Milner, diamond and moonstone pin; Sir George Chetwynd, two long silver flagons; Sir M. and Lady Fitzgerald, two silver saltspoons; Sir N. Gordon Gumming, silver-handled paper knife, &c.<ref>"Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner." ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> === 24 July 1890, Thursday === ==== Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington ==== Perhaps the date on this is uncertain, since the article in ''Truth'' would suggest it was held in late May or early June. The newspaper story in the ''Queen'' mentions another occasion in which the flowers were notable as well. From ''Truth'':<blockquote> But not a quarter of a mile distant [from a dinner and dance hosted by Lord Rothschild featuring Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne] a more important event was proceeding, for Lord Alington, having previously walked down the Row and invited his friends right and left to Alington House, South Audley-street, proceeded to give a dance which was honoured by the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princesses Victoria and Maud, the Duke of Clarence, Princess Mary Adelaide, and Princess "May" and Prince and Princess Christian. This without exaggeration, with the exception of Lady Leconfield's, Lady Willoughby de Eresby's, and Lady Cadogan's, was the best ball hitherto given this season, and the prolific way ortolans [small songbirds regarded as a delicacy] were distributed at supper will long linger in the memories of those by whom these delicacies are cherished. One lady displayed her enthusiastic appreciation by devouring five of these, and it is to be hoped her devotion did not endanger her life. As for beauty, seldom before have so many pre-eminent for good looks been present at one gathering, as a mere enumeration of a few of these will prove. Of course the Duchess of Leinster heads the list, followed in quick succession by the Duchess of Portland, Lady de Grey, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Dudley, Lady Kilmorey, Lady Brooke, Lady de Trafford, Lady Helen Duncombe, Lady Hilda Dundas, Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Lady Olivia Taylour, Miss Rachael Gurney, Lady Cardross, Miss Bourke, Lady Rose Leigh and her sister-in-law, Miss Leigh, Miss Berens (sister to Lady Cairns), Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, Lady Gerard, and a host of others far too numerous to mention. I often wonder that no painter has yet attempted to give us in one picture a permanent record of the chief beauties of our day. It would make a most interesting and exquisite group of lovely women, such as could not be found probably in any other country than this.<ref>Marmaduke, pseud. "Letters from the Linkman." ''Truth'' 12 June 1890, Thursday: 26 [of 56], Col. 1a–b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18900612/064/0026. Same print title, p. 1212.</ref></blockquote> From the ''Queen'':<blockquote>The P<small>RINCE AND</small> P<small>RINCESS OF</small> W<small>ALES</small> and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured L<small>ORD</small> A<small>LINGTON</small> by their presence at D<small>INNER</small>, at A<small>LINGTON</small> H<small>OUSE</small>, South Audley-street, on the 24th ult., when a distinguished party was present to meet them, including, among others, the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the EarI of Chesterfield, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, and Earl Annesley. Covers were laid for sixty. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters. As on the previous occasion, the floral decorations were exquisite. The entrance hall and the approaches to the reception rooms were decorated with tall palms and a profusion of lilies, pelargoniums, ferns in every variety, and roses in every imaginable shade. The conservatories at the back were carpeted and furnished luxuriously, and blocks of ice, lighted by fairy lamps, were placed about with artistic effect, serving to keep the atmosphere cool and fresh. Feathery palms, hydrangeos [hydrangeas] and arums were here used freely, and a particularly pretty result was obtained by the windows being framed, one in a fringe of ferns and red pelargoniums, and the other in ferns and fuschias. The ballroom fireplaces were adorned on each side with palms reaching to the ceiling, the mantelpieces being hidden by a delicate arrangement of roses in various shades springing from banks of hydrangeas, calceolarias, pelargoniums, and marguerites, and the walls of the staircase leading from the conservatory to the ball-room were hung with half-balls of floral roses. The supper was served in the dining-room, the tables being embellished with the loveliest orchids and roses of the most delicate tints, intermixed with pancretia; the arrangement was so light and elegant that it was difficult to believe that hands had ever touched the flowers. On those tables with silver candelabra in the centre, the flowers were all pure white, and those having gold candelabra were treated with mauve orchids and the palest pink and yellow roses. A tent, arranged near the conservatory for the Prince of Wales, was draped with Oriental hangings, and outside were groups of flowers and myriads of fairy lamps. The company began to arrive at eleven o'clock, when dancing commenced to the strains of the Blue Hungarian Band. The Princess of Wales was dressed in white striped satin and silk, the front being embroidered in pale shades, and wore handsome diamond ornaments. The Princesses Victoria and Maud wore white tulle over satin, the front being sprinkled all over with tiny sprays of lilies of the valley, each laid on a single leaf. The Duchess of Wellington was in black satin, with a pink sash arranged very prettily across the back of the bodice, and falling to the feet; a cluster of pink flowers and a beautiful diamond spray were fastened in the front of the bodicea and a diamond rivière was arranged in the hair, a diamond necklace being also worn. The Duchess of Westminster was in white satin trimmed with gold embroidery, and veiled in white chiffon. The Marchioness of Ormonde wore white striped brocade and satin trimmed with white lace, and a splendid diamond tiara and other ornaments. Countess de Grey, palest blue satin, with front beautifully embroidered in beads, and a diamond and pearl coronet. Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, white brocade and lace, with splendid diamond and emerald ornaments. The Marchioness of Bath, cream an violet brocaded velvet, the front being covered with mauve [38, Col. 3c – 39, Col. 1a] violets. Lady Mary Mills, rose-pink satin, with front richly embroidered; Lady Cardross, white satin, trimmed round the bodice and train with silver embroidery; Lady William Nevill, pale yellow brocade, the front veiled with black net, trimmed up the side with jet leaves, and all round the skirt was a bordering of Maréchal Niel roses, over a flounce of black net; Countess Granville wore rich white brocade and beautiful jewels; the Countess of Sefton, black satin and diamonds; Viscountess Dungan, white mousseline de soie, the skirt edged with a deep flounce; Lady Brooke, pale blue satin, trimmed with silver; Lady Emma Crichton, white satin train, with front of white lisse, prettily embroidered in red; Lady Idina Brassey, pale mauve bengaline, with front of chiffon and a handsome diamon coronet; Lady Rose Molyneux, white cross crêpe de Chine, with a pale green sash, and prettily trimmed with pink roses; Lady Wimborne, pale grey satin; the Hon. Miss Guest, pink satin, veiled with white net, sparkling with silver; Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, white satin, with a chiffon frill; Lady Chesham, white silk, with pink roses; the Countess of Normanton, pale grey satin, with front of fine old lace; Mrs Hulse, handsome white brocade, diamond tiara, &c.; Mrs Bischoffsheim, white silk, embroidered with silver, and trimmed round the bottom of the skirt and train with a ruche of pale yellow crèpe; the Hon. Muriel Brassey, white chiffon, over satin, slightly trimmed with pink; and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]] was in pink, with magnificent diamonds.<ref>"Entertainments, Balls, &c." ''The Queen'' 2 August 1890, Saturday: 38, Col. 3c – 39 [of 82], Col. 1a–1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18900802/237/0038 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18900802/237/0039. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', pp. 170–171.</ref></blockquote>This is the story from the ''Morning Post'':<blockquote>The Prince and Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured Lord Alington by their company at dinner last evening at Alington House, South Audley-street. The guests present to meet their Royal Highnesses comprised the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Earl of Chesterfield, Earl Annesley, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, Lord and Lady Gerard, Lady Norreys, Lord Rowton, Lord Calthorpe, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lord Arthur Grosvenor, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu, Sir John and Lady Lister Kaye, the Hon. Humphrey and Lady Feodore Sturt, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Henry and the Hon. Julia Stonor, the Hon. Gilbert Willoughby, Lady Suffield and Major-General Ellis, in waiting on the Prince and Princess of Wales; Sir Henry Calcraft, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, General and Mrs. Owen Williams, Mr. Mildmay, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Montague Guest, Captain Orr-Ewing, Mrs. Bulkeley, Mr. Ricardo, and Mr. Caryl Craven. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance expressly to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales. Among the company were— The Russian Ambassador, the Danish Minister, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Comte Costa de Beaunyardt, the Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Evelyn Fitzmaurice, the Duchess of Westminster, the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, the Duchess of Wellington and Lady Cardross, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby and Miss Bourke, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, the Marchioness of Bath and Lady Beatrice Thynne, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquese and Marquesa de Santurce and Lady Wilham Nevill, Countess Spencer, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, Countess de Grey, the Earl of Dunraven, the Countess of Lathom and Lady Edith Wilbraham, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Christian Cole, the Earl of Ilchester, the Earl of Durham and Lady Anne Lambton, the Earl of Dalkeith and Lord Ernest Scott, the Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Countess Howe and the Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Normanton and Lady Mary Agar and Miss Mary Liddell, Earl Craven, Viscount Clifden, Viscount Ennismore and Lady Beatrice Hare, Viscount Coke and the Hon. Violet White, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and the Hon. Susan Baring, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bruce, Viscount and Viscountess Melgund, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscount and Lady Violet Dangan and Lady Eva Wellesley, Viscount Dungarvan, Viscount Chelsea, Viscount Royston, Lady Hastings, Lord Capell, Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Margaret Willoughby, Lady Cloncurry and Hon. Miss Winn, Lord and Lady Brooke, Lady Wimborne and Hon. Miss Guest, Lord Sandhurst, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton and Miss Gurney, Lord and Lady Chesham, Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor, Lord Kenyon, Lord Garioch, Lady Alice Portal, Lady Margaret Levett and the Ladies Ashley, Lady W. Nevill, Lord Paulet, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Forbes and Misses Forbes, Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord Carlow, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Lurgan, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Lord Richard Nevill, the Hon. W. Coventry, the Hon. G. Joliffe, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. H. Coventry, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. Alistair and Mrs. Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], the Hon. F. Dawnay, the Hon. E. J. Mills, the Hon. A. Johnstone, the Hon. Claude Hay, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. Mr. Dundas and Lady Hilda Dundas, the Hon. Thomas and Lady Idina Brassey and the Hon. Muriel Brassey, the Hon. Mr. Mansfield, Colonel the Hon. Henry Byng and Miss Byng, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Mr. Harbord, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., the Hon. G. Somerset, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir George Arthur, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Charles Forbes, Sir William and Lady Eden, Sir George Chetwynd, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir John D. Poynder, Colonel and Lady Emma Crichton, the Hon. Miss Harbord, Captain and Lady Jane Combe, Colonel Paget, Captain Williams, Captain Ford, Captain Doyle, Captain Hanbury, Captain Campbell, Captain Constable, Captain Kinloch, Captain Longfield, M. Gutmansthal, Mrs. Bingham, Mr. Guthrie, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Mrs. Charles Wilson and Miss Wilson, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. de Murrieta, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Spencer Portal, Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Paget, Mr. Leigh and Miss Leigh, Mr. Percy Daniell, Mr. Lister, Mr. Frederick Vincent, Mr. Cazalet, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. John Savile Lumley, Mr. and Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. Skeffington Smith and Miss Taylor, Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Alfred Farquhar, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. Reginald Ronalds]], Miss Alice Ellice, Mr. George Marjoribanks, Mr. Wyndham, Mr. Dugdale, Mr. Montagu, Mrs. Sneyd, Mr. Wynn, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mr. Murray Guthrie, Mr. George Lambert, Mrs. Sanford, Miss Mabel Forbes. Mr. Herbert Magniac, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Milner, Mr. Charles Kindersley, Mr. Beaumont, Mr. Walter Hervey, Mr. H. Hoare, Mr. Foley, Mr. Scott Murray, Mr. Coventry, Mr. Bertie, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Guthrie, Mr. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. E. Charteris, Mr. Cholmondeley, Mr. Oswald Magniac, Mr. Cecil Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, Mr. Peploe, Mr. A. Charteris, Mr. Seymour Gore, Mr. Robert Antrobus, Mr. Elliot, M. de Champs, Mr. Wombwell, Mr. Charles Hoare, M.P., and many others.<ref>"Lord Alington's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 25 July 1890, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5 b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900725/014/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1890== ===6 August 1890, Friday=== ==== Beautiful Women ==== The ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' reprinted a story from ''Vanity Fair'' about "Beautiful Women":<blockquote>Beautiful Women. — ''Vanity Fair'' asks what country in the world can show a more beautiful bevy of women than England? When Lady Helen Vincent, with her sister, Lady Cynthia Graham; when Lady Warwick with her sisters, the Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Westmorland; and when Lady Mar and Kellie, Lady de Trafford, Princess Pless, Lady de Gray[,] Lady Naylor-Leyland, the Duchess of Portland, Lady Alington, Lady Sophie Scott, Lady Chelsea, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Algernon Bourke]], Lady Henry Bentinck, Mrs. Willie Grenfell, Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Countess Clary are gathered together it is a sight to make an old man young; while Mrs. Gerard Leigh and her sister, Lady Yarborough, and Lady Powis, Lady Norreys, Mrs Farquharson, Mrs. Willie James, Lady Dalkeith, Mrs. Pretyman, Mrs. Gervase Beckett, Lady Rossmore, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady Colebrook, Lady Hartopp, Mrs. Willie Walker, and Lady Milton are almost equally admired. The many pretty girls include Miss Enid and Miss Muriel Wilson, who still head the list of the unmarried beauties, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Miss Kennard, Miss Madeline Bourke, and Miss Leila Crichton; while among the debutantes Lady Evelyn Crichton and Lady Vivian's daughters have had a great success, and Lady Alice Montagu, petite and charmingly pretty, has been so much admired. The daughters of Lady Gosford, Lady Verulam, Lady Leitrim, Lady Inchiquin, and Lady Grey have also been admired, as well as Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Katherine Scott, and Miss Chaplin.<ref>"Beautiful Women." ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' 6 August 1897, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001804/18970806/023/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===25 August 1890, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1890== ==October 1890== ===22 October 1890, Wednesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch went to the Reading Room (Campbell 22). ===25 October 1890, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Loder—De Vere Beauclerk Wedding]] ===31 October 1890, Friday=== Halloween. ==November 1890== ===5 November 1890, Wednesday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===19 November 1890, Wednesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch, with some of his students and his daughter Helene, provided musical illustrations for a lecture given by Dr. Frederick Bridge on "Mozart as Teacher," probably at Gresham College, where Bridges was professor (Campbell 34). ===21 November 1890, Friday=== Dr. Frederick Bridge's last fall 1890 lecture at Gresham College, for which Dolmetsch provided illustration. Campbell says, "it is, in fact, the first record in modern times of music by Byrd, Dr. Bull, Jenkins, Simpson, Lawes, Locke and Purcell being played 'on the instruments for which it was written'" (Campbell 34). ===25 November 1890, Tuesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch got a three-month pass to the Reading Room and "thereafter held yearly tickets until 1916" (Campbell 22). ==== 1890 November 29, Saturday ==== ===== [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|Wedding of Francis Dudley, Lord Leigh and Héléne Forbes Beckwith]] ===== ==December 1890== Sometimes in December 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/William Robert Woodman|William Woodman]], one of the founding members of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]], died (Gilbert 86 12). === 4 December 1890, Thursday === ==== [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|Wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]] ==== ===19 December 1890, Friday=== "The eleventh annual ''Truth'' Toy Exhibition for the children in London hospitals, workhouses, and infirmaries was held at the Grosvenor Gallery, Bond-street, on Dec. 19 and 20. There are over 22,000 children in these institutions, and each of them has a separate toy, besides the large and more expensive toys which are presented for the general use of the inmates. A special feature of the show was the dolls dressed by lady readers of ''Truth''. Several special donations in connection with the fund have been made, the principal of which is that of 10,200 new sixpences sent for distribution by the same liberal donor who has given a similar present on former occasions; while Mr. Tom Smith has had specially made, and has forwarded for distribution, over 22,000 crackers; and Mr. Horniman (as stated in our last issue) has given to the adults in hospitals and workhouses 1200 packets of tea, to be given to them as Christmas boxes." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 27, 1890; pg. 806; Issue 2697, Col. B) ===20 December 1890, Saturday=== "In order that the adults connected with the hospitals and workhouses may participate in the good things given to the children in the ''Truth'' toy distribution, Mr. F. J. Horniman, of Wormwood-street, City, has sent Mr. Labouchere 1200 packets of tea to be given to them as a Christmas box." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 20, 1890; pg. 774; Issue 2696, Col. B) From the ''Times'', 22 December 1890, "The Late Sir Edgar Boehm": <blockquote>On Saturday, in accordance with the special request of the Queen, the late Sir Edgar Boehm, R.A., was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral, in the south aisle of the crypt, the spot being known as “The Painters Corner.” [new paragraph] The funeral cortége left the residence of the deceased at about 11 o’clock, there being five mourning and several private carriages. In the first carriage were the chief mourners, Sir Edgar Collins Boehm, the only son of the late baronet, and Mr. Conrad Herapath. The second and third carriages were occupied by Sir Frederic Leighton, P.R.A., Sir Nigel Kingscote, Mr. Richard Mills, Colonel Francis Baring, Mr. Alma-Tadema, R.A., Sir R. H. Collins, Mr. Edward J. Poynter, R.A., and Mr. Duncan MacGregor, all of whom subsequently, at the cathedral, acted as pall bearers. The fourth carriage contained representatives of the Council of the Royal Academy – Mr. Edwin Long, R.A., Mr. J. B. Burgess, R.A., Mr. F. Goodall, R.A., and Mr. Beavis. In the fifth carriage were the following members of the professional staff of the deceased – Mr. R. Glassby, Mr. E. Lantéri, Signor Finili, and Herr Gross. The cortége stopped for a few moments at the Royal Academy, in order that it might be joined by two carriages containing other representatives of the institution. Leaving Piccadilly, the route taken was Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, Cockspur-street, the Strand, Fleet-street, and Ludgate-hill, the cathedral being reached about noon. The procession was met at the great west door by Canon Gregory, the Archdeacon of London, the Rev. Dr. Baker, Minor Canons Milman, Russell, and Kelly, and the choir, who had a few minutes previously left the vestry; by Major Bigge, Equerry to the Queen, representing her Majesty; Colonel Stanley Clarke, who attended on behalf of the Prince and Princess of Wales; and Colonel W. J. Colville, representing the Duke of Edinburgh. The [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Marchioness of Lorne) attired in deep mourning, and accompanied by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Lieut.-Col. Arthur Collins]] and Lady Sophia Macnamara, arrived at the cathedral a few minutes before 12 o’clock, and was conducted to a seat in the south side of the nave, close to the late Sir Edgar Boehm’s two daughters, upon whom her Royal Highness had called earlier in the morning. As the procession came slowly up the nave towards the chancel, “I am the resurrection of life” and other sentences of the burial service were chanted to music by Dr. Croft. The coffin, which was completely hidden by splendid wreaths, was preceded by the choristers and the clergy. Then followed Sir E. C. Boehm, with Mr. Conrad Herapath and Mr. Alfred Gilbert, A.R.A., the officers and council of the Royal Academy, and members of the deceased’s studio. The coffin was deposited upon a bier, which had been placed under the dome in front of the opening into the crypt, through which the body was subsequently lowered. The mourners having been conducted to the seats which had been reserved for them, and the clergy and choir having proceeded to their places in the chancel, Psalms xxxix. and xc. Were sung to music by Purcell and Felton, followed by Spohr’s anthem, “Blest are the departed,” and the lesson 1 Cor. Xv. 20, which was read by Canon Gregory. Whilst the hymn “Days and moments quickly flying” was being sung the Archdeacon of London and Minor Canon Milman proceeded from the chancel and took up positions by the side of the coffin. The remainder of the service preceding and following the lowering of the body into the crypt was read by Minor Canon Milman, and the collect was impressively recited by Archdeacon Sinclair. The late Dr. Newman’s beautiful hymn, “Lead kindly light,” was afterwards sung by the choir, and the service was brought to a close by Beethoven’s Funeral March, which was played in compliance with the special request of her Majesty, at whose desire also Chopin’s Funeral March had preceded the service. Dr. Martin was the organist. While Beethoven’s march was being played the son and daughters of the late “Sculptor in ordinary to her Majesty,” together with other mourners, descended the crypt by the door near Howard’s monument, and saw the coffin for the last time. It bore the following inscription:- “Joseph Edgar Boehm. Born July 6, 1834; died at his work December 12, 1890. Thy will be done.” The coffin had already been deposited in the brick grave prepared for it, which is next to that of Sir Edwin Landseer. Immediately around it lie the remains of painters and sculptors of bygone days – Sir Joshua Reynolds, James Barry, Benjamin West, Henry Fuseli, Sir Thomas Lawrence, J. M. W. Turner, and John Henry Foley, while within half-a-dozen yards is the tomb of the great architect of the cathedral, Sir Christopher Wren. The coffin as last seen was covered by the floral tributes of loving friends, the symbolic laurel wreath forwarded by her Majesty surmounting them. This bore the inscription, “A tribute of gratitude for many beautiful memorial works executed for her. From Victoria, R. I.” Attached to the beautiful wreath sent by the Prince and Princess of Wales were the words, “A token of sincere regard and friendship.” Wreaths were forwarded by other members of the Royal Family, by Sir John and Lady Millais, Lord and Lady Reay, the Countess Sydney, Lord and Lady de Vesci, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, by members of the council, students and officers of the Royal Academy, the Society of Artistic Sculptors (Vienna), and by the London Hungarian Association." (http://glassby.com/Chapter1.htm) </blockquote> ===24 December 1890, Wednesday=== "The people of South London and adjacent suburbs have to be grateful to Mr. Frederick Horniman, a well-known City merchant residing at Dulwich, for a munificent and beneficial Christmas gift. This gentleman has, during thirty years, formed a collection, worth above £100,000, of specimens of art, European, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese, also of decorative manufactures, and of ethnology and natural history, and rare books and manuscripts, at Surrey House, Forest Hill, which he intends to present to the public. The museum was opened by Sir Morell Mackenzie on Wednesday afternoon, Dec. 24. It already comprises twenty-four rooms, containing many beautiful specimens of horse and chain armour, Elizabethan bed-room furniture, an old English parlour and pantry, an Oriental armoury, a bible and manuscript room, an Egyptian gallery, and ethnographical saloon, a book and embroidery saloon, a porcelain and glass room, and a zoological saloon, with two live Russian bears and a monkey. We may describe the museum further, after another visit. Our Artist has sketched, in the ethnograhical saloon, an idol's shrine, made of cocoanut-fibre, from Fiji. Mr. Horniman, in acknowledging a vote of thanks, said that in an adjoining house he had accumulated a vast library of bibles and entomological works and specimens. It was his intention to build a hall at the back of the present building to contain a thousand persons, while the galleries would contain a library, and a stage would be provided, so that both eye and ear could be amused. He also contemplated buying sufficient land to enable a public body to erect class-rooms and gymnasia. Three cheers were given for Mr. Horniman, and the company proceeded to inspect the museum." "(Mr. F. Horniman's Museum, Forest Hill." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 03, 1891; pg. 7; Issue 2698, Col. C) ===25 December 1890, Thursday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1890, Friday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *"Besant Chronology.pdf." From Anderson, Nancy Fix, Walter L Arnstein, Deborah Logan, and Susie L Steinbach, Volume Editors. Lives of Victorian Political Figures, Part III: Queen Victoria, Florence Nightingale, Annie Besant and Millicent Garrett Fawcett by their Contemporaries. Volume 3 of Lives of Victorian Political Figures. Series Editors, Nancy LoPatin-Lummis and Michael Partridge. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2008. *Crawford, Elizabeth. The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. Google Books. Accessed 14 October 2010. 3mob8lwepvd21txjsqavqvqarlq9nye 2839922 2839910 2026-10-12T22:01:53Z Scogdill 1331941 2839922 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] 1890 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January 1890== Sometime in January 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] was initiated into the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 144). Sometime in 1890 Annie Besant and [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] founded the Working Women's Club in the East End (Besant Chronology.pdf). Maye Dilke was a member (Crawford 170). [[Social Victorians/People/Frank Harris|Frank Harris]] says,<blockquote>One day in 1890 I had George Meredith, Walter Pater and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] dining with me in Park Lane and the time of sex-awakening was discussed. Both Pater and Wilde spoke of it as a sign of puberty. Pater thought it began about thirteen or fourteen and Wilde to my amazement set it as late as sixteen. Meredith alone was inclined to put it earlier.<ref>Harris, Frank. ''My Life and Loves''.</ref></blockquote> ===1 January 1890, Wednesday, New Year's Day=== <blockquote>Sharp frost was experienced over the East of England yesterday morning, and in South London the thermometer had been as low as 27deg., and 28deg. in Hyde-park. It rose during the day to 41deg., but in the evening frost again set in. Later the thermometer rose again to 32deg., and there was an appearance as of coming rain.<ref><cite>The Morning Post. 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): P. 4, Col. F.</cite></ref></blockquote>Influenza was spreading all over Europe. A true pandemic carried by international commerce and travel, it was called the Russian flu.<p> According to the "Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning" in the Morning Post,<blockquote>A second supplement to the Gazette, issued last night, contains the following: — "Lord Chamberlain's Office, January 1. "Orders for the Court's going into mourning on Thursday next, the 2d instant, for her late Majesty the Empress of Brazil, viz." — "The ladies to wear black dresses, white gloves, black or white shoes, feathers, and fans, pearls, diamonds, or plain gold or silver ornaments. The gentlemen to wear black Court dress, with black swords and buckles. "The Court to change the mourning on Thursday, the 16th instant, viz.: — [new paragraph] The ladies to wear black dresses, with coloured ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments, or grey or white dresses, with black ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments. The gentlemen to continue the same mourning. "And on Thursday, the 23d instant, the Court to go out of mourning."<ref><cite>"Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning." The Morning Post, 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676): page 5 Col. G.</cite></ref></blockquote> === 6 January 1890, Monday === Empress Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach died on 7 January, and her funeral was on 11 January 1890. (She had been Queen of Prussia and the first German Empress. Her mother had been a Romanov, and she had been married to William I, German Emperor; their eldest son, Frederick William, married Vicky, Princess Royal, Queen Victoria's first-born child. She had politics similar to those of her daughter-in-law, but not of her grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II or Bismarck.) Bertie did not attend her funeral:<blockquote>The decision of the Prince of Wales not to go to Berlin for the funeral of the Empress Augusta has caused much surprise, to say the least of it; but H.R.H. preferred to conclude his visit to Baron Hirsch at Merton, where there was a prodigious slaughter of partridges during the four days' ''chasse''.<p> The guests invited to Merton to meet the Prince were the Duc de Chartres, the Duchess of Manchester, Lord Hartington, Lord and Lady de Grey, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Mr. Henry Chaplin, and Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon.<ref>"What the World Says." ''The World'' 15 January 1890, Wednesday: 14 [of 40], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0006339%2F18900115&page=14. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' says,<blockquote>The Prince of Wales, attended by General Teesdale, C.B., left Sandringham on Monday afternoon [Monday, 6 January] for Merton. ... The Princess of Wales, with Princesses Victoria and Maud, remains at Sandringham. The Prince of Wales is the guest of the Baron de Hirsch at Merton, the ancient seat of the De Grey's in Norfolk. Among the other guests at Merton are the Marquis of Hartington, who travelled by special train with the Prince from Wolferton, via King's Lynn and Swaffham, to Wotton, where the host met them and conducted them to Merton; the Duc de Chartres, the Duchess of Manchester, Viscountess Mandeville, and Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon.<ref>"The Queen and Royal Family." ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' 12 January 1890, Sunday: 12 [of 12], Col. 2a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000079%2F18900112&page=12&article=046&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Lloyd's Weekly London Newspaper'', p. 12.</ref></blockquote>The ''Thetford and Watton Times and People's Weekly Journal'' has a little more:<blockquote>The Prince of Wales, attended by General Teesdale, C.B., left Sandringham on Monday afternoon for Merton. ... The Princess of Wales, with Princesses Victoria and Maud remain at Sandringham. The Prince of Wales is the guest of the Baron de Hirsch at Merton. Among the other guests at Merton are the Marquis of Hartington, M.P., who travelled by special train with the Prince from Wolferton, ''vía'' King’s Lynn and Swaffham, to Watton, where the host met them and conducted them to Merton; the Duc de Chartres, the Duchess of Manchester, the Earl and Countess de Grey, Viscountess Mandeville, General Ellis, Sir James Mackenzie, and Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon. Mr. Chaplin was expected to have joined the party, but at present is unable to do so.<ref>''Thetford & Watton Times'' 11 January 1890, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001533%2F18900111&page=4&article=090&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Thetford & Watton Times and People's Weekly Journal'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote>And the ''County Gentleman'' has a little more:<blockquote>The party assembled to meet the Prince of Wales at Merton Hall included Lord Hartington, who came on from Wolferton with the Prince. Baron Hirsch met them at Walton Station, and conducted them back to Merton. There was a nice little crowd of country people at the station, who cheered H.R.H. lustily. The Duc de Chartres, the Duchess of Manchester, Lord and Lady de Grey, Lady Mandeville, and Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon were of the party. Mr. Chaplin, laid up with influenza, was unable to accept the Baron's invitation. The shooting was excellent. I hear that the Baron will, after all, buy Houghton, and take up his abode there next year. ...  Death has been busy in Imperial circles this week. Scarcely had mourning been decreed for the ex-Empress of Brazil than we heard of the death of the venerable Empress Augusta of Germany at the advanced age of 80. She had been a great invalid for many years past, and influenza found her an easy victim. ... The Empress Frederick's visit to Italy has been abruptly terminated by the death of her mother-in-law, the Empress Augusta. ... Court mourning will considerably modify the programmes arranged for next week at Bournemouth, Poole, and Canford Manor. The Prince and Princess will, of course, be Lord and Lady Wimborne's guests, but the balls will have to be given up, much to the vexation of spirit of all concerned. Mourning is to be worn for four weeks, from Wednesday until February 5.<ref>"The Man about Town." ''Sporting Gazette'' 11 January 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 34], Col. 1b–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0002525%2F18900111&page=6&article=039&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The County Gentleman'', p. 38.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 7, Tuesday === The newspaper reports of several fights lack dates, so these aggregated descriptions are still under construction. Check February, too. The Fracas at the Trocadero and the meeting at the Pelican Club occurred on the same day. The [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Smith-Slavin 1889-12-23|Smith-Slavin Fight]] was 23 December 1889. At least 2 [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Pelican Club Meeting Smith-Slavin match|meetings at the London Pelican Club]] followed, as well as the [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Fracas at the Trocadero|Fracas at the Trocadero]]. === 9 January 1890, Thursday === ==== The York Hunt Ball ==== This account is from the ''Irish Society'', which explains which women's costumes are the focus:<blockquote>The fashionable world and his wife are out of town just now, having good times at country houses. They shed the light of their brilliant presence on those annual functions known as county balls, and enjoy themselves also at those popular and picturesque entertainments to which they are bidden by the masters and members of the various hunts. One of the smartest dances of last week took place at York on Thursday evening. It was in fancy costume, and was in aid of funds for the York County Hospital. Once upon a time the journey from London to the Minster City of the North was a far cry, and one not lightly undertaken. Now it is luxurious and short. In consequence this hall presented the appearance of one in town in mid-season. There was conspicuous for height and handsomeness the familiar figure and face of Countess de Grey. Lady Helen Duncombe, too, who shares with her Grace of Leinster, and Lady Cynthia Graham, the family beauty of the House of Feversham, was seen in the marvellously becoming (to her) costume of the Empire period. Lady Lilian Wemyss, a lady "divinely tall,” and appropriately fair, was garbed in pink and white of a fashion hailing from the Empire. A "square;” in which the lady dancers were all gowned empirically, was the event of the evening. An event worth remembering it was. The costumes were superb, but their attractions were nowhere in comparison with the charms the [Col. 1c–2a] wearers. These were all tall and each one handsome. Lady de Trafford’s pretty face and fine figure showed to great advantage in her gown of white satin, veiled with gold-bordered ''chiffon'', and with an Empire trained cloak from her shoulders of Rose du Barri velvet lined with white satin, and bordered with gold galon. The colour of the velvet in what is seen in the half-yellow, half-scarlet petals of the soft textured nasturtium bloom. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]] looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse. One might go on for long enough describing costume after costume, and then leave them half out. Therefore, we shall, like the judge "sum up” and "charge” for a verdict of the utmost brilliancy.<ref>"Our London Letter." ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 1b–2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 10, Friday === The ball at the Ulster Club Ball, Belfast:<blockquote>The Ulster Club gave on Friday evening last week, in the Ulster Hall, Belfast, one of the most successful balls ever held in that prosperous City of the North of Ireland. It was given in honour of the Marquis of Londonderry and the Marchioness, who, with their son, Lord Castlereagh, were the guests of the evening. Lord Londonderry is an Ulster man of whom the natives of the Northern Province are justly proud, and to entertain him was an honour which has been long looked for by the Club. The hall, which is a splendid building admirably adapted for the purpose of a large dance, was changed beyond the recognition of its oldest frequenters by the skill of clever and tasteful decorators. A temporary archway was erected at the entrance, with cloakrooms for ladies and men at either side. The entrance was prettily carpeted and gracefully draped with delicately-coloured Oriental silk. The walls were hung with handsome Eastern fabrics of rich and harmonious colour, with large mirrors at intervals, which served in effect to double the size of the room. The prettily proportioned vestibule and smaller apartments adjoining the ball-room were decorated and furnished each in the style of a different period. The ceilings were prettily draped with rich but soft-coloured India and China silks. The minor hall made an admirable supper-room, and was also most artistically decorated. The flowers on the table were much admired. The orchestra made music from out a very multitude of floral blooms, and that most effective decoration of blocks of ice hollowed out and lighted by electricity, which so puzzled the Shah of Persia when over here, was liberally made use of. The principal families in the north of Ireland were invited; among others, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, the Duke and Duchess of Manchester, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], the Marchioness of Downshire, the Earl and Countess of Lanesborough, the Earl and Countess of Enniskillen, the Earl and Countess of Belmore, the Earl and Countess of Caledon, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Earl and Countess of Ranfurley,  and the Earl and Countess of Erne, His Grace the Primate of all Ireland, Mrs. Knox and the Misses Knox. The regiments stationed in the North of Ireland were largely represented. Mr. J. Blakiston-Houston, V.L., as senior trustee of the club, had the honour of taking Lady Londonderry to supper. The Marquis took the Countess of Castlestuart; the Right Hon. Col. Forde, D.L., also a club trustee, Lady Fanny Lambert; Sir Edward Cowan, Lord Lieutenant of the County Antrim, Lady Clanmorris; Captain Cramsie, J.P., High Sheriff of Antrim, Lady O'Neill; Lord Castlestuart, Lady Charlotte Montgomery; Lord Clanmorris, the Hon. Mrs. Alexander; Lord O'Neill, Mrs. Forde; and General Wiseman-Clarke, Mrs. Knox. Dancing was kept up till an early hour on Saturday morning, the ball having proved a genuine success.<ref>"Court and Society Notes." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 18 January 1890, Saturday: 44 [of 60], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005980%2F18900118&page=44. Same print title, p. 94.</ref></blockquote>The Dublin Daily Express has a much fuller report:<blockquote>Newspaper Title: Dublin Daily Express Publication Date: Saturday 11 January 1890 Page Number: 5 "Grand Ball to the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry. (From our correspondent.)" Belfast, Friday. The Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, who reached Kingstown this morning by the mail steamer Munster from Holyhead, arrived by the Dublin Limited mail in Belfast in the forenoon, and proceeded direct by special train to Newtownards, and thence to Mountstewart, their county Down residence. This evening the Marquis and Marchioness returned to Belfast, and were the principal guests at a grand ball given by the Ulster Club in the Ulster Hall. Upwards of seven hundred and fifty invitations were issued for the ball, and the attendance included the ''elite'' of the North of Ireland. The Ulster Hall presented a most charming appearance. The piazza, vestible, and ladies' and gentlemen's cloakrooms were transformed into beautiful drawingingrooms [sic], fitted up with tasteful draperies, and furnished with suitable furniture, while beautiful evergreens distributed here and there gave the place a really lovely appearance. The large hall was striking and brilliant. The front of the orchestra across the hall was fitted up with silver plate-glass, and this mirroring was draped with crimson silk plush, and reflected the countess lights and surroundings to great advantage. The lofty windows especially looked well, draped and festooned as they were with rich material in gold and blue and white. Crimson Utrecht velvet, festooned with gold sateen, covered the front of the balconies, and the pillars below were also artistically draped with rich material. The corridors were fitted up as refreshment rooms, and also beautifully adorned with draperies of art muslin and other material. The Minor Hall was arranged as a supper room. The invitations included the following — General Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Duke and Duchess of Manchester, Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Viscountess Mandeville, Earl and Countess of Lanesborough, Earl and Countess of Enniskillen, Earl and Countess of Belmore, Earl and Countess of Caledon, Earl and Countess of Gosford, Earl and Countess of Ranfurly, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Earl and Countess of Erne, Lord and Lady De Ros, Lord and Lady Garvagh, Earl and Countess of Castlestuart and Ladies Muriel and Mary Stuart, Lord and Lady Langford, the Mayor and Mayoress of Belfast, his Grace the Primate of All Ireland, Mr Knox and the Misses Knox, Col Saunderson, MP, and the Hon Mrs Saunderson; Col the Hon Sir West Ridgeway and Lady Ridgeway, Right Hon A J Balfour, Lord A Hill, MP; the Inspector-General R I C. '''The military included'''—Headquarter Staff—Major-  Gen Wiseman Clarke. C B, aud Mrs Wiseman-  Clarke ; Capt Wiseraan-Clarke, ADC; Major and  Mrs Pollock. Capt aud Mrs Kuocker, Lieut-Col, Mrs,  and Miss Parker, Deputy Surgeon-Gen, Mrs, and  Miss Tippets—Major and Mrs Brereton. Royal Scots  Greys. Major the Hon W Alexander, and officers  Royal Scots Greys. Major the Hou W Alexander  and Mrs Alexander ; Royal Engineers—Aiajor J  Cameron; Gordon Highlanders. Lieut-Col Essex.  and officers tind Balt Gordon Uigblanders-Major,  Mrs. Miss Robertson, Major the Hou J Scott  Napier, Mrs Napier, and the Misses Leith.  Capt W Dick-Cunynghan, V C, and Mrs  Dick-Cuuvgbam, Capt Mrs Singlair-Wemyss,  Hon W R D Forbes and Mrs torbes,  Black Watch—Colonel Kidston aud officers 2nd Bait  the Black Watch, Colonel and Mrs Kidatou. Major  Mrs Canter. Capt and Mrs Coode, Capt aud Mrs  Moulton-Barrett, Mr and Mrs J Stuart, and  Capt aud Mrs Filmore. Royal Irish Ritles—Colonel  Guineas, C B. and officers, Depot. Royal Irish Rifles;  Major and Mrs Knox. Capt and Mrs Tobin, Lieut-  Colonel Maberley and officers the Royal Scots Greys,  Dundalk ; Colonel Griffiths and officers 2nd Bate the  East Lancashire Regt, Newry ; Colonel Kinlocb  officers 2nd the .Kings Koval  Rifle Corps, Enniskillen; Colonel Latham  ami officer., Artillery, Londonderry ;  Colonel Hopton. end officer, depot Pnnoes.  Victoria's, Armaab; Colonel Caldwell and officers  depot the lioyal Inniakiliing Fnsilieca, Omagh;  Colonel Dickson and officer. sth Dragoon Ooards,  Dublin; Colonel aud Mrs Dickson, Major and Mrs  Bower., Major and Bromfield. Captain and Mrs  Forster. Medical Staff—Surgeon-Major and Mrs  F Mollov. Burgeon J Flood, AMS, and Mrs  Flood; Surgeon J Watson, AMS; Surgeon M  Colleton. Surgeon L Love, Surgeon FAB  Dalv, Surgeon T Moynihan, Surgeon .1  M-Laughlm. Army Pay Department—Captain  and Mrs WM Xrotman, Captain M'Causland.  Armv Service Corps—Captain A G luglis.  Moio'r Fordo, Miss X’orde, Miss A Forde, Colonel  Wm B and Mrs Forde. the Countess Flngall,  Mr M Herron. R ; Captain and Mrs Greer,  and Mrs Edward Greer. Captain GO Gage, K  and Miss Gage, Lady and the Misses J  Blakeston Houston, V and Mrs Houston. B  Houston and Miss Houston, Captain and Mrs Hoobs,  Sir Harland, Bart, M ; Captain M-Calmom,  M and Mrs M'Calmont, W Ellison Macartney,  Mp’ • Colonel B Johnston, Lieutenant  Colonel Knox, Dr and Mrs Letts, Captain  Lloyd. Lady Fanny Lambert, Major Lamocrt,  Sir Henrv Lawrence, Bart ; General Montgomery,  CSX and Mrs Montgomery ; General Montgomery  Moore and the Hon Mrs Moore, and Mrs Harry  Moore, Major J F Mars, Major Somerset Maxwell  and Florence Maxwell, and Mrs Stephen  Pcrcival ’Maxwell, Mr Robert Davidson Percival  Maxwell. Captain Molesworth, Hugh Montgomery  and the Lady Charlotte Montgomery and Miss  Evelyn Montgomery; Viscount Massereene and  Ferrird. Major Fercival Maxwell, Colonel  Montgomery, Lieutenant Colonel M'Cance. Mias  Eva M'Cancc, and Mrs J M'Cance;  Major M-Clintock and Miss M'Lhntock.  Captain and Miss M-NeiU, Major  Lieut-Gcnetal Nugent, Captain FI M  Ort James Owens, D the Hon T O’Neill,  M Lord and Lady O'Neill. Captain Preston, R M.  and Mrs Preston. John Preston, Lady Preston,  and and Mrs George J Preston, and Mrs W J  Ferric, Captain Perry, Captain, Mrs, and Miss  Blackwood Price, Dr and Mrs Poole, Rev A  PaKenham, Captain and Ml's Richards, Miss Richardson,  Thomas Richardson, Major Rodgers,  Mrs Charles Richardson, Captain John  Rikv Mr aud Mrs A Richardson,  Robert Keade, James Theodore Richard.  son Charles Richardson, Captain  Btronao. C Strange, Commander Lester Stuart.  Mrs Lester Stuart and Miss Lester Stuart, Miss  Strongs and Miss Fanny Strange. Mr and Mrs  Strange, and Mrs Bryce Smito, Major ana Mrs  Stokef. Major and Mrs Scarlett, and Mr and tne  Hon Mrs Southby. Mr and Mrs Thomas  and Miss btannus, Colonel Stoddcrt, Sir William  and Lady Style, Major Soy moor Allen. Mr Edward  and Mrs Archdale, Major A Alexander  and Mrs Alexander. Major Alasoo, Major the Hon  Chas aud Mrs Alcxmder, Capt Stewart Bruce and  Miss Bruce. Cant Mrs Knox Browne, Miss  Knox Browne, Knox Browne, and Mrs  Barbour, Capt St Burton, Sir Henry Lady  Bruce Mr and Mrs J M'C BUzard, Miss J Blizard,  and Mrs James Bruce, Mrs {Brace, Miss Bruce  and Master Bruce, Col and Mrs Buchanan Capt  Buckle, Miss Brownngg, and MraJ W  Browne, Mr N Batt, Mrs and Miss  Bat- and Mrs Cland Brownlow and Miss  Brownlow, Major Boyton. Lord Terence Blackwood,  the Bishop of Down and Connor and Dromore, Sir  Victor V Brook. J M Barbour Mr  Jones Bristow, Charles Brownlow,  Charlev. Miss Charley, Miss Charley, Mr J  Charley, Arthur Charley, and Mrs Abraham  Combe’ Miss Crawford, Mr James  Craig, Lord and Lady Clanmorns, Captain  •rid Mrs Cmmsie, Mr Robert Cramsie,  Major’ and Mrs S K Cowan, Sir Edward Porter-  Cowan, Lady Cowan, Miss Cowan, Mr  Cortes, William Cortes, and Miss Cortes,  Delacherois Crommclin, Captain Carden, Captain  Arthur Chambers, RHA; Lady Elirnbetb Cochrane.  Major Campbell. Mr Colin Campbell, Captain  and Mra Robert Danville. Mr  and the Misses Delacherois. and Misa A J Dels,  cnerais. Captain Darwell, Miss de Wind, Lieutenant.  General and Mrs Dickey, Rev Freeman  and Mrs Dudley, Mr John Danville,  Wind, John Torrens and Mrs Torrens,  Captain Townsend, Captain J Torrens, the Town  Inspector Belfast, and Mrs Smgleton; H  Verner, the Hon Kathleen Ward, the Hon Emily  Ward Colonel and the Misses White, Captain  Robert Wallace, Captain Wallace, the Misses  Youno. Henrv G Young, and Mr Yonng.</blockquote> === 1890 January 13, Monday === ==== Wallace-Camp Boxing Match ==== An Important Boxing Match between two 8-stone (112-pound, Bantam-weight) boxers. Lord Mandeville seems to have been an organizer. Nunc (Edwin) Wallace in June of 1890 fought American George Dixon, who defeated Wallace to become the first Black fighter to win a world prize in boxing.<blockquote>Nunc Wallace and G. Camp for £1,000. On Monday night, at the Ormonde Club, London, the above-named met to do battle for the largest sum of money that has ever been "put up" for a glove contest. That a couple of 8st [8 stone] men could be brought together in a glove contest for the sum of £1,000 would, even in the palmy days of the Prize Ring, have been scouted by the merest tyro in ring matters. Celebrities like Peter Morris, George Holden, Joe Nolan, and Dan Thomas never fought for more than £200, but here we have a stake of £500 a-side freely put down to see who is the better man of the  two. This money, when the match was made last autumn, would have been gladly increased by either side to double the amount, therefore "the fight of his life" is applicable to both George Camp and Edwin ("Nunc") Wallace. The match, made so far back as October last was really the outcome of the bout between Camp and Wallace in the second round of an 8st competition, decided at the Royal Aquarium in December, 1888. A very close struggle ensued, so close, indeed, that the judges ordered a fourth round of two minutes. Wallace eventually get- [Col. 2c–3a] ting the award. From the moment the decision was given Camp's friends were dissatisfied, and hence the contract which was signed for Monday night's battle. With thirteen weeks in which to get fit, neither man was in a hurry to commence work, and the match had been ratified neatly a month before  Wallace took up his quarters at Sutton Coldfield, with Ben Garrington to look after him. Camp journeyed to Brighton with his old trainer, George Bagnall, and it is needless to say neither man wanted for anything. Thinking a change desirable, Wallace a mouth ago also made a move to Brighton, where his interests were studied to the minutest detail by Mr. Sam Mordecai. Both men were waited on hand and foot. Mr. Sam Blandford, representing Camp's backer, took up residence in the famous watering-place, and hardly ever lost sight of the Bermondsey youth. On the other hand Wallace hardly ever drank out of a pot that Mr. Sam Mordecai did not examine, and in this way the men progressed satisfactorily in their training. Lords and Dukes begged for the "tip" as to where the meeting would be in vain, and letters from legal luminaries, magistrates and city magnates came in shoals to those entrusted with the management. The backers on each side were obdurate, and at the final deposit the names of the fortunate <nowiki>''</nowiki>thirty" agreed upon, were handed in. The men were articled to weigh at twelve o'clock on Monday, and so as not to attract attention it was decided this important part of the programme should be performed at Brighton. Accordingly the scales having been fixed in Camp's bedroom, the rivals, in the presence of Lord  Mandeville, Mr. E W Bayly, Mr. Derriman, Mr. Sam Blandfold, and Mr. Dunning, and their trainers, "tipped the beam[.]" Wallace was the first to "pass," weighing 8ths 8st 1 1/2lb stripped. Camp failing to reach this by half a pound, also clothed in Nature's garb. Both looked in splendid trim, though Camp's ruddy complexion was more taking to the eye than the pale appearance of "Nunc." Wallace was attired in black drawers with a gold stripe, red socks, and black rubber-soled shoes. Camp was all in white, with canvas shoes, and amidst almost oppressive silence they faced each other at 8.50 p.m. The Contest ... Round 15 and Iast. The doctoring of Harper and Habbijam brought Camp round before he had again to face the music, but he looked very bad indeed when the watch holder gave the word to start once more. It was only a question of a few minutes, for Wallace was as yet little the worse for the struggle so far, while on Camp's part there was everything to fear. The latter, however, without the slightest trace of the "white feather," sprang up and met Wallace full of confidence, the latter coming at his weak opponent with a straight left on the face. The "Brum forced" Camp back to the ropes, and then smashed the left on the mouth, and only just missed with the right. Still having the best of it he popped in the left again, and down Camp went Iike a log through the ropes. In quicker time than it takes to tell the Surrey boxer was up and at it once more, but with a manifest disadvantage. Receiving right and left on the head he again went down, and in falling strunk his head against the skirting board outside the ring. Wallace stood over him, but at respectable distance, like a Roman gladiator, and the smile which played round his features, was one of victory, for Camp this time was beaten. Failing to rise within the stipulated ten second[s], Mr Angle awarded the fight to Wallace, the round having lasted 2min 45sec. The award was received with exulting shouts by the friends of Wallace, and the clever little boxer was at once raised shoulder high and lifted from the ring. Poor Camp soon came to, but was terribly cut up over his defeat, and for a time refused to be comforted. Wallace, recognising the pluck and ability of his vanquished foe, shook hands in kindly fashion, and thus ended one of the best conducted of modern contests with the gloves. Time of contest, 58 min 45secs.<ref>"A Great Glove Fight." ''Dublin Sporting News'' 17 January 1890, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 2c–4x [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0004807%2F18900117&page=3&article=022&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> ===16 January 1890, Thursday=== <blockquote>About two hundred members of the newly formed Dulwich Literary and Scientific Association attended the conversazione given on Jan. 16 at Surrey House Museum, Forest Hill, when Mr. Horniman, F.R.G.S., acted as cicerone round the rooms, richly stored with historical relics, ornithological curiosities, and art treasures.<ref>''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 25, 1890; pg. 120; Issue 2649, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 21, Tuesday === The marriage of Baron S. Alfred Oppenheim and Miss Florence Hutchins:<blockquote>In the church of St. Mary Abbotts, Kensington, the marriage took place of Baron S. Alfred von Oppenberm and Miss Florence Hutchins, daughter of Mrs. Parkinson Sharp, of Palace-gate. The Hon. and Rev E. Carr Glyn and the Rev. Henry White, M.A., officiated. Among those who attended the reception afterwards held were Prince and Princess Malcom Khan, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Dowager Countess of Harrington, Admiral Sir Edward Inglefield, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Lady Cottenham, and General Du Plat.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 22 January 1890, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001112%2F18900122&page=5&article=080&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 5.</ref></blockquote>The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description that is slightly more full. Is Count von Alten related to [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Manchester]]?<blockquote>At St. Mary Abbots, Kensington, yesterday, the marriage took place of Baron S. Alfred Von Oppenheim, only son of Baron Edward Von Oppenheim, of Cologne and Schloss Schlenderham, and Miss Florence Hutchins, only daughter of Mrs. Parkinson Sharp, of 10, Palace-gate. The service was fully choral, the officiating clergy being the Hon. R. E. Carr-Glyn, rector of St. Mary Abbots, and the Rev. Henry White, M.A., chaplain in ordinary to the Queen. The bride, who was given away by her stepfather, Mr Parkinson Sharp, wore a plain dress of rich white ivory satin, elaborately draped with real orange blossoms. Count C. Von Leyden, Councillor of the German Embassy, attended the Baron as best man. Half a dozen bridesmaids followed the bride elegantly attired in costumes of white cashmere, with white corded silk sashes. They were Miss Aim e [sic] Winslow, Miss Emry Von Oppenheim, Miss Vitty Von Oppenbeim, Miss Potter, Miss Eleanor Heywood, and Miss Seymour. The reception was given at Mrs. Parkinson Sharp's town residence, 10, Palace-gate, Kensington, which was largely attended among those present being Prince and Princess Malcom Khan, Baron and Baroness E. von Oppenheim, Baron Max Oppenheim, Baron von Wedd Yarlsberg, Countess de Bunsen, Baron and Baroness de Plency, Count von Alten, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Dowager Countess of Harrington, Admiral Sir Edward Inglefield, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Lady Cottenham, General Du Plat, &c.<ref>"Marriage of Baron S. Alfred Von Oppenheim." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 22 January 1890, Wednesday: 7 [of 8m], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000098%2F18900122&page=7&article=016&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 28, Tuesday === According to the ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' on 28 January 1890 people were buying "Exploration" shares, which funded exploration expeditions with the possibility of rights to minerals or resources or the development of monopolies for goods that were "discovered."<blockquote>Royalty and the peerage have gone in for "Exploration" shares. The Duchess of Albany is the possessor of fifty shares, which hardly seems to assume the dimensions of a royal investment. Certainly the general public would incline to the idea that a princess would never condescend to invest so small a sum as £25 in anything unless it were a hat or a jacket. The Duke of Fife, on the other hand, has been allotted a thousand shares. The Duchess of Manchester and the Countess of Mandeville have thirty each.<ref>"Notes — Mainly Personal." ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 28 January 1890, Tuesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2b [of my 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000453%2F18900128&page=2&article=001&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> === 1890 January 29, Wednesday === [[Social Victorians/Santurce Murrieta Wedding 1890-01-29|Santurce Murrieta Wedding 1890-01-29]] === 1890 January 30, Thursday, through at least 1890 February 8, Saturday === Kim, Lord Mandeville was in Brighton — at 80, King's-road — at least as early as 30 January.<ref>"Brighton Visitors." ''Brighton Gazette'' 30 January 1890, Thursday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000938%2F18900130&page=3&article=073&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.</ref> The ''Lady's Pictorial'' lists "recent arrivals" in Brighton:<blockquote>Though a good many people have left Brighton, still fresh visitors arrive, and the front is crowded when the weather is a little kind. Amongst the most recent arrivals may be mentioned the Countess of Strafford, Lady Susan Byng, Lady Chelmsford, Lord and Lady Seaton, Lady Jane Grimston, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lord Mandeville]], Lord Romilly and the Hon. John Romilly, Viscount and Viscountess Hampden, the Hon. R. Somerset, the Hon.  Thomas Dundas, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. A. W. Verney Cave, Lady Elizabeth Cartwright, Colonel Sir Alfred and Lady Kirby, Mr. Bazley White, M.P., and Lady Bazley White, Sir Hugh Montgomery, Sir Frederick and Lady Perkins, Lady Ellis, General Seymour, &c., &c.<ref>Dorothy. "Brighton Notes." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 8 February 1890, Saturday: 51 [of 60], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005980%2F18900208&page=51&article=671&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title, p. 203.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1890== === 1890 February 6, Thursday === Before 6 February but not long before. The prize-fighter Pete Jackson fought a match at the New Pelican Club.<blockquote>It is always well to hear that distinguished visitors have enjoyed the hospitality which we have extended to them. This satisfaction is afforded us in full measure by the eminent "Parson" Davis, manager of Pete Jackson, the prize-fighter, who has just been regaling an American interviewer with an account of his experiences in England:— He had been treated in splendid style, and Jackson was received well everywhere. Nothing would give him greater pleasure than to revisit England, and he hoped soon to do so. "I shook a paw with the Prince,” said the parson. "We had a high old time with Albert E. His Royal Highness was exceptionally friendly with Jackson, and actually made a pump handle of his arm. He shook hands with him again and again. The Prince is in capital  health, and" —— But at this point the interviewer mysteriously breaks off. The Prince, however, was not the only British notable to whom Parson Davis referred. He explained that the cause of the trouble with Smith at the New Pelican Club was that the gloves furnished Jackson were too small in the fingers, and when he closed his hand he almost split them, and could not fight. The matter was explained to the officers of the Club, where the fight took place, and other gloves were procured for Jackson:— Fair play was given, and the audience, which included [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lords Mandeville]] and Lonsdale, were loud in their admiration of Jackson's skill.<ref>"The Tittle Tattle of the Week." ''Pall Mall Budget'' 6 February 1890, Thursday: 4 [of 36], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005967%2F18900206&page=4. Same print title, p. 162.</ref></blockquote> ==== The Fracas at the Trocadero ==== This report from the ''Eddowes's Shrewsbury Journal'', 12 January 1890, has paragraphs with gossip; the middle paragraph is not about Lord Mandeville, and the paragraph that follows these is about an epidemic in London; could it be the Russian flu?<blockquote>A great stir has been caused in London by the repert [sic] — only too well authenticated I regret to say — to the effect that a certain individual, who for some years past has been connected somewhat prominently alike with journalism and theatrical enterprise, has suddenly levanted [sic] in consequence of his name being associated with the recent West End scandals. What makes the matter all the more talked about is the fact that the person most concerned has for a long time posed as a conspicuous figure in Society, having given numerous receptions and himself being strongly to the fore at most of the big banquets, first nights and similar gatherings. He has hob-nobbed, in fact, with the wealthy and illustrious, but there is every reason to believe that his pleasant career has been prematurely cut short by a series of disclosures, which are  too gross and too scandalous to be referred to in detail. The report is all the talk at the clubs.<ref>"Notes of the Week." ''Eddowes's Shrewsbury Journal'' 15 January 1890, Wednesday: 3 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001504%2F18900115&page=3. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 12 February 1890, Wednesday === ==== Lady Constance Leslie's Reception ==== <blockquote>On Wednesday last Lady Constance Leslie had an evening party at her residence in Stratford-place.<p> The numerous guests included Prince Ernest of Hohenlohe, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, and the Countesses Gleichen, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Mensdorf, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, Baroness de Brienen and Mdlles de Brienen, the Duke of Abercorn, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Frances Spencer Churchill, Earl and Countess of Portarlington, Earl Stanhope, the Earl of Northbrook, the Earl and Countess of Arran, the Earl and Countess of Erne and the Ladies Cole, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr. Brandling, Viscount Clifden, Viscountess Bary, Viscount Torrington, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Viscount and Viscountess de Vesci and Lady Sarah Spencer, Viscountess Galway, and Mr Caryl Ramsden, Lord de L'Isle and Dudley, Lord Alcester, Lord and Lady Wantage, Lord Ashbourne, Lady Henry Grosvenor and Lady G. Ogilvy, Lady Cloncurry, Lord Morris and Mr. M. Morris, Lady Charles Beresford, Lord Rowton, Lady Blanche Hozier, Lady Colville, Lady Rayleigh, Lady Constance Lytton and Mr. Charles Earle, Lady Evelyn Sutton, Lady Ernest Seymour and Ladies Fortescue, Lord and Lady Sandhurst, Lady Mary Lloyd, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Windsor, Lord and Lady William Seymour, Lady Guy Campbell, Lady Egerton, Lady Fitzgerald, Baron d'Erlanger and Mr. Charles Derenberg, Hon. R. C. Spencer, M.P., and Mrs. Spencer, Hon. Evelyn Ashley, Hon. W. Mansfield, Hon. Lionel Ashley, Hon. A. Hood, Hon. William Lowther and Miss Lowther, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Fitzroy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Frederick Leveson Gower, Hon. Kenneth Howard, Hon. Francis Villiers, Hon. Francis Bertie, Hon. Arthur Walsh, Colonel the Hon. Charles Edgcumbe, General Hon. John Bourke, General and Hon. Mrs. Ellis and Mrs. R. Sneyd and Miss Ellis, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Hon. Alan and Hon. Evan Charteris, Hon. Alexander Yorke, Hon. Derek Keppel, General Sir Dighton Probyn, Hon. Percy Wyndham, Hon. Everard Baring and Hon. Susan Baring, Hon. Mrs. Brett, Hon. Claud Hay, the Right Hon. Henry Matthews, Sir George Arthur, Sir George Maude, Sir Philip Currie, C.B., Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller, Sir Charles Grant, Sir Mackenzie Wallace, Sir Herbert Maxwell, M.P., Sir Oscar Clayton, Sir Robert Gresley, Sir Algernon West and Mr. Horace West, Sir George and Lady Russell and Miss Brackenbury, Sir Henry and Lady Longley, the Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, General Crealock, General Charles Fraser, Colonel Saunderson, M.P., and Hon. Mrs. Saunderson, Colonel and Mrs. Stewart and Miss Streatfeild [siv], Colonel and Miss Balfour, Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke and Miss Clarke, Colonel R. Baring, Captain and Mrs. Jekyll, Captain and Mrs. J. Bagot, Captain Lambert Ward, Captain A. Bagot, Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C, M.P., Mr[.] Hussey Walsh, M.P., Mr and Mrs. W. Hartpole Lecky, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Combe, Mr Henry Foley, Mrs. Arbuthnot and Miss Guthrie, Mr. and Mrs. Heseltine and Miss Dorothy Heseltine and Lord Cantelupe, the Miss Stopford Brooke, Mr. and Mrs. Thackeray Ritchie, Mr Edmund Byng, Mr. and Mrs. Wilton Phipps, Professor Sidney Colvin, Mr. and Miss Tennant, Mr. Godfrey Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Turton and Mr. Sidney Ponsonby, Mrs. Adare, Mrs Cecil Paget and Mr. Hugo Wemyss, Mrs. L. Drummond, Mr. and Mrs E. Hope, Mrs. L. Seymour and Miss Seymour, Mr. Guy Repton, Mr. and Mrs. Julian Sturgis and Miss Beresford, Mr. Poynter, R.A., Mrs. Daniel Cooper, Mr. Hamilton Aïdé, Mr. Alwyne Maude, Mrs. C. Bentinck, Mrs. Bingham Mildmay, Mr. Philip Habord, Mr. and Mrs. George Bulteel, Mrs. Beerbohm Tree and Miss Julia Neilson, Mr. Hallé [Halle?], Mr. Rudolph Lehmann and Miss Lehmann, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. R. Ronalds]], Mr. Ellice, Mr. Arthur, Madame Blumenthal, Miss Julia Leslie, Mr. and Mrs. Jeune, Mr and Mrs. Charles Stuart-Wortley and Misses Millais, Mrs. Arkwright, Mr Joachim, Mr. Gillett, Mr. Pulteney (Scots Guards), Colone| Cuthbert Larking, Mr. Harry Higgins, M. Tividar Nachez, Mr. G. Ross, Herr Johannes Woolff, Mrs. Charles Bagot and Miss Bagot, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Henry Petre, Miss Balch, Mr. and Lady Maud Ramsden, Mr. Adolphus Liddell, Mr Knowles, Mr. Grenfell, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mrs. Henry Gordon and Miss Gordon, Mr. Henry James, Mr. St. Leger, Mrs. Dacre Hamilton and the Misses Nugent, Mr. Harbord, Mr Somerset, Mr. Ruggles-Brise, Mr. and Miss Hughes of Kinmel, Mr. and Mrs Douglas Freshfield, Mrs. Homer, Mr. W. H. Mallock, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Benson, Mr. H. Seymour, Mr. Ernest Law, Mr. Hugh Grimston, Mr. Lionel Cust, Mr. Chappell, Mr. and Mrs. Du Maurier, Mr. Boughton, R.A., and Mrs. Boughton, Mr. R. Roche, Mr. Montagu Wilson, Mr. Herbert Hope, &c.<ref>"Lady Constance Leslie's Reception." ''Morning Post'' 15 February 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900215/008/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 24 February 1890, Monday === Lilly Langtry starred in Shakespeare's ''As You Like It'' at the St. James's Theatre. The Daily Telegraph had a long review and mentioned more names:<blockquote> The motto of Petronius, which is said to have adorned the Globe Theatre in Shakespeare's time, "Totus mundus agit histrionem," and which is reproduced in Jaques' famous speech, may be said to have received a novel illustration in the brilliant audience which completely filled the St. James's Theatre last evening. A very distinguished section of the world "played the actor" in the stalls, boxes, and dress-circle, and evinced the keenest dramatic interest in the long-deferred production of "As You Like It." The Prince and Princess of Wales, with the Duchess of Fife, surveyed the scene from the Royal box, while amongst the many who secured seats for the first were the Austrian Ambassador, the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Duchess of Manchester]], Countess de Grey, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Lady Colin Campbell, Lord Wolverton, Lord and Lady Coleridge, Sir Charles Russell, Sir Edward and Lady Guinness, Baroness de Stern, and Mr. Alfred Rothschild. Naturally enough there was much curiosity in seeing once more on the London stage an actress who has since her last appearance devoted so much serious study to her profession, and gained so much success both before American and provincial audiences; while the sympathy evoked by her recent severe illness, delaying for four weeks the production of the comedy, added an almost pathetic note to the general excitement and enthusiasm. In the second scene of the first act, when the tenderly attached cousins make their earliest appearance on the stage, Celia's first words, "| pray thee, Rosalind, sweet, my coz, be merry," answered by Rosalind’s "Dear Celia, I show more mirth than I am mistress of," were almost drowned in the applause which accompanied the recognition of Mrs. Langtry. From time to time, whenever opportunity served, enthusiasm broke out anew, culminating in the triumph of plaudits which formed the fit ending to the gracefully-delivered epilogue with which Rosalind takes her farewell of her audience. There can be no doubt that, with all due allowance for the inevitable nervousness which accompanied a first production before a critical though sympathetic house, the revival of the immortal comedy was generally pronoanced to be a success. The fancifally-named "As You Like It" — where even in nomenclature the author confesses his indebtedness to the romance of Thomas Lodge — with greater dullness than is usually the case with Shakespeare's plays. Indeed interest is hardly aroused till the scene before the Duke's Palace, where Rosalind and Celia witness the wrestling — which after a few more performances will probably go less stagily than it did last night — between Charles and Orlando. It is only when we are transported to the Forest of Arden that Shakespeare's romantic fancy allows itself full course, and it was only when she was accoutred in the doublet and hose that Mrs. Langtry exercised her full charm upon the audience. The difficulty for the actress in the character of Rosalind is the contrast between the early abandon of her frankly-expressed love for the son of Rowland de Bois and the subsequent archness and reserve with which she plays with her lover in the forest. Orlando goes through precisely an opposite change. From the careless desperateness of a man who is out of favour with fortune in the opening scene, he changes to the sentimental devotion of a "love-shaked fancy-monger" in the sylvan glades. If that interchange of parts be missed much is lost in the sprightly  contrasts of the drama. Unfortunately, no sooner did Orlando enter on the wrestling-ground last night, than he started and caught at his heart in obvious suggestion of love at first sight. Much is lost of the utter wonderment at Rosalind’s unexpected graciousness in giving him her chain, which keeps him tongue-tied later, if he betrays so early the fatal ravages of Cupid — a betrayal which is hardly likely in a man whom neglect and misery have driven to the last stage of reckless hardihood. Rosalind must love her champion before her winning thanks for his prowess have made the starred younger brother first marvel at and then adore the frank and generous advances of his benefactress. In the fine words, "My father was no traitor," Mrs. Langtry rose to the full height of the character she was depicting. Throughout the greater part of the first act there was grace, loveableness, charm, but also a kind of flatness, or, at all events, an even and somewhat uninteresting level of characterisation which did not convey the promise of all that this loveliest creation in Shakespeare's gallery could do, when the Court life was exchanged for the freer and less conventional existence in the woods. All the more praise, therefore, is Mrs. Langtry’s due, that when she finds herself in the Forest of Arden, she brings before us a truer Rosalind. The beautiful first scene between the disguised Ganymede and her amorous swain showed Mrs. Langtry at her best. The quick and nimble wit, the archness and pretty coquetry of a girl who is sick at heart with love and feeds her passion in a playful and adorable tyrannising over the unconscious lover, were depicted with a reality which won instant recognition from the spectators. For the rest, however, Mrs. Langtry’s Rosalind was an unequal performance, now rising with unexpected force into the regions of pure comedy, now sinking to an ordinary level of  uncomfortably-disguised womanishness. There were bright patches of power in the midst of a somewhat dull and colourless expanse. Much of this was, no doubt, due to the excitement and fatigue of a first night, to which also may be attributed possibly the sameness of some of her gestures and a restlessness which was something more than Rosalind's anxiety to win in her own incomparable way the happiness of which she was in search. A few nights hence firmness of carriage and self-control of manner will fill in the details of a character which was most graphically and sympathetically sketched in outline at the St. James’s last night. Mr Laurence Cautley as Orlando made most favourable impression on his audience. Through all the earlier scenes — with the exception of that wholly unnecessary lapse into amorousness on the lawn of Duke Frederick, which has been already noted — he sustained the character of a picturesque and youthful gallant with considerable success, though, possibly, a stronger dash of manly independence might not have come amiss to the Shakespearean hero. Touchstone is a more difficult part to play. Indeed, in some respects, he is the most difficult of all Shakespeare's clowns. He is on the borderland between the earlier, more conventional style of Costard, Launce, and Launcelot, and the far more elaborate and important clowns in "Twelfth Night" and "King Lear." He is not so clever as Feste, not so human and real as that inimitable and tender-hearted Edgar who tries to solace the wild ravings of his discrowned king. He is halfway between such farcical beings as Kempe and Tarlton probably depicted, and that witty, self-conscious, irresponsible Jester, which Shakespeare ultimately made an entirely new creation on Elizabethan boards. It is no discredit to Mr. Sugden that he failed to realise so ingenious a conception. He presented a Touchstone who was full of amusing quips, and he went through all the catalogue of points in the Book of Honour in the fifth act with admirable skill; the Touchstone of "As You Like It" we are probably not likely to see often on the modern stage. Mr. Bourchier’s Jaques was a far higher piece of portraiture, grave and bitter and cynical as that early disciple of Schopenhauer should be, with touches of humour which only serve to show the depths of a naturally perverse and misanthropical nature. The celebrated "Seven Ages" speech  was capitally delivered, with a conscientious care and easy mastery which are rare enough in an actor who has so lately left the ranks of the amateurs. For the rest, the Adam of Mr Everill, and the Andrey of Miss Marion Lea seemed to give most pleasure to the audience, though she was sometimes — espectally in the pronunciation of the word "poetry" — inclined to represent the boorishness of the wench with an accent  which reproduced simulated inebriation rather than native clumsiness. Miss Armbruster as Hymen also deserves a word of praise. The piece was produced under the direction of the Hon. Lewis Wingfield, and the scenery, which in the Forest Glade of Acts II., III., and IV., formed a beautiful stage picture, was designed by Messrs. Perkins and Bruce Smith. After all, was any one ever wholly satisfied with the representaton of one of Shakespeare's comedies? No thing is further from the truth as a general statement than the pedant’s theory that Shakespeare is for the study, and not for the boards. If ever, however, the paradox be true that a great dramatic artist suffers when his plays gain a dramatic representation, it is when "As You Like It," "Twelfth Night" and "Midsummer Night's Dream" are brought face to face with a modern audience and amid nineteenth century surroundings. It ts not with impunity that the light that never was on sea and land is parodied by the glare of the footlights. For, honest stage-craftsman as Shakespeare was, in the full spring-tide of his poetic genius there was a divine and masterful intolerance of the real and the commonplace, a reckless flight into an ideal world, peopled by beings coined in the mint of his dainty imagination — aerial and disembodied creations whose actions and characters refuse to submit themselves to the narrow rules of the every-day world. In such a sphere banished lovers shall be predestined to meet and cement their happy unions, and lions and snakes shall be the habitual denizens of a forest where shepherds and shepherdesses prattle their erotic strains, and even a crafty Oliver shall repent of his past sins and fall in love with gentle Celia, owing to the poetic exigencies of Cloud Cuckoo Land. How can one  see all these things with the cynical eye of the modern ''Fin de Siècle'' and not feel an inevitable shock of dissatisfaction and surprise? How is it possible to avoid the jarring sense of discord when the dream picture is realised in the setting of prosaic reality? For Shakespeare's comedy is a romantic work of the mind, a refuge for all those delightful improbabilities which an indolent or whimsical fancy strings together to construct a series of complications and incidents which interest us, while they elude the sober tests of reason and judgment. But we must not carry this vein of thought too far. It is true that we have in such plays comedies of incident rather than of character. Yet Shakespeare is too and heart-whole to linger only at the Ivory gate. He throws even into these merry plots the force of that instinctive knowledge of human nature which produces real personages, tricked out in witty and imaginative guise. Shakespeare was able to pour everything into his comedies which he did into his tragedies, though in the one there is only suggestion, while in the other there is the elaboration of that is deep and tragic as well as humorous in life. Rosalid, Orlando, Touchstone, and Jaques are none the less real because they are ideal; and it is on these grounds that we can praise the conscientious and capable artists who presented these characters in flesh and blood on the St. James's stage. Nor does Shakespeare, as some have thought, intend in this play to preach [Col. 1c–2a]  any polemic against the life of the town, or compose any passionate encomium for the simple graces of the country. He is too great to be didactic on such narrow issues. Wherever men and women live, there they can be happy; or, as Touchstone says to Corin, when he expresses ignorance of the Court, one-sided enthusiasts for either streets or hedge-rows are truly damned, "like an ill-roasted egg, all on one side." Equanimity, such that of the Duke and old Adam, carries with it, wherever it be, the gracious gentleness of an eternal Eden.<ref>"St. James's Theatre." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 25 February 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 12], Col. 6a–7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001112%2F18900225&page=5&article=048&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Daily Telegraph'', p. 5. </ref></blockquote> The ''St. James's Gazette'' reported:<blockquote> We came intending to like it very much, and we succeeded in our intention. Indeed, we spent a really pleasant evening at the St. James's Theatre, Many of us knew one another to nod to, and some of us had bowing acquaintance with the author of the play; so it was all very sociable and comfortable. There were just enough shop-window celebrities to give an air of distinction to the rest of the audience, and everybody had a right to hope that his neighbours were wondering who he was. The critics were quite at their ease, having nothing to criticise except the acting; not being expected to suggest any slight alterations in the play (such as cutting out Acts I., III., and V., and rewriting Acts II. and IV.), but just to accept it as it stood, without even tracing it back to the French vaudeville from which it was, no doubt, originally adapted. The performance had many individual merits, but it also had two general faults. The first and least striking fault was that the interludes were  slurred over instead of being played up to. Now, the plot of "As You Like It" is so loose that a lengthy interlude (provided it be pretty) does not check the flow of interest; indeed, it gives a welcome rest and allows you to pick up your thoughts again. The other fault is one which may be, and is likely to be, remedied the play goes on. But at present it is neither smart nor spontaneous: the parts do not hang well together, and there is none of the enthusiasm which helps to pass off the interior performances of less skilful actors. The deficiency which we have noted was probably due to the serious illness from which Mrs. Langtry had been suffering and from which it was evident last night that she had not made a complete recovery. She worked very hard as Rosalind, and worked very well, and several times she made a really good hit; she was, perhaps, at her best in her indignant appeal to the usurper Duke against his unexpected and unjust decree of banishment. She was charming, again, in her embarrassment (as Miss Litton was charming before her) when she had her first meeting with her unconscious lover and she suggested very cleverly the absence of her skirts. She did her love-making archly and merrily; but though the pretended pretence gave her a right to go beyond the limits of maiden coyness, she seemed occasionally to assume the masculine Initiative when the feminine Suggestive would have been prettier. it was a pleasant though uneven performance, with plenty of grace in it and plenty of brains. The Touchstone of Mr. Sugden was in every way admirable — crisp, humorous, and distinctive. That his clowning was occasionally tedious was no fault of his. The palate of a modern audience does not relish these long-drawn pedantries of buffoonery. Our sense of humour is not more refined — it is different, and that's the end of it. But in the scenes with Audrey (and Miss Marion Lea made a capital Audrey — open-mouthed and innocently wicked or wickedly innocent) Mr. Sugden had a better opportunity and he made the most of it. There the humour was not conventional, and the audience enjoyed a laugh which was not scholarly. A word of praise must given to Mr. Brodie for his conscientious and effective rendering of the difficult and ungrateful part of the moonstruck lover of the wayward Phoebe. The first appearance of Mr. Bourchier in London attracted much interest. As an amateur at Oxford and elsewhere he was believed Iikely to to great things upon the stage, and his performance of Jaques was by no means a disappointment. The fault of it was that he did not suggest either the melancholy or the sententiousness which we associate with the character. The melancholy was but skin-deep, and the sententiousness simply was not there. But every actor has a right to read a part in his own way if it is a good way. And there is much to said for Mr. Bourchier's interpretation of Jaques. The temptation is to be stagy; Mr. Bourchier's tendency is to be natural. And he carried it out with great success in speaking the lines of the Seven Ages of Man. He caught up the Duke's phrase just as if it had dropped in the course of an ordinary conversation; and he played with it for a time until it seemed of itself to suggest to his mind the famous soliloquy. Certainly Mr. Bourchier’s method was effective, as it drew one of the heartiest rounds of applause in the whole evening. Among the company were noticed the following well known persons:— His  Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of Fife, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Lord De Grey, Mr. Alfred De Rothschild, Lord Lurgan, Sir Charles Russell, Sir Edward Guinness, Lady Colin Campbell, Lady Curzon, Lady Londonderry, Lady Hothfield, Hon. Alan Charteris, Mr. Oscar Wilde, Mr. Akers Douglas, M.P., Mr. Justin McCarthy, M.P., Sir Allen Young, Lord and Lady Coleridge, the Austrian Ambassador, the Spanish Ambassador, Lady Hozier, Mr. George Lewis, Mr. Whistler, Lady Greville [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]]?].<ref>"As You Like It."  ''St James's Gazette'' 25 February 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 16], Col. 1b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001485%2F18900225&page=5&article=027&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p. </ref></blockquote> This report is from ''Blalud, The Bath Society Paper'':<blockquote>Happily, there was no disappointment in store for the friends and admirers of Mrs. Langtry, who gathered on Monday night at the St. James’s Theatre in great force, to welcome this popular lady back to London and receive her with an extra warmth of cordiality in token of satisfaction at her recovery from her recent severe illness. Eight years have elapsed since she last played Rosalind in London. Since then she has travelled much, both at home and abroad, and followed the study and practice of her art with unfailing spirit and determination. She returns to the character which all leading actresses aspire to play in Shakespeare’s glorious dream of the Court of Duke Frederick and the forest of Arden a far riper artist, and, says the ''Daily News'', she presented us on Monday with an impersonation which compared to her former efforts is as the finished portrait to the crude sketch. Her performance may lack the great high tide of girlish impulsiveness, but first nights before an exceptionally critical audience and some remains of the languor of her recent indisposition doubtless contributed to rob her acting of something of its force and impulse. But her ''Rosalind'' remains a most winning and beautiful performance. A handsomer ''Rosalind'', or one that has worn the doublet and hose with more grace and picturesqueness (Mrs, Langtry, we may here note, scorns the modern heresy of boots, and appears in the more orthodox hose cross-gartered), has certainly not been seen in our time. The performance is full of good points; as when at the words, "here on the skirts of this forest like the fringe of a petticoat," she remembers with a momentary touch of maidenly shyness that petticoats no longer form part of her attire. Again, when in bantering her lover, who exhibits so strange an inability to recognize the voice and features of the woman whom he passionately loves, she pauses at "a beard neglected," and pointing at ''Orlando’s'' smooth chin bursts into uncontrollable laughter; again, when in the mock marriage scene, with ''Celia'' for the priest, her mind for the moment seems to wander away into such a dream as this mockery might suggest to one so deeply in love. The distinguishing feature of the impersonation, indeed, is the subtle suggestion of serious passion that underlies the frolicsome and bantering moods, and exhibits itself again and again in many subtle forms. The play is beautifully put on the stage, and if some of the performers fall a long way short of ideal excellence there are several impersonations that stand forth in strong relief and are of far more than common excellence. The ''Phœbe'' and ''Silvius'' of Miss Beatrice Lamb and Mr. Matthew Brodie deserve special note: but the most brilliant success of all in the case of the minor characters was undoubtedly the ''Audrey'' of Miss Marion Lee, whose hoydenish, but not ungraceful antics, whose happy, contented ignorance, whose mingled wonderment and admiration at ''Touchstone's'' philosophical utterances were admirable. Everything that taste can suggest has been done to embellish the play; the musical features are strengthened by an efficient chorus, and the costumes designed by the Hon. Lewis Wingfield are rich and handsome. Perhaps it might be objected that Mrs. Langtry’s beautiful green velvet doublet, with its slashes, tags, and laces, her cinnamon jerkin, her black cap and jewelled buckle, and her rich and massive cloak were hardly suited to her daring enterprise on the highways and in the forests of the Duke’s dominions. The restoration of Hymen, gracefully represented by Miss Violet Armbruster, and the final morris dance in honour of the nuptials, gave the crowning fanciful touch to the performance, and prepared the spectators for the playful epilogue, which was spoken by Mrs. Langtry, in her simple nuptial white robe and leopard skin, with rare elocutionary grace and effect,. [sic] The audience which greeted Mrs. Langtry was at once distinguished and interesting. The Royal box was occupied by the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Fife, the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, and the Duke of Fife. Among the representatives of "Society" were Lady Londonderry, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Lord de Grey, Lord and Lady Coleridge, Lady Curzon, Lady Hothfield, Lord Lurgan, Lady Greville [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]]?], Lady Hozier, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Sir Charles Russell, Sir Edward Guinness, Mr. Coningsby Disraeli, Mr. Akers Douglas, M.P., Mr. Justin M‘Carthy, M.P., Sir Allen Young, Lady Colin Campbell, Lady Monckton, Mrs. Labouchere, and the Austrian and Spanish Ambassadors. Pictorial art was represented by Mr. Whistler; music by Mdme. Antoinette Sterling; dramatic writing by Mr. H. A. Jones; and theatrical interests by Mrs. Bancroft, Miss Genevieve Ward, Mr. and Mrs. John Lart, Mrs. John Hare, Mr. M. L. Mayer, Mr. Augustus Harris, &c.<ref>"Mrs. Langtry." ''Bladud'' 26 February 1890, Wednesday: 9 [of 16], Col. 2b–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005771%2F18900226&page=9&article=055&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Blalud, The Bath Society Paper'', p. 9.</ref></blockquote> === 25 February 1890, Tuesday === On 5 March, the ''World'' reports on a party hosted by Mrs. Adair that must have been held the week before:<blockquote>Many smart people were present at Mrs. Adair's party in Curzon Street on Tuesday night. The rooms, lighted by electricity, looked their prettiest with floral decorations consisting entirely of tulips, the hostess appearing in a gown of terra-cotta velvet trimmed with dark fur. The Austrian Ambassador and Madame Waddington were among those who listened to Miss Damian’s rendering of a new song by Tosti, and to the glees sung by Mr. Avon Saxon's American quartet; and among others present were Lady Charles Beresford, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Fanny Marjoribanks, who brought her sister, Lady Sarah Churchill, Sir Arthur Sullivan (just back from his annual sojourn at Monte Carlo), Lord and Lady Wharncliffe, Lady Howe and Lady Edith Curzon, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Mrs. Cavendish-Bentinck, General Charles Fraser, Lady Conyers, Madame de Brienen, and Sir Philip Currie.<ref>"What the World Says." ''The World'' 5 March 1890, Wednesday: 19 [of 44], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0006339%2F18900305&page=19&article=061&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>The ''Daily Telegraph'' covered the party with a few additional names:<blockquote>A casual passer-by in Curzon-street last night might almost have imagined from the long string of carriages assembled there that, in spite of the cold east wind blowing, the London season had already begun. Mrs. Adair had together to hear some beautiful music, including a celebrated quartette of American singers, a large and fashionable crowd, composed of the ''élite'' of London society, comprising among many others, the Austrian Ambassador, the French Ambassadress, the Marquis and Marchioness of Tweeddale, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Fanny Marjoribanks and Lady Sarah Spencer-Churchill, Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe, Countess Howe and Lady Edith Curzon, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord George Nevill, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Viscountess Mandeville, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr Brandling, Viscount and Viscountess Bury and the Hon. Mary Keppel, the Countess of Crawford, the Earl of Clonmell, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Viscountess Melgund, Lady Conyers, Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, Lord Alington, Lord Alcester, Lord Greenock, Viscount de Vesci, Lady Hilda Brodrick, Hon. W. Lowther, M.P., and Mrs. Lowther, Hon. Mrs. Bampfylde, Hon. Hallyburton Campbell, Mrs. and Miss Campbell, Hon. Kenneth Howard, Hon. Derek Keppel, Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, Lady FitzGerald, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Madame de Brienen, Lieutenant-General Sir Seymour Blane, General C. Fraser, M.P., Mr. Chamberlain, M.P., Mr. Howard Vincent, M.P., and Mrs Vincent, Mr. Charles Hall, M.P., Mrs. Cavendish-Bentinck, Sir C. Rivers Wilson, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Philp Currie.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 26 February 1890, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001112%2F18900226&page=5&article=094&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Daily Telegraph'', p. 5. </ref></blockquote>The ''Sporting Gazette'' also had a report, on 1 March:<blockquote>Mrs. Adair's party in Curzon-street on Tuesday night was, as usual, exceedingly smart and dressy. The "smarties" turned out strong for this Anglo-American function, and wore their best frocks and jewels. Lady Tweeddale, Lady Howe, with Lady Edith Curzon, Lady Fanny Majoribanks chaperoning her younger sister, Lady Sarah Churchill, Lady Curzon, Lady Antrim with Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Lady William Nevill with some lovely diamonds, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Lady Mandeville]], Lord Alington, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Mrs Cavendish Bentinck, and others. The singing of an American quartette was ''the'' feature of the evening.<ref>"The Man About Town." "The County Gentleman." ''Sporting Gazette'' 1 March 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 38], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0002525%2F18900301&page=6&article=053&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title, p. 274.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1890== === 10 March 1890, Monday === The Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a ball in celebration of their wedding anniversary. This report from the ''Bedfordshire Mercury'' is very brief:<blockquote> The Prince and Princess of Wales, in celebration of the anniversary of their wedding on March 10, 1863, gave a dance at Marlborough House on Monday night. The Danish Minister and Madame de Falbe were among the company invited, also the Earl and Countess Brownlow, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Lord Alwyne Compton, Baron F. de Rothschild, &c.<ref>"Notes of the Aristocracy." ''Bedfordshire Mercury'' 15 March 1890, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001290%2F18900315&page=7&article=073&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> The report from the ''Morning Post'' suggests that this was a smaller party than usual for the Prince and Princess of Wales:<blockquote>In celebration of the anniversary of the Prince and Princess of Wales's wedding day, their Royal Highnesses gave an evening party (dancing) at Marlborough House last night. His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, her Royal Highness Princess Beatrice (Princess Henry of Battenberg) and his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Battenberg, her Royal Highness the Princess Louise of Wales (Duchess of Fife) and the Duke of Fife, his Royal Highness Prince George of Wales, her Royal Highness the Princess Victoria of Wales, her Royal Highness the Princess Maud of Wales, her Royal Highness the Princess Mary Adelaide (Duchess of Teck), and his Highness the Duke of Teck and her Serene Highness the Princess Victoria of Teck and his Serene Highness Prince Francis of Teck, and their Serene Highnesses the Prince and Princess Victor of  Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Countess Victoria Gleichen were present. The following had the honour to receive invitations, but some amongst them were unavoidably prevented from attending: — The French Ambassador (M. Waddington) and Madame Waddington, the German Ambassador (Count Hatzfeldt) and the Countess Marie Hatzfeldt, the Turkish Ambassador (Rustem Pasha), the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador (Count Deym) and the Countess Deym, the Italian Ambassador  (Count Tornielli), the Countess Tornielli, and Mademoiselle Virginia dei Conti Lazzari, the Danish Minister (M. de Falbe) and Madame de Falbe, the Russian Chargé d'Affaires (M. Bontineff), his Serene Highness Prince Louis Esterhazy, M. A. Kroupensky, M. A. de Stoeckl, Count Leyden, Count Albert Mensdorff, Count Reventlow, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, M. de Soveral, the Marques and Marquesa de Santurce, Mr. A. de Murrieta, Mr. C. de Murrieta. The Duke and Duchess of Leeds and Lady Alice Osborne, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, the Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Westminster, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Frances Spencer Churchill, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, the Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury and Lady Gwendolen Cecil, the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, Count Gleichen, the Earl and Countess Brownlow, the Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily  Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Clarendon, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Clonmell, the Earl of Dudley, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and Lady Florence Wyndham Quin, the Earl and Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson Gower, the Earl and Countess of Hardwicke, the Earl and Countess Howe and Lady Evelyn Curzon, the Earl and Countess of  Kilmorey, the Earl and Countess of Lathom and Lady Alice Wilbraham, the Earl and Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosalind Bingham, the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe and Lady Albertha Edgcumbe, the Earl and Countess of Romney and Lady Florence Marsham, the Earl and Countess of Rosebery, the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Earl of Stradbroke, the Earl and Countess of Sefton and Lady Gertrude Molyneux, the Earl and Countess Spencer, Viscount Drumlanrig, Lord and Lady Randolph Spencer Churchill, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lord Ernest Hamilton, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], Lord Charles Montagu, Viscount Chelsea, Viscount and Viscountess Coke and the Hon. Violet White, Viscount Curzon, Lady Georgina Curzon and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, Viscount Fincastle, Viscount Royston, Viscount Valletort, Lord and Lady Brooke, Lord Burghersh, Lord Capell, Lord and Lady Norreys and the Hon. Coralie Glyn, Lady Charles Beresford, Lord Marcus Beresford, Lord Alwyne Compton, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord Richard Nevill, Lord Henry Paulet, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Admiral Lord Alcester, Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell, Lord Alington and the Hon. Winifred and Hon. Mildred Sturt, Lord and Lady Colville of Culross  and the Hon. Blanche Colville, Lord and Lady De  Ramsey, Lady Hastings, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord Lurgan, Lord and Lady Revelstoke and the Hon. Susan Baring, Lord and Lady Rothschild,  Lord Rowton, Lord Suffield and the Hon. Judith and Hon. Eleanor Harbord, Lord and Lady Wimborne and the Hon. Frances Guest, Lord Wolverton, Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, Captain the Hon. Maurice Bourke, R.N., Colonel the Hon. Henry Byng and the Misses Byng, the Hon. Alan Charteris, Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. C. Edgcumbe, the Hon. Sir Spencer and Lady Ponsonby Fane, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu, the Hon. C. R. and Mrs. Spencer, the Hon. S. M'Donnell, the Hon. Alexander Yorke, the Hon. H. and Lady Feodora Sturt, the Hon. Arthur Walsh, the Hon. R. Winn, the Right Hon. W. E. and Mrs. Gladstone and Miss Gladstone, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, the Right Hon. H. Chaplin, the Right. Hon. Sir Henry James, the Right Hon. Sir C. L. Wyke, the Hon. S. C. Colville, the Hon. Assheton Harbord, the Hon. Julia Stonor, the Hon. H. Stonor, the Hon. E. Stonor, Captain the Hon. Henry White, Sir Edward and Lady Guinness, Sir Charles Hartopp, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir John and Lady Lister Kaye, Sir James and Lady  Mackenzie, Colonel Sir Nigel and Lady Emily Kingscote, Admiral Sir R. and the Hon. Lady Macdonald and Miss Macdonald, General Sir Dighton and Lady Probyn, Sir Francis and the Hon. Lady Knollys, Major-General Sir Christopher Teesdale, Sir Oscar Clayton, Sir Allen Young, Lieutenant-General Bateson, Lieutenant-General Charles Fraser, Major-General and the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Ellis and Miss Ellis, Colonel J. P. Brabazon, Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke and the Misses Clarke, Captain H. F. Stephenson, R.N., Lieutenant-Colonel F. H. Poore, Lieutenant-Colonel R. Vivian, Major C. Swaine, Captain Douglas Dawson, Captain C. H. A. Hervey, the officers of the Queen's Guard, St. James's Palace, Mr. G. Byng, Mr. Henry Calcraft, Mr. Victor Cavendish, Mr. Henry Ellis, Mr. Horace Farquhar, Mr. and Mrs. George Forbes and Miss Forbes, Mr. Montagu Guest, Mr. Charles Hall, Mr. E. W. Hamilton, Mr. and Lady Hilda Higgins, Mr. Holzmann, Miss Knollys, Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Knollys, Mr. Ronald Moncrieffe, Mr. Alfred Montgomery, Mr. Arnold Morley, Mr. Henry Petre, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. Reuben Sassoon and Miss Sassoon, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Edgar Sebright, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, Mr. Christopher Sykes, and Mr. O. G. St. George Williams. Messrs. Coote and Tinney's band was in attendance.<ref>"Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 11 March 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 8]. Col. 6b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000174%2F18900311&page=5&article=055&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p. </ref></blockquote> ==April 1890== Arnold Dolmetsch took out a three-day ticket to the Reading Room in April 1890 (Campbell 22). === 9 April 1890, Wednesday === ==== The New Forest United Hunt Ball ==== <blockquote>This annual ball was beld at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhearst, on Wednesday night, and was a most brilliant gathering, upwards of 200 being present, not only the New Forest but also neighbouring hunts being well represented. Among those present were Earl and Countess of Londesborough, Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Lilian Denison, Hon. Louis Johnstone, Hon. Gerald and Mrs Lascelles, Major Downman, Capt. Sandbach, R.H.A., Col. and Mrs Sinkins, Col. Fitzroy Smyth, Lady Thursby and party, Mr Stanley Pearce (Master of the Foxhounds), Mr F. Lovell (Master of the Deerhounds) and party, Lady Adela Goff and party, Hon. Miss St. Leger Glyn and party, Mr A. H. Jeffreys, M.P., and Mrs Jeffreys, Hon. Mrs A. Peter, Mr Somerset H. Onslow, Mr Lancelot Orde, Lord Garioch, Mr and Mrs C. K. Francis, the Countess of Normandy, Lady Mary Agar, Lord Montagu, Hon. John Scott Montagu, Viscount Cantelupe, Prince Dhuleep Singh, Hon. D. Keppel, Col. Charles Needham (1st Life Guards), [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Mrs Cornwallis West, Mr and Mrs Shelley Bontein, Col. Gridley, Col. Newton, Col. Elliot, R.H.A., Lady Meyrick and party, Sir W. Jervois, Lady Jervois and party, &c.<ref>"The New Forest United Hunt Ball." ''The Sportsman'' 11 April 1890, Friday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001055/18900411/024/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1890== Leonora Braham appeared at the Opera Comique as Ruth Ferns in ''Gretna Green''. ===21 May 1890, Wednesday=== It was his pupil the young Countess Valda Gleichen who found a sponsor for Dolmetsch's first but brief appearance at a London concert on 21 May 1890, when the 'Magpie Minstrels' … gave one of their bi-annual performances at the Princes' Hall" (Campbell 30). ==June 1890== === 3 June 1890, Tuesday === ==== Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies ==== <blockquote>Yesterday evening society passed a large proportion of time on wheels, and the number of receptions was more than the most inveterate could get through wvith comfort. ... Meanwhile, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale dined with Mrs. Arthur Wilson in Grosvenor-place, and a small and select concert followed. The Duchess of Leinster was, as ever, the most beautiful among many beauties, the Hon. Helen Henniker, after her long mourning, was warmly greeted by swarms of friends, and the Countess of Lovelace, in grey satin, chaperoned her débutante niece, Miss Milbank. Prince "Eddie" went from Mrs. Arthur Wilson's hospitable mansion to that of Mrs. J. Graham Menzies. It is unusual to find mother and daughter entertaining this illustrious young man on the same evening. Mrs. Menzies, who has succeeded Lord Suffield in his beautiful house in Upper Grosvenor-street, had one of the smartest and most successful balls of the present season. The Blue Hungarians played with immense vigour and owing to the postponement of Lady Carnarvon's ball, there was no competition for men and married women. Countess Howe, Lady Brougham and Vaux, Lady Aveland and Miss Willoughby, Viscountess Stormont, the Hon. Lady Grey Egerton and Miss Egerton, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Earl of Craven, Countess of Coventry, Mrs. Mackay, Lady Sykes, the Marchioness of Granby, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Lord Garioch, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson, and many others were present.<ref>"Yesterday Evening Society." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18900604/015/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==== Münster-Hay Wedding ==== Account of the wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay. Count Bismarck sent a gift.<blockquote>St. Andrew's Church, Wells-street, was completely filled yesterday afternoon on the occasion of the marriage of Count Alexander Münster, son of Count Münster, German Ambassador in Paris, with Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay, younger daughter of the Earl and Countess of Kinnoull. The ceremony was fixed for half-past two o'clock, but all the seats in the body of the church were occupied long before that time by invited guests. The rood screen was hidden with white flowers, and a number of tall palms were skilfully arranged in and about the chancel. The bridegroom was early in his place, and wore the splendid white and gold uniform of the Garde du Corps of the Emperor; his best man, Prince Hans Heinrich Pless, wearing the scarlet and gold uniform of the Garde Hussars. The six bridesmaids were Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, Hon. Marie Hay, Hon. Marjory Murray, Miss Rosalind Lovell, and Miss Gladys Hadow (niece of the bride). They wore pretty dresses of pale blue satin, veiled with white chiffon; the skirts were edged with a frill, and the bodices finished with quaint fichus of the chiffon, fastened in front with a bunch of forget-me-nots. They wore drawn hats of the chiffon, covered with forget-me-nots, and their posies were of the same flowers, intermixed with pink roses, and tied with narrow pink ribbons. Each wore a gold bangle with centre forming the initials "A.M.," and a single turquoise drop. The bride entered the church at half-past two, and was received by her father, who led her to the chancel steps, preceded by the choristers singing a nuptial hymn. The bride's dress was of ivory satin made with a very long train. The front was fringed round the hem with orange blossoms and veiled with old Brussels lace, the gift of her mother; the bodice was entirely covered with beautiful old lace, and finished at the neck on one side with a cluster of orange blossoms. She wore a small wreath of orange blossoms and myrtle arranged in the hair at the back and a tulle veil falling almost to the end of the train and held by diamond stars, the gift of the bridegroom. The bride's other jewels included two diamond drop hairpins, the gift of Count Münster; an emerald and diamond brooch, from the bridegroom; enamel and diamond heartsease brooch, from Lady Mary Mills; a diamond and emerald bracelet, from the Duke of Beaufort; and a diamond bracelet, from the Duke and Duchess of Athole. Her train was held by her two little nephews, Masters Roland and Patrick Hadow, wearing Scotch dress with lace ruffles. The service, which was fully choral, was performed by the Rev. Provost Rorison, of St. Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, assisted by the Rev. W. T. Houldsworth, rector of St. Andrew's. The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull afterwards entertained the bridal party at the residence of the Earl of Londesborough, uncle of the bride, in Grosvenor-square. Among the numerous guests were the Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal, the German Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym, Count Münster and the Countesses Marie, Julia, and T. Münster, Prince Pless, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Count Donhoff, Baroness von Beckendorff-Hindenburg, Baron E. Fürstenberg, Count Paul Metternich, Geheimrath Schmettau, Countess Valentin, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de]] [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], Captain Hasenclever, Count Leyden, Herr von Rath, Count Francis Deym, Baron and Baroness Deichmann, Count Mensdorff, Herr Pilgrim Baltazzi, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Baroness d' Erlanger [?], Herr von Kemnitz, Baron Cramm, Vicomte de Janzé, the Duke of Beaufort, the Duchess of Athole, and the Ladies Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Countess of Dunraven and Ladies Wyndham Quin, the Countess of Kilmorey, the Countess of Galloway and Miss Stewart, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Countess of Strathmore and Lady Constance Lyon, the Earl and Countess of Roden, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Miss Willoughby, the Countess of Westmorland. Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe, Viscountess Coke, Viscountess Stormont and Hon. MabeI Murray, Viscountess Malden and Hon. Miss Capel, Lord Hay of Kinfauns [?], Lady Delamere and Miss Cholmondeley, Lady Brougham, Lady Esher, Lord Saye and Sele and Hon. Maud and Hon. Gertrude Fiennes, Lady Helen MacGregor and Miss MacGregor, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, Lady Raglan, Lord Charles Innes Ker, Lady Elizabeth Bertie, Lady Frances Pratt and Lady Clementine Pratt, Lady Geraldine Somerset, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lady Mary Mills and Miss Pereira, Lady Dorchester, Lady Louisa Moncreiffe and Misses Moncreiffe, Lady Norreys, Lady Petre, Lady Jane Trefusis, Lord Frederic Hamilton, Baroness de Brienen and Miss de Brienen, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Lady Scott, Miss Scott and Mrs. Green, Lord Zouche and Hon. Miss Curzon, Mr. and Lady Constance Hadow, Hon. Lady Campbell, Lady William Nevill and Miss Bannerman, Hon. Alastair and Mrs. Hay, Hon. Miss Greville, Captain Hon. Randolph Stewart, Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Charles Walsh, Hon. William Walsh, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Colonel Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hay and Miss Maude Hay, Hon. Mrs. Greville Nugent, Hon. Mrs. Colville and Miss Streatfeild [sic], Hon. Claude Hay, Sir Charles and Lady Forbes of Newe, Laely Borthwick, Sir Francis Montefiore, Sir Henry Hoare, Sir George Arthur, Sir William Gordon Cumming, General and Mrs. Wilkinson, Colonel and Mrs. Chaine, Colonel Arthur Paget, Colonel H. M. Hozier, the Provost of St. Ninian's, Major Finch, Major Candy, Colonel Lloyd, Captain and Mrs. Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Hay Drummond, Captain and Mrs. Lloyd, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Captain Lumley, Captain Barrow, Major Anstruther, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Arthur Hay, Mr. Raglan Somerset, Mr. and Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mrs. Villiers, Mr. Henry Petre, Mrs. Keighley, Mrs. E. Balfour and Miss Balfour and Miss Ellice, Mrs. Dick Cunynghame and Miss A. M'Gregor, Rev. C. Weidemann, Miss Balfour and Miss E. Balfour, Mrs. and Miss Halford, Mr. and Mrs. Toler, Mrs. and Miss Townley, Rev. Dr. M'Ewan, Mr. A. F. Levita, Mr. F. Stephens, Mrs. and Miss Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. George Forbes and Miss Forbes, Mrs. Luke Wheeler, Mrs. J. Beerbohm, Dr. and Mrs. W. M. Collins, Mrs. and Miss Orde, Mrs. Murray, Miss Glyn, Mrs. Godfrey Pearse, Mr. Balfour, Mr. Leopold Goldberg, Mr. and Miss Oswa d [Oswald], Mr. and Mrs. C. Bulteel, Mrs. Brydges Wyllyams, Mr. H. Balfour, the Misses Codrington, Miss Finch, Mrs. Barron and Miss Sullivan, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Mr. Granville and Miss Berkeley, Mr. M'Gregor, Mrs. and Miss Needham, Mr. and Mrs. A. Consett and Miss Consett, Mrs. Herbert Naylor LeyIand, Mr. and Mrs. A. Darby, Mrs. Montefiore, Mrs. Charles Murray and Miss Murray, Mrs. Thomas Legh, the Rev. John F. Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs. Claud Hay, Mr. Fiztalan Manners, Mr. Albert Stopford, Mr. Hervey Pechell, and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Orde. Later in the day Count Alexander Münster and his bride left for Hillingdon Court, Uxbridge, the residence of the Hon. A. Mills, where they will pass the early days of the honeymoon, and then proceed to Chàlet Sans Souci, Bellaggio, Lake of Como, lent by Mr. Hervey Pechell. They will afterwards go to Wiesbaden, and thence to Count Münster's German country seat, where a great reception awaits them. The wedding presents were very numerous. Count Munster presented the bride with a diamond necklace and pair of diamond drop hairpins. The bridegroom's gifts to his bride included a tiara of three diamond stars, a brooch formed of an emerald of unusual size set in diamonds, large pearl pendant, gold bracelet set with turquoises, and diamond and turquoise ring. The Duke of Beaufort presented Lady Muriel with an emerald and diamond bracelet. The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull's presents included a quantity of plate and other articles. Prince Henry of Battenberg sent a large silver-mounted claret jug; Count Bismarck, a silver box; the Marchioness of Waterford, gold snake bracelet, with pearl head and ruby eyes; the Duke and Duchess of Athole, diamond "M" bangle; Lady Ermyntrude Malet, massive silver bowl; Countess Marie Münster, silver tea set and tray; Baron E. Fürstenberg, pair of gold-mounted claret jugs; Baron and Baroness Erlanger, large silver bowl; Baron and Baroness Gungberg, pair of antique silver mounted jugs.<ref>"Marriage of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Hay." ''Morning Post'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900604/064/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===4 June 1890, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post, <quote>Lady Thurlow's first dance. / Mrs. Coddington's Ball. / The Fourth of June celebration at Eton. / ... Royal Society of Literature — Paper on "Early England," by Mr. Carmichael, S. </quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 4 June 1890: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6A). ===13 June 1890, Friday=== ? or on the 12th? Arnold Dolmetsch had a concert at which his students performed (Campbell 31). It was reviewed very positively in the 13 June Daily Graphic, especially Helene Dolmetsch's performance. They did Purcell's Fairy Queen. They used a harpsichord. ===26 June 1890, Thursday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1890== ===3 July 1890, Thursday=== <blockquote>On July 3, 1890, Besant’s house at 19 Avenue Road, St. John’s Wood, was inaugurated as a new center of Theosophical work, serving as the European headquarters of the [[Social Victorians/Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] and as HPB’s residence. That house became also the meeting place of HPB’s Inner Group, twelve of her students who were eager for more intense training than was feasible in a larger, more general gathering.</blockquote>That Inner Group is different from the Esoteric Section.<ref>"Esoteric World Chapter 23." ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53</ref><blockquote>The hall had a seating capacity of about 200. On the opening night [July 3, 1890] [sic] the room was crammed, and many were unable to gain admission. The speakers were Mrs. Besant, Mr. Sinnett, a Mrs. Woolff (of America), and Mr. [Bertram] Keightley. HPB was present but said nothing, on account of the critical state of her health.<ref>"23a. Henry S. Olcott, July 1890, London [Olcott 1931, 4:254–6]." Esoteric World Chapter 23. ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53.</ref></blockquote> === 4 July 1890, Friday, 11 p.m. === ==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ==== The Prince and Princess of Wales were hosts of this ball, as Queen Victoria was not present. Many of the Queen's children and their spouses were present.<ref>"State Ball at Buckingham Palace." ''Morning Post'' 5 July 1890, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900705/038/0005. Same print title and p.</ref> The dancing commenced shortly after the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at 11:00. === 1890 July 15, Tuesday === ==== Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen ==== The beginning of the ''Morning Post'' article, which is followed by a very long list of people invited:<blockquote>Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a garden party at Marlborough House yesterday afternoon to meet the Queen. Her Majesty was accompanied by their Royal Highnesses the Princesses Victoria and Margaret of Prussia, and was attended by the Duchess of Roxburghe, Miss M'Neill, the Hon. Evelyn Moore, the Hon. Bertha Lambert, and Major-General Sir Henry Ewart and Major F. A. Bigge. Madlle. De Perpigna was in attendance on the Princesses Victoria and Margaret. The following were present: — Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh and Prince Alfred, and the Princesses Marie, Victoria, Alexandra, and Beatrice of Edinburgh; their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Prince Arthur, and the Princesses Margaret and Patricia of Connaught; their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Princess Victoria and Princess Louisa of Schleswig-Holstein, her Royal Highness the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, and the Marquis of Lorne. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, her Royal Highness the Princess Frederica and the Baron von Pawell-Rammingen, his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide Duchess of Teck and his Highness the Duke of Teck and Princess Victoria of Teck, his Royal Highness the Duke d'Orleans and Princess Hélène d'Orleans, his Imperial Highness Don Pedro Augustus of Coburg and Braganza, his Serene Highness the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, his Serene Highness the Prince of Leiningen and their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Countesses Gleichen, and Count Gleichen.<ref>"Garden Party at Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 15 July 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3a–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900715/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 19 July 1890, Saturday === ==== Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner ==== This report from the ''Fife Free Press'' is missing a big piece of the 2nd paragraph, where the bridesmaids' and bride's dresses are described, because the page was damaged. The digitized copy is also generally poor.<blockquote>On Saturday forenoon, in Michael’s Church, Chester Square, London, was celebrated the marriage of Lord Loughhorough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn with Miss Violet Aline Vyner, younger daughter of Mr R. C. Vyner, of Fairfield, Yorkshire. The chancel was beautifully decorated with palms and a profusion of lilies most artistically arranged. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge. Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess and the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria, and the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone were among those present. The wedding party began to arrive at 11 o’clock, the bridesmaids being early in attendance. They were the Ladies Sybil and Angela St Clair Erskine, sisters of the bridegroom; Lady Anne Lambton, Miss Musgrave, Miss Rachel Gurney, and Miss Fleming. They were charmingly dressed in soft cream crepon, with violet velvet Zoave jackets, forming half sleeves and capes at the back, and pretty turn-down collars and cravats of white mosseline [mousseline?] chiffon, and the skirts were very plainly made. They wore large white hats lined with a band of violet velvet near the face, and trimmed on the crown with white ostrich plumes, a bunch of violets fastening the brim at the back. Each wore a brooch — the St Clair cross in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of the latter, and surmounted by a baron’s cornet of the same precious stones — the gift of the bri[degroom]; and carried a bouquet of Marechal Niel [roses?] ...ging sprays of the same, and tied w... ribbons. The bride entered the ... eleven o’clock, being received at ... father, who led her to the cha... her away. The service be... procession was preceded up ... choir, who sang "The voic..." The bride’s dress was ... with a long court train, ... white velvet being embro... ...und the train, and fasten... ...ver true lover’s knot. The picture... ...gh silver waistband, had full slee... mousseline chiffon; and a small ... blossoms was most becomingly arra... with a long tulle veil. The Earl of Chesterfield discharged the duties of best man. The Rev. Canon Fleming, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen and Vicar of St Michael's, performed the marriage rite, assisted by the Rev. Edgar Sheppard, Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, and the Rev. J. Thomson, of Rosslyn, near Edinburgh. The hymn “Thine for ever! For of love,” was sung the end of the service. Canon Fleming afterwards delivered a most impressive address. After the benediction the clergy and bride and bridegroom passed to the vestry, the Prince of Wales following with Mrs Vyner. Pretty wedding favours of orange blossoms, Parma violets, and white heather were then distributed amongst the congregation. Mr and Mrs Vyner afterwards welcomed the wedding party at Ashburnham House, Dover-street. The ''dejeuner'' was served in three rooms, one being reserved for the bride and bridegroom and the Royal party. The table in the latter room was decorated with several of Mr Vynet's racing trophies. The band of the Grenadier Guards performed in the garden during the reception. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Teck and Princess Victoria were present at the breakfast, and among the general company were Count Munster and Countess Maria Munster, the Marchese and Marchesa de Montagliari, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon, the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquis of Northampton, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Dowager Marchioness of Conyngham and Lady Blanche Conyngham, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Countess of Rosslyn, Earl and Countess Compton, the Earl of Feversham, the Earl of Durham, the Countess of Coventry and the Ladies Coventry, Countess Howe and Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Yarborough, the Earl of Clonmell, the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, the Countess of Kilmorey, Countess de Grey, Viscount Molyneux, the Bishop of Gibraltar and Mrs Sandford, Viscountess de Labrosse and Mdles. de Labrosse, Lord Greenock, Lord and Lady Algernon Lennox, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Lady Julia Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, Hon. Lady Campbell of Blythswood, Lady Constance Harris, Lady Florence Harris, Lord and Lady Burghley, Lady Dorchester, Lord Houghton, Lady Curzon, Lady Brougham and Vaux and Miss Musgrave, Baron de Hirsch, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Baroness Burdett Coutts and Mr Burdett Coutts, M.P., Lady Astley, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord and Lady Brooke and Hon. Leopold and Hon. Marjorie Greville, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lord Elcho, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and the Misses Willoughby, Lady Ewart, Lady Hindlip, Lady Cecilia Rose, Lord Rowton, Lord Capell, Lady Mabel Compton, Lord and Lady Herries, Lady Sykes, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Ventry and Hon. Miss de Moleyns, Hon. Lady Knollys, Lady Manners, Hon. Lady Drummond and Misses Drummond, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Assheton Harbord, Hon. Derek Keppel, Hon. Captain Bourke, Hon. Mrs Percy Mitford, Hon. Philip Harbord, Hon. and Rev. L. Tyrwhitt, Hon. Coralie Glyn, Hon. M. Lambton, Hon L. Greville, Hon. Alwyn Greville, Hon[.] Eva Greville, Hon. Frances Dawnay, Hon Evelyn Paget, Hon Mrs Algernon Grosvcnor, Hon and Mrs Lambton. Hon. Mrs Evelyn Pelham, Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Hon. W. Maxwell, Hon. G. and Mrs Dawnay, Hon. Captain Lambton, General Sir Seymour Blane, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir Archibald and Miss Edmunstone, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey Thompson, Mrs Gladstone, Mr and Lady Margaret Cameron, Mr and Lady Florence Astley, Mr and Lady Elizabeth Melville Cartwright and Miss Melville Cartwright, General and Mrs Duff and Miss Duff, General Owen Williams, Colonel and Mrs Anstruther Thompson, Colonel Stopford Sackville, Colonel Craig, Colonel Brabazon, Colonel Forester, Colonel Stanley Clarke (in attendance on the Prince of Wales) and Miss Clarke, Major Davidson, Canon and Mrs Fleming, Captain St John Mildmay (in attendance on the Duke of Cambridge), Captain and Mrs FitzGeorge, Mrs William Portal, the Sub Dean of the Chapels Royal, Rev. W. M. and Mrs Wollaston, Rev. R. West, Mr and Miss Chamberlain. Mr and Mrs W. H. Grenfell, Mr Christopher Sykes, M.P., Mr Reuben Sassoon, Mr Arthur Sassoon, Mrs Bischoffsheim, Mr and Mrs Herbert Naylor Leyland, Dr and Mrs Anderson, Mrs Oswald, Mr and Mrs Surtees, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr and Mrs Menzies, Miss Willoughby and Miss Gertrude Willoughby, Mr Arthur Paget, Miss Christie, Mr Dowdall, Mrs Eastwood and the Misses Eastwood, Mr Frederick Warre, Mr William Williamson, Mrs Burton, Mrs Chaine, Captain and Mrs Livesey Wardle, Captain A. R. Hill, Miss Helby, Mrs and Miss Winslow, Mr and Miss Oswald, Mr Willoughby, Mr Quintin Hume, Mr F and Miss Fitzherbert, Mrs and Miss F. Hotham, Mr and Mrs Moreton Frewin, Mrs Charles Otway, Mr Calcraft, Mr Watson, Mr Fennick, Mr Montgomery, Mr Cecil Murray, Mr and Mrs Sneyd, Mr Leslie Stephen, Mr Edgar Sebright, Miss Fleetwood Wilson, Mrs and Miss Farmer of Nonsuch, Mr and Mrs Dennistoun and Miss Dennistoun, Mr and Mrs J. R. Lane Fox and Miss Lane Fox, &c. The bride and bridegroom left early in the afternoon for Easton Lodge, Dunmow, the seat of Lord and Lady Brooke, in Essex, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride travelled in a costume of biscuit coloured armure silk, the top of the bodice and sleeves being of pale pink mousseline de soie, and the lower part of the former inserted with pink velvet ribbons to form a high band, Tuscan straw-hat trimmed with pink crepe de chine, and biscuit feathers. The presents exceeded four hundred in number. The Prince of Wales presented the bride with a trefoil moonstone and diamond brooch and the bridegroom with a sapphire and diamond pin. The Princess of Wales's gift the bridegroom was a silver-necked claret jug. The Duke of Cambridge gave an amethyst and diamond pendant, and the bridegroom a pair of silver gilt candlesticks; and Princess Mary and the Duke of Teck presented the bride with a silver sugar basin. The bridegroom’s gifts to the bride were a diamond and sapphire watch bracelet, a diamond half-hoop ring, diamond brooch with pearl centre, diamond and turquoise brooch, formed of the St Clair badge in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of diamonds, surmounted by a baron’s coronet in the same precious stones, a large salts bottle with two heart-shaped moonstones set with rubies and diamonds and a silver sugar basin. The bride presented Lord Loughborough with a turquoise and diamond stud. The Earl of Rosslyn presented the bride with diamond necklet. The Countess of Rosslyn’s gifts were diamond orchid brooch and a pink feather fan. Mr R. C. Vyner’s gifts to his daughter were a diamond and pearl tiara and gold mounted dressing case, and Mrs Vyner gave her a sapphire and diamond ring. The Marchioness of Stafford gave a ruby and diamond pin; Lady Mary Vyner antique diamond tiara; the Ladies Angela and Sybil Erskine sapphire and diamond bracelet; Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine with "1890" in rubies and diamonds; Lord and Lady A. Compton large diamond star; the Earl of Rosslyn presented his son with a large silver bowl and two silver dishes; the Countess of Rosslyn's present was a travelling bag; Mr Vyner gave him a luncheon basket; Mrs Vyner a silver ''entree'' dish; the Marchioness of Stafford case containing silver coffee and tea pots, urn and stand, sugar basin, and cream jug; Lord and Lady Brooke four antique silver sauce boats; Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon ['''Col. 1c–2a'''] Lennox three antique silver ''entree'' dishes. The Earl of Rosslyn's Fifeshire tenants presented Lord Loughborough with a beautiful antique silver bowl, two antique silver dessert dishes, and two antique sugar castors; and to the bride they gave an antique silver tea service. The congregation of Rosslyn Chapel presented the bridegroom with a complete and elegant writing set, whilst Lord Rosslyn's servants gave him a silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks. Mr Vyner's servants presented the bride with a silver salver and six ''liqueur'' cups. The servants of Newby Hall gave a silver coffee pot, and Mr Vyner’s Cheshire tenants presented a case containing silver tea pot, sugar basin, and cream jug. The bride also received from the Duchess of Portland a travelling bag; the Duchess de Luynes, sapphire and diamond ring; the Duke of Westminister, Indian necklace; the Marquis of Northampton, diamond bracelet; the Marquis of Ripon, sapphire and diamond bracelet; the Marchioness of Ripon, turquoise and diamond bangle, the Earl of Durham, a diamond half hoop bracelet; Earl and Countess Cowper, a diamond "V V” brooch; Dowager Viscountess Downe, moonstone and diamond crescent; Lady Skyes [Sykes] ruby and diamond fish brooch; Lady Millbank, sapphire and diamond brooch Lord Douglas Compton, double heart brooch; Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, gold curb chain bracelet set with pearls; Earl and Countess Compton, bangle with “Vi” and “good luck” on it; the Duke and Duchess of St Albans, tea service with table; the Marchioness Conyngham, silver cream jug; the Marchioness of Tavistock, silver vase; the Countess of Rodin, a silver I bowl; the Countess of Yarborough, silver candlesticks; Viscountess Downe, silver tea caddie; Lady de Trafford, gold mounted salts bottle; the Hon. F. Dawnay, large silver candlesticks[;] Hon. F and Lady Lampton, travelling clock; Hon. W. Lambton, silver candlesticks; Sir R. and Lady Graham, silver salver; Sir Roderick and Miss Cameron, two silver dishes; General Williams, diamond bangle; Colonel and Mrs G. FitzGeorge, gold mounted bottle; Major and Mrs Egerton, pair of silver candlesticks; Major Stuart Wortley, diamond Swallow; Major Davidson, heart-shaped brooch in coral and diamonds; Captain and Lady Cecilia Rose, a brougham; Mr Beaumont, silver bowl; Miss Edmonstone, moonstone and diamond hat pins; Mrs Harris, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Mr Egerton, turquoise and diamond brooch; Sir Cecil Murray, sapphire and diamond pin; Mr A. Farquharson, diamond swallow brooch; Mr and Mrs Hulse, two small silver vases; Miss Fleetwood Wilson, diamond bangle; Mrs A. Wilson, tortoiseshell candlestick; Mr Quintin Hume, salts bottle mounted with diamonds and rubies; Miss Helbert, gold violet pin; Mr Chamberlain, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Arthur Coventry, gold mounted bottle with "Vi" in diamonds; Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, diamond hand brooch, together with a number of other gifts. Among the presents to the bridegroom were — from the Marchioness of Downshire, antique silver sugar sifter; the Marquis of Exeter, silver sandwich case; the Marchioness of Bath, antique Dutch silver box; the Marquis of Downshire, a gold pencil; Count Munster, cigarette case and match box; Count Alexander Munster, a hunting flask; the Countess of Lindsay, antique silver pen-tray; the Earl of Mar and Kellie, silver matchbox; the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, silver cigarette box; the Earl of Chesterfield, antique silver gilt inkstand; the Countess of Bradford, gold seal with agate; the Countess of Warwick, antique silver bowl; the Earl of Coventry, silver pen-tray; the Countess of Wharncliffe, two silver candlesticks; the Earl and Countess of Cromartie, two antique silver cups; Viscountess of Newport, silver paper knife; Mr and Mrs A. Sassoon, ruby and diamond pin; Lord John Cecil, silver salver; Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby, antique silver-mounted cruet stand; Lord William Nevtll, antique brandy carrier; Lady Margaret Spicer, silver match box; Lord Burghley, four silver salt cellars and spoons; Baron de Hirch [Hirsch?], silver inkstand; Lady W. E. Osborne Elphinstone, silver inkstand; Lord Kesteven, silver cream jug; Lord Capell, silver cigarette case; Lord and Lady Gerard, tortoiseshell and silver travelling clock; Lady Lilian Wemyss, silver cigarette case; Dad Alwyne Compton, umbrella containing matchbox and whistle; Lord and Lady Lennox, two antique silver ''entree'' dishes and bacon dish; Lord Burghersh, silver cigarette lighter; Lady Angela 8t Clair Erskine, four silver salt cellars; Lady Randolph Churchill, gold pencil case, with two sapphires; Lord Houghton, antique gold basket; Lady Sybil St Clair Erskine, umbrella; Lord and Lady Dorchester, large crystal seal; Hon. Derek P. Keppel, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. E. and Mrs Pelham, silver inkstand; Hon. G. N. Curzon, silver gilt bowl; Hon. F. St Clair Erskine, four silver candle-sticks; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. A. and Mrs Bourke]], four small silver dessert dishes; Hon. Mrs Elliot Yorke, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Mr and Mrs L. Greville, tortoise-shell and silver box; Hon. R Somerset, diamond and pearl pin; Hon. G. H. Willoughby, silver ink-stand; Hon. H. and Mrs Grosvenor, umbrella; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], enamel and diamond pin; Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, cigarette case and lighter; Hon. W. Maxwell, silver-backed clothes and hat brushes; Hon. Sidney Greville, saltspoons; Hon. M. C. Maxwell Scott, two silver ''menu'' plates; Hon. W. Edwardes, pin; [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Captain Hon. A.]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Mrs Greville]], silver gilt bowl, fork, spoon, and ladle; Sir Frederick Milner, diamond and moonstone pin; Sir George Chetwynd, two long silver flagons; Sir M. and Lady Fitzgerald, two silver saltspoons; Sir N. Gordon Gumming, silver-handled paper knife, &c.<ref>"Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner." ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> === 24 July 1890, Thursday === ==== Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington ==== Perhaps the date on this is uncertain, since the article in ''Truth'' would suggest it was held in late May or early June. The newspaper story in the ''Queen'' mentions another occasion in which the flowers were notable as well. From ''Truth'':<blockquote> But not a quarter of a mile distant [from a dinner and dance hosted by Lord Rothschild featuring Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne] a more important event was proceeding, for Lord Alington, having previously walked down the Row and invited his friends right and left to Alington House, South Audley-street, proceeded to give a dance which was honoured by the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princesses Victoria and Maud, the Duke of Clarence, Princess Mary Adelaide, and Princess "May" and Prince and Princess Christian. This without exaggeration, with the exception of Lady Leconfield's, Lady Willoughby de Eresby's, and Lady Cadogan's, was the best ball hitherto given this season, and the prolific way ortolans [small songbirds regarded as a delicacy] were distributed at supper will long linger in the memories of those by whom these delicacies are cherished. One lady displayed her enthusiastic appreciation by devouring five of these, and it is to be hoped her devotion did not endanger her life. As for beauty, seldom before have so many pre-eminent for good looks been present at one gathering, as a mere enumeration of a few of these will prove. Of course the Duchess of Leinster heads the list, followed in quick succession by the Duchess of Portland, Lady de Grey, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Dudley, Lady Kilmorey, Lady Brooke, Lady de Trafford, Lady Helen Duncombe, Lady Hilda Dundas, Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Lady Olivia Taylour, Miss Rachael Gurney, Lady Cardross, Miss Bourke, Lady Rose Leigh and her sister-in-law, Miss Leigh, Miss Berens (sister to Lady Cairns), Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, Lady Gerard, and a host of others far too numerous to mention. I often wonder that no painter has yet attempted to give us in one picture a permanent record of the chief beauties of our day. It would make a most interesting and exquisite group of lovely women, such as could not be found probably in any other country than this.<ref>Marmaduke, pseud. "Letters from the Linkman." ''Truth'' 12 June 1890, Thursday: 26 [of 56], Col. 1a–b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18900612/064/0026. Same print title, p. 1212.</ref></blockquote> From the ''Queen'':<blockquote>The P<small>RINCE AND</small> P<small>RINCESS OF</small> W<small>ALES</small> and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured L<small>ORD</small> A<small>LINGTON</small> by their presence at D<small>INNER</small>, at A<small>LINGTON</small> H<small>OUSE</small>, South Audley-street, on the 24th ult., when a distinguished party was present to meet them, including, among others, the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the EarI of Chesterfield, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, and Earl Annesley. Covers were laid for sixty. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters. As on the previous occasion, the floral decorations were exquisite. The entrance hall and the approaches to the reception rooms were decorated with tall palms and a profusion of lilies, pelargoniums, ferns in every variety, and roses in every imaginable shade. The conservatories at the back were carpeted and furnished luxuriously, and blocks of ice, lighted by fairy lamps, were placed about with artistic effect, serving to keep the atmosphere cool and fresh. Feathery palms, hydrangeos [hydrangeas] and arums were here used freely, and a particularly pretty result was obtained by the windows being framed, one in a fringe of ferns and red pelargoniums, and the other in ferns and fuschias. The ballroom fireplaces were adorned on each side with palms reaching to the ceiling, the mantelpieces being hidden by a delicate arrangement of roses in various shades springing from banks of hydrangeas, calceolarias, pelargoniums, and marguerites, and the walls of the staircase leading from the conservatory to the ball-room were hung with half-balls of floral roses. The supper was served in the dining-room, the tables being embellished with the loveliest orchids and roses of the most delicate tints, intermixed with pancretia; the arrangement was so light and elegant that it was difficult to believe that hands had ever touched the flowers. On those tables with silver candelabra in the centre, the flowers were all pure white, and those having gold candelabra were treated with mauve orchids and the palest pink and yellow roses. A tent, arranged near the conservatory for the Prince of Wales, was draped with Oriental hangings, and outside were groups of flowers and myriads of fairy lamps. The company began to arrive at eleven o'clock, when dancing commenced to the strains of the Blue Hungarian Band. The Princess of Wales was dressed in white striped satin and silk, the front being embroidered in pale shades, and wore handsome diamond ornaments. The Princesses Victoria and Maud wore white tulle over satin, the front being sprinkled all over with tiny sprays of lilies of the valley, each laid on a single leaf. The Duchess of Wellington was in black satin, with a pink sash arranged very prettily across the back of the bodice, and falling to the feet; a cluster of pink flowers and a beautiful diamond spray were fastened in the front of the bodicea and a diamond rivière was arranged in the hair, a diamond necklace being also worn. The Duchess of Westminster was in white satin trimmed with gold embroidery, and veiled in white chiffon. The Marchioness of Ormonde wore white striped brocade and satin trimmed with white lace, and a splendid diamond tiara and other ornaments. Countess de Grey, palest blue satin, with front beautifully embroidered in beads, and a diamond and pearl coronet. Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, white brocade and lace, with splendid diamond and emerald ornaments. The Marchioness of Bath, cream an violet brocaded velvet, the front being covered with mauve [38, Col. 3c – 39, Col. 1a] violets. Lady Mary Mills, rose-pink satin, with front richly embroidered; Lady Cardross, white satin, trimmed round the bodice and train with silver embroidery; Lady William Nevill, pale yellow brocade, the front veiled with black net, trimmed up the side with jet leaves, and all round the skirt was a bordering of Maréchal Niel roses, over a flounce of black net; Countess Granville wore rich white brocade and beautiful jewels; the Countess of Sefton, black satin and diamonds; Viscountess Dungan, white mousseline de soie, the skirt edged with a deep flounce; Lady Brooke, pale blue satin, trimmed with silver; Lady Emma Crichton, white satin train, with front of white lisse, prettily embroidered in red; Lady Idina Brassey, pale mauve bengaline, with front of chiffon and a handsome diamon coronet; Lady Rose Molyneux, white cross crêpe de Chine, with a pale green sash, and prettily trimmed with pink roses; Lady Wimborne, pale grey satin; the Hon. Miss Guest, pink satin, veiled with white net, sparkling with silver; Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, white satin, with a chiffon frill; Lady Chesham, white silk, with pink roses; the Countess of Normanton, pale grey satin, with front of fine old lace; Mrs Hulse, handsome white brocade, diamond tiara, &c.; Mrs Bischoffsheim, white silk, embroidered with silver, and trimmed round the bottom of the skirt and train with a ruche of pale yellow crèpe; the Hon. Muriel Brassey, white chiffon, over satin, slightly trimmed with pink; and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]] was in pink, with magnificent diamonds.<ref>"Entertainments, Balls, &c." ''The Queen'' 2 August 1890, Saturday: 38, Col. 3c – 39 [of 82], Col. 1a–1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18900802/237/0038 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18900802/237/0039. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', pp. 170–171.</ref></blockquote>This is the story from the ''Morning Post'':<blockquote>The Prince and Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured Lord Alington by their company at dinner last evening at Alington House, South Audley-street. The guests present to meet their Royal Highnesses comprised the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Earl of Chesterfield, Earl Annesley, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, Lord and Lady Gerard, Lady Norreys, Lord Rowton, Lord Calthorpe, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lord Arthur Grosvenor, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu, Sir John and Lady Lister Kaye, the Hon. Humphrey and Lady Feodore Sturt, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Henry and the Hon. Julia Stonor, the Hon. Gilbert Willoughby, Lady Suffield and Major-General Ellis, in waiting on the Prince and Princess of Wales; Sir Henry Calcraft, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, General and Mrs. Owen Williams, Mr. Mildmay, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Montague Guest, Captain Orr-Ewing, Mrs. Bulkeley, Mr. Ricardo, and Mr. Caryl Craven. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance expressly to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales. Among the company were— The Russian Ambassador, the Danish Minister, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Comte Costa de Beaunyardt, the Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Evelyn Fitzmaurice, the Duchess of Westminster, the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, the Duchess of Wellington and Lady Cardross, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby and Miss Bourke, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, the Marchioness of Bath and Lady Beatrice Thynne, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquese and Marquesa de Santurce and Lady Wilham Nevill, Countess Spencer, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, Countess de Grey, the Earl of Dunraven, the Countess of Lathom and Lady Edith Wilbraham, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Christian Cole, the Earl of Ilchester, the Earl of Durham and Lady Anne Lambton, the Earl of Dalkeith and Lord Ernest Scott, the Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Countess Howe and the Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Normanton and Lady Mary Agar and Miss Mary Liddell, Earl Craven, Viscount Clifden, Viscount Ennismore and Lady Beatrice Hare, Viscount Coke and the Hon. Violet White, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and the Hon. Susan Baring, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bruce, Viscount and Viscountess Melgund, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscount and Lady Violet Dangan and Lady Eva Wellesley, Viscount Dungarvan, Viscount Chelsea, Viscount Royston, Lady Hastings, Lord Capell, Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Margaret Willoughby, Lady Cloncurry and Hon. Miss Winn, Lord and Lady Brooke, Lady Wimborne and Hon. Miss Guest, Lord Sandhurst, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton and Miss Gurney, Lord and Lady Chesham, Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor, Lord Kenyon, Lord Garioch, Lady Alice Portal, Lady Margaret Levett and the Ladies Ashley, Lady W. Nevill, Lord Paulet, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Forbes and Misses Forbes, Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord Carlow, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Lurgan, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Lord Richard Nevill, the Hon. W. Coventry, the Hon. G. Joliffe, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. H. Coventry, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. Alistair and Mrs. Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], the Hon. F. Dawnay, the Hon. E. J. Mills, the Hon. A. Johnstone, the Hon. Claude Hay, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. Mr. Dundas and Lady Hilda Dundas, the Hon. Thomas and Lady Idina Brassey and the Hon. Muriel Brassey, the Hon. Mr. Mansfield, Colonel the Hon. Henry Byng and Miss Byng, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Mr. Harbord, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., the Hon. G. Somerset, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir George Arthur, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Charles Forbes, Sir William and Lady Eden, Sir George Chetwynd, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir John D. Poynder, Colonel and Lady Emma Crichton, the Hon. Miss Harbord, Captain and Lady Jane Combe, Colonel Paget, Captain Williams, Captain Ford, Captain Doyle, Captain Hanbury, Captain Campbell, Captain Constable, Captain Kinloch, Captain Longfield, M. Gutmansthal, Mrs. Bingham, Mr. Guthrie, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Mrs. Charles Wilson and Miss Wilson, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. de Murrieta, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Spencer Portal, Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Paget, Mr. Leigh and Miss Leigh, Mr. Percy Daniell, Mr. Lister, Mr. Frederick Vincent, Mr. Cazalet, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. John Savile Lumley, Mr. and Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. Skeffington Smith and Miss Taylor, Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Alfred Farquhar, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. Reginald Ronalds]], Miss Alice Ellice, Mr. George Marjoribanks, Mr. Wyndham, Mr. Dugdale, Mr. Montagu, Mrs. Sneyd, Mr. Wynn, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mr. Murray Guthrie, Mr. George Lambert, Mrs. Sanford, Miss Mabel Forbes. Mr. Herbert Magniac, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Milner, Mr. Charles Kindersley, Mr. Beaumont, Mr. Walter Hervey, Mr. H. Hoare, Mr. Foley, Mr. Scott Murray, Mr. Coventry, Mr. Bertie, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Guthrie, Mr. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. E. Charteris, Mr. Cholmondeley, Mr. Oswald Magniac, Mr. Cecil Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, Mr. Peploe, Mr. A. Charteris, Mr. Seymour Gore, Mr. Robert Antrobus, Mr. Elliot, M. de Champs, Mr. Wombwell, Mr. Charles Hoare, M.P., and many others.<ref>"Lord Alington's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 25 July 1890, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5 b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900725/014/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1890== ===6 August 1890, Friday=== ==== Beautiful Women ==== The ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' reprinted a story from ''Vanity Fair'' about "Beautiful Women":<blockquote>Beautiful Women. — ''Vanity Fair'' asks what country in the world can show a more beautiful bevy of women than England? When Lady Helen Vincent, with her sister, Lady Cynthia Graham; when Lady Warwick with her sisters, the Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Westmorland; and when Lady Mar and Kellie, Lady de Trafford, Princess Pless, Lady de Gray[,] Lady Naylor-Leyland, the Duchess of Portland, Lady Alington, Lady Sophie Scott, Lady Chelsea, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Algernon Bourke]], Lady Henry Bentinck, Mrs. Willie Grenfell, Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Countess Clary are gathered together it is a sight to make an old man young; while Mrs. Gerard Leigh and her sister, Lady Yarborough, and Lady Powis, Lady Norreys, Mrs Farquharson, Mrs. Willie James, Lady Dalkeith, Mrs. Pretyman, Mrs. Gervase Beckett, Lady Rossmore, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady Colebrook, Lady Hartopp, Mrs. Willie Walker, and Lady Milton are almost equally admired. The many pretty girls include Miss Enid and Miss Muriel Wilson, who still head the list of the unmarried beauties, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Miss Kennard, Miss Madeline Bourke, and Miss Leila Crichton; while among the debutantes Lady Evelyn Crichton and Lady Vivian's daughters have had a great success, and Lady Alice Montagu, petite and charmingly pretty, has been so much admired. The daughters of Lady Gosford, Lady Verulam, Lady Leitrim, Lady Inchiquin, and Lady Grey have also been admired, as well as Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Katherine Scott, and Miss Chaplin.<ref>"Beautiful Women." ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' 6 August 1897, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001804/18970806/023/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===25 August 1890, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1890== ==October 1890== ===22 October 1890, Wednesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch went to the Reading Room (Campbell 22). ===25 October 1890, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Loder—De Vere Beauclerk Wedding]] ===31 October 1890, Friday=== Halloween. ==November 1890== ===5 November 1890, Wednesday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===19 November 1890, Wednesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch, with some of his students and his daughter Helene, provided musical illustrations for a lecture given by Dr. Frederick Bridge on "Mozart as Teacher," probably at Gresham College, where Bridges was professor (Campbell 34). ===21 November 1890, Friday=== Dr. Frederick Bridge's last fall 1890 lecture at Gresham College, for which Dolmetsch provided illustration. Campbell says, "it is, in fact, the first record in modern times of music by Byrd, Dr. Bull, Jenkins, Simpson, Lawes, Locke and Purcell being played 'on the instruments for which it was written'" (Campbell 34). ===25 November 1890, Tuesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch got a three-month pass to the Reading Room and "thereafter held yearly tickets until 1916" (Campbell 22). ==== 1890 November 29, Saturday ==== ===== [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|Wedding of Francis Dudley, Lord Leigh and Héléne Forbes Beckwith]] ===== ==December 1890== Sometimes in December 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/William Robert Woodman|William Woodman]], one of the founding members of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]], died (Gilbert 86 12). === 4 December 1890, Thursday === ==== [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|Wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]] ==== ===19 December 1890, Friday=== "The eleventh annual ''Truth'' Toy Exhibition for the children in London hospitals, workhouses, and infirmaries was held at the Grosvenor Gallery, Bond-street, on Dec. 19 and 20. There are over 22,000 children in these institutions, and each of them has a separate toy, besides the large and more expensive toys which are presented for the general use of the inmates. A special feature of the show was the dolls dressed by lady readers of ''Truth''. Several special donations in connection with the fund have been made, the principal of which is that of 10,200 new sixpences sent for distribution by the same liberal donor who has given a similar present on former occasions; while Mr. Tom Smith has had specially made, and has forwarded for distribution, over 22,000 crackers; and Mr. Horniman (as stated in our last issue) has given to the adults in hospitals and workhouses 1200 packets of tea, to be given to them as Christmas boxes." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 27, 1890; pg. 806; Issue 2697, Col. B) ===20 December 1890, Saturday=== "In order that the adults connected with the hospitals and workhouses may participate in the good things given to the children in the ''Truth'' toy distribution, Mr. F. J. Horniman, of Wormwood-street, City, has sent Mr. Labouchere 1200 packets of tea to be given to them as a Christmas box." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 20, 1890; pg. 774; Issue 2696, Col. B) From the ''Times'', 22 December 1890, "The Late Sir Edgar Boehm": <blockquote>On Saturday, in accordance with the special request of the Queen, the late Sir Edgar Boehm, R.A., was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral, in the south aisle of the crypt, the spot being known as “The Painters Corner.” [new paragraph] The funeral cortége left the residence of the deceased at about 11 o’clock, there being five mourning and several private carriages. In the first carriage were the chief mourners, Sir Edgar Collins Boehm, the only son of the late baronet, and Mr. Conrad Herapath. The second and third carriages were occupied by Sir Frederic Leighton, P.R.A., Sir Nigel Kingscote, Mr. Richard Mills, Colonel Francis Baring, Mr. Alma-Tadema, R.A., Sir R. H. Collins, Mr. Edward J. Poynter, R.A., and Mr. Duncan MacGregor, all of whom subsequently, at the cathedral, acted as pall bearers. The fourth carriage contained representatives of the Council of the Royal Academy – Mr. Edwin Long, R.A., Mr. J. B. Burgess, R.A., Mr. F. Goodall, R.A., and Mr. Beavis. In the fifth carriage were the following members of the professional staff of the deceased – Mr. R. Glassby, Mr. E. Lantéri, Signor Finili, and Herr Gross. The cortége stopped for a few moments at the Royal Academy, in order that it might be joined by two carriages containing other representatives of the institution. Leaving Piccadilly, the route taken was Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, Cockspur-street, the Strand, Fleet-street, and Ludgate-hill, the cathedral being reached about noon. The procession was met at the great west door by Canon Gregory, the Archdeacon of London, the Rev. Dr. Baker, Minor Canons Milman, Russell, and Kelly, and the choir, who had a few minutes previously left the vestry; by Major Bigge, Equerry to the Queen, representing her Majesty; Colonel Stanley Clarke, who attended on behalf of the Prince and Princess of Wales; and Colonel W. J. Colville, representing the Duke of Edinburgh. The [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Marchioness of Lorne) attired in deep mourning, and accompanied by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Lieut.-Col. Arthur Collins]] and Lady Sophia Macnamara, arrived at the cathedral a few minutes before 12 o’clock, and was conducted to a seat in the south side of the nave, close to the late Sir Edgar Boehm’s two daughters, upon whom her Royal Highness had called earlier in the morning. As the procession came slowly up the nave towards the chancel, “I am the resurrection of life” and other sentences of the burial service were chanted to music by Dr. Croft. The coffin, which was completely hidden by splendid wreaths, was preceded by the choristers and the clergy. Then followed Sir E. C. Boehm, with Mr. Conrad Herapath and Mr. Alfred Gilbert, A.R.A., the officers and council of the Royal Academy, and members of the deceased’s studio. The coffin was deposited upon a bier, which had been placed under the dome in front of the opening into the crypt, through which the body was subsequently lowered. The mourners having been conducted to the seats which had been reserved for them, and the clergy and choir having proceeded to their places in the chancel, Psalms xxxix. and xc. Were sung to music by Purcell and Felton, followed by Spohr’s anthem, “Blest are the departed,” and the lesson 1 Cor. Xv. 20, which was read by Canon Gregory. Whilst the hymn “Days and moments quickly flying” was being sung the Archdeacon of London and Minor Canon Milman proceeded from the chancel and took up positions by the side of the coffin. The remainder of the service preceding and following the lowering of the body into the crypt was read by Minor Canon Milman, and the collect was impressively recited by Archdeacon Sinclair. The late Dr. Newman’s beautiful hymn, “Lead kindly light,” was afterwards sung by the choir, and the service was brought to a close by Beethoven’s Funeral March, which was played in compliance with the special request of her Majesty, at whose desire also Chopin’s Funeral March had preceded the service. Dr. Martin was the organist. While Beethoven’s march was being played the son and daughters of the late “Sculptor in ordinary to her Majesty,” together with other mourners, descended the crypt by the door near Howard’s monument, and saw the coffin for the last time. It bore the following inscription:- “Joseph Edgar Boehm. Born July 6, 1834; died at his work December 12, 1890. Thy will be done.” The coffin had already been deposited in the brick grave prepared for it, which is next to that of Sir Edwin Landseer. Immediately around it lie the remains of painters and sculptors of bygone days – Sir Joshua Reynolds, James Barry, Benjamin West, Henry Fuseli, Sir Thomas Lawrence, J. M. W. Turner, and John Henry Foley, while within half-a-dozen yards is the tomb of the great architect of the cathedral, Sir Christopher Wren. The coffin as last seen was covered by the floral tributes of loving friends, the symbolic laurel wreath forwarded by her Majesty surmounting them. This bore the inscription, “A tribute of gratitude for many beautiful memorial works executed for her. From Victoria, R. I.” Attached to the beautiful wreath sent by the Prince and Princess of Wales were the words, “A token of sincere regard and friendship.” Wreaths were forwarded by other members of the Royal Family, by Sir John and Lady Millais, Lord and Lady Reay, the Countess Sydney, Lord and Lady de Vesci, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, by members of the council, students and officers of the Royal Academy, the Society of Artistic Sculptors (Vienna), and by the London Hungarian Association." (http://glassby.com/Chapter1.htm) </blockquote> ===24 December 1890, Wednesday=== "The people of South London and adjacent suburbs have to be grateful to Mr. Frederick Horniman, a well-known City merchant residing at Dulwich, for a munificent and beneficial Christmas gift. This gentleman has, during thirty years, formed a collection, worth above £100,000, of specimens of art, European, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese, also of decorative manufactures, and of ethnology and natural history, and rare books and manuscripts, at Surrey House, Forest Hill, which he intends to present to the public. The museum was opened by Sir Morell Mackenzie on Wednesday afternoon, Dec. 24. It already comprises twenty-four rooms, containing many beautiful specimens of horse and chain armour, Elizabethan bed-room furniture, an old English parlour and pantry, an Oriental armoury, a bible and manuscript room, an Egyptian gallery, and ethnographical saloon, a book and embroidery saloon, a porcelain and glass room, and a zoological saloon, with two live Russian bears and a monkey. We may describe the museum further, after another visit. Our Artist has sketched, in the ethnograhical saloon, an idol's shrine, made of cocoanut-fibre, from Fiji. Mr. Horniman, in acknowledging a vote of thanks, said that in an adjoining house he had accumulated a vast library of bibles and entomological works and specimens. It was his intention to build a hall at the back of the present building to contain a thousand persons, while the galleries would contain a library, and a stage would be provided, so that both eye and ear could be amused. He also contemplated buying sufficient land to enable a public body to erect class-rooms and gymnasia. Three cheers were given for Mr. Horniman, and the company proceeded to inspect the museum." "(Mr. F. Horniman's Museum, Forest Hill." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 03, 1891; pg. 7; Issue 2698, Col. C) ===25 December 1890, Thursday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1890, Friday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *"Besant Chronology.pdf." From Anderson, Nancy Fix, Walter L Arnstein, Deborah Logan, and Susie L Steinbach, Volume Editors. Lives of Victorian Political Figures, Part III: Queen Victoria, Florence Nightingale, Annie Besant and Millicent Garrett Fawcett by their Contemporaries. Volume 3 of Lives of Victorian Political Figures. Series Editors, Nancy LoPatin-Lummis and Michael Partridge. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2008. *Crawford, Elizabeth. The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. Google Books. Accessed 14 October 2010. 99gnhswb9sioh0cuugivn0gkx0p0jsa 0 264381 2839924 2839613 2026-10-12T22:04:55Z Scogdill 1331941 2839924 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Viscount Mandeville Vanity Fair 1882-04-22.jpg|alt=Old drawing for a magazine of an aristocratic man in a formal suit|thumb|"Kim," Viscount Mandeville, 1882]] == Overview == The Mandeville who was in a relationship with music-hall and vaudeville star Bessie Bellwood was Kim (George Victor Drogo) Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (17 June 1853 – 18 August 1892). He was Viscount Mandeville from 18 August 1855 (when his grandfather died) to 22 March 1890 (when his father died).<ref name=":1" /> When he succeeded to the dukedom in 1890, he ended his relationship with Bellwood. His father was the 7th Duke and his mother was [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louise Cavendish]], "double Duchess" of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Manchester]] and then [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]]. In 1882 Viscount Mandeville (right) was "Man of the Day" (#255) for ''Vanity Fair'', drawn by Leslie Ward ("Spy").<ref>"Viscount Mandeville Vanity Fair 1882-04-22.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viscount_Mandeville_Vanity_Fair_1882-04-22.jpg (retrieved 8 September 2026).</ref> Kim Montagu, Lord Mandeville ended the relationship with Bessie Bellwood sometime during 1890, presumably after acceding to the dukedom. In November of 1890, his son secretly married Helena Zimmerman. == Also Known As == *Family name: Montagu *The title Viscount Mandeville is a courtesy title for the heir apparent and eldest son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester |Duke of Manchester]]. This title is one of only 2 (for the heir apparent of a duke) that is below the rank of Earl (the other is the heir apparent of the Duke of Somerset). (Is Mandeville a toponym?) *Viscount Mandeville **"Kim" (George Victor Drogo) Montagu [8th Duke], (18 August 1855 – 22 March 1890) **[[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke (22 March 1890 – 18 August 1892) **Alexander George Francis Drogo Montagu (2 October 1902 – 9 February 1947)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-15|title=Alexander Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Montagu,_10th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=983660353|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Viscountess Mandeville **Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu [8th Duchess] (22 May 1876 – 22 March 1890) **Helena Zimmerman Montagu (14 November 1890 – 18 August 1892) *Lord Kimbolton (Baron Kimbolton of Kimbolton is the courtesy title for the heir presumptive, the heir apparent's eldest son, so the son of Viscount Mandeville<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-21|title=Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=1375987697|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>) ** [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke (1877 – 22 March 1890) == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === "Kim" Montagu, 8th Duke, Lord Mandeville until 1890 === ==== Friends ==== * Edward Russell, 24th Baron de Clifford * Derrick Westenra, 5th Baron Rossmore * Francis Needham, 3rd Earl of Kilmorey === Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu === ==== Friends ==== *Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu was in the intimate circle of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. ==Organizations== === "Kim" Montagu, 8th Duke, Lord Mandeville until 1890 === * Eton<ref name=":1" /> === Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu === * Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu was a member of the New York City social set called the Buccaneers when she was a teenager.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-06|title=Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consuelo_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Manchester&oldid=982192002|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Edith Wharton is said to have taken details from the 8th Duke's marriage for her novel ''The Buccaneers''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-06|title=George Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Montagu,_8th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=982188929|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Timeline == '''1855 August 18''', the 6th Duke died. The families "placed in mourning" were the following, as listed in the ''Edinburgh Evening Post and Scottish Record'':<blockquote>He is succeeded in the Dukedom by his eldest son, Viscount Mandeville, M.P. By the melancholy event the families of the Marquess and Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Duchess of Wellington, the Duke of Montrose, Lord and Lady Olivia Ossulston [?], Lady Eliza [Elisa?] Steele, the Duke of Richmond, the Countess of St Germans, Lady Sophia Cecil, and many others of rank, are placed in mourning.<ref>"Death of the Duke of Manchester." ''Edinburgh Evening Post and Scottish Standard'' 22 August 1855, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001177%2F18550822&page=2&article=025&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title ''Edinburgh Evening Post and Scottish Record''; n.p.</ref></blockquote>'''1855 October 11, Wednesday''', H. I. Cridland says in a "Notice,"<blockquote>I will hold Audit Days at Lyttelton, on Wednesday, 11th October, for the receipt of rents and other monies due to the 25th of September, on account of the Soames, Jackson, Ecclesiastical, and Lyttelton Trust Estates, the lands of Lord Mandeville, Lady Emily Bathurst, Lady Olivia Sparrow, Rev. J. P. Rhoades, Rev. Charles Hodge, Dr. Merrion C. T. Maunsell, George Hart, late William Draper, and J. E. Fitz Gerald, Esqrs. ... Tenants are requested to present their last receipt.<ref>"Notice." ''Lyttelton Times'' 6 October 1855, Saturday: 1 [of 10], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0003346%2F18551006&page=1&article=004&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Newspaper title ''The Lyttelton Times'', n.p. </ref></blockquote>This notice was repeated in the ''Lyttelton Times'' on 29 December 1855. '''1855 October 20, Saturday''', the [[Social Victorians/People/Wilton|Earl and Countess of Wilton]] hosted a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s#1855 October 20, Saturday|house party at Heaton Hall]], with a visit to a silk mill in town. [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise, Duchess of Manchester]] was present with the Duke and their son Lord Mandeville (Kim, later 8th Duke), who was 2 years old. '''1876 May 22''', Consuelo Iznaga y Clement and "Kim" (George Victor Drogo, 8th Duke) Montagu married in Grace Church, New York City.<ref name=":0" /> '''1889 December 23''', Lord Mandeville was involved in a [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Smith-Slavin 1889-12-23|boxing match in Bruges, Belgium between British Jem Smith and Australian Frank Slavin]], and the resulting social fallout. === 1890s === '''1890 January 6, Monday''', Lady Mandeville was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#11 January 1890, Saturday|Merton with a small party and the Prince of Wales]] during the funeral of Empress Augusta. '''1890 January 10, Friday''', Lady Mandeville was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#1890 January 10, Friday|ball at the Ulster Club, Belfast]]. The article in the ''Lady's Pictorial'' says the "principal families in the north of Ireland were invited,"<ref>"Court and Society Notes." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 18 January 1890, Saturday: 44 [of 60], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0005980%2F18900118&page=44. Same print title, p. 94.</ref> but Lord Mandeville is not mentioned. '''1890 January 13, Monday''', Lord Mandeville was an organizer of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wallace-Camp Boxing Match|boxing match between "Nunc" (Edwin) Wallace and George Camp]]. This match was important and Wallace was very important in the history of this sport. Lord Mandeville was also reported to be at an [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Smith-Slavin 1889-12-23|unfair and notorious match in Bruges between a British and an Australian fighter]] that occurred on 23 December 1889. '''1890 January 14, Tuesday, probably, or January 7''', Lord Mandeville was "attacked" in a restaurant by a boxer:<blockquote>The "Evening Post" states that Charles Mitchell, the pugilist, attacked Lord Mandeville and Mr Abington at a West-End restaurant on Tuesday night. They were immediately separated.<ref>''Aberdeen Press and Journal'' 15 January 1890, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000032%2F18900115&page=6&article=097&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Aberdeen Weekly Journal'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote>'''1890 January 21, Tuesday''', on or about, Lady Mandeville attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#1890 January 21, Tuesday|wedding of Baron S. Alfred Oppenheim and Miss Florence Hutchins]]. '''1890 January 28, Tuesday''', Lady Mandeville attended what was supposed to be [[Social Victorians/People/Lily Langtry#1890 January 28, Tuesday|Lily Langtry's opening-night performance at the St. James's]] with the Prince of Wales and some of his circle. Also on this date, the ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' reported that Lady Mandeville [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#1890 January 28, Tuesday|had bought 30 "Exploration" shares]], which funded exploration expeditions with the possibility of rights to minerals or resources or the development of monopolies for goods that were "discovered."<ref>"Notes — Mainly Personal." ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 28 January 1890, Tuesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2b [of my 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000453%2F18900128&page=2&article=001&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref> Her mother in law, [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Manchester]] also had bought 30 shares, both small amounts compared to some others. '''1890 January 29, Wednesday''', Consuelo Lady Mandeville was a guest at the house party around the [[Social Victorians/Santurce Murrieta Wedding 1890-01-29|wedding of Miss Clarita de Murietta and the Duc de Santona]]. She had her eldest son with her, Lord Kimbolton (the 9th Duke of Manchester). Her mother in law, [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louise, Duchess of Manchester]] was also present. '''1890 February 6, Thursday''' '''(shortly before 6 February)''', Lord Mandeville attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#1890 February 6, Thursday|boxing match fought by the prize-fighter Pete Jackson]] at the New Pelican Club. '''1890 January 30, Thursday, through at least February 8, Saturday''', Lord Mandeville was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#1890 February 8, Saturday|recent arrivals at Brighton]] although apparently after the most notable had already left. Certainly he does not appear to have been at the party the next evening that the Prince of Wales attended. '''1890 February 9, Sunday''', the Prince of Wales came after one of Consuelo's dinner parties:<blockquote>Lady Mandeville, who has been giving a series of small dinners in her house in Cumberland Place, had a dinner on Sunday. The Prince of Wales came in after dinner to meet a small party.<ref>"Society Gossip. (From ''The World''.)." ''Leighton Buzzard Observer and Linslade Gazette'' 11 February 1890, Tuesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001091%2F18900211&page=6&article=106&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Leighton Buzzard Observer'', p. 6. </ref></blockquote>'''1890 February 24, Monday''', Consuelo Lady Mandeville attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#24 February 1890, Monday|Lilly Langtry's performance as Rosalind in As You Like It at the St. James's Theatre]]. '''1890 February 25, Tuesday''', Consuelo Lady Mandeville attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#25 February 1890, Tuesday|party hosted by Mrs. Adair]]. Viscount Mandeville is not listed among those who attended. '''1890 March 4, Wednesday''', Consuelo's brother Fernando Yznaga married New York "beauty and society leader" Miss Mabel Wright.<ref>"Personal." ''American Register'' 22 March 1890, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0003338%2F18900322&page=5&article=070&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref> Presumably at least Consuelo was there? '''1890 March 10, Monday''', the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#10 March 1890, Monday10 March 1890, Monday|dance at Marlborough House in honor of their wedding anniversary]]. The Viscountess Mandeville is listed among the guests invited, but the Viscount is not mentioned. '''1890 March 22, Saturday''', the Portsmouth ''Evening News'' expressed outrage about a man with a reputation like Lord Mandeville's becoming 8th Duke of Manchester and joining the House of Lords:<blockquote>While the House of Commons were debating the necessity for a House of Lords, the Duke of Manchester was on his death bed in Naples. There is more in the incident than appears at first sight, for Viscount Mandeville succeeds to the Dukedom, with the attendant rights of presentation to seven livings and the privilege of mutilating or rejecting Bills demanded by the people and passed by their representatives in the Commons. {{Paragraph break}} It will hardly be urged by the moat zealous advocate of the Upper Chamber, as at present constituted, that the new Duke of Manchester, ''nee'' Viscount Mandeville, will bring much dignity, wisdom, or weight to the House of irresponsible legislators. This nobleman has had a merry time. The one sensible thing he did was to marry a charming and accomplished American lady, who, by consenting to share the name of Mandeville has kept its head above water. Viscount Mandeville himself has a weakness for bankruptcy proceedings, rows with cabmen, which music hall ladies come forward to take his part, and the class of events generally which do not approve themselves to the minds of the ordinary Briton. It is possible that Lord Mandeville may now discover that he has sown his wild oats, and may settle down with his beautiful and popular wife to the enjoyment of his 25,000 acres of land and £38,000 a-year. We have not to do with what Lord Mandeville may be. Our simple duty is to point out that it is an outrage on common decency and common sense that a man bearing the reputation of Lord Mandeville should have the right to step into the House of Lords whenever a vote is needed to swell the prejudice or sustain the selfishness that find among the Peers their natural home.<ref>"To-Day." ''Portsmouth Evening News'' 22 March 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 4], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000290%2F18900322&page=2&article=001&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Evening News'', n.p.</ref></blockquote>The ''Birmingham Daily Mail'' had a similar opinion, though perhaps slightly more optimistic:<blockquote>The Duke of Manchester, who expired last night at Naples, cannot be said to have been much of a public man. He led a quiet, retired life, and the announcement of his death would, if Lord Mandeville were not heir to the title, arouse but little interest. Lord Mandeville is, unfortunately for himself, more widely known than his father was. He developed tastes for gambling, with disastrous financial results, as the details of his bankruptcy made public last year, and more recently, his name has been publicly associated with those of prizefighters and music-hall singers. Altogether, he can hardly be termed a credit to the aristocracy of England, but the higher position to which he will now attain may cause him to alter his ways and try redeem the errors of the past.<ref>"Notes and News." ''Birmingham Mail'' 22 March 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 4], Col. 3a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000644%2F18900322&page=2&article=027&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''Birmingham Daily Mail'', n.p.</ref></blockquote>On the same day, Consuelo's brother and new wife were reported to apparently be immigrating to the UK:<blockquote>Among the immigrants, says a London lady correspondent, is a New York belle who has just been married to Mr. Ferdinand Yznaga, brother to Lady Mandeville and of Lady Lister-Kaye. Young Mrs. Yznaga will enter London society under the wing of her sister-in-law, Lady Mandeville, and is expected to make as great a furore as did Mrs. Langtry a few seasons ago. Mr. Yznaga married a sister-in-law of Mr. Vanderbilt, who divorced him two years ago.<ref>"An American Belle." ''Huddersfield and Holmfirth Examiner'' 22 March 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0003869%2F18900322&page=6&article=006&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title: ''The Huddersfield Examiner'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote>'''1890 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu (9th Duke) and Helena Zimmerman married secretly, in London. '''1897 July 2''', the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire ( [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu Cavendish]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Cavendish]]) hosted the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Lord Charles Montagu, likely Charles William Augustus Montagu, attended, as did [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]]. == Demographics == ===Nationality=== *Consuelo Iznaga y Clement was Cuban-American. *Helena Zimmerman was American. *George, William and Alexander Montagu were British. === Residences === * 1890: "The family estates — 27,312 acres, with a nominal rent-roll of £40,000 — were chiefly situated in Huntingdonshire and Armagh."<ref>"Men and Things." (London) ''Echo'' 22 March 1890, Saturday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0004596%2F18900322&page=1&article=010&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title, n.p.</ref> * In 1890 at the death of the 7th Duke, Kimbolton Castle: <blockquote>The Duke of Manchester... He was an old-fashioned Tory, and a man of simple tastes, whose chief interests were military and agricultural rather than political. Kimbolton Castle is a magnificent place, and the Duke's horses and troop of yeomanry were always the admiration of the Prince of Wales, the Marquis of Hartington, and many other visitors. Lord Hartington, it may be mentioned, was at Kimbolton when the news came of the  breaking out of the war between France and Germany [1871], he being a member of the Cabinet. The Duke had travelled much as a young man, and was familiar with the Continent, as also with South Africa, of which he was very fond. There is a private chapel at Kimbolton Castle, connected with which is a very extensive library containing some theological and historical volumes of great value. Notwithstanding his somewhat bluff manner the Duke was liked by the tenantry and poor from the kindly interest he took in their concerns. Even the poachers had a good word for his Grace. The feature, however, of the Duke's career was the marked contrast between his pursuits and those of the Duchess. The Duke loved every blade of grass, every tree and flower on his ancestral domain, and cared nothing for London life in its modern developments. Lord Mandeville [the 8th Duke] succeeds to the title, but the estates are heavily mortgaged.<ref>"Death of the Duke of Manchester." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 22 March 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000098%2F18900322&page=6&article=014&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p. </ref></blockquote> == Family == *Consuelo (María Consuelo) Iznaga y Clement Montagu, Duchess of Manchester (1853 – 20 November 1909), née Doña María Consuelo Iznaga y Clement<ref name=":0" /> *"Kim" (George Victor Drogo) Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (17 June 1853 – 18 August 1892)<ref name=":1" /> #William Angus Drogo Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester (3 March 1877 – 9 February 1947) #Jacqueline Mary Alva Montagu (27 November 1879 – 15 March 1895). #Alice Eleanor Louise Montagu (27 November 1879 – 10 January 1900) *[[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke of Manchester (3 March 1877 – 9 February 1947)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-08|title=William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Montagu,_9th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=982513036|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Helena Zimmerman Montagu (25 September 1878 – 15 December 1971)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-08|title=Helena, Countess of Kintore|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena,_Countess_of_Kintore&oldid=982513630|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #Mary Alice Montagu Gregory (26 October 1901 – 9 October 1962) #Alexander George Francis Drogo Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester (2 October 1902 – 23 November 1977) #Edward Eugene Fernando Montagu (26 July 1906 – 4 May 1954/1956) #Ellen Millicent Louise Montagu Hofer Shairp (5 January 1908 – 2 August 1948) === Relations === The three Iznaga y Clement sisters were prominent in London "Society": *Consuelo (María Consuelo) Iznaga Montagu, Duchess of Manchester (1853 – 20 November 1909) *Emilie Iznaga y Clement () *Natividad (Natica) Iznaga y Clement Lister-Kaye () == Questions and Notes == *In a ''British Newspaper Archive'' search for name=mandeville keyword=#viscount for 18 August 1855–22 March 1890 (September 2026), first did "Publication date oldest first," but Kim was 2 years old when his grandfather died and his father acceded to the dukedom, so on p. 57 of the search results (the page containing 1 January 1856) I switched to "Publication date newest first." Decided it would be more fruitful to work backwards. == Papers, Memoirs and Biographies == * Personal correspondence: in the archive at Chatsworth House (group <code>CS8</code>) * The papers of Louise Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire DF14 contains correspondence to and from the 7th Duke and Duchess of Manchester. * Archives Hub: https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/ (for records of UK archives, including Northern Ireland, but not the Republic of Ireland) ** Chatsworth House: https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/locations/6e07905a-1893-3adb-93fa-6966fcfaf57e ** Louise Cavendish papers: https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/7f2209dd-e364-3318-8a5e-62e0533d7a4c ** Devonshire Collection Archives: Family papers: https://www.chatsworth.org/visit-chatsworth/chatsworth-estate/art-archives/access-the-collection/archives-and-library/family-papers-guide/ == Footnotes == {{reflist}} o9tzj6g3uewrhk7bf2v95f93mobuete 0 264724 2839828 2837485 2026-10-12T15:58:14Z Scogdill 1331941 2839828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Dress worn by Queen Victoria at her wedding to Prince Albert in 1840}} = Sandbox = Page to draft revisions for Wikipedia articles. For Gwladys Robinson, see Gwladys Lowther Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Marchioness of Ripon]] and, earlier, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Countess of Lonsdale]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} [[Category:1840 works]] [[Category:Royal wedding dresses|Victoria Queen]] [[Category:1840s fashion]] [[Category:British royal attire]] [[Category:Dresses in the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom|Victoria, Wedding]] [[Category:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] = Victorian fashion = ==Women's fashion== == Men's fashion == (Two intros: one to Victorian Fashion, giving background for both women's and men's fashions; two to the decades for men's fashion) Among the influences on men's styles: * differentiation of genders (domestic ideology, ideology of the spheres) * the "Great Male Renunciation," the French Revolution and English tailoring * industrial revolution: mass production of fabrics and articles of clothing, especially for working-class men * sports and country clothing * Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, influence went beyond England; tailors led by him led fashion for the upper classes * then later, cult of youth * military uniforms * comfort and convenience * evolving definitions of gender, both femininity and masculinity evolved as concepts. The changing definitions of masculinity affected men's clothing. For the growing and rising middle classes, gender roles became more and more rigid around the concept of the separate spheres, the public for men and the private sphere for women. Cultural sources for men's clothing and men's fashion: industrial revolution; expanding middle class; technological advancements; an association in the culture between outward appearance and inward nature; French Revolution; Albert Edward, Prince of Wales Citation for Victorian Hell: <ref name=":29">{{Cite web|url=https://victorianhell.substack.com/p/victorian-mens-fashion-history-and|title=Victorian Men’s Fashion History and Clothing Guide|last="It's Monty, Actually"|date=31 October 2025|website=Victorian Hell|access-date=7 September 2026}}</ref> === Frock coats === * Apostol Mănescu, politician, wearing a frock coat, butterfly tie, black waistcoat with button chain and light coloured pants, drainpipe type. Circa 1866. Photo by Franz Duschek.jpg (1866)[[File:Apostol Mănescu, politician, wearing a frock coat, butterfly tie, black waistcoat with button chain and light coloured pants, drainpipe type. Circa 1866. Photo by Franz Duschek.jpg|thumb|Romanian (?) Politician, c. 1866, ill-fitting but probably handmade suit|center]] Full-length portrait of two young men wearing frock coats with sashes and pistols at their waists LCCN2006689564.tif (right)[[File:Full-length portrait of two young men wearing frock coats with sashes and pistols at their waists LCCN2006689564.jpg|thumb|1860, American, young men with frock coats, performers??|center]] * George Augustus Henry Sala.jpg (Mathew Brady, 1855–1865) * [[File:George Augustus Henry Sala.jpg|center|thumb|George Augustus Sala, 1855–1865, LoC]] ==== Dress and Conduct Manuals, Histories, Victorian Theory, Catalogs ==== # [Baker, William Henry.]  ''Clothes Dictionary''. Chicago, Ill.: Cahn, Wampold, 1901. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clothes_dictionary;_(IA_clothesdictionar00bake).pdf. # [[c:File:Hint's_about_men's_dress,_right_principles_economically_applied_(IA_hintsaboutmensdr00barr).pdf|Hint's about men's dress, right principles economically applied (IA hintsaboutmensdr00barr).pdf]] (book, conduct manual, American, 1888) #[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Fashion-_the_power_that_influences_the_world_%28IA_fashionpowerthat00foxg%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original Fashion- the power that influences the world (IA fashionpowerthat00foxg).pdf] (1871) (American, incl court dress, Victorian fashion theory, livery, "White, as it is the color of day, is expressive to us of the cheerfulness or gaiety which the return of day brings." [145], "Gentlemen's Furnishing and Goods," "Head and Foot Covering," Index) # [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/How_to_behave_and_how_to_amuse._A_handy_manual_of_etiquette_and_parlor_games_%28IA_howtobehavehowto00sand%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original How to behave and how to amuse. A handy manual of etiquette and parlor games (IA howtobehavehowto00sand).pdf] (1895; American; Men's Dress, p. 23; besides conduct and dress, it has parlor games) # [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/The_etiquette_of_men%27s_dress_%28IA_etiquetteofmensd00cluc%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original The etiquette of men's dress (IA etiquetteofmensd00cluc).pdf] (1888; American; some ads; anthology of individually written articles; lots of sports, outdoor events; search for "frock" — cutaway vs Prince Albert) #[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/S.W._Silver_%26_Co.%27s_handbook_for_transatlantic_travellers_.._%28IA_swsilvercoshandb00silv%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original S.W. Silver & Co.'s handbook for transatlantic travellers .. (IA swsilvercoshandb00silv).pdf] (1883; American; lots of ads from SW Silver, with prices; has blank pages where ppl can write "Introductions" and "Engagements," but this is not a conduct book, it's travel guide / catalog to London) #[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/How_we_go_to_those_who_cannot_come_to_us.._%28IA_howwegotothosewh00roge%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original How we go to those who cannot come to us.. (IA howwegotothosewh00roge).pdf] (Roger, Peet & Co.; American; catalog, spring 1891; pp. 11, clerical frock; 7 "Prince Alberts" double-breasted frocks; p. 23 shirts as underwear; has a thing on fitting and mail order; bathing suits, collars and cuffs; tennis shoes) == Notes and Quotes == Women followed Paris fashion in Europe and America, but London tailors led the way for men’s fashion. The Industrial Revolution actually impacted men’s fashion more than women’s.  Sewing machines in factories began mass producing cheap clothing for the largest group in the population, working class men. Ready-made clothing affected the social structure, the economy, and gender differentiation. Paper patterns, introduced in fashion magazines that targeted women, along with domestic sewing machines had more impact on women’s fashion than men’s. Haute couture was still bespoke (being individually constructed by tailors or dressmakers or fashion houses like Maison Worth). === Industrial Revolution and Technological Advancements === * the railroad * mass production of fabrics for working-class men's clothing ** Jacquard looms * sewing machines * aniline dyes, including black === Expanding Middle Class === * gender roles getting more clearly defined and rigid (referring back to page overview) === French Revolution === Sarah Gharmallah Alzahrani and Safia Abdelaziz Saroukh (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Safia-Saroukh/publication/385099194_The_Semiotic_Dimension_of_Men's_Fashion_in_Modern_Eras/links/671686fbd796f96b8ec4f90e/The-Semiotic-Dimension-of-Mens-Fashion-in-Modern-Eras.pdf):<blockquote>The 19th century started with a fashion landscape that was changing dramatically and rapidly from the styles of a generation earlier. The French Revolution brought fashions that had been emerging since the 1780s to the forefront. Neoclassicism now defined fashion as both men and women taking inspiration from classical antiquity. For women, the high-waisted silhouette in lightweight muslin was the dominant style, while fashionable men looked to the tailors of Britain for a new, refined look [17]. [17]  Franklin, H. (Aug 18, 2020). Published on Jun 25, 2020, Retrieved: <nowiki>https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1800-1809/</nowiki> 11/11/2023. Edited. ...</blockquote>Brent Shannon:<blockquote>"Costume," wrote Max Beerbohm in 1896, "enables us to classify any 'professional man' at a glance, be he lawyer, leech or who not" (24–25). A man's profession and class were read by his jacket, his hat, what he rode in, and how he carried himself. "Perhaps there is a tendency among Englishmen to judge a man too much by the shape of his hat or the kind of collar he wears," conduct author John Wanamaker confessed; "But one must remember that in England if you ''wear'' the wrong thing, you will probably ''do'' the wrong thing, and generally ''be'' the wrong thing" (1).¹¹ Such assertions were predicated on the powerful Victorian conviction that outward appearance reflected inner qualities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cut of His Coat: Men, Dress, and Consumer Culture in Britain, 1860–1914|last=Shannon|first=Brent Alan|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2006|location=Athens, Ohio}}</ref> (148)</blockquote> == Victorian Men's Fashion (Intro to the Men's Fashion Section) == David Kutcha traces the origin of the 3-piece men's suit to King Charles II of England, who may be said to be wearing a coat, pants and a waistcoat, but otherwise is not wearing a "suit" we — or the Victorians — would recognize as such: <blockquote>... since 1666, male gentility has been associated with modesty and plainness in dress. Eschewing fashion as an increasingly feminized realm Charles II's vest inaugurated a new and essentially modern era of masculine aesthetics, one that reversed a long-held association between elaborate display and high social status. Manly thrift now displayed elite status.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Three-Piece Suit and Modern Masculinity, England 1550–1850|last=Kutcha|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles}}</ref> (2)</blockquote>So it's really Cromwell who should get credit?? The French Revolution caused both men and women to change stylistic direction radically. For one generation, stylish women wore simple white muslin dresses without foundation garments underneath. The changes in men's fashion was more lasting: men turned away from the ornamentation and ruffles of the ''ancien régime'', choosing instead understated and subtle tailoring to indicate good taste and wealth. Poole "comfort and convenience" — trousers, sack coats, collars and cuffs without a shirt, wool rather than silks and satins; knee breeches constantly riding up men as leaders of fashion, in spite of our sense that men didn't do fashion in the way that women did, were more serious than that === Dandy Stuff === Beau Brummell: "Men began to aspire to fine cutting, tailoring, and perfect fit in their clothes, flawless grooming and manners in themselves. The Englishman George Bryan (Beau) Brummell deserves much credit for the ideal of meticulous masculine appearance."<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=The History of Costume: From Ancient Mesopotamia Through the Twentieth Century|last=Payne|first=Blanche|last2=Winakor|first2=Geitel|last3=Farrell-Beck|first3=Jane|publisher=Addison-Wesley Longman|year=1992|isbn=0-06-047141-7|edition=2nd|location=New York, New York}}</ref> (458) "From 1796 to 1816, the Beau set the pattern for cleanliness and liberal use of starch." (459) === Gender Ideologies === '''Victorian gender ideologies''' relegated men to the "public sphere" and women to the "domestic sphere." (??) More than that “the cult of youth . . . the secularization of sport and the influence of modern warfare in generating men’s fashions, the tendency to prefer modern ideas of comfort and convenience, and the transformation of fashion knowledge and fashion urbanism from print to hyperreality”<ref name=":26">McNeil, Peter. "Men's Fashion: 1800–2022." Chapter 22. ''The Routledge History of Fashion and Dress, 1800 to the Present''. Routledge, 2024. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/182707/2/Men%27s%20Fashion%20200822_24_12_20_09_29_44.pdf DOI: 10.4324/9780429295607-27.</ref> (McNeil 1 or 411) changed the perceptions of masculinity and femininity. === Class === The growing middle class involved among other things more and more jobs and careers for young men as clerks, office workers, they were junior, subordinate, and they were commuting on the railroads from suburbs. Carolyn Kirby:<blockquote>In western Europe the fashion for plain dark suits coincided with the rise of the affluent middle-classes in a world where the pace of industrialisation and the globalisation of trade was accelerating as never before. The sharp, dark business suit became the last word in male power-dressing. And so it remains to this day.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|url=https://historiamag.com/invent-masculine-fashion/|title=The invention of masculine fashion|last=Kirby|first=Carolyn|date=3 December 2025|website=Historia: Magazine of the Historical Writers' Association|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref></blockquote> === Bertie === Albert Edward, Prince of Wales was very concerned with fashion and authoritative about it, with a very specific eye to small details. He was increasingly influential in men's fashion from the last third of the 19th and into the 20th century, and many noticed what he did and copied him.<blockquote>When that great lover of pleasure, Edward VII, visited Marienbad incognito as the Duke of Lancaster, he was followed by tailors from Paris, Budapest, Vienna, and Berlin who photographed him and took notes about his clothes. Edward VII introduced many [423–424] novelties into men’s fashion. ... He is also credited with making fashionable the creased trouser in 1909 (his groom dried them with a board weight after heavy rain, resulting in the line), turned-up cuff trouser (after hitching his trouser bottoms at a dirty racing track) and, as his girth grew, undoing the bottom button of his waistcoat."<ref name=":26" /> (424)</blockquote>Cowles<blockquote>The Prince was not just ‘a swell’. In the jargon of the day he was ‘a heavy swell’, and apparently there was a world of difference between the two terms. A swell was a rich young aristocrat who lived in extreme comfort; but a heavy swell added showmanship to the comfort and lived in a stylish luxury that even the French were obliged to envy. And of course the heavy swell was the acme of sartorial elegance. The Prince did not mind changing his dress half a dozen times a day. He loved clothes, and since whatever he chose to wear became the prevailing fashion overnight, he soon was regarded as an expert on the subject. His tailor-in-chief made a fortune. For many years he patronised a Mr. Poole. He discovered this gentleman by accident. He went to the theatre one night to see a well-known actor by the name of Fecher playing ‘Robert Macaire’. As an impecunious adventurer [129–130] Fechter was obliged to wear a coat that was torn and dirty, but Bertie’s expert eye noticed the elegant cut. At the end of the performance he asked Fechter for the name of his tailor, and Mr. Poole’s future was assured. The Prince had so many clothes he could never travel with less than two valets; and two more valets were left at home cleaning, brushing and pressing his vast wardrobe. There were suits and coats for every variation of every climate the world over. There were over a hundred pieces of headgear; and since Bertie was an honorary admiral and an honorary general of most of the countries of Europe, there was an entire room devoted to uniforms, sashes, epaulettes, belts, buckles, swords, feathers and other regalia. ... Men’s clothes became of such importance that new [130–131] shops sprang up like mushrooms in Savile Row, Clifford Street and Bond Street. Most of the Prince’s innovations were inspired by comfort and convenience. He altered the cut of the evening dress waistcoat, he shortened the tails on the tail coat, he left his frock coat open (due to an increasing girth), he introduced the black homburg, and he attended race meetings, not in the frock coat hitherto ''de regueur'' but in tweeds. He tried having his trousers creased down the sides rather than the front and back, in order to hide his bandy legs, but this idea did not catch on, and he soon discarded it himself. But the prince was not the only arbiter of men’s fashions. The band of  "heavy swells" who followed his lead gave him plenty of competition. Lord Raglan and Lord Petersham invented coats which are still named after them. Lord Dupplin the dinner jacket and Lord Cardigan the button-up sweater. But Lord Hardwicke made the most spectacular contribution. Men’s silk hats were made of beaver which was left in its original rough, shaggy state. Lord Hardwicke polished his hat until he could see his face in it, and consequently was known as "Glossy Top". He is responsible for the top hat as we know it today.<ref name=":28">{{Cite book|title=Gay monarch, the life and pleasures of Edward VII|last=Cowles|first=Virginia|publisher=Harper|year=1956|location=New York, New York|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/gaymonarchlifepl0000cowl/}}</ref> (129–131)</blockquote> === Men’s Clothing 1830–1900 (Intro to the Decades) === “Tailored wool garments , originally inspired by the clothing of English country gentry, formed the backbone of men’s wardrobes in the early nineteenth century.”<ref name=":25" /> (458) Men’s clothing began to change from styles that were colorful and flamboyant in the eighteenth century to styles that emphasized cut over color. By the end of the century men’s clothing had settled into a kind of uniform with coats and trousers usually made of the same fabric, often with a vest or waistcoat of the same fabric. The uniform included a shirt with a stiff collar, a necktie and very little jewelry. It took the entire nineteenth century to change to a rather static style that is still worn today. (this is middle-class men for day wear?) The silhouette for men sometimes followed the same line as women’s clothing on the top half of their bodies. For example, as women’s sleeves grew into the huge leg-of-mutton fullness, the shoulders of men’s coats also had added fabric to make a pouf at the shoulder, thus emphasizing a broad shouldered look across the front. Men’s silhouettes changed subtly without the exaggerated fullness of women’s skirts or the raising and lowering of the neckline. Once men began to wear trousers, they did not go back to formal knee breeches (except in European courts or for court wear for Victoria). The line of men’s garments changed in smaller increments than women’s. Coats and trousers might fit tighter in some decades and looser in others. They were slim, then boxy, flared, then straight and evolved into the contemporary line we see on men today. ==== Court and Formal Dress ==== Livery, working class Formal dress was separate attire, used for specified occasions, varies by decade ==== Shirts ==== Shirts and collars separated: "by 1827 detachable collars became available."<ref name=":25" /> (477) Shirts were considered more like underwear early in the century but by the end of the 1800s, they were becoming the outside garments popular in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Neck treatments (and shirt cuffs) ==== Coats and Jackets ==== The 1901 ''Clothes Dictionary'' says coats were "The principal garment of men's attire."<ref name=":30" /> (10) Several styles of coats were available to fashion-conscious aristocratic and upper-middle-class men. Men’s suits in this period were tailor made, fitted to one specific man. The factories, however, knew that the vast majority of men were working class and began to manufacture and sell  ready-made shirts, coats and trousers. More clothes were available for working men and they cost less. The cheaper work clothes enabled upper-working-class men to own more than one set of clothes and to have more formal clothes for church or other events. Ready-made shirts were also available in generic sizes, small, medium and large. Generic sizing speeded up the mass production process and, since little of the shirts could be seen, they did not need custom fitting. Almost all of the coats Victorian men wore could be single or double breasted, with a couple of exceptions like morning coats and Norfolk jackets. On more formal occasions upper-class men wore a cutaway morning coat with light trousers during the daytime, and a dark tail coat and trousers in the evening. ==== Frock Coats ==== [[File:Frock coat MET CI38.23.39 F.jpeg|alt=Old-fashioned coat hanging on a mannequin|thumb|Frock coat, 1840, American]] Frock coats were introduced in the 1820s and worn throughout the nineteenth century with only minor changes to the line or fit. Sleeves were full at the top and waists were tight, creating an hourglass form. Initially frock coats were tightly fitted and closed with buttons. The more tailored frock coats had a waist seam and a flared skirt almost to the knees. The rate of fashion change notable in women's fashion was true for men's clothing as well. The frock coat persisted for a century, but it was in a state of constant (but subtle) evolution, with collars and lapels, coat length, the waist seam, the fullness of the coat itself as well as the sleeve, color, patterns like stripes or plaids. A Prince Albert is a double-breasted, very well-tailored, form-fitting frock coat.<ref name=":30">[Baker, William Henry.] ''Clothes Dictionary''. Chicago, Ill.: Cahn, Wampold, 1901. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clothes_dictionary;_(IA_clothesdictionar00bake).pdf.</ref> (33) Gentlemen, clergy, military Men around the world and especially in the British Empire wore frock coats: images and descriptions exist of men wearing frock coats in India<ref>Woodyatt, Nigel Gresley. ''Under Ten Viceroys; The Reminiscences of a Gurkha''. London: H. Jenkins Limited, 1922. Pp. 31, 107, 1774.</ref>, Iran (Persia at that time)<ref>Sparroy, Wilfrid. ''Persian children of the royal family; the narrative of an English tutor at the court of H. I. H. Zillus-Sultán, G.C.S.I''. London and New York, J. Lane, 1902. Pp. 11, 29, 30.[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Persian_children_of_the_royal_family%3B_the_narrative_of_an_English_tutor_at_the_court_of_H._I._H._Zillus-Sult%C3%A1n%2C_G._C._S._I_%28IA_persianchildreno00sparrich%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Persian_children_of_the_royal_family%3B_the_narrative_of_an_English_tutor_at_the_court_of_H._I._H._Zillus-Sult%C3%A1n%2C_G._C._S._I_%28IA_persianchildreno00sparrich%29.pdf].</ref>, Japan<ref>Watson, W. Petrie. ''Japan, Aspects and Destinies''. New York, Dutton: 1904. P. 7, 19, 31.</ref>, Egypt and Turkey<ref>Butler, Alfred Joshua. ''Court Life in Egypt''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1887. P. 7.</ref>, .... ==== Trousers ==== Breeches: Men’s bifurcated garment that ended just below the knee Trousers: men’s bifurcated garment that went down to the ankles or foot The most sweeping change in men’s fashion before 1820 was in the length of their pants. Trousers that went from waist to foot were so much more comfortable and popular than knee breeches that they replaced what had dominated men’s wear since the sixteenth century. And trousers have been worn for over two centuries now. They were originally tailored but began to be mass produced. Although the aristocracy were required to wear knee breeches at court, they wore trousers more than they wore breeches, and they could afford to have their suits and shirts hand sewn and individually. Working class men had to contend with small, medium, and large from mass production. This bifurcated garment was modified in specific places, like the length, the fullness over the hips or the width of the leg. In summer trousers were lighter in color — "grayish blue, aqua and pearl gray." (Payne 2, 505) In winter trousers mixed darker colors like "steel gray and brown, black and brown, and black and green." (Payne 505) More on summer colors, winter colors? [Find quote about QV's men's court dress and the men being so cold] ==== Waistcoats ==== Victorian men put their creativity, color and specialty fabrics into their waistcoats. At the beginning of the century men's waistcoats were made from specialty fabrics, like velvet or brocade or a patterned silk, '''sometimes two at the same time''': "During the 1820s and 1830s, men sometimes wore two waistcoats, in combinations like white velvet over rose-and-gold brocade."<ref name=":25" /> (474) Long after coats and trousers were made from the same dark wool, waistcoats continued to be colorful, making them the focus of the ensemble. By the end of the 19th century waistcoats made from the same fabric as the trousers and coat dominated men’s fashion. 1880s: "The term vest now applied to all but low-necked formal styles, which were still called waistcoats." (Payne 2 528) [[File:Homosexualitywilde.jpg|thumb|Oscar Wilde and Bosie Douglas, straw boater and derby, 1894]] ==== Overcoats ==== Overcoats became a significant fashion element and many styles were seen throughout the century. <ref name=":24" />Kay, Fiona and Neil R. Storey, ''Victorian Fashions for Women'', Pen & Sword History, Yorkshire - Philadelphia, 2022 Surtout: "An overcoat cut in the style of a frock coat."<ref name=":30" /> (39) ==== Hats ==== The upper-class continued to wear top hats, and [[bowler hats]] were worn by the working class. 1830s Men wore [[top hats]], with wide brims in sunny weather. 1830s - 1900 Top hats briefly became the very tall "stovepipe" shape, but a variety of other hat shapes were popular. ==== Shoes ==== [[File:Men's fashion silhouette of 1837.jpg|thumb|Men's coats, 1837]] [[File:Lev Wittgenstein by F. Kruger.JPG|thumb|Lev Wittgenstein by F. Kruger, 1836]] === 1830s and 1840s === Men's fashions in the 19th century have been less researched than women's fashions, in part because of fewer artifacts of what men wore were saved in museums for study. Photography, the first century that we have actual images (rather than artists' interpretations) of what people wore.[[File:Man's Frock Coat LACMA M.2007.211.61 (1 of 4).jpg|alt=Male mannequin wearing a light-colored thigh-length coat similar to a suit jacket and a top hat|thumb|Men's frock coat, c. 1845]] [[File:Stockholms mode-journal- Tidskrift för den eleganta werlden 1847, illustration nr 2.jpg|thumb|Stockholm's fashion magazine, 1847]]Some men wore corsets, so the waist was nipped in and the skirt of the frock coat flared out. The sleeves were slightly puffed at the shoulders. The trouser legs were straight with a strap under the instep. The figure on the left in the fashion plate from ''Modes de Paris Journal des Tailleurs'' (right) illustrates this silhouette very clearly. ==== Coats and Shirts ==== Frock coats became fashionable for day wear in the 1820s<ref name=":25" /> (474) and were worn throughout the century. The main changes in frock coats in these two decades were in the colors and the neck treatment (collar and lapels). Initially frock coats were brightly colored, like "plum, mulberry, brown, bright blue, and bottle green,"<ref name=":25" /> (474) although the truly bright, saturated colors made possible by synthetic dyes were a couple of decades away still. Middle- and upper-class men limited their use of tailcoats to evening wear and more formal occasions. Shirts were made of linen or cotton with low collars, occasionally turned down, and were worn with wide [[cravats]] or neck ties. Before shirts were mass produced, they were tailored for upper and wealthy middle-class men. ==== Trousers ==== "Trousers of the 1830s fit quite snugly ..., but in the 1840s they became looser."<ref name=":25" /> (477) Knee breeches still existed, but only for court wear, riding and country wear (in the form of knickerbockers). ==== Waistcoats ==== waistcoat; vest “Waistcoats [or vests] remained colorful, decorative items in men’s wardrobes after the rest of their costumes had become plain.” (Payne 2 460-462) They could be single- or double-breasted, with shawl or notched collars, and might be finished in double points at the lowered waist. Collars gradually lowered over the course of the two decades. Often the colorful vests were decorated with fur or velvet collars. ==== Original Text ==== During the [[1840s in fashion|1840s]], men wore tight-fitting, calf length [[frock coat]]s and a [[waistcoat]] or vest. Sleeves were full at the top and waists were tight, creating an hourglass form. For more formal occasions, a cutaway morning coat was worn with light trousers during the daytime, and a dark tail coat and trousers was worn in the evening. Shirts were made of linen or cotton with low collars, occasionally turned down, and were worn with wide [[Cravat (early)|cravat]]s or neck ties. Men wore [[top hat]]s, with wide brims in sunny weather. === 1850s === The 1850s revealed several industrial inventions that significantly impacted clothing. First, the Industrial Revolution began (and still does today) with machines to weave fabric and machines to sew fabrics. Manufacturers quickly learned that the majority of the population was working class. Theirs were the simplest, least trimmed garments made in the nineteenth century. Second, mass production of shirts, trousers and coats changed how most people shopped for clothes. The aristocracy and upper middle class folks could still have their clothes made to specifically fit their bodies. Manufacturers knew that they could not mass produce clothing for each individual’s body. They invented generic sizing in small, medium, and large. They could, therefore, produce many more items of clothing with generic sizing. Third, Isaac Singer patented and began to manufacture home or domestic sewing machines (treadle machines) enabling more form-fitted '''dresses''' to be constructed for an individual’s specific shape and size. The fourth item to impact fashion and clothing was the invention of the paper pattern. These were introduced in fashion magazines targeting women. Almost all women were taught to sew by hand, whether they were aristocrats or working class. Sewing machines enormously speeded up the '''process of constructing from hours to minutes'''. Finally, aniline dyes made colors brighter and longer lasting. Prints and stripes, checks and plaids, fabrics had much more vibrant color with aniline dyes. The Industrial Revolution impacted the working class and changed their lives the most. children's clothes? Women made men's clothing too According to Judith Flanders, working-class men's clothes could be colorful. For example drivers of hansom cabs () dressed more up-scale, and drivers of hackneys () did not.<blockquote>While hackney drivers were also considered to be stereotypically shabby, hansom-cab drivers were generally represented as smartly dressed. A print in 1850 showed a driver in a snappy brown coat instead of the coachman’s heavy multiple-caped outfit, pale green striped trousers, short boots and top hat, the [167–168] reins held daintily in his gloved hands. Both cab and coach drivers wore top hats, but cabbies of a sporting bent later switched to bowlers, and in summer donned bright checked outfits.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London|last=Flanders|first=Judith|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2012|location=New York, New York}}</ref> (167–168 [of 972])</blockquote> A variety of silhouettes was seen in the 1850s. Trousers were long and slim with a strap under the instep of the shoe. '''Coats and Shirts''' “Although the frock coat was worn throughout the century, it lost its dominant position in the 1850s, when the morning coat began to replace it.”<ref name=":29" /> A jacket shorter than the frock coat or morning coat that had visible pockets began to be worn in about 1850. By the 1860s, it had become the most popular casual coat. Cutaway tail coats were still reserved for formal occasions. All of these coats could be single or double breasted. During the [[1850s in fashion|1850s]], men started wearing shirts with high upstanding or turnover [[collar (clothing)|collars]] and [[necktie#Four-in-hand|four-in-hand necktie]]s tied in a bow, or tied in a knot with the pointed ends sticking out like "wings." '''Trousers''' Trousers had fly fronts and breeches were used for formal functions and knickers (short pants fuller cut than breeches) for horseback riding. Men's choice to wear trousers is an instance of the importance of comfort and convenience outweighing style and presentation, a value that increased in importance through the 20th century. '''Waistcoats''' Waistcoats remained the one garment that could be brightly colored and copiously trimmed on exotic fabrics. Waistcoats show that men were concerned with decorative elements in their ensemble. ==== Notes & Quotes ==== * transition from frock coats to ditto suits, 1850s (Payne, 463) ==== Hats ==== The upper-class continued to wear top hats, and [[bowler hat]]s were worn by the working class. Caps [[File:Gazette of Fashion, February 1865, RP-P-2009-2675.jpg|thumb|1865, Frock coats, etc. (Paris)]] [[File:Gazette of Fashion, October 1864, RP-P-2009-2673.jpg|thumb|1864, Frock coats, etc., Paris]] [[File:Broadway fashions, New York LCCN2003677917.jpg|thumb|Butterick, Spring-Summer 1866, Broadway Fashions]] [[File:Four young men wearing frock coats - DPLA - 4706a21c9267c45034d51c8fc5309251 (page 1).jpg|thumb|1860s, working class?, ill fitting, frock coats, trousers, shirts, vest, derby hats]] === 1860s === [[File:Corporal frock coat 1862 med.jpg|thumb|Corporal frock coat 1862, 9-botton military]]The 1860s saw fewer inventions that influenced or changed the way people were acquiring clothes. But the changes begun by mass production continued with the working class. Little changed for the higher classes, except maybe paper patterns and sewing machines. The different shape and size in clothing continued to provide slightly different silhouettes for men in the upper and middle classes. As women's clothes grew more complex in cut and style, men's clothes became simpler in cut and style. '''Coats and Shirts''' Individualized fittings continued for upper class and wealthy middle class clients. Working class as well as middle and upper class. Morning coats still led the way but frock coats were still in demand and worn in business and more casual situations. Leisure wear like knickers and ditto suits became more popular in the 1860s. Haute couture wanted every occasion or event to have special clothing. In some ways men dressed more alike (coat, trousers, waistcoat) and in some ways there was more variety in the cut of their coats and in the manufactured clothing they could buy. Many upper class men still had their shirts custom made. Frock coats were shortened to knee-length and were worn for business, while the mid-thigh length [[sack coat]] slowly displaced the frock coat for less-formal occasions, with the overall effect of a looser silhouette. The Prince of Wales: "For the countryside such as at Sandringham, he permitted an informal dress code. The Henry Poole ledger marked as 'HRH 1865' is for an evening coat without tails, the first 'dinner jacket.'"<ref name=":26" /> (424) Shirts '''Trousers''' Trousers were cut full and boxy during most of the 1850s and 1860s. The strap under the shoe disappeared and trouser legs reached the back of the heel in length. Knickers were still worn for hunting or riding and breeches were still ''de rigueur'' at court. '''Waistcoats''' Waistcoats remained decorative and worn with most of the coats that were popular. The young “dandies” wore the most colorful and decorated waistcoats. These “dandies” gave their highest priority to their appearance. They were the avant garde of haute couture. ==== Necks ==== In the [[1860s in fashion|1860s]], men started wearing wider neckties that were tied in a bow or looped into a loose knot and fastened with a stickpin. ==== Hats ==== Top hats briefly became the very tall "stovepipe" shape, but a variety of other hat shapes were popular.[[File:Mens Coats 1872 Fashion Plate.jpg|thumb|upright|Drawing of Victorian men 1870s]] [[File:Ashurst frock coat.jpg|thumb|Ashurst Frock coat]] [[File:Grand Duke Alexis Alexandrovich of Russia Wearing a Frock Coat; Standing (fbc266c2feca43f6ad5b44e031635a8d).tif|alt=Old photograph of a man wearing a dark thigh-length coat similar to a suit coat with light-colored trousers|thumb|Grand Duke Alexis Alexandrovich of Russia Wearing a Frock Coat, c. 1872]] [[File:Caillebotte Hugot.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Paul Hugot, 1878]] [[File:Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), by Hills & Saunders, Rugby & Oxford 3 april 1876.jpg|thumb|Oscar Wilde, 1876, ditto suit]] [[File:FrockCoat.jpg|thumb|English frock coat, 1870s]] === 1870s === To correct and prevent errors being made in court dress, in 1875 the Lord Chamberlain published ''Dress Worn by Gentleman at Her Majesty's Court'', "a summary of regulations for court uniform and dress."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dress_worn_by_Gentlemen_at_Her_Majesty_s/pvrbQCXq0MEC?hl=en|title=Dress worn by Gentlemen at Her Majesty's Court|last=Britain)|first=Victoria (Queen of Great|date=1875|language=en}}</ref> This is the kind of thing Bertie really cared about. Define court dress. A portly, boxy silhouette was sought for most of the 1870s. Older men whose stomachs had spread outward and thus looked prosperous to the Victorians were the ideal for men’s high fashion. Sack coats and trousers were cut a little wider in the legs. '''Coats and Shirts''' There were minor changes to some of the coats Victorian men wore. Frock coats were shortened to the knee. Sack coats (or ditto coats — the forerunner of the suits worn by men in the western cultures of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries) were found to be so comfortable that most men of the upper and middle classes had a ditto suit. Men still wore morning coats and the aristocracy still wore cutaway coats with trousers to parties and balls but cutaway coats with knee breeches at court. Although ready-made shirts were available, the upper and middle classes still wore bespoke clothing hand-made, with better fabric and an excellent fit but stitched on machines. The suits and shirts made for the working class were of cheaper fabrics. Corduroy for trousers and muslin for shirts was often used in working class clothing.. '''Trousers''' Most men were wearing trousers  all of the time (except at court) and have worn them ever since. Trousers had button flies by the 1870s which most men found to be much more convenient than laces. Trousers did not “ride up” the leg in the way that knee breeches did when dancing or sitting. If a man did not have fashionable legs, they could be obscured behind trousers. '''Waistcoats''' ==== Original Text ==== During the [[1870s in fashion|1870s]], three-piece suits grew in popularity along with patterned fabrics for shirts. Neckties were the four-in-hand and, later, the [[Ascot tie]]s. A narrow ribbon tie was an alternative for tropical climates, especially in the Americas. Both frock coats and sack coats became shorter and more form fitting. Flat straw boaters were worn when boating. [[File:Elliott & Fry10a.jpg|thumb|William Gladstone, 1887, morning coat]] [[File:British politicians gambling at Ascot Wellcome V0050378.jpg|thumb|British Politicians Gambling at Ascot, 1884]] [[File:Scribner's magazine (1887) (14595087238).jpg|thumb|1887, types of American servants]] === 1880s === The silhouette narrowed and straightened. That is, the line went straight down without the flare of skirts on the coats. This smooth line had few decorations. Men wore hardly any jewelry. They might have a boutonniere or a ring.  Suits were not  decorated. All coats were straighter and shorter. Depending on the time of day, the Prince of Wales might change his clothes (thus, his silhouette) up to six times per day,<ref name=":28" /> (129) and some aristocrats and upper-class men would follow his lead. ==== Coats and Shirts ==== Although the frock coat was worn throughout the nineteenth century, the single fabric sack suit was worn for casual wear and was beginning to be seen as a businessman’s suit.  Morning coats were still in use for some events as well as casual occasions. The modern tuxedo or Cowes jacket appeared and was worn for formal occasions. The tuxedo is still worn as formal dress today. Shirts were still custom made for the rich and the working class bought ready-made shirts. The shirt remained basically the same but it could handle the different neck treatments.  Even mass produced shirts could have buttons or button holes for detachable collars and cuffs. ==== Trousers ==== Trouser legs began to decrease in width as the coat became narrower and emphasized strong vertical lines. ==== Waistcoats ==== During the 1880s waistcoats were called vests and much of their bold trim and colorful fabric disappeared and vests were constructed from the same fabric as the coat and trousers. The business suit for men developed in the 1880s and was firmly established in the 1890s. ==== Original Text ==== During the [[1880s in fashion|1880s]], formal evening dress remained a dark tail coat and trousers with a dark waistcoat, a white bow tie, and a shirt with a winged collar. In mid-decade, the dinner jacket or [[tuxedo]], was used in more relaxed formal occasions. The [[Norfolk jacket]] and tweed or woolen breeches were used for rugged outdoor pursuits such as shooting. Knee-length topcoats, often with contrasting velvet or fur collars, and calf-length overcoats were worn in winter. Men's shoes had higher heels and a narrow toe. [[File:American fashions - The Jno. J. Mitchell Co. Litho., New York. LCCN2006676665.jpg|thumb|Fashion plate from the Jno. J. Mitchell Co., New York, 1899]] [[File:Alfred Milner Vanity Fair 1897-04-15.jpg|thumb|Alfred Milner, 1897, Leslie Ward ("Spy"), for Vanity Fair]] [[File:Nobl-08.jpg|thumb|Sherlock Holmes, 1892, Sidney Paget]] [[File:PUK1894page380rector poor.jpg|thumb|Rector and Drinker, 1894]] === 1890s === The dominant silhouette for men became the sack suit in the 1890s and while changes in the sack have been subtle, it remains the dominant silhouette today. ==== Coats and Shirts ==== “Sacks became ''the'' favored style of suit coat,”(Payne2, p. 532) especially among the younger men. Frock coats were associated with older men along with the cutaway coat. There were many more choices for sports wear and leisure wear than ever before. Norfolk jackets were often worn while hunting. Most informal styles could be purchased ready made. The rich still had their clothing custom made by tailors but even working class men could purchase most ready-made versions of the coats, trousers, and vests. Shirts could be made of patterned fabric as well as solid colors and white.  Shirts were beginning to be acceptable as outer wear especially when worn as sporting clothing. ==== Trousers ==== Early in the 1890s, “slim, straight trousers were news.” (Payne 2, p. 532) Trousers could be plaid or checked as well as the same fabric as the coat and vest. ==== Waistcoats ==== Fancy fabrics and bold trim were not seen much as the more subdued vest dominated the fashion scene. ==== Original Text ==== Starting from the [[1890s in fashion|1890s]], the [[blazer]] was introduced, and was worn for sports, sailing, and other casual activities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Landow|first=George|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/costume/90s/2.html|title=Men's informal sporting dress, late 1880s and '90s}}</ref> Throughout much of the Victorian era most men wore fairly short hair. This was often accompanied by various forms of facial hair including moustaches, side-burns, and full beards. A clean-shaven face did not come back into fashion until the end of the 1880s and early 1890s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/costume/nunn21.html|title=Victorian Men's Fashions, 1850–1900: Hair}}</ref> Distinguishing what men really wore from what was marketed to them in periodicals and advertisements is difficult, as reliable records do not exist.<ref name="shannon597">{{cite journal|last=Shannon|first=Brent|title=Refashioning Men: Fashion, Masculinity, and the Cultivation of the Male Consumer in Britain, 1860–1914|journal=Victorian Studies|year=2004|volume=46|issue=4|pages=597–630|doi=10.1353/vic.2005.0022}}</ref> === Notes === *Men's suits buttoned higher up than today (Payne, 467) * Norfolk jackets and sack suits (Payne, 471) * formal attire, tuxedos with tails, cutaways (Payne, 469) * Keith Middlemas (https://archive.org/details/storyoffiesta00huxf/page/200/mode/2up?q=fashion) *Brent Shannon. "Refashioning Men: Fashion, Masculinity, and the Cultivation of the Male Consumer in Britain, 1860–1914." Victorian Studies 46, no. 4 (Summer 2004): 597–630. == Hats and headwear == [[File:Ford.madox.brown.last.emma.study.jpg|thumb|''Emma Hill'' by [[Ford Madox Brown]] (1853), a woman wearing a later version of the [[poke bonnet]]]] [[File:Hoed,_objectnr_KA_1237.tif|left|thumb|Perched bonnet style of the early 1870s.]] Hats were crucial to a respectable appearance for both men and women. === Men's Hats === The top hat, for example, was standard formal wear for upper- and middle-class men.[Payne] According to Blanche Payne, "The high top hat, usually black or dark gray, had reached its characteristic shape by 1798 and dominated the entire nineteenth century." (457–58) Although top hats were the dominant hat in the 19th century, other hats became popular for working classes and lower income middle class. “The style of an individual’s hat varied, depending on fashion and their social position, as well as their profession or chosen activity..” ''Goodman 53 of 460'' Other hats that became necessary and popular include the Derby, the straw Boater, and a flat cap with a short brim. In many cases the class, work activity and income could be determined by what kind of hat was on the head of the wearer. For some men, a hat supporting a particular sport or team was important. The Derby or Bowler hat was designed by William and Thomas Bowler, brother shopkeepers in 1849. ''(Goodman 55 of 460)'' It cost less than a top hat but  lasted longer and was soon worn by middle class bankers and clerks. Straw boaters were worn by the aristocracy for casual events and working class factory workers and agricultural laborers. By 1901 working class men had changed their preference to the flat caps which became the most popular hat for the workers. Headdress for men was an essential part of dress for the entire period of the Victorian age, from the 1830s through the end of the century. Judith Flanders describes the hats worn by men in London, <blockquote>It is difficult to bear in mind the importance of hats as not only markers of class and income, but also as indicators of respectability. [509–519] [George Augustus] Sala commented that "every" man throughout the history of the world "must, necessarily and habitually, wear some kind of covering to his head". Postmen wore hats, small children wore hats, field labourers and market gardeners wore hats, cricketers, skaters — all sportsmen — wore hats. It was, self-evidently, impossible to go outdoors without one. ... Those in professional occupations wore pot hats, as did clerks and all those with pretensions to middle-class status. Even doctors' delivery boys wore battered hand-me-down pot hats: "the nap rusty, the band a mournful strip of tarnished lace; but still a Hat", which "stamps him as being associated, in however slender a manner, with a learned profession". Cloth caps were for labourers, for costers and for boys. ... Artisans wore caps made out of paper, which they folded [510–511] themselves and so could easily replace as they became dirty.<ref name=":23" /> (509–511 [of 972]) </blockquote>A pot-hat is a kind of derby or bowler in men's hats. (Lewandowski, 237) ==== Original Text ==== Hats were crucial to a respectable appearance for both men and women. The top hat, for example, was standard formal wear for upper- and middle-class men.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Steele |first=Valerie |url=https://archive.org/details/fashioneroticism0000stee |title=Victorian Fashion. Fashion and Eroticism: Ideals of Feminine Beauty from the Victorian Era to the Jazz Age |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-19-503530-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fashioneroticism0000stee/page/51 51]–84 |url-access=registration}}</ref> For women, the styles of hats changed over time and were designed to match their outfits. === Women's Hats === For a discussion of the history of plumes and feathers, see [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers in ''Victorian Things'']]. ==== Original Wikipedia Text ==== During the early Victorian decades, hats were modest in size and design, straw and fabric bonnets being the popular choice. [[Poke bonnet]]s, which had been worn during the late [[Regency period]], had high, small crowns and brims that grew larger until the 1830s, when the face of a woman wearing a poke bonnet could only be seen directly from the front. They had rounded brims, echoing the rounded form of the bell-shaped hoop skirts. Bonnets shrunk at the end of the 1860s and moved to a perched position in the early 1870s as hairstyles grew in scale and intricacy. This led to the popularization of hats, which became the headwear of choice for the remainder of the Victorian era.<ref name="g4223">{{cite book |last=Cunnington |first=Cecil Willett |title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century |date=1990-05-01 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=0-486-26323-1 |publication-place=New York |page=}}</ref> [[File:The_London_and_Paris_ladies'_magazine_(Apr_1885)_03.png|thumb|Flower pot style hat of 1885.]] The 1880s saw a hat inspired by the top hat for women known as the flowerpot hat, and the 1890s saw the popularity of the boater. The hats of the late Victorian era were covered with elaborate creations of silk flowers, ribbons, and above all, exotic plumes; hats sometimes included entire exotic birds that had been stuffed. Many of these plumes came from birds in the Florida everglades, which were nearly made entirely extinct by overhunting. By 1899, early environmentalists like [[Adeline Knapp]] were engaged in efforts to curtail the hunting for plumes. By 1900, more than five million birds a year were being slaughtered, and nearly 95 per cent of Florida's shore birds had been killed by [[Plume hunting|plume hunter]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Everglades National Park|url=https://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/parks/everglades/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927085907/http://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/parks/everglades/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2009|publisher=PBS|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> == Shoes == The women's shoes of the early Victorian period were narrow and heelless, in black or white satin. By 1850s and 1860s, they were slightly broader with a low heel and made of leather or cloth. Ankle-length laced or buttoned boots were also popular. From the 1870s to the twentieth century, heels grew higher and toes more pointed. Low-cut pumps were worn for the evening.<ref name=":4" /> == Cosmetics == [[Victorian-era cosmetics]] were typically less obvious than ours. However, small amounts of pale face powder or powdered blush were widely used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Ruth |title=How to be a Victorian |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-92136-2 |location=London}}</ref> Tints were sometimes added to face creams. Some cosmetics contained toxic or caustic ingredients like lead, mercury, ammonia, and arsenic {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}. Hair color ==Mourning black== {{See also |Mourning stationery}} [[File:The royal children in mourning Mar 1862.jpg|thumb|Victoria's five daughters (Alice, Helena, Beatrice, Victoria and Louise), photographed wearing mourning black beneath a bust of their late father, Prince Albert (1862)]] [[File:Mourning dress MET 50.40.3a-b front CP4.jpg|alt=Black Victorian mourning dress|thumb|Mourning Dress, 1894–95]] In Britain, black is the colour traditionally associated with mourning for the dead. The customs and etiquette expected of men, and especially women, were rigid but evolving during much of the Victorian era. The expectations depended on a complex hierarchy of close or distant relationship with the deceased. (Davidoff) The closer the relationship, the longer the mourning period and the wearing of black. The wearing of full black was known as First Mourning, which had its own expected attire, including fabrics, and an expected duration of 4 to 18 months. Following the initial period of First Mourning, the mourner would progress to Second Mourning, a transition period of wearing less black, which was followed by Ordinary Mourning, and then Half-mourning. Some of these stages of mourning were shortened or skipped completely if the mourner's relationship to the deceased was more distant. Half-mourning was a transition period when black was replaced by acceptable colours such as lavender and mauve, possibly considered acceptable transition colours because of the tradition of [[Church of England]] (and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]) clergy wearing lavender or mauve [[Stole (vestment)|stoles]] for funeral services, to represent the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Christ]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Colors of the Church Year|url=http://fullhomelydivinity.org/articles/colors.htm|publisher=Consortium of Country Churches|access-date=6 November 2011|archive-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113075214/http://fullhomelydivinity.org/articles/colors.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mourning dress worn by Queen Victoria (below, right) "shows the traditional touches of mourning attire, which she wore from the death of her husband, Prince Albert (1819–1861), until her own death."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/155839?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&deptids=8&ft=queen+victoria&offset=0&rpp=20&amp;pos=2|title=Mourning Dress, 1894–95|last=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=7 September 2019|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> Dating from 1894–95, Queen Victoria wore this dress as a result of the death of the eldest son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Eddy, in line to the throne. === Norms for mourning=== ''Manners and Rules of Good Society, or, Solecisms to be Avoided'' (London, Frederick Warne & Co., 1887) gives clear instructions, such as the following:<ref>{{cite book|last=Flanders|first=Judith|title=The Victorian House|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713189-5|pages=378–83}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Relationship to deceased !! First mourning !! Second mourning !! Ordinary mourning !! Half-mourning |- | Wife for husband || 1-year, 1-month; [[bombazine]] fabric covered with [[Crape|crepe]]; [[widow's cap]], [[lawn cuff]]s, collars || 6 months: less crepe || 6 months: no crepe, silk or wool replaces bombazine; in last 3 months jet jewellery and ribbons can be added || 6 months: colours permitted are grey, lavender, mauve, and black-and-grey |- | Daughter for parent || 6 months: black with black or white crepe (for young girls); no linen cuffs and collars; no jewellery for first 2 months || 4 months: less crepe || – || 2 months as above |- | Wife for husband's parents || 18 months in black bombazine with crepe || – || 3 months in black || 3 months as above |- | Parent for son- or daughter-in-law's parent || – Black armband in representation of someone lost || – || 1-month black || – |- | Second wife for parent of a first wife || – || – || 3 months black || – |} The complexity of these etiquette rules extends to specific mourning periods and attire for siblings, step-parents, aunts and uncles distinguished by blood and by marriage, nieces, nephews, first and second cousins, children, infants, and "connections" (who were entitled to ordinary mourning for a period of "1–3 weeks, depending on level of intimacy"). Men were expected to wear mourning black to a lesser extent than women, and for a shorter mourning period. After the mid-19th century, men would wear a black hatband and black suit, but for only half the prescribed period of mourning expected of women. Widowers were expected to mourn for a mere three months, whereas the proper mourning period expected for widows was up to four years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flanders|first=Judith|title=The Victorian House|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713189-5|pages=378–9}}</ref> Women who mourned in black for longer periods were accorded great respect in public for their devotion to the departed, the most prominent example being Queen Victoria herself. It was not uncommon for a widow who did not remarry to wear half-mourning for the rest of her life, except when another death necessitated full mourning. For example, Alexandra, Princess of Wales wore half-mourning for the rest of her life after her eldest son Eddy died in 1894. Empress Elisabeth of Austria did the same, as did Empress Eugénie of France. They reverted to full mourning when appropriate, but they never wore less than half-mourning after their sons' deaths. Women with lesser financial means tried to keep up with the example being set by the middle and upper classes by dyeing their daily dress. Dyers made most of their income during the Victorian period by dyeing clothes black for mourning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flanders|first=Judith|title=The Victorian House|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713189-5|page=341}}</ref> == Technological advancement == The technological changes that affected the manufacture and consumption of clothing in the Victorian age included the following: * the mass production of fabrics — for example, "by the early 1850s there were thousands of steam-powered looms churning out millions of miles of fabric every year"  [62] * the invention of aniline dyes, which were much more vibrantly colored and resistant to fading than the natural dyes that had been used. — . Invented by chemist [[William Henry Perkin]] in 1856, the first aniline dye mauveine (or mauve) "wash[ed] the fashionable landscape in a haze of purple."<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=The Dress Diary: Secrets from a Victorian Woman's Wardrobe|last=Strasdin|first=Kate|publisher=Pegasus Books|year=2023|location=New York, New York}}</ref> (247) Other intense and, to the Victorians, intensely exciting colors followed, but the new synthetic additions to fabric sometimes included chemicals harmful to their wearers. For example, a "bright-magenta hue was achieved by adding arsenical-based chemicals to existing aniline dyes, brightening the already luminous shades – but these left residues themselves, along with a toxic labour trail in their wake."<ref name=":22" /> (255) Perhaps the most famous of these is arsenic green, used on fabrics, wallpapers, and trim: "The craze for artificial foliage to adorn the heads and dresses of women of fashion in the mid-nineteenth century had seen the proliferation of flower workshops, where young women in their hundreds laboured to produce the lifelike green leaves and blooms that would make a fetching headdress or would trail becomingly across the bodice of a gown. The lushness of the green was achieved by the application of a powder, a pigment that was created by mixing copper and the highly toxic chemical, arsenic trioxide. The physical effects of working with this poisonous compound were horrific. Contemporary medical drawings depict the green hue of the skin and dreadful open lesions on the hands of the maker, whilst the daily gradual ingestion of the powder by the flower girls was eventually fatal."<ref name=":22" /> (255) * the invention of a sewing machine that could be used in the home. Although sewing machines were already in use in the clothing industry, in 1858 Isaac Merritt Singer began to sell "lightweight domestic machines" for home sewing, radically increasing women's control over their own dress.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title=Victorian Fashions for Women|last=Kay|first=Fiona|last2=Storey|first2=Neil R.|publisher=Pen & Sword History|year=2022|isbn=978 1 39900 416 9|location=Yorkshire and Philadelphia|pages=}}</ref> (91 [of 298]) * the spread of journalism for women and fashion journalism * the Jacquard loom: "French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard’s loom attachment mechanized the weaving of figured fabrics by 1804."<ref name=":25" /> (454) Perhaps not at the same scale as these but as important in 1850s designs was a technology that turned iron into steel, which could then be drawn into fine wires.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Culture of Fashion|last=Breward|first=Christopher|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1995|pages=145–180}}</ref> Steel was refined to a malleable state so that thin blades could be curved into concentric circles (called hoops) and connected with wires to form the cage. Technological advancements not only influenced the economy but brought a major change in the fashion styles worn by men and women. As the Victorian era was based on the principles of gender, race and class.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=P|title=The Victorian Era|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.261548|journal=Digital Library of India}}</ref> Much advancement was in favor of the upper class as they were the ones who could afford the latest technology and change their fashion styles accordingly. In 1830s there was introduction of horse hair crinoline that became a symbol of status and wealth as only the upper-class women could wear it. In 1850s there were more fashion technological advancements hence 1850s could rightly be called a revolution in the Victorian fashion industry such as the innovation of artificial cage crinoline that gave women an artificial hourglass silhouette without layers of petticoats, which was lighter and more hygienic.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shrimpton|first1=J|title=Victorian Fashion|publisher=Bloomsbury Shire Publications}}</ref> Synthetic dyes, such as [[mauveine]] (aniline purple), were introduced in 1856, adding bright colours to garments. In 1855's ''[[Haute couture]]'' was introduced as tailoring became more mainstream in years to follow.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aspelund|first1=Karl|title=Fashioning Society|publisher=Fairchild Books}}</ref> Charles Frederick Worth, a prominent English designer, became popular amongst the upper class though its city of destiny always is Paris. Haute couture became popular at the same time that sewing machines were invented.<ref name="Haute Couture">{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard|last2=Koda|first2=Harold|title=Haute Couture|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> Princess [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugenie]] of France wore the Englishman dressmaker, Charles Frederick Worth's couture and he instantly became famous in France though he had just arrived in Paris a few years ago. In 1855, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Britain welcomed [[Napoleon III]] and Eugenie of France to a full state visit to England. Eugenie was considered a fashion icon in France. Queen Victoria, who had been the fashion icon for European high fashion, was inspired by Eugenie's style and the fashions she wore.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Later, Queen Victoria also appointed Charles Frederick Worth as her dress maker and he became a prominent designer amongst the European upper class. Charles Frederick Worth is known as the father of the haute couture as later the concept of labels were also invented in the late 19th century as custom, made to fit tailoring became mainstream.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saillard|first1=Olivier|last2=Zazzo|first2=Anne|title=Paris Haute Couture|publisher=Skira Flammarion}}</ref> By the 1860s, when made-to-fit tailoring was popular in Europe, crinolines were considered impractical. In the 1870s, women preferred more slimmer silhouettes, hence bodices grew longer and the polonaise, a skirt and bodice made together, was introduced. In 1870s the Cuirass Bodice, a piece of armour that covers the torso and functions like a corset, was invented. Towards the end of Victoria's reign, dresses were flared naturally as crinolines were rejected by middle-class women. Designers such as Charles Frederick Worth were also against them. All these inventions and changes in fashion led to women's liberation as tailored looks improved posture and were more practical.<ref name="Haute Couture"/> dressmakers, couturiers, modistes == Home decor == {{main|Victorian decorative arts}} Home decor started spare, veered into the elaborately draped and decorated style we today regard as Victorian, then embraced the retro-chic of [[William Morris]] as well as pseudo-[[Japonaiserie]]. == Myths and Oversimplifications == === Modesty === {{main|Victorian morality}} {{Original research|section|date=May 2008}} [[File:1868-skirt-lengths-girl-ages-Harpers-Bazar.gif|thumb|upright|"The proper length for little girls' skirts at various ages", from ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', showing a 1900 idea of how the hemline should descend towards the ankle as a girl got older]]Many myths and exaggerations about the period persist to the modern day. Examples include the idea of men's clothing is seen as formal and stiff, women's as elaborate and over-done; clothing covered the entire body, and even the glimpse of an ankle was scandalous. Critics contend that [[corset]]s constricted women's bodies and lives. Homes are described as gloomy, dark, cluttered with massive and over-ornate furniture and proliferating [[bric-a-brac]]. Myth has it that even piano legs were scandalous, and covered with tiny [[pantalette]]s. === Tight Lacing === Tight-lacing, which was not possible until the development of the grommet in 1828, was famously controversial in the Victorian age, generating many column inches of profitable newspaper copy, in part because it was (and still is) fetishistic and subversive in that adolescent girls used it as a means of rebellion and upper-working- or lower-middle-class shop girls saw it as a means of upward mobility.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|title=Fashion and Fetishism: Corsets, Tight-Lacing and Other Forms of Body-sculpture|last=Kunzle|first=David|publisher=History Press|year=2013|isbn=978 0 7524 9545 3|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|pages=}}</ref> (71 [of 1182]) No evidence exists that tight lacing was widespread or particularly dangerous.<ref name=":21" /> () In truth, men's formal clothing may have been less colourful than it was in the previous century, but brilliant [[waistcoat]]s and [[cummerbund]]s provided a touch of colour, and [[smoking jacket]]s and [[robe|dressing gown]]s were often of rich Oriental [[brocade]]s. This phenomenon was the result of the growing textile manufacturing sector, developing mass production processes, and increasing attempts to market fashion to men.<ref name="shannon597"/> Corsets stressed a woman's sexuality, exaggerating hips and bust by contrast with a tiny waist. Women's [[evening gown]]s bared the shoulders and the tops of the breasts. The [[jersey dress]]es of the 1880s may have covered the body, but the stretchy novel fabric fit the body like a glove.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gernsheim |first=Alison |title=Victorian & Edwardian Fashion: A Photographic Survey |year=1981 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |page=65|edition=New |isbn=0-486-24205-6}}</ref> Home furnishing was not necessarily ornate or overstuffed. However, those who could afford lavish draperies and expensive ornaments, and wanted to display their wealth, would often do so. Since the Victorian era was one of increased social mobility, there were ever more ''[[nouveaux riches]]'' making a rich show. The items used in decoration may also have been darker and heavier than those used today, simply as a matter of practicality. London was noisy and its air was full of [[soot]] from countless coal fires. Hence those who could afford it draped their windows in heavy, sound-muffling curtains, and chose colours that didn't show soot quickly. When all washing was done by hand, curtains were not washed as frequently as they might be today. There is no actual evidence that piano legs were considered scandalous. Pianos and tables were often draped with [[shawl]]s or cloths—but if the shawls hid anything, it was the cheapness of the furniture. There are references to lower-middle-class families covering up their [[pine]] tables rather than show that they couldn't afford [[mahogany]]. The piano leg story seems to have originated in the 1839 book, ''A Diary in America'' written by Captain [[Frederick Marryat]], as a satirical comment on American prissiness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marryat |first1=C.B. |title=A Diary in America: With Remarks on Its Institutions |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans |location=London, England |volume=2 |pages=246–247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-VEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246}} From pp. 246-247: "I was requested by a lady to escort her to a seminary for young ladies, and on being ushered into the reception-room, conceive my astonishment at beholding a square piano-forte with four ''limbs''. However, that the ladies who visited their daughters, might feel in its full force the extreme delicacy of the mistress of the establishment, and her care to preserve in their utmost purity the ideas of the young ladies under her charge, she had dressed all these four limbs in modest little trousers, with frills at the bottom of them!"</ref> Victorian manners may have been as strict as imagined—on the surface. One simply did not speak publicly about sex, childbirth, and such matters, at least in the respectable middle and upper classes. However, as is well known, discretion covered a multitude of sins. Prostitution flourished. Upper-class men and women indulged in [[adultery|adulterous]] liaisons. == Gallery == {{gallery |2=A mid-Victorian interior: ''Hide and Seek'' by [[James Tissot]], c. 1877 Image:Winterhalter Elisabeth.jpg|3=Dress designed by [[Charles Frederick Worth]] for [[Elisabeth of Bavaria|Elisabeth of Austria]] painted by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]].|4=File:Frith A Private View detail.jpg|5=[[William Powell Frith]]'s painting of 1883 contrasts women's [[Aesthetic dress]] (left and right) with fashionable attire (center).|6=File:Tissot lilacs 1875.jpg|7=Day dress, c. 1875 [[James Tissot]] painting.|8=File:James Abbot McNeill Whistler 011.jpg|9=[[James McNeill Whistler|Whistler]]'s [[Portrait of Lady Meux]], 1882 Image:Jeanna_Samary-Renoir.png|10=[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir]]'s portrait of [[Jeanne Samary]] in an [[evening gown]], 1878|11=File:Melville_-_Queen_Victoria.jpg|12=Portrait by [[Alexander Melville (artist)|Alexander Melville]] of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], 1845|13=File:Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk.jpg|14=An artistic interior: [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] reading to [[Theodore Watts-Dunton]] in the drawing room at No. 16 [[Cheyne Walk]], 1882|15=File:Punch - Masculine beauty retouched1.png|16=Men's swimwear: Cartoon from ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' by [[George du Maurier]]}} == See also == * [[Emily Clapham]] * [[Victorian decorative arts]] * [[Victorian dress reform]] * [[Victorian morality]] * [[Victoriana]] * [[Women in the Victorian Era]] * [[Charles Frederick Worth]] === Time periods === * [[1830s in fashion]] * [[1840s in fashion]] * [[1850s in fashion]] * [[1860s in fashion]] * [[1870s in fashion]] * [[1880s in fashion]] * [[1890s in fashion]] === Women's clothing === * [[Corset]] * [[Corset controversy]] * [[Tightlacing]] * [[Bloomers (clothing)|Bloomers]] * [[Bodice]] === Contemporary interpretations === * [[Steampunk]] * [[Neo-Victorian]] * [[Lolita Fashion|Lolita]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == *{{cite book |author=Phipps, Elena| title= ''From Queen to Empress: Victorian dress 1837-1877'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1988 | isbn=0870995340| url= http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/69547/rec/235 | display-authors=etal}} * Sweet, Matthew – ''Inventing the Victorians'', St. Martin's Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0-312-28326-1}} == External links == * [http://www.victorians.co.uk/victorian-fashion Victorian Fashion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407223711/http://www.victorians.co.uk/victorian-fashion |date=7 April 2018 }} * [https://www.victorianvoices.net/topics/fashion/index.shtml VictorianVoices.net] – Fashion articles and illustrations from Victorian periodicals; extensive fashion image gallery * [http://www.cracked.com/article_19575_5-ridiculous-sex-myths-from-history-you-probably-believe.html Victorian myths] * [http://www.victorianstation.com/lifestylemenu.htm Victorian fashion, etiquette, and sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103162620/http://www.victorianstation.com/lifestylemenu.htm |date=3 January 2018 }} * [http://www.thesmartset.com/article/article12180701.aspx Background on "A Diary in America"] * [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P2_17_EN.html Form and Fashion] — the evolution of women's dress during the 19th century (many photographs) * [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/games/jeu2/ Educational Game: Mix and Match] — build a 19th-century dress using a virtual mannequin * {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/v/victorian-dress-at-v-and-a/ |title= Victorian Dress |work= Fashion, Jewellery & Accessories |date= 14 January 2011 |access-date= 2011-04-03}} *[http://cv.vic.gov.au/stories/creative-life/fashion-detective-fashion-fiction-and-forensics/ Fashion detective: Fashion, Fiction and Forensics in nineteenth century Australian fashion] on Culture Victoria {{Timeline of clothing and fashion|state=collapsed}}{{Victorian era|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Victorian fashion| ]] [[Category:19th-century fashion|*]] [[Category:1900s fashion]] [[Category:History of Western fashion]] [[Category:19th century in the arts]] =From ''Women in the Victorian era''= ===Victorian women's fashion=== {{Multiple issues|{{tone|date=March 2023}} {{more footnotes needed|date=March 2023}}|section=y}}{{Further|Victorian fashion}} The ideal Victorian woman was pure, chaste, refined, and modest. This ideal was supported by etiquette and manners. The etiquette extended to the pretension of never acknowledging the use of undergarments (sometimes generically referred to as "unmentionables"). The discussion of such a topic, it was feared, would gravitate towards unhealthy attention on anatomical details. As one Victorian lady expressed it: "[those] are not things, my dear, that we speak of; indeed, we try not even to think of them", in contrast to current norms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunnington |first=C. Willett |title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century: A Comprehensive Guide with 1,117 Illustrations |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-486-26323-6 |pages=20}}</ref> The pretence of avoiding acknowledgement of anatomical realities met with embarrassing failure on occasion. In 1859, the Hon. Eleanor Stanley wrote about an incident where the [[Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Duchess of Manchester]] moved too quickly while manoeuvring over a [[stile]], tripping over her large [[hoop skirt]]: {{blockquote|[the Duchess] caught a hoop of her cage in it and went regularly head over heels lighting on her feet with her cage and whole petticoats above, above her head. They say there was never such a thing seen – and the other ladies hardly knew whether to be thankful or not that a part of her undergarments consisted in a pair of scarlet tartan [[knickerbockers (clothing)|knickerbockers]] (the things Charlie shoots in) which were revealed to the view of all the world in general and the [[Aimable Pélissier|Duc de Malakoff]] in particular".<ref>{{cite book|last=Cunnington|first=C. Willett|title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century: A Comprehensive Guide with 1,117 Illustrations|year=1990|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-26323-6|pages=20–1}}</ref>}} However, despite the fact that Victorians considered the mention of women's undergarments in mixed company unacceptable, men's entertainment made great comedic material out of the topic of ladies' [[bloomers (clothing)|bloomers]], including men's magazines and music hall skits.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunnington |first=C. Willett |title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century: A Comprehensive Guide with 1,117 Illustrations |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-486-26323-6 |pages=22}}</ref> Victorian women's clothing followed trends that emphasised elaborate dresses, skirts with wide volume created by the use of layered material such as [[crinoline]]s, hoop skirt frames, and heavy fabrics. Because of the impracticality and health impact of the era's fashions, a [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform movement]] began among women. The ideal silhouette of the time demanded a narrow waist, which was accomplished by constricting the abdomen with a laced [[corset]]. While the silhouette was striking, and the dresses themselves were often exquisitely detailed creations, the fashions were cumbersome. At best, they restricted women's movements and at worst, they had a harmful effect on women's health. Physicians turned their attention to the use of corsets and determined that they caused several medical problems: compression of the thorax, restricted breathing, organ displacement, poor circulation, and prolapsed uterus.<ref name="O'Connor"/> Articles advocating the reform of women's clothing by the British National Health Society, the Ladies' Dress Association, and the [[Rational Dress Society]] were reprinted in ''The Canada Lancet'', Canada's medical journal. In 1884, Dr J. Algernon Temple of Toronto even voiced concern that the fashions were having a negative impact on the health of young women from the working classes. He pointed out that a young working-class woman was likely to spend a large part of her earnings on fine hats and shawls, while "her feet are improperly protected, and she wears no flannel petticoat or woollen stockings".<ref name="O'Connor"/> [[File:Bloomers.jpg|thumb|1850s illustration of a woman wearing [[bloomers]]]] [[Florence Pomeroy]], Lady Haberton, was president of the Rational Dress movement in Britain. At a National Health Society exhibition held in 1882, Viscountess Haliburton presented her invention of a "[[divided skirt]]", which was a long skirt that cleared the ground, with separate halves at the bottom made with material attached to the bottom of the skirt. She hoped that her invention would become popular by supporting women's freedom of physical movement, but the British public was not impressed by the invention, perhaps because of the negative "unwomanly" association of the style with the American [[Bloomers]] movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Janet Horowitz|title=Strong-Minded Women and Other Lost Voices from 19th Century England|year=1982|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|isbn=0-394-71044-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/strongmindedwome00jane/page/68 68–70]|url=https://archive.org/details/strongmindedwome00jane/page/68}}</ref> [[Amelia Jenks Bloomer]] had encouraged the wearing of visible bloomers by feminists to assert their right to wear comfortable and practical clothing, but it was no more than a passing fashion itself among radical feminists. The movement to reform women's dress would persist and have long-term success, however; by the 1920s, [[Coco Chanel]] was successful at selling a progressive, far less restrictive silhouette that abandoned the corset and raised hemlines. The new silhouette symbolised modernism for trendy young women and became the 20th century standard. Other Paris designers continued reintroducing pants for women and the trend was gradually adopted over the next century. Fashion trends, in one sense, travelled "full circle" over the course of the Victorian era. The popular women's styles during the [[Georgian era]], and at the very beginning of Victoria's reign, emphasized a simple style influenced by flowing gowns worn by women in [[Ancient Greek clothing|Ancient Greece]] and [[Clothing in ancient Rome|Rome]]. The [[Empire waist]] silhouette was replaced by a trend towards ornate styles and an artificial silhouette, with the restrictiveness of women's clothing reaching its low point during the mid-century passion for narrow corseted waists and hoop skirts. The iconic wide-brimmed women's hats of the later Victorian era also followed the trend towards ostentatious display. Hats began the Victorian era as simple [[Bonnet (headgear)|bonnets]]. By the 1880s, milliners were tested by the competition among women to top their outfits with the most creative (and extravagant) hats, designed with expensive materials such as silk flowers and exotic plumes such as ostrich and peacock. As the Victorian era drew to a close, however, fashions were showing indications of a popular backlash against excessive styles. Model, actress and socialite [[Lillie Langtry]] took London by storm in the 1870s, attracting notice for wearing simple black dresses to social events. Combined with her natural beauty, the style appeared dramatic. Fashions followed her example (as well as Queen Victoria's wearing of mourning black later in her reign). According to [[Harold Koda]], the former Curator-in-chief of the [[Costume Institute at The Met|Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/press-room/exhibitions/2014/death-becomes-her|title=Death Becomes Her: A Century of Mourning Attire : October 21, 2014-February 1, 2015|website=Metmuseuim.org|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> "The predominantly black palette of [[mourning]] dramatizes the evolution of period silhouettes and the increasing absorption of fashion ideals into this most codified of etiquettes," said Koda, "The veiled widow could elicit sympathy as well as predatory male advances. As a woman of sexual experience without marital constraints, she was often imagined as a potential threat to the social order." ====Evolution of Victorian women's fashion==== <gallery> File:Fashion plate December 1844.jpg|Ladies' December Fashions (1844). Hand-coloured steel engraving from a women's magazine. File:Thegalleryofhmscalcutta james tissot 1876.jpg|''[[The Gallery of HMS Calcutta]]'' by [[James Tissot]] (1876). [[Bustle]]s were fashionable in the 1870s and 1880s. File:Mrs lillie langtry george frederic watts 1880.jpg|''Mrs. Lillie Langtry'' by [[George Frederic Watts]] (1880). File:Five-women-on-queenslander-steps-r.jpg|Fashionable women in [[Queensland]], Australia around 1900. </gallery> {{Short description|Irish writer (born 1963)}} {{Use Irish English|date=August 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox writer | name = Darach Ó Scolaí | image = Darach Ó Scolaí.JPG | alt = Man holding prize-winning book | caption = Ó Scolaí in 2019 | birth_name = Darach Ó Scolaí | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|df=y}} | birth_place = [[County Galway]], The Republic of Ireland | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Writer, artist, publisher | alma_mater = [[University of Galway]] | years_active = 1998–present | genre = Novel, retelling, translation, play, screenplay, illustrated book for children and adults | other_names = | spouse = | children = 3 | awards = [[Awards and Honors received by Darach Ó Scolaí|Awards and Honors]] | signature = | website = }}[[File:Darach Ó Scolaí.JPG|thumb|Darach Ó Scolaí, holding ''Oileán an Órchiste'' (his translation of Robert Louis Stevenson's ''Treasure Island'')]] == Darach Ó Scolaí == Darach Ó Scolaí (<small>Irish:</small> [/ˈda.rax/ /oː/ /sˠkˠoː/l̪ˠəi/]; born 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portraidi.ie/en/darach-o-scolai/|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=20 October 2017|website=Portráidí (Portraits of Irish-Language Writers)|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>) is an Irish author who works in a number of genres, from novels, plays and screenplays to illustrated books for children and adults. He began his literary career in 1998 writing screenplays, stage plays, retellings and translations; he began to publish novels in 2008. Ó Scolaí is widely recognized as a leading figure in contemporary Irish literature, known as “one of the most important Irish language writers of his generation”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poirtéir|first=Cathal|date=2022|title=? Suil an Daill: Constant Tensions and Shifting Allegiances|url=https://booksirelandmagazine.com/suil-an-daill-constant-tensions-and-shifting-allegiances/|journal=Books Ireland}}</ref> and "one of the great Irish language novelists [duine d’úrscéalaithe móra na Gaeilge]."<ref name=":17" /> His writing has been called “the high literature of the Irish language.”<ref>Ó Coimín, Maitiú. ''Nós'' 2 February 2018). Qtd. in "Táin Bó Cuailnge." ''Leabhar Breac''. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Much of his fiction is based on a knowledge of traditional Irish tales and narrative practices as well as Irish history. He specializes in literary and [[wikipedia:Historical_fiction|historical fiction]], or as novelist Alan Titley says, Ó Scolaí’s “peak (for now), or at least his greatest imaginative interest, is the historical novel [tá an chuma air gurb é a bhuaic (go fóill), nó ar a laghad, a mhórspéis samhlaíochta, an t-úrscéal staire].”<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Titley|first=Alan|date=Fall 2020|title=An Stíl Go Deo!: Soather Dharach Uí Scolaí (The style would be forever!: Worker Darach Ó Scolaí)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27046090|journal=Comhar|volume=80, No. 10|pages=27|via=JSTOR}}</ref> His retellings of old stories and tales from their original Middle and Early-Modern Irish into Modern Irish ([[wikipedia:Irish_language|Gaeilge]]) are respected for their accessibility to students and language learners as well as for their artistry. Ó Scolaí also regularly reviews books and lectures and writes on literature and culture. Beyond his writing, Ó Scolaí is a publisher and has co-produced a number of film, television shows and stage plays. == Life == Ó Scolaí was born in Dublin and raised in the Galway [[wikipedia:Gaeltacht#Galway Gaeltacht|Gaeltacht]] (Irish-speaking) regions of Cois Fharraige on the north shore of Galway Bay, in the Republic of Ireland, where he lives now with his wife and children in Lochán Beag (Indreabhán).<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=30 October 2024|title=Duais don úrscéal liteartha is fearr buaite ag Darach Ó Scolaí ag Oireachtas na Samhna|url=https://tuairisc.ie/duais-don-ursceal-liteartha-is-fearr-buaite-ag-darach-o-scolai-ag-oireachtas-na-samhna/|journal=Tuairisc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ní Scolaí|first=Aifric|date=2024|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|url=https://www.taiscecf.ie/ealaiontoiri?category=Scr%C3%ADbhneoir|journal=Taisce Chois Fharraige}}</ref> He graduated the [[wikipedia:University_of_Galway|University of Galway]] (then University College Galway) with a B.A. in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/darach-ó-scolaí-20026920/|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|last=Ó Scolaí|first=Darach|date=August 2025|website=LinkedIn}}</ref> === Writing and Publishing === Ó Scolaí writes in Irish ([[wikipedia:Irish_language|Gaeilge]]), his native language, and lives in an area defined for the predominant presence of Irish as the vernacular language, the language spoken at home. Irish was the language of his parents' home and is the language of children as well. He is fluent in Irish and English and conversant in French. None of his works has been translated into English. ==== Leabhar Breac ==== In 1995 Darach Ó Scolaí and his brother Caomhán Ó Scolaí — a [[wikipedia:Typography|typographer]] and designer — founded the publishing house Leabhar Breac at Indreabhán (Inverin), County Galway. Their father “Séamas Ó Scolaí was an editor at An Gúm and worked on the Irish-English dictionary team [bhí a n-athair Séamas Ó Scolaí ina eagarthóir sa Ghúm agus d’oibrigh sé ar fhoireann an fhoclóra Gaeilge-Béarla].”<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/about-us/|title=About Us|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> Darach Ó Scolaí has been publisher and literary editor at Leabhar Breac since its founding. Named for [[wikipedia:An_Leabhar_Breac|An Leabhar Breac (The Speckled Book)]], Leabhar Breac publishing house has more than 140 books in print.<ref name=":0" /> Leabhar Breac aims to publish Irish-language books that meet “a high literary and artistic standard.”<ref name=":0" /> Besides the content, Leabhar Breac is known for the typically "superb [thar cionn]" quality of the design and production of the "physical book [leabhar fisiciúil]."<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Ní Mhuilneoir|first=Gráinne|date=30 July 2024|title=‘Bláthnaid’ – leabhar álainn i sraithín álainn faoi mhná|url=https://tuairisc.ie/blathnaid-leabhar-alainn-i-sraithin-alainn-faoi-mhna/|journal=Tuairisc}}</ref> Its books regularly win awards for literary and artistic quality. Leabhar Breac also publishes translations for children and adults from various early versions of Irish as well as from French and English (and has published translations of books for young readers from Spanish, Catalan, and Italian as well). Leabhar Breac prints its books in Ireland. === Stage and Screen === ==== Rosg ==== In 1998 along with Ciarán Ó Cofaigh,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rosg.ie/en/about/History_6/|title=About Us: History|date=July 2025|website=Rosg|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Ó Scolaí co-founded the film and television production company [http://www.rosg.ie/en/ Rosg] and was co-director until 2006. Rosg produced Ó ScolaÍ’s films ''Cosa Nite'' (1999), ''An Leabhar'' (2001) and ''Na Cloigne'' (2010). He left Rosg in 2006 to devote his time to other artistic activities. ==== Ealaín ar Oileán ==== In 2004, along with Val Balance, Ó Scolaí co-founded the annual artists' symposium Ealaín ar Oileán (trans., Art on an Island). The Irish-language symposium was held annually in the Áras Éanna arts and cultural center on Inis Oírr ([[wikipedia:Inisheer|Inisheer]], the smallest of the [[wikipedia:Aran_Islands|Aran Islands]]) from 2004 to 2013. Ó Scolaí was its co-director from its founding<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darach_Ó_Scolaí.|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=3 February 2024|website=Vicipéid|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> until 2013. Besides being its co-director, Ó Scolaí has taken part in this conference as an artist<ref>{{Cite journal|date=16 January 2005|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116163252/http://bliainiris.com/authors/darach_oscolai.html|journal=Bliainiris}}</ref> and writer<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ealainaroilean.ie/ealainaroilean.html|title=The Conference|date=7 September 2013|website=Ealaín ar Oileán|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907083744/http://ealainaroilean.ie/ealainaroilean.html|archive-date=7 September 2013|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>. ==== Salamandar ==== In 2006 Ó Scolaí founded the stage production company Salamandar and directed his own play ''An Braon Aníos''. His plays ''An tSeanbhróg'' (2009) and ''Craos'' (2008) were also produced by Salamandar.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/product-category/darach-o-scolai/|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> == Works == === Novels === * [[wikipedia:An_Cléireach|''An Cléireach'' (trans., ''The Clerk'')]], Leabhar Breac, 2007. The Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction, 2007; The Ó Súilleabháin Award (Book of the Year) in 2008, and "named as ‘the best novel since the turn of the Century’ by Comhar."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/an-cleireach/|title=An Cléireach - Leabhar Breac - Irish language novel|website=Leabhar Breac|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref> * ''Na Comharthaí'' (trans., ''The Signs''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * ''Súil an Daill'' (trans., ''The Eye of the Blind''), Leabhar Breac, 2021. The Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction, 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/suil-an-daill/|title=Súil an Daill|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Bódléar'', Leabhar Breac, 2024. The Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction, 2024<ref name=":7" />; The Ó Súilleabháin Award (Book of the Year) in 2025; featured in the 2025 Listen-Up Irish Summer Challenge for students of the Irish language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://connachttribune.ie/novel-approach-helps-people-learn-irish-in-a-creative-way/|title=Novel approach helps people learn Irish in a creative way|last=Murphy|first=Judy|date=3 October 2025|work=Connaught Tribune|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> === Retellings, Translations and Editions === The retellings and translations are into modern Irish. * ''Feis Tigh Chonáin'' (trans., ''The Feast of Conán's House''), Leabhar Breac, 2000; a retelling of a 15^th-century tale from the [[wikipedia:Fenian_Cycle|Fenian Cycle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/feis-tigh-chonain/|title=Feis Tigh Chonáin|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''An Ceithearnach Caolriabhach'' (trans., ''The Narrow-Striped Kern''), Leabhar Breac, 2002; a retelling from c. 1500, also illustrated by Darach Ó ScolaÍ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/an-ceithearnach-caolriabhach/|title=An Ceithearnach Caolriabhach|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' (trans., ''The Cattle Raid of Cooley''), Leabhar Breac, 2017, both a modern edition of an 11th-century epic and an annotated edition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/tain-bo-cuailnge-2-2/|title=Táin Bó Cuailnge|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> "''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' won the Aodán Mac Poilín Memorial Prize 2017."<ref name=":19" /> * ''Deirdre'', Leabhar Breac, 2023, a “picture book for adults” with artist Anastasia Melnykova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/deirdre/|title=Deirdre|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Part of the [[wikipedia:Ulster_Cycle|Ulster Cycle]], ''Deirdre'' is a retelling of the story of possibly the most widely known Irish figure from the early tales and sagas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology|last=MacKillop|first=James|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780198609674|pages=181}}</ref> * ''Bláthnaid'', Leabhar Breac, 2024, a “picture book for adults” with artist Anastasia Melnykova; “one of the great stories of the [[wikipedia:Ulster_Cycle|Ulster Cycle]].”<ref name=":4" /> * ''Sadhbh,'' Leabhar Breac, 2025, a picture book for adult readers, illustrated by Alé Mercado; a retelling of the medieval tale ''Ceasacht Inghine Ghuile (''trans., ''The Complaint of Guile's Daughter'').<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/tales-of-wonder/|title=Tales of Wonder|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Eoghan Béal'', Leabhar Breac, 2025, a picture book for adult readers illustrated by Alé Mercado<ref name=":5" />; a retelling of the medieval tale ''[https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithr%C3%A9im_Cellaig Cathréim Ceallaigh]'' from ''The Yellow Book of Leacan.''<ref name=":5" /> === For Young Readers === Ó Scolaí has written illustrated books for young readers (8–10 years old) in two series, the Fionn Series and the Scéalta Staire series, and translated a large number of classics and popular books for children of all ages. The number of these written and translated works suggests a commitment to children and their literacy in Irish. The Fionn Series “is a retelling ... of the great legends of the Fianna for the young Irish readers of today.”<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/8-9/doiteoir-na-samhna/|title=Dóiteoir na Samhna|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> [[wikipedia:The_Boyhood_Deeds_of_Fionn|Macgnímartha Finn (The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn)]] is a medieval story in the [[wikipedia:Fenian_Cycle|Fenian Cycle]]. * ''An Bradán Feasa'' (trans., ''The Salmon of Knowledge''), Leabhar Breac, 2010, “shortlisted for the Réics Carlo award 2010.”<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/8-9/an-bradan-feasa/|title=An Bradán Feasa|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Dóiteoir na Samhna'' (trans., ''The Halloween Burner''), 2010.<ref name=":6" /> * ''Bodach an Chóta Lachna'' (trans., ''The Churl in the Dun Coat''), 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/7-8/bodach-an-chota-lachna/|title=Bodach an Chóta Lachna|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> The Scéalta Staire (Historical Stories) series<ref name=":9" /> * ''Mánas Ó Dónaill'', 2000. * ''Seán Ó Néill'', Leabhar Breac, 2000. * ''Gráinne Mhaol Ní Mháille'', Leabhar Breac, 2003. * ''Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn'', Leabhar Breac, 2003. ==== Translations ==== * Robert Louis Stevenson, ''Oileán an Órchiste'' (trans. of ''Treasure Island''), Leabhar Breac, 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-19|title=Oireachtas na Gaeilge|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge&oldid=1296394643|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Robert Louis Stevenson, ''An Fuadach'' (trans. of ''Kidnapped''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. * Clement Clarke Moore, ''Cuairt San Nioclás'' (trans. of ''A Visit from St. Nicholas'', or "'Twas the Night Before Christmas"), Leabhar Breac, 2022. '''''The Corto Maltese Graphic Novels''''' Written in Italian by Hugo Pratt and translated by Ó Scolaí, both adults and teenagers read this series of Italian adventure graphic novels.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-07-01|title=Corto Maltese|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corto_Maltese&oldid=1298285365|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Ó Scolaí's '''translation of ''Corto Maltese''''' was listed in 2017 among "The 30 Irish books that Irish people love."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ó Murchú|first=Eoin P.|date=09/06/2017|title=Na 30 leabhar Gaeilge is fearr leis na Gaeil [The 30 Irish books that Irish people love]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/leabhair/an-30-leabhar-gaeilge-is-fearr-leis-na-gaeil/|journal=Nós}}</ref> * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Port na Farraige Goirt'', Leabhar Breac, 2013. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: The Golden House in Samarkand'', 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Na Liopard-Fhir ó Rufiji'' (trans. of ''Corto: The Leopard Men of Rufiji''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: In Ainm Dé Uilthrócairigh'' (trans. of ''Corto: In the Name of God All-Merciful''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Tóraíocht Eile'' (trans. of ''Corto: Another Quest''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Sa tSibéir'' (trans. of ''Corto: In Siberia''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. '''''Other Translations for Children''''' Ó Scolaí has translated into Irish six books from the ''Le Pavillon Noir'' (trans., ''Jolly Roger'') series by Alain Surget; four books from the ''Catalan First Steps'' series by Enric Lluch Girbés and the ''Caitlín & Cormac'' series by Joan Carles; three books from the ''Louisette le Taupe'' series by Bruno Heitz, and three books from the ''Loup'' series by Orianne Lallemand. === Plays and Screenplays === ==== Stage Plays ==== Ó Scolaí was writer and director of the original productions of two plays in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (trans., ''Three Drops'') trilogy; ''Coinneáil Orainn'' was directed by Darach Mac Con Iomaire and staged by An Taibhdhearc. All three plays have been published in book form by Leabhar Breac. * ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32553|title=Coinneáil Orainn|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904.|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The first play in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (''Three Drops'') trilogy. [[wikipedia:Taibhdhearc_na_Gaillimhe|An Taibhdhearc]], the national Irish-language theatre of Ireland, toured the country in 2005 with ''Coinneáil Orainn''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/coinneail-orainn/|title=Coinneáil Orainn|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Walter Macken Prize, 2005; BBC Stewart Parker Award, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/person/darach-scola|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904.|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Branwen'', 2006, by Darach Ó Scolaí and Ifor ap Glyn, in Irish, Welsh and English, co-produced by Project Arts Centre and Llwyfan Gogledd Cymru, toured the Republic of Ireland and Wales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32418|title=Branwen|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''An Braon'' Aníos (trans., ''Rising Damp''), 2006, directed by Ó Scolaí.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32461|title=An Braon Aníos|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The second play in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (''Three Drops'') trilogy. “The Salamandar company toured the country in 2006-07 with this play, and Salamandar also produced a radio version of the play for RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta in 2009.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/an-braon-anios/|title=An Braon Aníos|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Craos'' (trans., ''Gluttony''), 2008, directed by Ó Scolaí.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32867|title=Craos|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The third play in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (''Three Drops'') trilogy, it toured to Cork and Belfast.<ref name=":13" /> A review of the 2008 Salamander performance in the ''Irish Times'' says, “a humorous play which offers plenty to think about, fine acting, and sparklingly witty dialogue.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/craos-2/|title=Craos|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''A+E'', 2008, by Ríonach Ní Néill and Darach Ó Scolaí, "dance and music drama," co-produced by Ciotóg and Salamandar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32962|title=A+E|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''An tSeanbhróg'' (trans., ''The Old Shoe''), 2009, produced by Salamander<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=33042|title=An tSeanbhróg|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> and staged in the Axis Arts Centre, Dublin, and the Letterkenny Arts Centre. * '''In ''Mhuir Fhíondorcha/The Wine-Dark Sea: The Homer Project'', Ó Scolaí's translation of Homer's Cyclops story, performed at the 2019 IMRAM festival'''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/imram-a-festival-celebrating-the-irish-language-1.4047610|title=Imram: a festival celebrating the Irish language. Liam Carson reveals the myths and legends appearing in this year’s programme|last=Carson|first=Liam|date=11 October 2019|work=The Irish Times|access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> ==== Screenplays ==== * ''Cosa Nite'' (trans., ''Washed Feet''), short film, 1998 (dir. Dearbhla Walsh, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg); "a prose version of ''Cosa Nite'' was published (Rosg 2000)."<ref name=":9" /> Nominated for an Irish Film and Television Award.<ref>{{Citation|title=Cosa Nite (Short 1998) - Awards - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0191917/awards/|accessdate=2025-08-25|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Na Glúnta'' (trans., ''The Generations''), 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iftn.ie/production/production_companies/production_sub/feature/?act1=record&aid=70&rid=3917&tpl=filmography_dets&only=1&force=1|title=Na Glúnta {{!}} The Irish Film & Television Network|website=www.iftn.ie|access-date=2025-08-25}}</ref>, co-directors Ciarán Ó Cofaigh & Darach Ó Scolaí, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg. * ''An Leabhar'' (trans., ''The Book''), short film, 2000, (dir. Robert Quinn, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg) Rosg, 2000.<ref>{{Citation|title=An Leabhar|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0963767/|publisher=Bord Scannán na hÉireann / The Irish Film Board, ROSG|accessdate=2025-08-25|first=Robert|last=Quinn|others=Colm O&apos;Maonlai, Peadar O&apos;Treasaigh, Diarmuid Mac an Adhastair}}</ref> * ''Na Cloigne'' [trans., The Heads], 3-episide series, 2010 (dir. Robert Quinn, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg), TG4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1607924/|title=Na cloigne|date=2010|website=IMDb|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> === Nonfiction === Ó Scolaí's essays and lectures are published and his interviews are broadcast regularly, making for a large body of nonfiction critical and analytical work. Here are a few, almost all published in [https://comhar.ie/iris/scribhneoiri/darach-o-scolai/ Comhar]: * “Ceol Ciúin na nÉagmaise” (trans., “The Silent Music of Absence ['''the Fall?''']”), an essay on the 2014 Nobel Prize winner for literature, [[wikipedia:Patrick_Modiano|Patrick Modiano]], ''Comhar'', December 2014. * The Ó Cadhain Lecture: [https://leachtaiuichadhain.clo.ie/leachtai/2014 “Cuimhne agus Díchuimhne (trans., “Memory & Forgetfulness"]), 2014. * “Rithim agus Réim” ("Rhythm and Register"), a public lecture in the University College Dublin lecture series “Ó Thrácht go Twitter” (trans., "From Talk to Twitter"), 2014. * Review of Pádraig Ó Cíobháin’s ''Dréachta Chrích Fodla'', '''Comhar?, ??'''. * “Na Geilt i mBun an Tí” (trans., "The Madmen in Charge"), a talk at the Merriman Winter School, Comhar April 2012.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=http://darachoscolai.ie/beathaisneis.html|title=Darach Ó Scolaí: Beathaisnéis|website=darachoscolai.ie|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref> * The EFACIS podcast: Síle Ní Choincheannain talks to Darach Ó Scolaí about the historical novel. == Critical Reception == Ó Scolaí’s style has been called “crisp and elegant, and rich in language while being highly readable,”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heussaf|first=Anna|date=Summer 2025|title=Bláthnaid—A tale of love, violence and sorcery retold for readers today|url=https://booksirelandmagazine.com/blathnaid-a-tale-of-love-violence-and-sorcery/|journal=Books Ireland}}</ref> with “an unsurpassed richness and precision of language.”<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Ó Cróinín|first=Breandán|date=Summer 2025|title=unknown|journal=The Limerick Leader}}</ref> “Whimsical, hilarious, and subtly learned” is how Éilis Ní Dhuibhne described his writing.<ref name=":20" /> === Original Works === Ó Scolaí’s first novel, the 2007 ''An Cléireach'' (''The Clerk'') won two prizes and was described as “one of the great historical novels in the Irish language and among the best books written in the language since the beginning of this century.”<ref name=":12" /> Novelist Alan Titley says, “In ''An Cléireach'' Ó Scolaí creates the Ireland of war in the 17th century more fully than any other Irish writer on the subject of war since ''L’Attaque'' Eoghain Ó Thuairisc around 1798 [In ''An Cléireach'' cruthaíonn Ó Scolaí Éire an chogaidh san 17ú haois níos iomláine ná mar a dhein aon scríbhneoir Gaeilge eile ar ábhar cogaidh ó ''L’Attaque'' Eoghain Uí Thuairisc timpeall ar 1798].”<ref name=":11" />{{rp|25, Col. 1a}} Not all the reviews of this first novel were so positive, however; Proinsias O' Drisceoil says for the Irish Times says,<blockquote>This then is a novel in search of a plot, a story that attempts to attain a significance that eludes it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/a-disaffected-clerk-in-the-confederates-1.943070|title=A disaffected clerk in the confederates|last=O' Drisceoil|first=Proinsias|date=5 July 2008|work=The Irish Times|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></blockquote> In the ''Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Fiction'' Pádraig Ó Siadhail analyzes rather than reviews ''An Cléireach'': <blockquote>In ''An Cléireach'', Ó Scolaí revisits the trauma of Cromwellian Ireland. The primary narrative device is once again the first-hand account, in this case by Tadhg Ó Dúbháin, a clerk and quartermaster in the Confederate Army in 1650. We sample the hardships, the friendships, the tensions, the rivalries, and the petty jealousies amongst comrades in arms, including remnants of the Gaelic literary class, as the Confederate soldiers, increasingly a rabble more than a cohesive unit, retreat in advance of Cromwell’s forces. ''An Cléireach'' concludes with the narrator and his family in exile in continental Europe. But along the retreat route, and central to the novel, members of the Confederate army camp, rest up, and tell versions of a story about the keeper of the treasured manuscript "Saltair an Easpaig" (The Bishop’s Psalter). Their versions raise issues about memory construction, the limitations of individual perspectives, personal agendas, and how minor changes in the telling of a story can alter our understanding of history, Thus, ''An Cléireach'' complements ''Fontenoy'' in moving beyond more realistic recreation of a historical event or period to interrogate the notion of history as construct.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Fiction|last=Ó Siadhail|first=Pádraig|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780198754893|editor-last=Harte|editor-first=Liam|pages=598–99|chapter=Contemporary Irish Fiction}}</ref> </blockquote> Of ''Súil an Daill,'' in ''Nós'', Cathal Seoighe says, "The book deserves a significant place among the collection of high-quality books published in recent years that would make you feel sorry for someone who does not speak Irish [Tá áit shuntasach ag dul don leabhar i measc an chnuasaigh leabhair ar ardchaighdeán a foilsíodh le roinnt blianta anuas a d’fhágfadh trua agat don té atá gan Ghaeilge]."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seoighe|first=Cathal|date=09/26/2022|title=‘Dar leathmhagairle an diabhail, is leabhar den scoth é seo!’ ['According to the devil’s half-wit, this is a great book!’]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/leabhair/dar-leathmhagairle-an-diabhail-is-leabhar-den-scoth-e-seo/|journal=Nós}}</ref> ''Bódléar'', Ó Scolaí's most recent book, is a “beautiful novel. There is magic and craftsmanship in it. A small miracle of a book and it is highly recommended.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/bodlear-mioruilt-bheag-de-leabhar/|title=Bódléar: Míorúilt bheag de leabhar (Bódléar: A Small Miracle of a Book)|last=Ní Ghairbhí|first=Róisín|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Éilis Ní Dhuibhne in the ''Irish Times'' says,<blockquote>what a gem! An affectionately gentle satire of the Irish poetic scene during one creatively fluid 19th-century year, the story focuses on a Maigue poet and schoolteacher who goes on a trip to France and returns with camembert, a cafetiere, ‘Fleurs du Mal’, and a mission to convert the local traditionalists to la modernité. Whimsical, hilarious, and subtly learned, it’s absolutely delightful!<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Ní Dhuibhne|first=Éilis|date=30 June 2025|title=Éilís Ní Dhuibhne on the best Irish language books of 2025 so far: Including a history of the Gaeltacht Civil Rights Movements, a gem of a novel by Darach Ó Scolaí and Joe McHugh’s entertaining account of learning Irish|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/review/2025/06/30/eilis-ni-dhuibhne-on-the-best-irish-language-books-of-2025-so-far/|journal=The Irish Times|pages=22}}</ref></blockquote> === Retellings and Translations === ==== ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' ==== ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' [''The Cattle Raid of Cooley''] is a modern edition of an 11th-century epic into modern Irish.<ref name=":3" /> Gearóid Denvir reviewed ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' for ''Comhar'':<blockquote>Darach Ó Scolaí has ​​achieved a feat in this challenging reworking. He has found a high level of the Irish language to tell his story – as he has done before in his groundbreaking novel An Cléireach (2007, Leabhar Breac) and in his other prose works. This book is a decoration of the language, literature and culture of the Irish language, following the path of the old storytellers and writers and presenting material from the tradition to his own generation according to the understandings of his own time. The book will be a classic that will be of great interest to all readers of the Irish language, both ordinary readers, students, scholars and writers, and there should be a copy in every home in the country. [Tá éacht déanta ag Darach Ó Scolaí san athleagan dúshlánach seo. Tá réim ard den teanga Ghaeilge aimsithe aige lena scéal a inseacht – mar a rinne sé cheana ina úrscéal ceannródaíoch An Cléireach (2007, Leabhar Breac) agus i saothair eile phróis dá chuid. Is maisiú ar an teanga agus ar litríocht agus cultúr na Gaeilge an leabhar seo a leanas conair na seanscéalaithe agus na seanscríobhaithe agus ábhar de chuid an traidisiúin á chur i láthair a ghlúine féin aige de réir thuiscintí a linne féin. Clasaic a bheas sa leabhar a gcuirfidh léitheoirí uilig na Gaeilge, idir ghnáthléitheoirí, mhic léinn, scoláirí agus scríbhneoirí spéis thar na bearta ann, agus ba cheart cóip a bheith i chuile theach sa tír.]<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Denvir|first=Gearóid|date=April 2018|title=Táin Bó Cuailgne|url=https://comhar.ie/iris/78/4/leirmheas/|journal=Comhar|via=JSTOR}}</ref> </blockquote>Cathal Poirtéir says, "The freshness and richness of Ó Scolaí’s version are a joy …. The author delights us with the linguistic and stylistic richness of the ancient epic in a modern-Irish version that reflects the original’s spirit and language."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poirtéir|first=Cathal|date=May/June 2018|title=Leabhair Idir Lámha|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26564180|journal=Books Ireland|pages=46–47|via=JSTOR}}</ref>{{rp|47}} Novelist and academic Alan Titley calls Ó Scolaí's "a wonderful gutsy telling" of ''Táin Bó Cuailnge''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/2023/03/11/the-tain-retold-maeve-and-ailills-spat-could-be-out-of-a-soap-opera/|title=The Táin retold: ‘Maeve and Ailill’s spat could be out of a soap opera’|last=Titley|first=Alan|date=11 March 2023|work=The Irish Times|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> ==== ''Deirdre'' ==== Marie Whelton, in "Léann Teanga" ("Language Studies"), in the 2024 ''An Reiviú'' says,<blockquote>this version [of ''Deirdre''] by Darach Ó Scolaí succeeds in skillfully capturing and portraying the complexity of gender and power issues in the ‘Deirdre’ tradition [éiríonn leis an leagan seo le Darach Ó Scolaí castacht cheisteanna na hinscne agus na cumhachta i dtraidisiún scéal Dheirdre a ghabháil agus a léiriú go sciliúil]. … There is no doubt that this new version greatly contributes to the legacy of the story and that it revives that legacy thoughtfully and artistically [Níl amhras faoi ach go gcuireann an leagan úr seo go mór le hoidhreacht an scéil agus go ndéanann sé an oidhreacht sin a athbheochan go tuisceanach agus go healaíonta.].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tara.tcd.ie/tara8/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c20175a-7631-44b2-8b0f-f454edd712b4/content|title=An Artistic Retelling of Deirdre's Tale and the Defeat of Conor Review of Deirdre or the Ship of Mac Uisnigh by Darach Ó Scolaí [Athinsint Ealaíonta ar Oidhe Dheirdre agus ar Ansmacht Chonchúir Léirmheas ar Deirdre nó Loingeas Mhac Uisnigh le Darach Ó Scolaí]|last=Whelton|first=Marie|date=2024|website=The Review [An Reiviú], Language Studies [Léann Teanga]|access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref></blockquote> === Works for Young Readers === Meadhbh Ní Eadhra said of ''Bodach an Chóta Lachna'' that it was "Beautiful Irish, but easy to understand for young readers."<ref>Ní Eadhra, Meadhbh. In ''Gaelscéal'', qtd. in "Bodach an Chóta Lachna" https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/7-8/bodach-an-chota-lachna/.</ref> == Awards and Honors == Ó Scolaí's works are regularly nominated and make the short list for prizes, an honor in itself, but they are generally not listed here unless they are named as the first-place winner in their category. === Oireachtas Prize === The Oireachtas Prize is the literary prize awarded by [[wikipedia:Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge|Oireachtas na Gaeilge]], the annual arts festival dedicated to Irish language, arts and culture. Darach Ó Scolaí has won the Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction three times, once for ''An Cléireach'' (''The Clerk'') in 2007, for ''Súil an Daill'' (''The Eye of the Blind'') in 2021 and for ''Bódléar'' in 2024. * 2007, for ''An Cléireach'' (trans., ''The Clerk'') — “(a special prize commemorating the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Coláiste na nGael in Louvain, awarded under the auspices of the Franciscan Province of Ireland). The prize of €10,000 was the largest prize ever awarded to an Irish language novel [(duais speisialta chomórtha 400 bliain bhunú Choláiste na nGael i Lobháin a bronnadh faoi urraíocht Phroibhinse Phroinsiasach na hÉireann). Ba é an duais €10,000 sin an duais ba mhó a bronnadh riamh ar úrscéal Gaeilge].”<ref name=":18" /> * 2021, for ''Súil an Daill'' (''The Eye of the Blind'') * 2024, for ''Bódléar'' === Ó Shúilleabháin Award, Irish language “Book of the Year” === The first prize of this award includes €5,000 to the publisher and €2,500 to the author of the winning work.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=15 August 2023|title=20 saothar san iomaíocht do ‘Leabhair Ghaeilge na Bliana 2023’|url=https://tuairisc.ie/20-saothar-san-iomaiocht-do-leabhair-ghaeilge-na-bliana-2023/|journal=Tuairisc}}</ref> * ''An Cléireach'' (''The Clerk'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http:/www.gaelport.com/uploads/documents/edition19.html|title=Eagrán / Edition 19 - 04 11 2008|date=4/11/2008|website=Internet Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525011340/http:/www.gaelport.com/uploads/documents/edition19.html|archive-date=25 May 2013|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'', 2018. * ''Bódléar'', 2025. ==== De Bhaldraithe Award ==== The Gradam de Bhaldraithe is awarded to the best work in translation.<ref name=":10" /> * ''Cuairt San Nioclás,'' a translation of Clement Clarke Moore's ''A Visit from St. Nicholas'', or "'Twas the Night Before Christmas."<ref name=":10" /> ==== Other ==== * Walter Macken Prize, for ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2005 * Bháiteir Uí Mhaicín Memorial Award, for ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2005<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/tuarascail/duais-oireachtais-1.501571|title=Oireachtas Prize: Over €50,000 was awarded to writers in the Oireachtas Literary Competitions at an event in Dublin last night. Winners… [Duais Oireachtais: Bronnadh breis agus €50,000 ar scríbhneoirí i gComórtais Liteartha an Oireachtais ar ócáid i mBaile Átha Cliath aréir. Bhuaigh…]|work=5 October 2005|access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> * BBC Stewart Parker Award, for ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2006 * The Aodán Mac Póilín Commemorative Prize, for ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' (trans., ''The Cattle Raid of Cooley''), 2017 == External Links == * Leabhar Breac website: https://leabharbreac.com/en/ * Leabhar Breac Facebook pages: * Rosg website: [http://www.rosg.ie/en/ <nowiki>http://ww</nowiki>w.rosg.ie/en/] * Art on the Island (Ealaín ar Oileán) website, archived at the Wayback Machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20130601000520/http://ealainaroilean.ie/ 31 March 2012, 1 June 2013 and 8 January 2014 * Darach Ó Scolaí's website Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103456/http://darachoscolai.ie/ * Youtube video of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlP2AmSBzXc Breandán Ó Cróinin introducing Deirdre at the book launch] in the pub Tigh Mholly (Molly’s House). == Primordial Ooze == * Known for his sensitivity to language and voices. * Finish scanning through JSTOR * Scan through Irish Times, 56 hits * Check Goodreads * Check YouTube (In the spring of 2013, the arts programme Imeall interviewed the author on TG4.) * Check both Wikipedias for pages on the origins of the retold tales (like Deirdre) and link to this article * Propose link from University of Galway page once Darach’s is up * Write Irish National Biography (<nowiki>https://www.dib.ie</nowiki>) to propose an article about Darach once the Wikip article is done? See what they say. * Link to Ó Scolaí from the Wikipedia * Make sure links '''to''' Wikipedia in the actual encyclopedia work right === Not Placed Yet === * "So here are the books that Irish people love the most! [Mar sin seo iad na leabhair is gile leis na Gaeil!]" — "32. An Cléireach – Darach Ó Scolaí (2)" [18 books got 2 votes, and then they're alphabetized by author's last name, so the 32 of 34 doesn't signify the specificity it seems to]<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Ó Murchú|first=Eoin P.|date=9 June 2017|title=Na 30 leabhar Gaeilge is fearr leis na Gaeil. [The 30 best Irish books for Irish people]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/leabhair/an-30-leabhar-gaeilge-is-fearr-leis-na-gaeil/|journal=Nós}}</ref> * "Below is a list of those 111 works – a list that shows a great deal of diversity in the reading habits of Irish speakers.Here is a list of those 111 works – a list that shows a great deal of diversity in the reading habits of Irish speakers [Anseo thíos tá liosta den 111 saothar sin – liosta a léiríonn éagsúlacht an-mhór i nósanna léitheoireachta Gaeilgeoirí.Anseo thíos tá liosta den 111 saothar sin – liosta a léiríonn éagsúlacht an-mhór i nósanna léitheoireachta Gaeilgeoirí]." "Corto Maltese – Hugo Pratt (aistrithe ag Darach Ó Scolaí)"<ref name=":14" /> * "Ceann eile de bhuaicphointí na hÉigse a bheidh sa seisiún le Darach Ó Scolaí, duine d’úrscéalaithe móra na Gaeilge, agus duine de chomhbhunaitheoirí teach foilsitheoireachta Leabhar Breac. [Another highlight of the Éigse will be the session with Darach Ó Scolaí, one of the great Irish language novelists, and one of the co-founders of the publishing house Leabhar Breac.]"<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Nós|date=4 May 2023|title=Éigse na Bruiséile le filleadh i mí na Bealtaine. [Éigse na Bruséile to return in May]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/eigse-na-bruiseile-le-filleadh-i-mi-na-bealtaine/|journal=Nós}}</ref> === Things Taken Out for Now === “’The play is a comedy about language, lies, bureaucracy and Gaeltacht grants, in the tradition of Myles na Gcopaleen,’ according to Norma-Jean Kenny in the ''Galway Advertizer'', ‘in which the author comments and criticizes the institutions of the Irish language in Ireland without ceasing.’" Supposedly a quotation by Gearóid Denvir reviewing ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' for ''Comhar'' (but I don't find it in the article): This book has long been needed by Irish language readers and there is no doubt that it will become a classic in time and surpass Thomas Kinsella’s English version. This version remains faithful to the language of the original while at the same time finding an appropriate language in today’s Irish. Ó Scolaí masterfully overcomes the difficulties of the original’s rhetorical difficulties and the versions of the original poetic texts are extremely effective.[supposedly <ref name=":15" />] “The biggest prize ever awarded for a novel in Irish was presented at a special ceremony in the National Concert Hall in Dublin, today (Thursday, 4 October 2007). Darach Ó Scolaí, writer, artist & playwright from Casla, Co. Galway, was awarded €10,000 for his literary novel, ‘An Ardscoil’. This work, under the new title ‘An Cléireach’, will be launched at Oireachtas na Samhna in Westport in November. This is the first novel from his pen, a story set in the late seventeenth century. This competition was sponsored by the Franciscan Province of Ireland.” (archive, Oireachtas na Gaeilge site, 04 October, 2007) ''Súil an Daill'' (trans., ''The Eye of the Blind''), Leabhar Breac, 2021. number 2 in ''Comhar'' literary magazine’s list of best books of 2021. '''{6}.''' *William Shakespeare, ''Romeo agus Juliet'' (trans. of ''Romeo and Juliet''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. *Jonathan Swift, ''Camchuairt Ghuilivéir'' (trans. of ''Gulliver's Travels''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. *Hugo Pratt, ''Corto Maltese'' '''''Flag of Bones (Bratach na gCnámh) Series''''' Leabhar Breac published the Bratach na gCnámh series of books for young readers. Written in French by Alain Surget, illustrated by Annette Marnat and translated by Darach Ó Scolaí, this series uses the history of Caribbean Sea pirates<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/product-category/alain-surget/|title=Alain Surget Archives|website=Leabhar Breac|language=en-US|access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref>: *Alain Surget, ''Éalú as Páras'' (''Escape from Paris''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2011. * Alain Surget, ''Oilean na Siorcanna'' (''Shark Island''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2011. * Alain Surget, ''Long na dTaibhsi'' (''Ship of the Ghosts''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2011. * Alain Surget, ''San Ochtapas Dubh'' (''In the Black Octopus''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. * Alain Surget, ''San Ionsai ar Veracruz'' (''The Attack on Veracruz''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. '''''For "First Readers" (children to 6 years old or so)''''' These books were written originally in Catalan by Spanish author Enric Lluch Girbés and translated into Irish by Ó ScolaÍ: *Enric Lluch, ''Ag Péinteáil an Tí'' (''Painting the House''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''An Colúr Bacach'' (''The Lazy Dove''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''An Phluais'' (''The Cave''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''Madra Dhaideo'' (''Grandpa's Dog''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''Fiacail Mháire'' (''Mary's Tooth''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. '''''Bruno Heitz''''' Leabhar Breac published a series of 3 Heitz books for small children. Published originally in French, this series of three comic books is about a blind mole named Cáitín Chaoch in Irish (and ''Louisette la taupe'' in French).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/product-category/bruno-heitz-en/|title=Bruno Heitz Archives|website=Leabhar Breac|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref> Ó Scolaí translated these: *Bruno Heitz (author and illustr.), ''Práinneach'' (''Urgent''), Leabhar Breac, 2020 *Bruno Heitz (author and illustr.), ''Preab san Aer'' (''Bounce in the Air''), Leabhar Breac, 2020. '''''Books for Toddlers''''' Leabhar Breac has published 14 books written by French author Orianne Lallemand's and illustrated by Eleonore Thuillier, about Lallemmand's popular character Loup, Wolf. These are translated by Ó Scolaí: *Orianne Lallemand, ''An Mac Tire a Raibh Faitios an Domhain Air'' (trans. of ''The Son Who Saw the World in His Eyes''), Eleonore Thuillier  Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2018. *Orianne Lallemand, ''Macan agus an Goban'' (trans. of ''Macan and the Goblin''), Eleonore Thuillier (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2018. * Orianne Lallemand, ''A Mac Tíre a Chuaigh go Tóin na Farraige'' (trans. of ''The Wolf Who Went to the Bottom of the Sea''), Éléanore Thuillier  (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2019. '''''Board Books (for babies)''''' J. C. (Joan Carles) Girbés Aparisi is a Catalan author and editor. These books were written in Catalan and translated by Ó Scolai. *J. C. Girbés, ''An Phicnic'' (''The Picnic''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. * J. C. Girbés, ''An Chóisir'' (''The Party''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. *J. C. Girbés, ''Lá Mór Fada'' (''A Long Day''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2014. *J. C. Girbés, ''Tabhair Leat do Leabhar'' (''Bring Your Book''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2014. ==== Gradam Réics Carló ==== The Réics Carló prize is awarded for the best book in the Irish language for young readers. It is named for one of the characters of 20th-century writer [[wikipedia:Cathal_Ó_Sándair|Cathal Ó Sándair (Charles Saunders)]]. * ''An Bradán Feasa'' was “shortlisted for the Réics Carlo award 2010.”<ref name=":9" /> == References == {{reflist}} n1eadum0sanvaxsc8s079bma2t8u3gj 0 264915 2840020 2836165 2026-10-13T11:12:16Z Jtneill 10242 /* Individual emotions */ 2840020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 9: 20 emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial discusses the causes, functions, types, and consequences of 20 individual emotions. ==Individual emotions== This tutorial distinguishes 20 individual emotions and their causes and functions. When dealing with many emotions, it helps to organise them into categories. The 20 individual emotions can be organised into three categories (Reeve, 2018; see Table 1): * '''Basic''' (7) - These core emotions are present in early development and recognised cross-culturally <!-- ### Fear ### Anger ### Disgust ### Contempt ### Sadness ### Joy ### Interest --> * '''Self-conscious''' (5) - These emotions occur when we become self-aware about how others perceive us <!-- ### Shame ### Guilt ### Embarrassment ### Pride ### Triumph --> * '''Cognitively complex''' (8) - These emotions arise from thoughts/perceptions about life events often involving others <!-- ### Envy ### Gratitude ### Disappointment ### Regret ### Hope ### Schadenfreude ### Empathy ### Compassion --> Table 1 lists each of the 20 emotions and describes they ''feel'' and why do we feel them. To gain experiential insight, practice using "I feel ... " statements when you experience a wide range of different emotions. '''Table 1''' ''20 Individual Emotions Organised Into Three Categories, Subjective Experiences, and Motivational Urges'' <div align="center"> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: auto;" ! width=20%; |Category ! width=20%; |Emotion ! width=30%; |"I feel ..." ! width=30%; |Motivational urge |- | rowspan="7" | '''Basic''' (7) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] | I feel in danger | Flee; protect oneself |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Anger|Anger]] | I feel injustice | Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] | I feel repulsed | Reject; get rid of; get away from contaminated object |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] | I feel superior to you | Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] | I feel bad about a loss | Repair a loss or failure |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] | I feel happiness within | Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] | I feel curious | Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- | rowspan="5" | '''Self-conscious''' (5) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] | I feel bad about myself because I am publicly wrong | Restore the self; protect the self |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] | I feel bad about wronging you | Make amends |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] | I feel awkward in front of you | Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] | I feel good about myself and achievements | '''Authentic:''' Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks<br>'''Hubristic:''' Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] | I feel victorious | Display dominance and power over the defeated |- | rowspan="8" | '''Cognitively complex''' (8) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] | I feel jealous – I want what you have | '''Benign:''' Move up; improve one's position<br>'''Malicious:''' Tear down; reduce another's position |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] | I feel thankful | Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] | I feel down about a poor outcome | Give up; helplessness |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] | I feel sorrow for what I did | Undo a poor decision or behaviour |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] | I feel optimistic about my future | Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] | I feel pleasure at your misfortune | Reinforce feelings of superiority |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] | I feel with you | Act prosocially; help the other |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] | I feel caring towards you | Reduce suffering |} </div> ''Note''. The "I feel ..." descriptions represent the subjective experience of each emotion. Motivational urges indicate typical functions served by each emotion. Links go to Wikiveristy categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Adapted from Reeve (2018). ==Emotion matching exercise== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: Emotion matching''' [[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]] # Collaborate in pairs to discuss and complete the <!-- Handout: [[:File:20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise.pdf|20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]] --> [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OvG1jp1OBEGBzcDmL5W_yczXNGsqN43D_Zpdn9jHqsU 20 Emotion Matching Exercise] # Each pair completes two sheets: ## Find the emotion and category that matches the definition ## Find the definition and category that matches the emotion {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion== <ol> <li> What are your '''favourite''' or '''most interesting''' emotion(s)? Why?</li> <!-- <li> What emotions are '''missing'''?</li> --> <li> What is the difference between '''shame''', '''guilt''', and '''embarrassment'''?</li> <ol> <li> Shame and guilt both involve feeling bad about the standard of the self's behaviour</li> <li> However, shame is public; guilt is private (''shame in the courtroom''; ''guilt in the cell'')</li> <li> Shame focuses on the inadequacy of ''self''; guilt focuses on the poor ''behaviour''</li> <li> Embarrassment arises from innocent social blunder; it acknowledge this awareness and asks for forgiveness</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''pride''' and '''triumph'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve feeling good</li> <li> Pride is more personal, based on achievement</li> <li> Triumph is more social, based on competitive victory over others</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''pride'''?</li> <ol> <li> Authentic: Based on genuine achievement</li> <li> Hubristic/Narcissistic: Self-puffery; based on desire to be better/more dominant than others; undermines relationships</li> </ol> <li> What emotions are associated with these '''interpersonal scenarios'''?</li> </ol> {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" ! !'''I feel good because ...''' !'''I feel bad because ...''' |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''... other person feels good''' |[[w:compersion|compersion]], [[w:confelicity|confelicity]], empathy, [[wikt:freudenfreude|freudenfreude]], mudita, vicarious joy |envy, jealousy, gluckschmerz |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''... other person feels bad''' |arrogance, contempt, hate, narcissism, [[wikt:schadenfreude|schadenfreude]] |compassion, empathy, sympathy |} <ol start="6"> <li> What are the two types of '''envy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Benign: Focuses on self-improvement (''building up'')</li> <li> Malicious: Focuses on undermining another (''tearing down'')</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''empathy''', '''compassion''', and '''sympathy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Empathy: Mirrors the feelings of another </li> <li> Compassion: Motivates action to help another </li> <li> Sympathy: Pitying of others; involves power </li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''disappointment''' and '''regret'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve experiencing a worse outcome than expected; the difference is the amount of perceived control</li> <li> Disappointment: Perceives that one's behaviour could not have lead to a different outcome</li> <li> Regret: Perceives that, had one's behaviour been different, a better outcome could have been achieved</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''gratitude'''?</li> <ol> <li> Indebtedness <math>\rightarrow</math> Exchange-based relationship: If the receiver focuses on what was received (e.g., $50), then the receiver may feel indebted to repay, leading to an exchange-based relationship</li> <li> Care <math>\rightarrow</math> Communal relationship: If the receiver focuses on the giver (e.g., a friend), then the receiver may feel cared for and loved, leading to a communal relationship</li> </ol> <li> What is the opposite of '''hope'''?</li> <ol> <li> Fear</li> <li> Fear and hope are about expectations of the future</li> <li> Fear arises from a negative view of the future; hope arises from a positive view of the future <li> Also consider hopelessness / helplessness</li> </ol> </ol> ==Readings== * Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) ==Recording== * [Tutorial 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ad82252fd3b942dab76549b587afdc21 Tutorial 9] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/805b463d37464601986875924da3588a Tutorial 9] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7ba704c041be4506b9b9176dd7063e9c Tutorial 9] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/30253ce91beb4a02907ddca89ab11a8d Tutorial 9 recording Pt 1] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/60135634ce83484482bf7a2ef8199bd0 Tutorial 9 recording Pt 2] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3d5dd6db621d4c309db303408bdcaa19 Tutorial 9 recording], 2021 * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1efcf556a5384d3586d2abc55a7b2109 Tutorial 9 recording], 2020 --> ==See also== <!-- ;Book chapters ;Wikipedia --> ;Lecture * [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Lecture) ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Time perspective|Time perspective]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018}} }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Evwgu369Jw Brené Brown on empathy] (YouTube; 2:53 mins) * [https://twentyonetoys.com/blogs/teaching-empathy/brene-brown-empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs sympathy (Dr Brené Brown)] (twentyonetoys.com) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/talkback-how-to-deal-with-guilt/102450958 How to deal with guilt] (Life Matters, ABC Radio National, 9 June, 2023) <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Embarrassment]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Shame]] lw7rq42eso7sonnbpwv765rmzhf0iym 2840021 2840020 2026-10-13T11:13:29Z Jtneill 10242 Reeve (2018) -> 2024 2840021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 9: 20 emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial discusses the causes, functions, types, and consequences of 20 individual emotions. ==Individual emotions== This tutorial distinguishes 20 individual emotions and their causes and functions. When dealing with many emotions, it helps to organise them into categories. The 20 individual emotions can be organised into three categories (Reeve, 2018; see Table 1): * '''Basic''' (7) - These core emotions are present in early development and recognised cross-culturally <!-- ### Fear ### Anger ### Disgust ### Contempt ### Sadness ### Joy ### Interest --> * '''Self-conscious''' (5) - These emotions occur when we become self-aware about how others perceive us <!-- ### Shame ### Guilt ### Embarrassment ### Pride ### Triumph --> * '''Cognitively complex''' (8) - These emotions arise from thoughts/perceptions about life events often involving others <!-- ### Envy ### Gratitude ### Disappointment ### Regret ### Hope ### Schadenfreude ### Empathy ### Compassion --> Table 1 lists each of the 20 emotions and describes they ''feel'' and why do we feel them. To gain experiential insight, practice using "I feel ... " statements when you experience a wide range of different emotions. '''Table 1''' ''20 Individual Emotions Organised Into Three Categories, Subjective Experiences, and Motivational Urges'' <div align="center"> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: auto;" ! width=20%; |Category ! width=20%; |Emotion ! width=30%; |"I feel ..." ! width=30%; |Motivational urge |- | rowspan="7" | '''Basic''' (7) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] | I feel in danger | Flee; protect oneself |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Anger|Anger]] | I feel injustice | Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] | I feel repulsed | Reject; get rid of; get away from contaminated object |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] | I feel superior to you | Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] | I feel bad about a loss | Repair a loss or failure |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] | I feel happiness within | Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] | I feel curious | Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- | rowspan="5" | '''Self-conscious''' (5) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] | I feel bad about myself because I am publicly wrong | Restore the self; protect the self |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] | I feel bad about wronging you | Make amends |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] | I feel awkward in front of you | Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] | I feel good about myself and achievements | '''Authentic:''' Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks<br>'''Hubristic:''' Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] | I feel victorious | Display dominance and power over the defeated |- | rowspan="8" | '''Cognitively complex''' (8) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] | I feel jealous – I want what you have | '''Benign:''' Move up; improve one's position<br>'''Malicious:''' Tear down; reduce another's position |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] | I feel thankful | Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] | I feel down about a poor outcome | Give up; helplessness |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] | I feel sorrow for what I did | Undo a poor decision or behaviour |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] | I feel optimistic about my future | Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] | I feel pleasure at your misfortune | Reinforce feelings of superiority |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] | I feel with you | Act prosocially; help the other |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] | I feel caring towards you | Reduce suffering |} </div> ''Note''. The "I feel ..." descriptions represent the subjective experience of each emotion. Motivational urges indicate typical functions served by each emotion. Links go to Wikiveristy categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Adapted from Reeve (2024). ==Emotion matching exercise== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: Emotion matching''' [[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]] # Collaborate in pairs to discuss and complete the <!-- Handout: [[:File:20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise.pdf|20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]] --> [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OvG1jp1OBEGBzcDmL5W_yczXNGsqN43D_Zpdn9jHqsU 20 Emotion Matching Exercise] # Each pair completes two sheets: ## Find the emotion and category that matches the definition ## Find the definition and category that matches the emotion {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion== <ol> <li> What are your '''favourite''' or '''most interesting''' emotion(s)? Why?</li> <!-- <li> What emotions are '''missing'''?</li> --> <li> What is the difference between '''shame''', '''guilt''', and '''embarrassment'''?</li> <ol> <li> Shame and guilt both involve feeling bad about the standard of the self's behaviour</li> <li> However, shame is public; guilt is private (''shame in the courtroom''; ''guilt in the cell'')</li> <li> Shame focuses on the inadequacy of ''self''; guilt focuses on the poor ''behaviour''</li> <li> Embarrassment arises from innocent social blunder; it acknowledge this awareness and asks for forgiveness</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''pride''' and '''triumph'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve feeling good</li> <li> Pride is more personal, based on achievement</li> <li> Triumph is more social, based on competitive victory over others</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''pride'''?</li> <ol> <li> Authentic: Based on genuine achievement</li> <li> Hubristic/Narcissistic: Self-puffery; based on desire to be better/more dominant than others; undermines relationships</li> </ol> <li> What emotions are associated with these '''interpersonal scenarios'''?</li> </ol> {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" ! !'''I feel good because ...''' !'''I feel bad because ...''' |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''... other person feels good''' |[[w:compersion|compersion]], [[w:confelicity|confelicity]], empathy, [[wikt:freudenfreude|freudenfreude]], mudita, vicarious joy |envy, jealousy, gluckschmerz |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''... other person feels bad''' |arrogance, contempt, hate, narcissism, [[wikt:schadenfreude|schadenfreude]] |compassion, empathy, sympathy |} <ol start="6"> <li> What are the two types of '''envy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Benign: Focuses on self-improvement (''building up'')</li> <li> Malicious: Focuses on undermining another (''tearing down'')</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''empathy''', '''compassion''', and '''sympathy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Empathy: Mirrors the feelings of another </li> <li> Compassion: Motivates action to help another </li> <li> Sympathy: Pitying of others; involves power </li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''disappointment''' and '''regret'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve experiencing a worse outcome than expected; the difference is the amount of perceived control</li> <li> Disappointment: Perceives that one's behaviour could not have lead to a different outcome</li> <li> Regret: Perceives that, had one's behaviour been different, a better outcome could have been achieved</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''gratitude'''?</li> <ol> <li> Indebtedness <math>\rightarrow</math> Exchange-based relationship: If the receiver focuses on what was received (e.g., $50), then the receiver may feel indebted to repay, leading to an exchange-based relationship</li> <li> Care <math>\rightarrow</math> Communal relationship: If the receiver focuses on the giver (e.g., a friend), then the receiver may feel cared for and loved, leading to a communal relationship</li> </ol> <li> What is the opposite of '''hope'''?</li> <ol> <li> Fear</li> <li> Fear and hope are about expectations of the future</li> <li> Fear arises from a negative view of the future; hope arises from a positive view of the future <li> Also consider hopelessness / helplessness</li> </ol> </ol> ==Readings== * Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Recording== * [Tutorial 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ad82252fd3b942dab76549b587afdc21 Tutorial 9] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/805b463d37464601986875924da3588a Tutorial 9] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7ba704c041be4506b9b9176dd7063e9c Tutorial 9] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/30253ce91beb4a02907ddca89ab11a8d Tutorial 9 recording Pt 1] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/60135634ce83484482bf7a2ef8199bd0 Tutorial 9 recording Pt 2] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3d5dd6db621d4c309db303408bdcaa19 Tutorial 9 recording], 2021 * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1efcf556a5384d3586d2abc55a7b2109 Tutorial 9 recording], 2020 --> ==See also== <!-- ;Book chapters ;Wikipedia --> ;Lecture * [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Lecture) ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Time perspective|Time perspective]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024}} }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Evwgu369Jw Brené Brown on empathy] (YouTube; 2:53 mins) * [https://twentyonetoys.com/blogs/teaching-empathy/brene-brown-empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs sympathy (Dr Brené Brown)] (twentyonetoys.com) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/talkback-how-to-deal-with-guilt/102450958 How to deal with guilt] (Life Matters, ABC Radio National, 9 June, 2023) <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Embarrassment]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Shame]] qweptfyexlyiy3si9ndywjrmxqo49m9 2840022 2840021 2026-10-13T11:13:57Z Jtneill 10242 2840022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 9: 20 emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial discusses the causes, functions, types, and consequences of 20 individual emotions. ==Individual emotions== This tutorial distinguishes 20 individual emotions and their causes and functions. When dealing with many emotions, it helps to organise them into categories. The 20 individual emotions can be organised into three categories (Reeve, 2024; see Table 1): * '''Basic''' (7) - These core emotions are present in early development and recognised cross-culturally <!-- ### Fear ### Anger ### Disgust ### Contempt ### Sadness ### Joy ### Interest --> * '''Self-conscious''' (5) - These emotions occur when we become self-aware about how others perceive us <!-- ### Shame ### Guilt ### Embarrassment ### Pride ### Triumph --> * '''Cognitively complex''' (8) - These emotions arise from thoughts/perceptions about life events often involving others <!-- ### Envy ### Gratitude ### Disappointment ### Regret ### Hope ### Schadenfreude ### Empathy ### Compassion --> Table 1 lists each of the 20 emotions and describes they ''feel'' and why do we feel them. To gain experiential insight, practice using "I feel ... " statements when you experience a wide range of different emotions. '''Table 1''' ''20 Individual Emotions Organised Into Three Categories, Subjective Experiences, and Motivational Urges'' <div align="center"> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: auto;" ! width=20%; |Category ! width=20%; |Emotion ! width=30%; |"I feel ..." ! width=30%; |Motivational urge |- | rowspan="7" | '''Basic''' (7) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] | I feel in danger | Flee; protect oneself |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Anger|Anger]] | I feel injustice | Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] | I feel repulsed | Reject; get rid of; get away from contaminated object |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] | I feel superior to you | Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] | I feel bad about a loss | Repair a loss or failure |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] | I feel happiness within | Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] | I feel curious | Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- | rowspan="5" | '''Self-conscious''' (5) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] | I feel bad about myself because I am publicly wrong | Restore the self; protect the self |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] | I feel bad about wronging you | Make amends |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] | I feel awkward in front of you | Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] | I feel good about myself and achievements | '''Authentic:''' Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks<br>'''Hubristic:''' Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] | I feel victorious | Display dominance and power over the defeated |- | rowspan="8" | '''Cognitively complex''' (8) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] | I feel jealous – I want what you have | '''Benign:''' Move up; improve one's position<br>'''Malicious:''' Tear down; reduce another's position |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] | I feel thankful | Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] | I feel down about a poor outcome | Give up; helplessness |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] | I feel sorrow for what I did | Undo a poor decision or behaviour |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] | I feel optimistic about my future | Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] | I feel pleasure at your misfortune | Reinforce feelings of superiority |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] | I feel with you | Act prosocially; help the other |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] | I feel caring towards you | Reduce suffering |} </div> ''Note''. The "I feel ..." descriptions represent the subjective experience of each emotion. Motivational urges indicate typical functions served by each emotion. Links go to Wikiveristy categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Adapted from Reeve (2024). ==Emotion matching exercise== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: Emotion matching''' [[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]] # Collaborate in pairs to discuss and complete the <!-- Handout: [[:File:20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise.pdf|20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]] --> [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OvG1jp1OBEGBzcDmL5W_yczXNGsqN43D_Zpdn9jHqsU 20 Emotion Matching Exercise] # Each pair completes two sheets: ## Find the emotion and category that matches the definition ## Find the definition and category that matches the emotion {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion== <ol> <li> What are your '''favourite''' or '''most interesting''' emotion(s)? Why?</li> <!-- <li> What emotions are '''missing'''?</li> --> <li> What is the difference between '''shame''', '''guilt''', and '''embarrassment'''?</li> <ol> <li> Shame and guilt both involve feeling bad about the standard of the self's behaviour</li> <li> However, shame is public; guilt is private (''shame in the courtroom''; ''guilt in the cell'')</li> <li> Shame focuses on the inadequacy of ''self''; guilt focuses on the poor ''behaviour''</li> <li> Embarrassment arises from innocent social blunder; it acknowledge this awareness and asks for forgiveness</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''pride''' and '''triumph'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve feeling good</li> <li> Pride is more personal, based on achievement</li> <li> Triumph is more social, based on competitive victory over others</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''pride'''?</li> <ol> <li> Authentic: Based on genuine achievement</li> <li> Hubristic/Narcissistic: Self-puffery; based on desire to be better/more dominant than others; undermines relationships</li> </ol> <li> What emotions are associated with these '''interpersonal scenarios'''?</li> </ol> {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" ! !'''I feel good because ...''' !'''I feel bad because ...''' |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''... other person feels good''' |[[w:compersion|compersion]], [[w:confelicity|confelicity]], empathy, [[wikt:freudenfreude|freudenfreude]], mudita, vicarious joy |envy, jealousy, gluckschmerz |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''... other person feels bad''' |arrogance, contempt, hate, narcissism, [[wikt:schadenfreude|schadenfreude]] |compassion, empathy, sympathy |} <ol start="6"> <li> What are the two types of '''envy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Benign: Focuses on self-improvement (''building up'')</li> <li> Malicious: Focuses on undermining another (''tearing down'')</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''empathy''', '''compassion''', and '''sympathy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Empathy: Mirrors the feelings of another </li> <li> Compassion: Motivates action to help another </li> <li> Sympathy: Pitying of others; involves power </li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''disappointment''' and '''regret'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve experiencing a worse outcome than expected; the difference is the amount of perceived control</li> <li> Disappointment: Perceives that one's behaviour could not have lead to a different outcome</li> <li> Regret: Perceives that, had one's behaviour been different, a better outcome could have been achieved</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''gratitude'''?</li> <ol> <li> Indebtedness <math>\rightarrow</math> Exchange-based relationship: If the receiver focuses on what was received (e.g., $50), then the receiver may feel indebted to repay, leading to an exchange-based relationship</li> <li> Care <math>\rightarrow</math> Communal relationship: If the receiver focuses on the giver (e.g., a friend), then the receiver may feel cared for and loved, leading to a communal relationship</li> </ol> <li> What is the opposite of '''hope'''?</li> <ol> <li> Fear</li> <li> Fear and hope are about expectations of the future</li> <li> Fear arises from a negative view of the future; hope arises from a positive view of the future <li> Also consider hopelessness / helplessness</li> </ol> </ol> ==Readings== * Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Recording== * [Tutorial 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ad82252fd3b942dab76549b587afdc21 Tutorial 9] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/805b463d37464601986875924da3588a Tutorial 9] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7ba704c041be4506b9b9176dd7063e9c Tutorial 9] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/30253ce91beb4a02907ddca89ab11a8d Tutorial 9 recording Pt 1] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/60135634ce83484482bf7a2ef8199bd0 Tutorial 9 recording Pt 2] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3d5dd6db621d4c309db303408bdcaa19 Tutorial 9 recording], 2021 * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1efcf556a5384d3586d2abc55a7b2109 Tutorial 9 recording], 2020 --> ==See also== <!-- ;Book chapters ;Wikipedia --> ;Lecture * [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Lecture) ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Time perspective|Time perspective]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024}} }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Evwgu369Jw Brené Brown on empathy] (YouTube; 2:53 mins) * [https://twentyonetoys.com/blogs/teaching-empathy/brene-brown-empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs sympathy (Dr Brené Brown)] (twentyonetoys.com) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/talkback-how-to-deal-with-guilt/102450958 How to deal with guilt] (Life Matters, ABC Radio National, 9 June, 2023) <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Embarrassment]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Shame]] ekin6snzxdvwve9e8bzahscfp3idbk0 2840023 2840022 2026-10-13T11:15:36Z Jtneill 10242 /* Discussion */ 2840023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 9: 20 emotions|ninth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial discusses the causes, functions, types, and consequences of 20 individual emotions. ==Individual emotions== This tutorial distinguishes 20 individual emotions and their causes and functions. When dealing with many emotions, it helps to organise them into categories. The 20 individual emotions can be organised into three categories (Reeve, 2024; see Table 1): * '''Basic''' (7) - These core emotions are present in early development and recognised cross-culturally <!-- ### Fear ### Anger ### Disgust ### Contempt ### Sadness ### Joy ### Interest --> * '''Self-conscious''' (5) - These emotions occur when we become self-aware about how others perceive us <!-- ### Shame ### Guilt ### Embarrassment ### Pride ### Triumph --> * '''Cognitively complex''' (8) - These emotions arise from thoughts/perceptions about life events often involving others <!-- ### Envy ### Gratitude ### Disappointment ### Regret ### Hope ### Schadenfreude ### Empathy ### Compassion --> Table 1 lists each of the 20 emotions and describes they ''feel'' and why do we feel them. To gain experiential insight, practice using "I feel ... " statements when you experience a wide range of different emotions. '''Table 1''' ''20 Individual Emotions Organised Into Three Categories, Subjective Experiences, and Motivational Urges'' <div align="center"> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: auto;" ! width=20%; |Category ! width=20%; |Emotion ! width=30%; |"I feel ..." ! width=30%; |Motivational urge |- | rowspan="7" | '''Basic''' (7) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]] | I feel in danger | Flee; protect oneself |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Anger|Anger]] | I feel injustice | Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]] | I feel repulsed | Reject; get rid of; get away from contaminated object |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]] | I feel superior to you | Maintain dominance and social hierarchy |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]] | I feel bad about a loss | Repair a loss or failure |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]] | I feel happiness within | Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]] | I feel curious | Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn |- | rowspan="5" | '''Self-conscious''' (5) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]] | I feel bad about myself because I am publicly wrong | Restore the self; protect the self |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]] | I feel bad about wronging you | Make amends |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]] | I feel awkward in front of you | Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]] | I feel good about myself and achievements | '''Authentic:''' Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks<br>'''Hubristic:''' Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]] | I feel victorious | Display dominance and power over the defeated |- | rowspan="8" | '''Cognitively complex''' (8) | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]] | I feel jealous – I want what you have | '''Benign:''' Move up; improve one's position<br>'''Malicious:''' Tear down; reduce another's position |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]] | I feel thankful | Act prosocially; grow the relationship |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]] | I feel down about a poor outcome | Give up; helplessness |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]] | I feel sorrow for what I did | Undo a poor decision or behaviour |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]] | I feel optimistic about my future | Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] | I feel pleasure at your misfortune | Reinforce feelings of superiority |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]] | I feel with you | Act prosocially; help the other |- | [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]] | I feel caring towards you | Reduce suffering |} </div> ''Note''. The "I feel ..." descriptions represent the subjective experience of each emotion. Motivational urges indicate typical functions served by each emotion. Links go to Wikiveristy categories which list relevant [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. Adapted from Reeve (2024). ==Emotion matching exercise== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: Emotion matching''' [[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]] # Collaborate in pairs to discuss and complete the <!-- Handout: [[:File:20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise.pdf|20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]] --> [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OvG1jp1OBEGBzcDmL5W_yczXNGsqN43D_Zpdn9jHqsU 20 Emotion Matching Exercise] # Each pair completes two sheets: ## Find the emotion and category that matches the definition ## Find the definition and category that matches the emotion {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion== <ol> <li> What are your '''favourite''' or '''most interesting''' emotion(s)? Why?</li> <!-- <li> What emotions are '''missing'''?</li> --> <li> What is the difference between '''shame''', '''guilt''', and '''embarrassment'''?</li> <ol> <li> Shame and guilt both involve feeling bad about the standard of the self's behaviour</li> <li> However, shame is public; guilt is private (''shame in the courtroom''; ''guilt in the cell'')</li> <li> Shame focuses on the inadequacy of ''self''; guilt focuses on the poor ''behaviour''</li> <li> Embarrassment arises from innocent social blunder; it acknowledge this awareness and asks for forgiveness</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''pride''' and '''triumph'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve feeling good</li> <li> Pride is more personal, based on achievement</li> <li> Triumph is more social, based on competitive victory over others</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''pride'''?</li> <ol> <li> Authentic: Based on genuine achievement</li> <li> Hubristic/Narcissistic: Self-puffery; based on desire to be better/more dominant than others; undermines relationships</li> </ol> <li> What emotions are associated with these '''interpersonal scenarios'''?</li> </ol> {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" ! !'''I feel good because...''' !'''I feel bad because...''' |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''...other person feels good''' |[[w:compersion|compersion]], [[w:confelicity|confelicity]], empathy, [[wikt:freudenfreude|freudenfreude]], mudita, vicarious joy |envy, jealousy, gluckschmerz |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''...other person feels bad''' |arrogance, contempt, hate, narcissism, [[wikt:schadenfreude|schadenfreude]] |compassion, empathy, sympathy |} <ol start="6"> <li> What are the two types of '''envy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Benign: Focuses on self-improvement (''building up'')</li> <li> Malicious: Focuses on undermining another (''tearing down'')</li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''empathy''', '''compassion''', and '''sympathy'''?</li> <ol> <li> Empathy: Mirrors the feelings of another </li> <li> Compassion: Motivates action to help another </li> <li> Sympathy: Pitying of others; involves power </li> </ol> <li> What is the difference between '''disappointment''' and '''regret'''?</li> <ol> <li> Both involve experiencing a worse outcome than expected; the difference is the amount of perceived control</li> <li> Disappointment: Perceives that one's behaviour could not have lead to a different outcome</li> <li> Regret: Perceives that, had one's behaviour been different, a better outcome could have been achieved</li> </ol> <li> What are the two aspects of '''gratitude'''?</li> <ol> <li> Indebtedness <math>\rightarrow</math> Exchange-based relationship: If the receiver focuses on what was received (e.g., $50), then the receiver may feel indebted to repay, leading to an exchange-based relationship</li> <li> Care <math>\rightarrow</math> Communal relationship: If the receiver focuses on the giver (e.g., a friend), then the receiver may feel cared for and loved, leading to a communal relationship</li> </ol> <li> What is the opposite of '''hope'''?</li> <ol> <li> Fear</li> <li> Fear and hope are about expectations of the future</li> <li> Fear arises from a negative view of the future; hope arises from a positive view of the future <li> Also consider hopelessness / helplessness</li> </ol> </ol> ==Readings== * Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Recording== * [Tutorial 9] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ad82252fd3b942dab76549b587afdc21 Tutorial 9] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/805b463d37464601986875924da3588a Tutorial 9] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7ba704c041be4506b9b9176dd7063e9c Tutorial 9] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/30253ce91beb4a02907ddca89ab11a8d Tutorial 9 recording Pt 1] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/60135634ce83484482bf7a2ef8199bd0 Tutorial 9 recording Pt 2] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3d5dd6db621d4c309db303408bdcaa19 Tutorial 9 recording], 2021 * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1efcf556a5384d3586d2abc55a7b2109 Tutorial 9 recording], 2020 --> ==See also== <!-- ;Book chapters ;Wikipedia --> ;Lecture * [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Lecture) ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Time perspective|Time perspective]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024}} }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Evwgu369Jw Brené Brown on empathy] (YouTube; 2:53 mins) * [https://twentyonetoys.com/blogs/teaching-empathy/brene-brown-empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs sympathy (Dr Brené Brown)] (twentyonetoys.com) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/talkback-how-to-deal-with-guilt/102450958 How to deal with guilt] (Life Matters, ABC Radio National, 9 June, 2023) <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Embarrassment]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Shame]] ja7d63xrlb102zi5gmzjze5e50e3z6g 0 269370 2840018 2833228 2026-10-13T11:06:05Z James500 297601 /* Japan */ Add 2840018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} See also [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. See [[w:Category:Bibliographies of countries or regions]] and [[w:Category:Works about countries]]. This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of countries (including former countries). ==Countries== *Bateman and Egan (eds). The Encyclopedia of World Geography: A Country by Country Guide. 1993. Revised 1997. *Peter Stalker. Handbook of the World. 2000. A Guide to Countries of the World. (Oxford Guide to Countries of the World. 2nd Ed: 2004, 2nd Revised Ed: 2007 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GtztAAAAMAAJ], 3rd Ed: 2010 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gvKvfxkbZ1AC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook. Gale. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5etKAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p41OAAAAIAAJ] *Hutchinson Guide to Countries of the World [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgpjUe4kN_IC] *The World Guide: Global Reference, Country by Country. 11th Ed: 2007 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EoWoLgAACAAJ] *Spence. The World Today: A Nation-by-Nation Guide. Cassell. 1994. 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ub8qOQAACAAJ] *Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I0oYAQAAMAAJ] *Kurian. Encyclopedia of the World's Nations. Facts on File. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y1EnAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lz0RAQAAMAAJ] *Michael O'Mara. Facts about the World's Nations. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mygYAAAAIAAJ] *Status of the World's Nations. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sftEyRbAXMUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kw2U_Cg2gKYC&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *[[s:Author:John Alexander Hammerton|Hammerton, John Alexander]] (ed). Countries of the World. Published at the Fleetway House. 6 vols. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e6IaAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K5oaAQAAMAAJ] *[[s:Author:Robert Brown (1842-1895)|Brown, Robert]]. The Countries of the World. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nO0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP13#v=onepage&q&f=false] *A Morely Dell. The Countries of the World. (Harrap's New Geographical Series). 1932. (School certificate). Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oSS9PB_Jf7AC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BicVAAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5qBOAAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbwcAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sc1AAAAAIAAJ] General series: *National Geographic Countries of the World [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IT2wfzVIPykC] *Countries of the World. Evans Brothers. (GCSE) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a3sZvWc7E1EC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *One Europe. Longman. [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/west-germany-adapted-by-lj-russon-from-the-original-german-by-sylvia-lof-ingrid-mallberg-dietrich-rosenthal/oclc/561591761] *Collier's Nations of the World. The Nations of the World: An Historical Series. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VJY-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PP8#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Collier's History of Nations. The History of Nations. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fmSUfTY5E80C] *The Story of the Nations. T Fisher Unwin. *The World and Its Peoples. (The Illustrated Library of the World and Its Peoples). Greystone Press, New York. *World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oms5xjI7ba0C&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==England== ===Counties=== See [[s:Portal:Counties]] * Harrison, "County Bibliography" (1886) 3 Library Chronicle [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wz9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false 49] General series *Victoria County History *Oxford County Histories *Pinnock's County Histories *Shire County Guides. Shire Publications. *Cambridge County Geographies *Pike's New Century Series *[[s:Page:County Churches of Cornwall.djvu/6|County Churches]]. G Allen. Avon *Moore. Avon Local History Handbook. Phillimore. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h0kjAAAAMAAJ] Bibliography, p 102 Bedfordshire *Conisbee, Lewis Ralph. A Bedfordshire Bibliography. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. Bedford. 1962. Supplements 1967, 1971, 1978. Third supplement by Threadgill. Review: 6 Archives 52 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oOMZAAAAYAAJ]. See also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MjspAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PejgAAAAMAAJ] *Godber. History of Bedfordshire. 1969. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jdvwPQAACAAJ] *Pinnock. The History and Topography of Bedfordshire [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9bJYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Parry. Select Illustrations, Historical and Topographical, of Bedfordshire [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UTUJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Blyth. The History of Bedford and Visitor's Guide. 1873 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IuIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Cambridge County Geographies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kTc8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Buckinghamshire *Reed. A History of Buckinghamshire. 1993 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BtkWAQAAIAAJ] Cambridgeshire *Carter. History of the County of Cambridge [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jXpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Babington. Ancient Cambridgeshire [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DPrCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Devon *Ravenhill and Rowe. Devon Maps and Map-makers [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tjf2yAEACAAJ] *Wright. A Plea for a Devonshire Bibliography. 1885 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8ZUDAAAAQAAJ] Derbyshire *Woore. A Catalogue of Local Maps of Derbyshire, C.1528-1800. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oWmCMwEACAAJ] *O'Neal. A Bibliography of Derbyshire Lead Mining. 1961 Essex *Cunnington. Catalogue of Books, Maps and Manuscripts, relating to or connected with the County of Essex. 1902 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oIcqpibGE4MC] *"The Bibliography of Essex" (1882) 1 Antiquarian Magazine & Bibliographer [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dEkEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false 72]. See also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dEkEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q&f=false p 283]. *"The Bibliography of Essex" (1891) 5 The Essex Naturalist 30 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iIo1AQAAMAAJ] *Moon. Essex Literature. 1900. Review: 61 Literary World 438 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2T0ZAAAAYAAJ] See also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1Y4UAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C_pEAAAAMAAJ] *Fenn and Lowery, "An Essex Bibliography", Journal of the South West Essex Technical College, vols 2 & 3 *Victoria County History bibliography. 1959 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2EJAQAAIAAJ] *O'Leary, John Gerard. A Supplement to the Essex Bibliography. Dagenham. 1962. *A Bibliography of Essex Archaeology & History *Essex and Dagenham: A Catalogue of Books, Pamphlets and Maps. Dagenham. 1961 *Essex Archaeology and History: The Transactions of the Essex Society for Archaeological and History [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CtFAAAAAYAAJ] *Essex Naturalist: Being the Journal of the Essex Field Club *Wright. The History and Topography of the County of Essex [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SgQVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ogborne, The History of Essex [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IeVSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Suckling. Memorials of the Antiquities and Architecture, Family History and Heraldry of the County of Essex [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bcw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hunter, The Essex Landscape: A Study of Its Form and History [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w9kWAQAAIAAJ] *Cambridge County Geography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GPHa_X_0qo0C&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sokoll. Essex  Pauper Letters, 1731-1837 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rCLia7XlqtMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Morant. The History and Antiquities of Colchester in the County of Essex [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DDgtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Wallen. The History and Antiquities of the Round Church at Little Maplestead, Essex [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FPYVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kent *Smith. Bibliotheca Cantiana. 1837. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1dJDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11#v=onepage&q&f=false] Leicestershire *Kirkby, C V (compiler). Catalogue of the books, pamphlets, &c., relating to Leicestershire in the Central Reference Library. Leicester Free Public Libraries. 1893. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3boqAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UcHnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA728#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Leicestershire and Rutland Bibliography, 1963-65 (1966) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-OhVAAAAYAAJ 40] Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society: Transactions (1964/5) 92. Available as pdf from University of Leicester. *Leicestershire and Rutland Bibliography, 1961-63. Available as pdf from University of Leicester. *Leicestershire and Rutland Bibliography, 1960-61. Available as pdf from University of Leicester. *A Bibliography of the Small Towns in Leicestershire and Rutland, 1600–1850. (Dissertation). [https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/educational_resource/A_bibliography_of_the_small_towns_in_Leicestershire_and_Rutland_1600_1850/9414200] *Loughborough's Heritage: A Bibliography of the Holdings of Leicestershire Libraries and Information Service and Record Office. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bwx2zgEACAAJ] *Keith Ambrose and Frank Williams, "Bibliography of the Geology of Leicestershire and Rutland: Part 2: 1971-2003" (2004) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=U-tQAQAAIAAJ 16] The Mercian Geologist 5. Available as pdf from East Midlands Geological Society. *Parsons and Brandwood. A Bibliography of Leicestershire Churches. 1978. *Education in Leicestershire: A Bibliography. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X6EfzQEACAAJ] Sussex *Brent, Fletcher and McCann. Sussex in the 16th and 17th Centuries: A Bibliography. 2nd Ed [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I7UtAAAAYAAJ] *Farrant. Sussex in the 18th and 19th Centuries: A Bibliography. 1st Ed: 1973, 2nd Ed: 1977 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MLUtAAAAYAAJ], 3rd Ed: 1979 ==France== Bibliography: *Bibliographie de la France. Commentary: Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, vol 37, supplement 2, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=10rgjNvOV8oC&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false p 145]; The Bookseller, 6 January 1881, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4dsiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false p 10]; Stein, Manuel de bibliographie générale, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lJYPyKjV1qYC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false p 23]. *Girault de Saint-Fargeau. Bibliographie historique et topographique de la France. 1845 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kClB9CQNZoMC&pg=PP9#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Catalogue d'une collection d'ouvrages sur l'histoire des provinces de la France. 1842 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qQBX5WZouzAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Landscape: *Beaujeu-Garnier. France. (The World's Landscapes). 1975. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nwxDAQAAIAAJ] Agenais: *Andrieu. Bibliographie générale de l’Agenais et des parties du Condomois et du Bazadais. 1886 to 1891. Reprinted 1969. Alsace: *Ristelhuber. Bibliographie alsacienne. 1869 to 1873 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mhLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP13#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliographie alsacienne: Revue critique des publications concernant l'Alsace. 1918 to 1936 *Ritter. Répertoire bibliographique des livres imprimés en Alsace aux XVe et XVIe siècles [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DewaAQAAMAAJ] Angoumois: *Castaigne. Essai d'une bibliothèque historique de l'Angoumois, ou Catalogue raisonné des principaux ouvrages qui traitent des différentes branches de l'histoire de cette province. 1847 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R-UanmmlvAEC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Anjou: *Braguier and Braguier. Archéologie en Anjou: bibliographie. 1984 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LvsmAQAAIAAJ] Auvergne: *Gonot. Catalogue des ouvrages imprimés et manuscrits concernant l'Auvergne, extrait du catalogue général de la Bibliotlèque de Clermont-Fd (Puy-de-Dome). 1849. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yCFtbObRCbUC&pg=PP13#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Catalogue des livres et estampes concernant l'ancienne Province d'Auvergne (Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal, Haute-Loire) réunis par feu M. G. Desbouis. 1865. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ui4S8_D0N74C&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Béarn *"Bibliographie Béarnaise", Revue de Pau et du Béarn [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FuZnAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FQYqvPo9D9IC&pg=PA158#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RL9VAAAAYAAJ] Brittany *Sacher. Bibliographie de la Bretagne, ou Catalogue général des ouvrages historiques, littéraires et scientifiques parus sur la Bretagne, avec la liste des revues publiées en cette province, les prix approximatifs des volumes rares, etc. 1881 [https://archive.org/details/bibliographiede00sach] Burgundy: *Milsand. Bibliographie bourguignonne; ou, Catalogue méthodique d'ouvrages relatifs à la Bourgogne: Sciences - Arts - Histoire. 1885 [https://archive.org/details/bibliographiebo00milsgoog] [https://archive.org/details/bibliographiebo00sciegoog] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CxIIAAAAQAAJ] *Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque royale des ducs de Bourgogne. 1842 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX5MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *The Companion Guide to Burgundy [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NraRP0AkDT0C&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lecat. The Golden Book of Burgundy. (The Golden Book) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FyzR9qU1Zl4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Gwynn. Burgundy: With Chapters on the Jura and Savoy. (Kitbag Travel Books). 1935 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ny1LAAAAMAAJ] *Bazin. Wonderful Burgundy. 1988. 1997 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yt1CRdICWCUC] *Bailey. Burgundy. (Insight Guides). 1993 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q69a1dMW2NQC] *Dunlop. Burgundy. Hamilton.1990 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S_1OAAAAMAAJ] Champagne: *Lhermitte. Ouvrages sur la Champagne: contribution à la bibliographie champenoise. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jbPfAAAAMAAJ] Dauphiné: *Mélanges biographiques et bibliographiques relatifs à l'histoire littéraire du Dauphiné par Colomb de Batines et Ollivier Jules. 1837 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2F5MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Lorraine: *Bibliographie lorraine. Académie nationale de Metz [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n-DfAAAAMAAJ] Maine: *Desportes. Bibliographie du Maine, précédée de la description topographique et hydrographique du diocése du Mans, Sarthe et Mayenne. 1844. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hSk-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Normandy: *Frère. Manuel du bibliographe Normand ou dictionnaire bibliographique et historique. 1858 to 1860. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dp6geJClg1YC&pg=PP13#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1] ==Japan== Bibliography and literature *Hideo Kaneko. "Japanese Literature and Bibliography". Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Marcel Dekker. 1977. vol 21. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H1pNvzr_n98C&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false 131] to 176. Bibliography *Jozef Rogala. A Collector's Guide to Books on Japan in English: An Annotated List of Over 2500 Titles with Subject Index. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7KI9ao-w2FEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ria Koopmans-de Bruijn. Area Bibliography of Japan. (Scarecrow Area Bibliographies). Scarecrow Press. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hlx2OMjgUi0C&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Frank Joseph Shulman. Japan. (World Bibliographical Series, vol 103). Clio Press. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LsoUAQAAIAAJ] *Eibun Nihon Kankei Tosho Mokuroku, 1945-1981. (Japanese: 英文日本関係図書目録, 1945-1981). (English: Catalogue of Books in English on Japan, 1945-1981). Japan Foundation. Tokyo. 1986. *Japan: analytical bibliography: with supplementary research aids: and selected data on Okinawa . . . Department of the Army. Washington. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h4d4nYxrxtMC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Books on Japan in Western Languages. The International Christian University Library. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2bQAAAAMAAJ] *Books on Japan: A List of Acquisitions, 1955-1970. International House of Japan Library. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F8sWAQAAIAAJ] *Fukuda. Union Catalog of Books on Japan in Western Languages. 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HKYyAQAAIAAJ] *A Classified List of Books in Western Languages Relating to Japan. University of Tokyo Press. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=U8MUAQAAIAAJ] *Katsuji Yabuki (ed). Japan Bibliographic Annual. Published by the Hokuseido Press for the Japan Writers Society. 1956 and 1957. **Japan Bibliographic Annual 1956. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9XLQAAAAMAAJ] **Japan Bibliographic Annual 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vesSAAAAIAAJ]. Reviews: (1957) 13 Monumenta Nipponica 166 (April-July) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8S1yb-iwrOwC] (1957) 25 The Oriental Economist 212 (April) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QELoAAAAMAAJ] *Haring. Books on Japan: A Reference List. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RbDoAAAAMAAJ] *Borton. A Selected List of Books and Articles on Japan in English, French, and German. 1940: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YYIsAAAAYAAJ]. Revised and enlarged. Harvard University Press. 1954: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F8O2VwJUPUkC]. **A Selected List of Books on Japan in Western Languages (1945-1960). (Studies on Asia Abroad, vol 1). The Information Centre of Asian Studies, The Toyo Bunko. 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i1_QAAAAMAAJ] *Oskar Nachod. Bibliography of the Japanese Empire 1906-1926. 1928. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0001oska/page/n8/mode/1up vol 1]. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002oska/page/n6/mode/1up vol 2]. *Fr. von Wenckstern. A Bibliography of the Japanese Empire: being a Classified List of All Books, Essays and Maps in European Languages relating to Dai Nihon (Great Japan) published in Europe, America and in the East from 1859-93 . . . 1895. vol 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dcVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v7lO4ddqDywC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Volume 2, from 1894 to the middle of 1906. 1907. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002frvo/page/n6/mode/1up] *Hyman Kublin. What Shall I Read on Japan? An Introductory Guide. Japan Society, New York. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yRRUAAAAYAAJ] Japanese studies *An Introductory Bibliography for Japanese Studies. The Japan Foundation. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=53O6AAAAIAAJ] *Richard Perren. Japanese Studies from Pre-History to 1990: A Bibliographical Guide. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CN9RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. "Bibliographies" at pp 1 to 3. *K.B.S. Bibliography of Standard Reference Books for Japanese Studies, with Descriptive Notes. University of Tokyo Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=95wbAAAAMAAJ] *[[w:en:Monumenta Nipponica|Monumenta Nipponica]] *[[w:en:Japan Forum|Japan Forum]]. British Association for Japanese Studies. [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjfo20] *Japanese Studies. Japanese Studies Association of Australia. ISSN 1037-1397. [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/cjst20] *[[w:en:The Journal of Japanese Studies|The Journal of Japanese Studies]]. University of California Press. *Nichibunken Newsletter. [[w:en:International Research Center for Japanese Studies|International Research Center for Japanese Studies]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5TnjAAAAMAAJ] [https://www.nichibun.ac.jp/en/publications/data/news/] [https://newsletter.nichibun.ac.jp/en/] History and culture *John W Dower. Japanese History & Culture from Ancient to Modern Times: Seven Basic Bibliographies. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NX67AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. "Bibliographies & Research Guides" at chapter 6. Research guides *Mindy L Kotler. Information Gathering on Japan: A Primer. Search Associates. 1988. ISBN 9780962546006. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/zh-cn/title/Information-gathering-on-Japan-Joho-:-a-primer/oclc/20530148]. Review: (1989) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NZLiAAAAMAAJ 27] Choice 82 Encyclopedias See also [[w:ja:Japanese encyclopedias]] *Louis Frédéric. [[w:Japan Encyclopedia|Japan Encyclopedia]]. Translated by Käthe Roth. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Louis Frédéric. Le Japon: Dictionnaire et Civilisation. Robert Lafont. Paris. 1996. ISBN 2-221-06764-9. *Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha. 1993. **Japan: Profile of a Nation. Kodansha. 1995. Revised Edition. 1999. *[[w:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan|Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan]]. 1983. Supplement. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WvApAQAAMAAJ] *Dorothy Perkins. Encyclopedia of Japan: Japanese History and Culture, from Abacus to Zori. Facts on File. A Roundtable Press Book. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JLKGAAAAIAAJ] *Pictorial Encyclopedia of Modern Japan. Gakken. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0FgKAQAAIAAJ] *Boye Layfayette De Mente. Japan Encyclopedia. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f9c7AAAAMAAJ] **Boye De Mente. Everything Japanese. [The Authoritave Reference on Japan Today]. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Duku89bARgoC] Biographical dictionaries *Wispelway. Japanese Biographical Index [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4UkhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Seiichi Iwao. Biographical Dictionary of Japanese History. Kodansha International. 1978.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TkQOAQAAMAAJ] *Senʼichi Hisamatsu. Biographical Dictionary of Japanese Literature. Kodansha International. 1976. [https://books.google.com/books?id=X3lkAAAAMAAJ] *Yutaka Tazawa (ed). Biographical Dictionary of Japanese Art. Kodansha International. 1981. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ozrAAAAMAAJ] *Japan Biographical Encyclopedia & Who's Who. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lV_VAAAAMAAJ 25] Contemporary Japan 280 **Japan Biographical Encyclopedia & Who's Who (2nd Edition) 1961. The Japan Biographical Research Department, The Rengo Press Ltd. Preface dated October 1960. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-SZSAAAAMAAJ] ***1961 Supplement. December 1961. *Shunjiro Kurita. Who's Who in Japan. [https://archive.org/details/WhosWhoInJapan1913/page/n24/mode/1up 2nd Ed]. Reference books *Nihon No Sanko Tosho. Volume 1: 1965. Volume 2: 1972. **Guide to Japanese Reference Books. American Library Association. Chicago. 1966: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0rflAAAAMAAJ]. Supplement. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j05_F9OHzkQC]. Commentary: Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, vol 21, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H1pNvzr_n98C&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q&f=false p 149]. Media *[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15217593 Japan media guide]. News. BBC. 20 March 2023. *Masaaki Kasagi. Mass Media in Japan. (Orientation seminars on Japan, number 14). 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=odkgAAAAIAAJ] *Routledge Handbook of Japanese Media [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zilKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Publishers *[https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-book-news/article/99729-get-to-know-these-japanese-publishing-companies.html Get to Know These Japanese Publishing Companies]. Publishers Weekly. 20 February 2026. Press and journalism *[https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2025/japan Japan]. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. 17 June 2025. *Marjane Aalam and Philippe Régnier. The Japanese Press and Information System. The Graduate Institute of International Studies. Geneva. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RTcbAQAAIAAJ] *The Japanese Press: Past and Present. Japan Newspaper Publishers' and Editors' Association. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5tcQAAAAIAAJ 1949]. *Anthony Rausch. Japanese Journalism and the Japanese Newspaper: A Supplemental Reader. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZrToQEACAAJ] *Frank L Martin. The Journalism of Japan. 1918. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ruYzAQAAMAAJ] *William De Lange. A History of Japanese Journalism. Japan Library. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rd5tb0cuz8QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kanesada Hanazono. The Development of Japanese Journalism. Osaka. 1924. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z99ZAAAAMAAJ] *Kanesada Hanazono. Journalism in Japan and Its Early Pioneers. 1926. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IGTFfLc4bq0C] *César Castellvi. A Sociology of Journalism in Japan: The Last Empire of the Press. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a2z8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false] *"Japan". Christopher H Sterling (ed). Encyclopedia of Journalism. A Sage Reference Publication. 2009. ISBN 9780761929574. vol 3. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZQhDq8fPj2IC&pg=PA809#v=onepage&q&f=false 809] to 815. Press annuals *The Japanese Press. (Nihon Shinbun Kyokai). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AfvyAAAAMAAJ 1979] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Au3yAAAAMAAJ 1998] Summaries of the press *Daily Summary of Japanese Press Foreign correspondents *Foreign Correspondents in Japan: Reporting a Half Century of Upheavals, from 1945 to the Present. Tuttle. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YI3TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *G Raymond Nunn (comp). Japanese Periodicals and Newspapers in Western Languages: An International Union List. Mansell. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jEROAQAAIAAJ] *Japan Periodicals. Keizai Koho Center. 3rd Ed [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ATm0AAAAIAAJ]. Japan Periodicals, 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PkMyAAAAMAAJ] *Japanese Periodicals Index **Humanities and Social Sciences [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nXX_RpPGf3AC] **Natural Sciences [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FCJIAAAAYAAJ] *Current Japanese Periodicals [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FjO5AAAAIAAJ] *Check-list of Japanese Periodicals Held in British University and Research Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VZgsAAAAYAAJ] *Union List of Current Japanese Periodicals in the East Asian Libraries of Columbia, Harvard, Princeton, and Yale Universities. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yw7kAAAAMAAJ] *List of Japanese Periodicals in the Library of the School of Oriental & African Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RREjAQAAIAAJ] *Gianni Simone. [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2011/04/26/issues/english-mags-approach-milestone-crossroads/ English mags approach milestone, crossroads]. The Japan Times. 26 April 2011. *Japan Report (1955 onwards) (Consulate General of Japan, Japan Information Center). Vol 39 published in 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MX4BN_frv4IC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] editions:jYuMSMIQC-AC **Japan Information *Japan Now [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nul7DRQaexMC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Japan Quarterly. (Asahi Shimbun). 1954 to 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nZMMAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_RwVAAAAMAAJ] 189 issues. *Japan Illustrated: The Japan Times Quarterly [Pictorial] Magazine (October 1963 to Summer 1977) 15 vols [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D7UThOmE8T4C] *[[w:Japan Spotlight|Japan Spotlight]]. Economy, Culture & History: Japan Spotlight: Bimonthly. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ] *Focus Japan. (Japan External Trade Organization, JETRO). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2fG2hsEZpRkC] *The Japan Journal [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2V3hAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CJwoAQAAMAAJ] *Japan Magazine. Muromachi Publicity Corporation. (vols 1 to 5: 1957 to 1963). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Swd18PnVeUgC] *The Japan Magazine: A Representative Monthly of Things Japanese [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ubGKo-p6O_0C] [https://archive.org/details/jm-1914-v4.9-5.2/mode/1up] *Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B75nnph5qHgC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Bulletin. [Bulletin of the Japan Society, London.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Pd9KvyhnpjMC] **The Japan Society of London Bulletin [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxlxAAAAMAAJ] *About Japan. Japan Society, New York. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nf5OAQAAIAAJ] **News Bulletin [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QcA3AQAAIAAJ/page/n2/mode/1up] *[[w:en:Metropolis (free magazine)|Metropolis]] (metropolisjapan.com) *[[w:en:Tokyo Weekender|Tokyo Weekender]] (トーキョー・ウィークエンダー) [https://www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/news-and-opinion/nhk-world-features-the-tokyo-weekender-magazine/] *The Japan Gazette [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WSopAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *The Tokio Times [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UDfiFBu0vB4C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:en:Look Japan|Look Japan]]. (Look Japan Ltd). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QnO6AAAAIAAJ]. Commentary: Gale Directory of Publications and Broadcast Media [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ve4dAQAAMAAJ] *[[w:en:Japan Echo|Japan Echo]]. 1974 to 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cmq6AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fpmEPpl-85UC] *PHP Intersect. (Where Japan Meets Asia and the World). PHP Institute. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i74TAQAAMAAJ] **Intersect Japan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sL8TAQAAMAAJ] *Japan Digest [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8AcOAQAAMAAJ] *Speaking of Japan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=U7S0AAAAIAAJ]. [Speeches.] *The Hansei Zasshi: A Monthly Magazine [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6qBhfHZo7Q0C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dyIsvnYjpwEC&pg=PP6#v=onepage&q&f=false] **The Orient. 1899 onwards [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nS1omYYnnd4C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Today's Japan. Orient/West Incorporated. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g2ASAAAAMAAJ] *Japan Review: Bulletin of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GggOAQAAMAAJ] *[https://www.bloomberg.com/account/newsletters/next-japan Next Japan]. Bloomberg. *Niponica. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X2scKgfQS5oC] Newspapers See also [[w:List of newspapers in Japan]] *Haruhara Akihiko, "English-language newspapers in Japan" (1994) 41 Japan Quarterly [https://www.proquest.com/openview/8e2b760f2a2fa37ba164ea675c095353/1 474] (Issue 4: October 1994) *James Charles Tanner. English Language Newspapers in Bakumatsu Japan. 1977. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bn2zgzZy_3oC] *[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/03/03/reference/newspapers-here-soldiering-on/ Newspapers here soldiering on]. The Japan Times. 3 March 2009. *[[w:The Japan Times|The Japan Times]] **The Japan Times: Weekly Edition [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KoQ-AQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yYQ-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Japan Daily Mail *Japan Weekly Mail *The Japan Chronicle **Weekly Edition [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vXdRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *The Japan News. (The Japan News by The Yomiuri Shimbun) **Yomiuri Japan News (from 1955) **The Yomiuri (from 1958) **The Daily Yomiuri (from 1970) *The Asahi Shimbun: Asia & Japan Watch. [https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/] **Asahi Evening News (from 1954) ***Tokyo Evening News (1952 to 1954) [https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000145073] *The Mainichi. [https://mainichi.jp/english/] **Mainichi Daily News (1922 to 2001) [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/27/business/worldbusiness/IHT-tech-briefstop-the-presses.html] [https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000144910] Sports newspapers; sports dailies *Louise do Rosario, "News-stand stars" in "Japan" (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T_GzAAAAIAAJ 155] [[w:en:Far Eastern Economic Review|Far Eastern Economic Review]], 24 to 31 December 1992, p 21 *[[w:ja:岡崎満義|Mitsuyoshi Okazaki]], "Unsportsmanlike Journalism: Japan's sports dailies may be popular, but are they sporting?" in "Sport", [[w:en:Look Japan|Look Japan]], [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lD3tAAAAMAAJ January 1995], p 39 News *[[w:en:Japan Today|Japan Today]] (ジャパントゥデイ). GPlusMedia. Gakken Holdings. Annuals and year books *This is Japan. Asahi Shimbun. 1954 to 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2X9DAQAAIAAJ]. Commentary: A Victorian Sailor's Grave in the Seto Inland Sea, p 244 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OegkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false] *The Japan Year Book. The Japan Year Book Office. 1905 onwards. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_arFPAAAAMAAJ/page/n10/mode/1up 1906]. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553496/page/n27/mode/1up 1915]. *The "Japan Gazette" Japan Year Book. The Japan Gazette. [https://archive.org/details/japan-year-book-1913-1914/page/n15/mode/1up 1913-14] *The Japan Times Year Book *New Japan. Mainichi Newspapers. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gRFCAQAAIAAJ] Almanacs *Asahi Shimbun Japan Almanac. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SEEEAQAAIAAJ 1995]. *Japan Almanac. (The Mainichi Newspapers). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ufAIAQAAIAAJ 1972]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X4eXWRkbtFsC 1973]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7rMrAAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=krMrAAAAIAAJ] *[[w:Boyé Lafayette De Mente|Boye De Mente]]. Passport's Japan Almanac. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=741wAAAAMAAJ] General *Japan: A Country Study. (Area Handbook series). 4th Ed: 1983: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HkM5N3JNc5IC]. 5th Ed: 1992: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ze-wupXxpvEC] *Area Handbook for Japan. 2nd Ed: 1964: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WucdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LG2aoq1U_eoC&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] (DA Pam 550-30). *Colin Simpson. Picture of Japan. **Japan: An Intimate View. A S Barnes. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3hkeAAAAMAAJ] **This is Japan. Angus & Robertson. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HJEJAQAAIAAJ] *Japan. (The World and Its Peoples). Greystone Press, New York. 1964. Volume 1: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yysUAQAAMAAJ]. Volume 2 "Japan Korea", including Korea: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQAUAQAAMAAJ]. See pp 1 to 375 for Japan, and pp 376 to 379 for Ryukyu and Bonin Islands. *Japan. (World and its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, volume 8). Marshall Cavendish. 2008. ISBN 9780761476412. *Edward Seidensticker. This Country, Japan. Kodansha International. 1979. ISBN 9780870112294. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88wwAQAAIAAJ] *Hall and Beardsley. Twelve Doors to Japan. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0KpxAAAAMAAJ] *"Japan". Louis Barron (ed). "Asia & Australasia". Moshe Y Sachs (ed and pub). Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Worldmark Press, Inc. Harper & Row New York. 1963. pp 145 to 160. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I0oYAQAAMAAJ] **"Japan". Asia & Oceania. 7th Ed: 1988. ISBN 0-471 62406-3. vol 4. pp 153 to 168. **"Japan". Asia & Oceania. 8th Ed: 1995. Gale Research Inc. ISBN 0-8103-9882-6. vol 4. pp 203 to 220. *James E Hoare. "Japan". East and Southeast Asia. The World Today Series 2023–2024. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3GfQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false 107] to 133. *Japan. (Library of Nations). Time Life Books. 1985. ISBN 0809453347. ISBN 0705408485. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1NJwcWAnboC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ui2CvuyM4JkC] Handbooks *Patrick Heenan (ed). The Japan Handbook. (Regional Handbooks of Economic Development). 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IMG2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Introduction *Introducing Japan Through Books: A Selected Bibliography. Public Information Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FvsyAQAAIAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vj0XAQAAMAAJ]. *Donald Ritchie. Introducing Japan. 1st Ed: 1978. Revised Ed: 1986. 6th printing: 1989: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FE-nxxoKayQC]. 2nd Revised Ed: 1990. 2nd printing: 1991: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hz4UAQAAIAAJ]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FMvT6m4SgIQC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Herschel Webb. An Introduction to Japan. Columbia University Press. 2nd Ed: 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YQ8MAQAAIAAJ]. *Introducing Modern Japan. A publication of the Japan Information and Culture Center, Embassy of Japan. Today and yesterday *Ray Downs. Japan Yesterday and Today. Praeger Publishers. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PwKxAAAAIAAJ] Today *Roger Buckley. Japan Today. Cambridge University Press. 3rd Ed [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=thyqBtJp2DcC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Contemporary *Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Japan. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfH3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2011#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Duncan McCargo. Contemporary Japan. 3rd Ed: 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8I5KEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jeff Kingston. Contemporary Japan: History, Politics, and Social Change since the 1980s. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=enJQZA3R4FMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] [Series] *Routledge Contemporary Japan Series Modern *Hugh Cortazzi. Modern Japan: A Concise Survey. Palgrave Macmillan. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cf--DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] The Japanese *Peter Tasker. The Japanese: Portrait of a Nation. 1989 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1N8ld78wwQC] **The Japanese: A Major Exploration of Modern Japan. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CW-6AAAAIAAJ] **Inside Japan: Wealth, Work and Power in the New Japanese Empire. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OJuAAAAMAAJ] *Edwin O Reischauer. The Japanese. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zrEqAAAAYAAJ] *Edwin O Reischauer and Marius B Jansen. The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BTPNlLIy2soC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Japaneseness *Ray T. Donahue (ed). Exploring Japaneseness: On Japanese Enactments of Culture and Consciousness. Ablex Publishing. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V_NwAAAAMAAJ] *Yoji Yamakuse. Japaneseness: A Guide to Values and Virtues. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tB0iDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Travel books *DK Eyewitness Travel: Japan. Reprinted with revisions. 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g2NaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. 2017: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vg15DQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Dodd and Richmond. The Rough Guide to Japan. 2nd Ed: 2001: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pRGq95ytWZoC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Frommer's Japan. 5th Ed: 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QC8mVyvPa8C]. *Fodor's Japan YYYY. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aH2Ow27HUQ0C 1986]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gTTf6nbv20C 1987]. 1988. **Fodor's YY Japan. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9QMHllzldlYC 91]. 92. 93. **Fodor's Japan. 13th Ed: 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cZxZAAAAYAAJ] *The New Official Guide: Japan. Japan Travel Bureau. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HoxxAAAAMAAJ] *Here is Japan. Asahi Broadcasting Corporation. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8QXRCTMNG7MC] *Japan. (Nagel Travel Guide Series, vol 32). 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QsbXAAAAMAAJ] *Clark. All the Best in Japan: with Manila, Hong Kong, and Macao. ("All the Best" series). 1959. Reprinted 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yUq4YaaryrwC]. Reviews: [https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1958/6/1/all-the-best-in-japan] (1958) 110 Travel 51 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UVwXAQAAMAAJ] 3 Bulletin of the Japan Society, London, No 11: June 1960, p 25 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oy74hRRXk4C] **All the Best in Japan and the Orient. 1967. Night *Taizo Fujimoto. The Nightside of Japan. T Werner Laurie. Essex Street, Strand, London. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/nightsideofjapan00fujirich/page/n6/mode/1up] Languages See [[Universal Bibliography/Languages/Japanese|Japanese]] Literature See [[Universal Bibliography/Literature#Japanese|Japanese literature]] Music See [[Universal Bibliography/Music#Japanese and Japan|Music of Japan]] Cinema See [[Universal Bibliography/Cinema#Japanese|Cinema of Japan]] Television See [[Universal Bibliography/Television#Japanese|Japanese television]] Culture See [[Universal Bibliography/Culture#Japanese|Culture of Japan]] ==Korea== *Korea Journal [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O6XfBexsp6gC] Bibliography and literature *Thomas H Kang. "Korean Literature and Bibliography". Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Marcel Dekker. 1977. vol 21. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H1pNvzr_n98C&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false 176] to 240. [[Category:Countries]] 2ayzyc0ueonmva75tvhsmxd7t1rsn74 10 273446 2839930 2274749 2026-10-12T22:38:49Z Koavf 147 2839930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice|'''This account has been [[Wikiversity:Blocking policy|blocked]] indefinitely from editing because their edits or pages they have created contain advertisements or promotional material.'''|image=Stop x nuvola.svg|thumb|left|45px}}<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]]</noinclude> jg708rgjz2pn6yctjtxhcklhp9glj84 0 276193 2840024 2817173 2026-10-13T11:35:52Z Jtneill 10242 + File:Empathy facial expression 2.png 2840024 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Images== <gallery> File:Emotion Categories.png File:Font Awesome 5 solid car-crash.svg File:Emotion Recognition Deficit.jpg <!-- File:Personality Question 7741.svg --> File:Emotion collage.png <!-- File:Scared Girl.jpg Good image but hands cover face, so can't see facial expression --> File:Fear facial expression.jpg File:Angry woman.jpg File:Disgust expression cropped.jpg File:Contempt.jpg <!-- File:PSM V36 D704 Facial expression of contempt.jpg --> File:Sad girl cropped.jpg File:Interest.jpg File:Happiness cropped.jpg File:Taunting 0001 cropped.jpg File:Daddy, what did You do in the Great War cropped.jpg File:Embarrassed woman.jpg File:US Navy 061224-N-9909C-009 A proud father and Sailor from the destroyer USS Halsey (DDG 97) holds his child for the first time.jpg File:Triumphant newlyweds.jpg File:Subtle envy.jpg File:Boy begging in Agra.jpg <!-- File:Wikimania Volunteers Gratitude Meetup P1050338 cropped.jpg File:1868 Renoir Summer anagoria cropped.jpg --> File:Regret cropped.jpg File:Hopeful child.jpg File:Schadenfreude.png <!-- File:Smug face cropped.jpg --> File:Empathy facial expression 2.png File:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-funeral-reaction cropped.jpg File:US specialist helping Afghan nomads cropped.jpg </gallery> [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]] 2n3r7kuwg3vhtvhoepz1kxk0xmfi525 0 294050 2839801 2606330 2026-10-12T12:41:37Z ~2026-54827-49 3112538 new tool 2839801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right | limit|limit=2}} There are many tools and techniques that can assist in making wise decisions. Many are described briefly here and are also described in more depth in the Wikiversity [[Thinking Tools|thinking tools]] course. Studying that course may be helpful. Become familiar with these tools and use them when they can assist in any particular situation. == Secondary Research == [[w:Secondary_research|Secondary research]] can help answer the question “What is already known about this problem?” This is often the first place to start understanding the problem better. Begin each collective decision-making session by expecting [[Virtues/Civility|civility]], [[Practicing Dialogue|practicing dialogue]], encouraging [[candor]], and inviting deliberation. Because so much information is readily available these days it makes sense to begin solving problems by searching available information. Useful information sources include: general [[w:Web_search_engine|web searches]] such as [[w:Google_Search|Google Search]], specialized web searches such as [[w:Google_Scholar|Google Scholar]], on-line [[w:Encyclopedia|encyclopedias]] such as [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] and [[w:Scholarpedia|Scholarpedia]]; [[w:Library|libraries]], [[w:Book|books]], [[w:Periodical_literature|periodicals]], [[w:Academic_journal|Academic journals]], [[w:News_media|News media]], [[w:Archive|archives]], [[w:Technical_standard|standards]], [[w:Code_of_law|written law]], [[w:Bibliographic_database|bibliographic databases]], and others. == Benchmarking == [[w:Benchmarking|Benchmarking]] can help us answer the question “How do they do that? The simplest approach to benchmarking is to identify some existing solution to your problem, or some related problem, and learn all you can from that solution. We benchmark every day when we ask friends to name their favorite restaurants, smartphone applications, books to read, or college to attend. More formal benchmarking efforts may follow a [[w:Benchmarking#Procedure|comprehensive procedure]]. Creative people claim, “Good artists copy; great artists steal.” We certainly don’t advocate theft, plagiarism, or isolation. We also don’t advocate reinventing the wheel, or ignorance. Begin with the best practice in mind. == Appreciative Inquiry == [[Thinking Tools#Appreciative Inquiry|Appreciative inquiry]] uses ways of asking questions and envisioning the future to foster positive relationships and build on the present potential of a given person, organization or situation. The most common model utilizes a cycle of four processes, which focus on what it calls: #DISCOVER: The identification of organizational processes that work well. #DREAM: The envisioning of processes that would work well in the future. #DESIGN: Planning and prioritizing processes that would work well. #DESTINY (or DEPLOY): The implementation (execution) of the proposed design.[15] The aim is to build – or rebuild – organizations around what works, rather than trying to fix what doesn't. Appreciative Inquiry practitioners describe this approach as a complement to [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. == Affinity Diagram == The [[Thinking Tools#Affinity Diagram|affinity diagram]] is a thinking tool used to organize ideas and data. It is sometimes referred to as the KJ Method. An affinity diagram gathers large amounts of language data originating as ideas, opinions, issues, solutions, etc., and organizes them into groupings based on natural relationships that become apparent and emerge from the data. It can be used as a useful starting point for groups working to better understand some problem space or solution space. == Tree Diagram == A [[Thinking Tools#Tree Diagram|tree diagram]] visually represents the hierarchical nature of some structure. It is useful to assess completeness and relationships of ideas, tasks, components, or other elements of a complex or composite system. A tree diagram can help to create a taxonomy of the topic being studied. It is often useful to use a tree diagram to further develop and analyze the information that results from creating an affinity diagram. A tree diagram provides an analytical representation that can complement the organic structure of an affinity diagram. A completed tree structure includes terminal nodes or leaf nodes at the lowest level of the hierarchy. These terminal nodes are clearly defined and cannot be usefully subdivided. The studying the Wikiversity curriculum on [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|Possibilities]] can help identify additional alternatives that the group can wisely consider. == Decision Matrix == A [[Thinking Tools#Decision Matrix|decision matrix]] organizes a systematic comparison of decision alternatives, based on identified decision criteria. It can help groups choose among a variety of proposed alternative solutions and narrow a list of options to a best choice. == Representation == As a design emerges, it can be represented in a variety of forms. These may include a [[w:Sketch_(drawing)|sketch]], narrative description, [[w:Specification_(technical_standard)|technical specifications]], [[w:Engineering_drawing|engineering drawings]], artistic drawings, physical models, [[w:Breadboard|breadboard]], [[w:Proof_of_concept|proof of concept]], [[w:Computer-aided_design|CAD]] models, [[w:Use_case|use case]] scenarios, [[w:Slide_show|graphic presentations]], video, [[w:Technology_demonstration|technology demonstrations]], or prototypes. == Decision Support Systems == A [[w:Decision_support_system|decision support system]] (DSS) is an [[w:Information_systems|information system]] that supports business or organizational [[w:Decision-making|decision-making]] activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance—i.e. unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Use appropriate decision support systems to inform group decisions. == Prediction Markets == [[w:Prediction_market|Prediction markets]] are open exchange markets where specific outcomes can be predicted using financial incentives. Essentially, they are exchange-traded markets created for the purpose of trading on the outcome of events. The [[w:Market_price|market prices]] can indicate what the crowd thinks the [[w:Probability|probability]] of the event is. == Charrette == A [[w:Charrette|charrette]] (sometimes called a design charrette) is an intense period of design or planning activity. The word charrette may refer to any collaborative process by which a group of designers draft a solution to a design problem, and in a broader sense can be applied to the development of public policy through dialogue between decision-makers and stakeholders. == Software Tools == A variety of software tools are available that can assist groups with collaborative decision-making processes. These include: * [[w:loomio|Loomio]] is decision-making software and web service designed to assist groups with collaborative, consensus-focused decision-making processes. It is a free software[3] web application, where users can initiate discussions and offer proposals. As the discussions progress to initiating a proposal, the group receives feedback through an updatable pie chart or other data visualizations. Loomio is primarily a web-based forum (with an optional email delivery interface) with tools to facilitate conversations and decision-making processes from starting and holding conversations to reaching outcome. * Polis is a real-time system for gathering, analyzing and understanding what large groups of people think in their own words, enabled by advanced statistics and machine learning.<ref>[https://pol.is/home Pol.is website].</ref> * True Causes is a free online deliberation and root-cause-analysis tool. Participants propose causes, clarify and cluster them, and vote on causal relationships; the system produces a shared causal map to identify root causes and evaluate proposed actions. It can run several groups on one question and merge their results, with free use for up to 100 participants.<ref>[https://www.truecauses.org/ True Causes website].</ref> == Dispute resolution == [[w:Dispute_resolution|Dispute resolution]] or dispute settlement is the process of resolving disputes between parties. The term dispute resolution is sometimes used interchangeably with conflict resolution. Several [[w:Alternative_dispute_resolution|options for dispute resolution]] exist, including [[w:Arbitration|arbitration]], [[w:Mediation|mediation]], [[w:Negotiation|negotiation]], and the [[w:Court|court system]]. == Summary and Conclusions == Become familiar with the wide variety of collective decision-making tools that are available. Use the tools most suitable to your situation. While coming to a collective decision is often difficult, keep in mind that panels of judges routinely decide on the winner of various [[w:Ice_dance|ice dancing]] competitions. If a group can decide on the best ice dance, your group can probably also come to a wise decision on the problems you are facing. == See Also == * This list of [[Thinking Tools/additional thinking tools|additional thinking tools]]. * This additional list of [[Solving Problems/Thinking tools|thinking tools]]. * The Wikiversity course on [[Transformational Communities]]. * The Wikiversity course on [[Open Space Technology]]. == References == <references/> {{Coming Together}} [[Category:Decision-making]] [[Category:Coming Together]] chpcis19senim9z3ena9bv87lv4edxz 0 301333 2839838 2833588 2026-10-12T16:33:39Z ~2026-54778-51 3112552 2839838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|Page contains speculative theories on physics and should not be taken as established science; wording needs to reflect exploratory research and should not be presenting unsupported conclusions as facts}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, called antired, antigreen, and antiblue. Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The "color charge" of quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and charge, but is related to its hidden internal degree of freedom. === Quantum vacuum === We can note two important qualities of the quantum vacuum: * Particles superconductor. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings is more than 30 billion light years, which means there are photons that are able to travel that distance without decreasing their speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum has a resistance equivalent to 0. * A tension. In order to allow waves, it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and under extreme repulsive forces to allow the universe expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|alt=QCD vacuum|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}}This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework consists of a quantum vacuum helping to transport matter without any friction (quarks joined and interacting through the strong nuclear force holding matter together, traveling into space as if it were a superconductor)p. As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of a single proton (the basic constituent of matter), where it exerts its nuclear force, which is in turn composed of two up-quarks and a down-quark bound by the gluon interaction. With these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', we’ll calculate its '''average interaction''' to create a '''contraction''' force in the vacuum. For this purpose, we can think about an elastic band (it would simulate the proton strong force with a size of 10^-15 meters) compressing two V-shaped sticks on its broadest side; if the sticks are sufficiently slippery and tense, the elastic band will slide to the narrower side. The more elastic bands, the more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them; equally, the more matter at the narrow end of the sticks, the more attraction at the top. We talk about unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Involved forces.''' {{center bottom}}This scheme would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, affecting each nucleon (protons and neutrons) in isolation. === Calculations === '''** ''Fig. 5''''' ''is the most important figure in the document;, it must be understood in order to continue. It has been positioned horizontally to be more intuitivee.'' The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' generated at one point on the Earth’s surface to create its gravitational acceleration (the space deformation), applying the formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law) with the following values: *The proton strong force is matched with the vertical force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The gravitational acceleration on our planet is matched with the acceleration down the plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamics interactions collected through classical physics[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalences in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. Convert variables to metric system considering a proton. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. === Quantum vacuum density === Dark matter could have its origins due '''to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), so some places in the universe can have lower or higher accelerations because of this effect; this means that  dark matter doesn’t really exist, which is estimated at 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most important related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', which is a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) where interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}We don’t really know the relation between the vacuum density and the strong nuclear force, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more vacuum concentration could expand quarks and modify all the relations 1.  Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>The strong force has a positive correlation when transforming its force; increasing F_p or m_p implies more acceleration. It acts as a spring to generate different tensions in space. In addition to historical reasons of rivalry between Newton and Hooke, Hooke’s law (elasticity constant) is the best and easiest approach to explain it, since this calculation is just at '''one point in space'''. The force (F_p) is proportional to the distance needed to extend or compress the spring.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} But in reality, the space deforms not proportionally, creating more acceleration near the accumulation of matter, behaving like an elastic material. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus or Young’s modulus, which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) depends on the force exerted by matter (σ) and the deformation at each point of the resulting vector (Ɛ). <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ'' ''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The force exerted by the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) and its relation to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The angle exerts force over large distances.''' {{center bottom}} This relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces their approach because of the electromagnetic extraction and its dispersion; therefore, we can speak of the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on the pressure changes (p) and volume (V).<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation for Earth calculations, but it must be associated with actual physics like general relativity (GR) or Einstein field equations (EFE), where matter bends space using an unknown tensor, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter over intricated energy density fields. Also, we can find other physics connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis, which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for observed properties of galaxies, having multiple observational evidences. Other properties such as volume viscosity, also called bulk viscosity, can be applied. ===Funcamental forces=== This is the new fundamental forces grouping:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is a new fundamental force because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Quantum vacuum unification == === Structure === We need a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of quantum fields and their different behaviors, like the constant motion of '''matter''', the travel of '''subatomic particles,''' and the '''electromagnetic field''' generation. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model proposed are polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, where each element is in continuous repulsion. Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which make up each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is made up of 3 quarks. The vacuum asymmetry maintains the speed of nucleons stable because repulsions and attractions from the whole part are equilibrated in the 3 spatial directions (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets); the average sum of all vector velocity forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0. For this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability prevents it. Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)'' This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) colors and anticolors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the outward vacuum forces, being the only thing bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Even the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a motion system between triplets, more similar to how matter works. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium.''' {{center bottom}}Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity are originated from the quantum vacuum magnetization and polarization in order to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have a mass or nucleon number related to their number of electrons, so nucleons should be able to extract and recover this energy as electromagnetism from each polarized container, helping to create electromagnetic bonds like the hydrogen bond to conform the chemical compounds (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, but only in a residual way. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction.''' {{center bottom}}Light has its own inertia; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second in water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium it’s embedded in), recovering its speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this basic frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spin speed (S_F) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated, but its stability prevents it. F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)'' These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Subatomic particles transportation.''' {{center bottom}}The particles’ escape angles are needed to conform the net, taking into account all the different containers’ positions in space (two different positions on each axis and its conjugates). Thus, we have the following groups per axis conformed by their unitary vectors (U): ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} These structures can help to build the Standard Model internal symmetries, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)'''; the Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the SU(3) group, where quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the SU(2) group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, U(1). This solution can '''accommodate the main types of motion''', being the first time that a nonlinear structure is theorized, solving the technical problems of '''renormalization''' in order to yield sensible answers to the strange behavior of quantum physics, such as the production of shapes related to the 4 dimensions (mainly tesseract shapes or hypercubes). Anyway, this is considered a hypothetical structure because the complete mathematical matrix has not been built, taking into account that any real section can be reconstructed in a stand-alone way. It's compatible with behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; ice rules in molecules with internal spins and geometric constraints that generate a periodic lattice; emerging patterns like fractals or crystal structures based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells… === Fundamental forces (Theory of Everything) === Considering the electromagnetic field as a flux extracted from the vacuum, it’s easy to guess that the final component between the strong force and the quantum vacuum is '''motion'''. The resulting scheme can be reduced to matter and energy in perpetual motion. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, creating all the energy necessary to provide motion to the whole matter, and everything begins to interact, provided by the "infinite" inertia that the quantum vacuum supplied. [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}Its properties, also determined by thermal radiation and pressure, could create the first conditions for life by helping to compact structures like the double helix in the chromosomes, considered to be the origin of biological homochirality (probably gained by the quantum superposition), giving rise to more complex structures like worms, with which we can share up to 70% of our DNA, being considered the evolutionary forerunner of most animals. Within this quantum vacuum structure, we even have some mathematical curiosities, such as having 5 faces per prism (5 + 5, decimal-handedness). But wondering about the future, if the scientific method is based on determinism and hidden variables don’t exist, we could consider an absolute determinism (neither chaos nor free will exists, being all pre-calculated) and overcome the resulting frustration by thinking of ways to break it, such as through overmuch information in the universe (all the photons from all the stars can’t be predetermined); this is the first cycle in the universe (so we start from a blank canvas); God (if we are an expression from the vacuum, there is something that can feel inside it); or we are a tool capable of breaking such determinism (the universe needs it). From now on, I only hope I have raised your consciousness level, offering you a better understanding of your environment… == Conclusions == In philosophy, '''Occam's razor''' (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts because they provide better results than more complex ones. This theory can explain behaviors such as: * Unification theory between the strong nuclear force and gravity, quarks motion, and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container implies a spin-based repulsion helping to its expansion, strong enough to avoid getting closer and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. In fact, the latest research on the expansion of more than 1.500 supernovas indicate that this expansion is also not uniform and changes with time, also calling into question the gravitational constant. * Black holes as a density break. The vacuum concentration becomes so strong that its repulsion can break the strong force bonds, generating their rupture and explosion, and leading to new internal concentrations (a black hole can vary from a nuclear density inside the Schwarzschild radius of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³). Photons, depending on the new container size, could be attracted because their field can interact with the vacuum. Neutrinos, regardless of whether it is a black hole, can escape if the container size is bigger than itself. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. It can correspond to the current theories about the false vacuum decay (a not so stable vacuum); also, the neutron decay can be seen as a small dominant space polarization that tends to create protons. * Gravitational time dilation. Each container is connected with spacetime; a bigger frame implies minor energy concentration, and the displacements in space imply less frames to pass through, which means less time. * These frames can be considered as the smallest units of time. This size has been attempted to be explained since Zenon's paradoxes (430 BC), dedicated mainly to the problem of the continuum and the relations between space, time, and motion, until nowadays with infinitesimal calculus, where a mathematical curve can be analyzed as if it were constituted by homogeneous separable points. * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space with spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies. Applying this conservation during the Big Bang, antimatter is not necessary to create it and could lead to less antimatter than 50% in the universe as expected (a small portion could have been generated during the explosion). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations in E = mc² to set the rest energy of matter, for example, we could obtain E = AF_p where A is the nucleons number. * Compatibility with light and matter interaction (QED), and the fact that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state or light refraction; as well as the wave function and Schrödinger and Dirac equations, describing how the state of a quantum system changes with time. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck referred to relativistic values, which may not be so accurate; for example, gamma rays which generally arise from the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, have one of the smallest wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the (real) strong force, has a correlation between quarks up and down that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as it was originally considered. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law or Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations for the electric field. * The unidirectional arrow of time… [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: These variables help to shape galaxies (like the golden spiral φ = 1,6180).''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. Here we will create a relativistic relation to extract the magnetic moment and check its behavior, independently of GEM equations. We can accelerate matter using a chamber with magnetic coils to transform as much matter as possible into energy as. We need a material with as much permeability in high magnetic fields as possible; pure iron can be a good reference, but we can consider some other materials with high permeability. The centripetal force will force matter outwards, so we need a magnetic field to keep its dimensions. We need sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and study how the vacuum is bent; it’s complex to concentrate kinetic energy at one point to obtain its potential energy. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of one disk in motion, taking the radius and a height of 50 cm, using iron with density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³, with the following mass: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Considering a maximum speed reached, we’ll compare its kinetic energy with the maximum energy that could be generated using a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' The energy calculated at the disk periphery can have a magnetic relation with its motion. Its charge (q) and magnetic field (B) are linked with its velocity, where v = qBr / m, so the energy generated can be calculated when a speed is reached in a relativistic approximation. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} Other variations at QCD have been observed, like at baryon resonances. Anyway, more studies are needed to check the real correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction / extraction / insertion, should be related to a change in density, but we don’t know the possible proton size variations in space to perform new calculations (we are dealing with very complex dynamic scales). It can be considered a highly problematic system. ==References== {{reflist|35em}}Hooke, R. (1678). ''Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies.'' Carnegie Mellon University''.'' <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> Newton, I. (1687). ''The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''. Smithsonian Libraries. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> Euler, L. (1755)''. Foundations of Differential Calculus.'' Springer Link. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> b86vk1tgniz0ubtupdxyug7jawgih4f 2839844 2839838 2026-10-12T16:49:51Z ~2026-54778-51 3112552 /* Strong nuclear force */ 2839844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it's controverial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, called antired, antigreen, and antiblue. Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The "color charge" of quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and charge, but is related to its hidden internal degree of freedom. === Quantum vacuum === We can note two important qualities of the quantum vacuum: * Particles superconductor. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings is more than 30 billion light years, which means there are photons that are able to travel that distance without decreasing their speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum has a resistance equivalent to 0. * A tension. In order to allow waves, it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and under extreme repulsive forces to allow the universe expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|alt=QCD vacuum|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}}This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework consists of a quantum vacuum helping to transport matter without any friction (quarks joined and interacting through the strong nuclear force holding matter together, traveling into space as if it were a superconductor)p. As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of a single proton (the basic constituent of matter), where it exerts its nuclear force, which is in turn composed of two up-quarks and a down-quark bound by the gluon interaction. With these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', we’ll calculate its '''average interaction''' to create a '''contraction''' force in the vacuum. For this purpose, we can think about an elastic band (it would simulate the proton strong force with a size of 10^-15 meters) compressing two V-shaped sticks on its broadest side; if the sticks are sufficiently slippery and tense, the elastic band will slide to the narrower side. The more elastic bands, the more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them; equally, the more matter at the narrow end of the sticks, the more attraction at the top. We talk about unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Involved forces.''' {{center bottom}}This scheme would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, affecting each nucleon (protons and neutrons) in isolation. === Calculations === '''** ''Fig. 5''''' ''is the most important figure in the document;, it must be understood in order to continue. It has been positioned horizontally to be more intuitivee.'' The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' generated at one point on the Earth’s surface to create its gravitational acceleration (the space deformation), applying the formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law) with the following values: *The proton strong force is matched with the vertical force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The gravitational acceleration on our planet is matched with the acceleration down the plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamics interactions collected through classical physics[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalences in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. Convert variables to metric system considering a proton. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. === Quantum vacuum density === Dark matter could have its origins due '''to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), so some places in the universe can have lower or higher accelerations because of this effect; this means that  dark matter doesn’t really exist, which is estimated at 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most important related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', which is a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) where interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}We don’t really know the relation between the vacuum density and the strong nuclear force, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more vacuum concentration could expand quarks and modify all the relations 1.  Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>The strong force has a positive correlation when transforming its force; increasing F_p or m_p implies more acceleration. It acts as a spring to generate different tensions in space. In addition to historical reasons of rivalry between Newton and Hooke, Hooke’s law (elasticity constant) is the best and easiest approach to explain it, since this calculation is just at '''one point in space'''. The force (F_p) is proportional to the distance needed to extend or compress the spring.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} But in reality, the space deforms not proportionally, creating more acceleration near the accumulation of matter, behaving like an elastic material. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus or Young’s modulus, which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) depends on the force exerted by matter (σ) and the deformation at each point of the resulting vector (Ɛ). <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ'' ''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The force exerted by the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) and its relation to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The angle exerts force over large distances.''' {{center bottom}} This relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces their approach because of the electromagnetic extraction and its dispersion; therefore, we can speak of the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on the pressure changes (p) and volume (V).<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation for Earth calculations, but it must be associated with actual physics like general relativity (GR) or Einstein field equations (EFE), where matter bends space using an unknown tensor, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter over intricated energy density fields. Also, we can find other physics connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis, which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for observed properties of galaxies, having multiple observational evidences. Other properties such as volume viscosity, also called bulk viscosity, can be applied. ===Funcamental forces=== This is the new fundamental forces grouping:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is a new fundamental force because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Quantum vacuum unification == === Structure === We need a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of quantum fields and their different behaviors, like the constant motion of '''matter''', the travel of '''subatomic particles,''' and the '''electromagnetic field''' generation. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model proposed are polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, where each element is in continuous repulsion. Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which make up each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is made up of 3 quarks. The vacuum asymmetry maintains the speed of nucleons stable because repulsions and attractions from the whole part are equilibrated in the 3 spatial directions (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets); the average sum of all vector velocity forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0. For this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability prevents it. Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)'' This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) colors and anticolors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the outward vacuum forces, being the only thing bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Even the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a motion system between triplets, more similar to how matter works. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium.''' {{center bottom}}Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity are originated from the quantum vacuum magnetization and polarization in order to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have a mass or nucleon number related to their number of electrons, so nucleons should be able to extract and recover this energy as electromagnetism from each polarized container, helping to create electromagnetic bonds like the hydrogen bond to conform the chemical compounds (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, but only in a residual way. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction.''' {{center bottom}}Light has its own inertia; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second in water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium it’s embedded in), recovering its speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this basic frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spin speed (S_F) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated, but its stability prevents it. F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)'' These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Subatomic particles transportation.''' {{center bottom}}The particles’ escape angles are needed to conform the net, taking into account all the different containers’ positions in space (two different positions on each axis and its conjugates). Thus, we have the following groups per axis conformed by their unitary vectors (U): ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} These structures can help to build the Standard Model internal symmetries, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)'''; the Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the SU(3) group, where quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the SU(2) group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, U(1). This solution can '''accommodate the main types of motion''', being the first time that a nonlinear structure is theorized, solving the technical problems of '''renormalization''' in order to yield sensible answers to the strange behavior of quantum physics, such as the production of shapes related to the 4 dimensions (mainly tesseract shapes or hypercubes). Anyway, this is considered a hypothetical structure because the complete mathematical matrix has not been built, taking into account that any real section can be reconstructed in a stand-alone way. It's compatible with behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; ice rules in molecules with internal spins and geometric constraints that generate a periodic lattice; emerging patterns like fractals or crystal structures based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells… === Fundamental forces (Theory of Everything) === Considering the electromagnetic field as a flux extracted from the vacuum, it’s easy to guess that the final component between the strong force and the quantum vacuum is '''motion'''. The resulting scheme can be reduced to matter and energy in perpetual motion. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, creating all the energy necessary to provide motion to the whole matter, and everything begins to interact, provided by the "infinite" inertia that the quantum vacuum supplied. [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}Its properties, also determined by thermal radiation and pressure, could create the first conditions for life by helping to compact structures like the double helix in the chromosomes, considered to be the origin of biological homochirality (probably gained by the quantum superposition), giving rise to more complex structures like worms, with which we can share up to 70% of our DNA, being considered the evolutionary forerunner of most animals. Within this quantum vacuum structure, we even have some mathematical curiosities, such as having 5 faces per prism (5 + 5, decimal-handedness). But wondering about the future, if the scientific method is based on determinism and hidden variables don’t exist, we could consider an absolute determinism (neither chaos nor free will exists, being all pre-calculated) and overcome the resulting frustration by thinking of ways to break it, such as through overmuch information in the universe (all the photons from all the stars can’t be predetermined); this is the first cycle in the universe (so we start from a blank canvas); God (if we are an expression from the vacuum, there is something that can feel inside it); or we are a tool capable of breaking such determinism (the universe needs it). From now on, I only hope I have raised your consciousness level, offering you a better understanding of your environment… == Conclusions == In philosophy, '''Occam's razor''' (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts because they provide better results than more complex ones. This theory can explain behaviors such as: * Unification theory between the strong nuclear force and gravity, quarks motion, and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container implies a spin-based repulsion helping to its expansion, strong enough to avoid getting closer and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. In fact, the latest research on the expansion of more than 1.500 supernovas indicate that this expansion is also not uniform and changes with time, also calling into question the gravitational constant. * Black holes as a density break. The vacuum concentration becomes so strong that its repulsion can break the strong force bonds, generating their rupture and explosion, and leading to new internal concentrations (a black hole can vary from a nuclear density inside the Schwarzschild radius of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³). Photons, depending on the new container size, could be attracted because their field can interact with the vacuum. Neutrinos, regardless of whether it is a black hole, can escape if the container size is bigger than itself. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. It can correspond to the current theories about the false vacuum decay (a not so stable vacuum); also, the neutron decay can be seen as a small dominant space polarization that tends to create protons. * Gravitational time dilation. Each container is connected with spacetime; a bigger frame implies minor energy concentration, and the displacements in space imply less frames to pass through, which means less time. * These frames can be considered as the smallest units of time. This size has been attempted to be explained since Zenon's paradoxes (430 BC), dedicated mainly to the problem of the continuum and the relations between space, time, and motion, until nowadays with infinitesimal calculus, where a mathematical curve can be analyzed as if it were constituted by homogeneous separable points. * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space with spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies. Applying this conservation during the Big Bang, antimatter is not necessary to create it and could lead to less antimatter than 50% in the universe as expected (a small portion could have been generated during the explosion). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations in E = mc² to set the rest energy of matter, for example, we could obtain E = AF_p where A is the nucleons number. * Compatibility with light and matter interaction (QED), and the fact that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state or light refraction; as well as the wave function and Schrödinger and Dirac equations, describing how the state of a quantum system changes with time. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck referred to relativistic values, which may not be so accurate; for example, gamma rays which generally arise from the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, have one of the smallest wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the (real) strong force, has a correlation between quarks up and down that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as it was originally considered. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law or Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations for the electric field. * The unidirectional arrow of time… [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: These variables help to shape galaxies (like the golden spiral φ = 1,6180).''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. Here we will create a relativistic relation to extract the magnetic moment and check its behavior, independently of GEM equations. We can accelerate matter using a chamber with magnetic coils to transform as much matter as possible into energy as. We need a material with as much permeability in high magnetic fields as possible; pure iron can be a good reference, but we can consider some other materials with high permeability. The centripetal force will force matter outwards, so we need a magnetic field to keep its dimensions. We need sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and study how the vacuum is bent; it’s complex to concentrate kinetic energy at one point to obtain its potential energy. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of one disk in motion, taking the radius and a height of 50 cm, using iron with density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³, with the following mass: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Considering a maximum speed reached, we’ll compare its kinetic energy with the maximum energy that could be generated using a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' The energy calculated at the disk periphery can have a magnetic relation with its motion. Its charge (q) and magnetic field (B) are linked with its velocity, where v = qBr / m, so the energy generated can be calculated when a speed is reached in a relativistic approximation. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} Other variations at QCD have been observed, like at baryon resonances. Anyway, more studies are needed to check the real correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction / extraction / insertion, should be related to a change in density, but we don’t know the possible proton size variations in space to perform new calculations (we are dealing with very complex dynamic scales). It can be considered a highly problematic system. ==References== {{reflist|35em}}Hooke, R. (1678). ''Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies.'' Carnegie Mellon University''.'' <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> Newton, I. (1687). ''The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''. Smithsonian Libraries. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> Euler, L. (1755)''. Foundations of Differential Calculus.'' Springer Link. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> 7n1pg3clipils0b3r1o2aoau5qlspg1 2839845 2839844 2026-10-12T16:50:32Z ~2026-54778-51 3112552 2839845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, called antired, antigreen, and antiblue. Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The "color charge" of quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and charge, but is related to its hidden internal degree of freedom. === Quantum vacuum === We can note two important qualities of the quantum vacuum: * Particles superconductor. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings is more than 30 billion light years, which means there are photons that are able to travel that distance without decreasing their speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum has a resistance equivalent to 0. * A tension. In order to allow waves, it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and under extreme repulsive forces to allow the universe expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|alt=QCD vacuum|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}}This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework consists of a quantum vacuum helping to transport matter without any friction (quarks joined and interacting through the strong nuclear force holding matter together, traveling into space as if it were a superconductor)p. As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of a single proton (the basic constituent of matter), where it exerts its nuclear force, which is in turn composed of two up-quarks and a down-quark bound by the gluon interaction. With these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', we’ll calculate its '''average interaction''' to create a '''contraction''' force in the vacuum. For this purpose, we can think about an elastic band (it would simulate the proton strong force with a size of 10^-15 meters) compressing two V-shaped sticks on its broadest side; if the sticks are sufficiently slippery and tense, the elastic band will slide to the narrower side. The more elastic bands, the more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them; equally, the more matter at the narrow end of the sticks, the more attraction at the top. We talk about unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Involved forces.''' {{center bottom}}This scheme would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, affecting each nucleon (protons and neutrons) in isolation. === Calculations === '''** ''Fig. 5''''' ''is the most important figure in the document;, it must be understood in order to continue. It has been positioned horizontally to be more intuitivee.'' The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' generated at one point on the Earth’s surface to create its gravitational acceleration (the space deformation), applying the formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law) with the following values: *The proton strong force is matched with the vertical force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The gravitational acceleration on our planet is matched with the acceleration down the plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamics interactions collected through classical physics[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalences in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. Convert variables to metric system considering a proton. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. === Quantum vacuum density === Dark matter could have its origins due '''to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), so some places in the universe can have lower or higher accelerations because of this effect; this means that  dark matter doesn’t really exist, which is estimated at 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most important related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', which is a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) where interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}We don’t really know the relation between the vacuum density and the strong nuclear force, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more vacuum concentration could expand quarks and modify all the relations 1.  Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>The strong force has a positive correlation when transforming its force; increasing F_p or m_p implies more acceleration. It acts as a spring to generate different tensions in space. In addition to historical reasons of rivalry between Newton and Hooke, Hooke’s law (elasticity constant) is the best and easiest approach to explain it, since this calculation is just at '''one point in space'''. The force (F_p) is proportional to the distance needed to extend or compress the spring.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} But in reality, the space deforms not proportionally, creating more acceleration near the accumulation of matter, behaving like an elastic material. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus or Young’s modulus, which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) depends on the force exerted by matter (σ) and the deformation at each point of the resulting vector (Ɛ). <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ'' ''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The force exerted by the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) and its relation to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The angle exerts force over large distances.''' {{center bottom}} This relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces their approach because of the electromagnetic extraction and its dispersion; therefore, we can speak of the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on the pressure changes (p) and volume (V).<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation for Earth calculations, but it must be associated with actual physics like general relativity (GR) or Einstein field equations (EFE), where matter bends space using an unknown tensor, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter over intricated energy density fields. Also, we can find other physics connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis, which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for observed properties of galaxies, having multiple observational evidences. Other properties such as volume viscosity, also called bulk viscosity, can be applied. ===Funcamental forces=== This is the new fundamental forces grouping:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is a new fundamental force because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Quantum vacuum unification == === Structure === We need a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of quantum fields and their different behaviors, like the constant motion of '''matter''', the travel of '''subatomic particles,''' and the '''electromagnetic field''' generation. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model proposed are polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, where each element is in continuous repulsion. Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which make up each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is made up of 3 quarks. The vacuum asymmetry maintains the speed of nucleons stable because repulsions and attractions from the whole part are equilibrated in the 3 spatial directions (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets); the average sum of all vector velocity forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0. For this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability prevents it. Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)'' This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) colors and anticolors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the outward vacuum forces, being the only thing bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Even the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a motion system between triplets, more similar to how matter works. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium.''' {{center bottom}}Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity are originated from the quantum vacuum magnetization and polarization in order to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have a mass or nucleon number related to their number of electrons, so nucleons should be able to extract and recover this energy as electromagnetism from each polarized container, helping to create electromagnetic bonds like the hydrogen bond to conform the chemical compounds (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, but only in a residual way. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction.''' {{center bottom}}Light has its own inertia; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second in water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium it’s embedded in), recovering its speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this basic frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spin speed (S_F) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated, but its stability prevents it. F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)'' These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Subatomic particles transportation.''' {{center bottom}}The particles’ escape angles are needed to conform the net, taking into account all the different containers’ positions in space (two different positions on each axis and its conjugates). Thus, we have the following groups per axis conformed by their unitary vectors (U): ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} These structures can help to build the Standard Model internal symmetries, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)'''; the Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the SU(3) group, where quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the SU(2) group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, U(1). This solution can '''accommodate the main types of motion''', being the first time that a nonlinear structure is theorized, solving the technical problems of '''renormalization''' in order to yield sensible answers to the strange behavior of quantum physics, such as the production of shapes related to the 4 dimensions (mainly tesseract shapes or hypercubes). Anyway, this is considered a hypothetical structure because the complete mathematical matrix has not been built, taking into account that any real section can be reconstructed in a stand-alone way. It's compatible with behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; ice rules in molecules with internal spins and geometric constraints that generate a periodic lattice; emerging patterns like fractals or crystal structures based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells… === Fundamental forces (Theory of Everything) === Considering the electromagnetic field as a flux extracted from the vacuum, it’s easy to guess that the final component between the strong force and the quantum vacuum is '''motion'''. The resulting scheme can be reduced to matter and energy in perpetual motion. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, creating all the energy necessary to provide motion to the whole matter, and everything begins to interact, provided by the "infinite" inertia that the quantum vacuum supplied. [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}Its properties, also determined by thermal radiation and pressure, could create the first conditions for life by helping to compact structures like the double helix in the chromosomes, considered to be the origin of biological homochirality (probably gained by the quantum superposition), giving rise to more complex structures like worms, with which we can share up to 70% of our DNA, being considered the evolutionary forerunner of most animals. Within this quantum vacuum structure, we even have some mathematical curiosities, such as having 5 faces per prism (5 + 5, decimal-handedness). But wondering about the future, if the scientific method is based on determinism and hidden variables don’t exist, we could consider an absolute determinism (neither chaos nor free will exists, being all pre-calculated) and overcome the resulting frustration by thinking of ways to break it, such as through overmuch information in the universe (all the photons from all the stars can’t be predetermined); this is the first cycle in the universe (so we start from a blank canvas); God (if we are an expression from the vacuum, there is something that can feel inside it); or we are a tool capable of breaking such determinism (the universe needs it). From now on, I only hope I have raised your consciousness level, offering you a better understanding of your environment… == Conclusions == In philosophy, '''Occam's razor''' (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts because they provide better results than more complex ones. This theory can explain behaviors such as: * Unification theory between the strong nuclear force and gravity, quarks motion, and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container implies a spin-based repulsion helping to its expansion, strong enough to avoid getting closer and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. In fact, the latest research on the expansion of more than 1.500 supernovas indicate that this expansion is also not uniform and changes with time, also calling into question the gravitational constant. * Black holes as a density break. The vacuum concentration becomes so strong that its repulsion can break the strong force bonds, generating their rupture and explosion, and leading to new internal concentrations (a black hole can vary from a nuclear density inside the Schwarzschild radius of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³). Photons, depending on the new container size, could be attracted because their field can interact with the vacuum. Neutrinos, regardless of whether it is a black hole, can escape if the container size is bigger than itself. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. It can correspond to the current theories about the false vacuum decay (a not so stable vacuum); also, the neutron decay can be seen as a small dominant space polarization that tends to create protons. * Gravitational time dilation. Each container is connected with spacetime; a bigger frame implies minor energy concentration, and the displacements in space imply less frames to pass through, which means less time. * These frames can be considered as the smallest units of time. This size has been attempted to be explained since Zenon's paradoxes (430 BC), dedicated mainly to the problem of the continuum and the relations between space, time, and motion, until nowadays with infinitesimal calculus, where a mathematical curve can be analyzed as if it were constituted by homogeneous separable points. * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space with spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies. Applying this conservation during the Big Bang, antimatter is not necessary to create it and could lead to less antimatter than 50% in the universe as expected (a small portion could have been generated during the explosion). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations in E = mc² to set the rest energy of matter, for example, we could obtain E = AF_p where A is the nucleons number. * Compatibility with light and matter interaction (QED), and the fact that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state or light refraction; as well as the wave function and Schrödinger and Dirac equations, describing how the state of a quantum system changes with time. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck referred to relativistic values, which may not be so accurate; for example, gamma rays which generally arise from the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, have one of the smallest wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the (real) strong force, has a correlation between quarks up and down that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as it was originally considered. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law or Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations for the electric field. * The unidirectional arrow of time… [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: These variables help to shape galaxies (like the golden spiral φ = 1,6180).''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. Here we will create a relativistic relation to extract the magnetic moment and check its behavior, independently of GEM equations. We can accelerate matter using a chamber with magnetic coils to transform as much matter as possible into energy as. We need a material with as much permeability in high magnetic fields as possible; pure iron can be a good reference, but we can consider some other materials with high permeability. The centripetal force will force matter outwards, so we need a magnetic field to keep its dimensions. We need sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and study how the vacuum is bent; it’s complex to concentrate kinetic energy at one point to obtain its potential energy. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of one disk in motion, taking the radius and a height of 50 cm, using iron with density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³, with the following mass: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Considering a maximum speed reached, we’ll compare its kinetic energy with the maximum energy that could be generated using a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' The energy calculated at the disk periphery can have a magnetic relation with its motion. Its charge (q) and magnetic field (B) are linked with its velocity, where v = qBr / m, so the energy generated can be calculated when a speed is reached in a relativistic approximation. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} Other variations at QCD have been observed, like at baryon resonances. Anyway, more studies are needed to check the real correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction / extraction / insertion, should be related to a change in density, but we don’t know the possible proton size variations in space to perform new calculations (we are dealing with very complex dynamic scales). It can be considered a highly problematic system. ==References== {{reflist|35em}}Hooke, R. (1678). ''Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies.'' Carnegie Mellon University''.'' <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> Newton, I. (1687). ''The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''. Smithsonian Libraries. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> Euler, L. (1755)''. Foundations of Differential Calculus.'' Springer Link. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> elosk7qc6566efa1e1gitteczy7kav7 2839851 2839845 2026-10-12T17:00:23Z ~2026-54778-51 3112552 2839851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|alt=QCD vacuum|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalences in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. Convert variables to metric system considering a proton. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. === Quantum vacuum density === Dark matter could have its origins due '''to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), so some places in the universe can have lower or higher accelerations because of this effect; this means that  dark matter doesn’t really exist, which is estimated at 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most important related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', which is a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) where interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}We don’t really know the relation between the vacuum density and the strong nuclear force, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more vacuum concentration could expand quarks and modify all the relations 1.  Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>The strong force has a positive correlation when transforming its force; increasing F_p or m_p implies more acceleration. It acts as a spring to generate different tensions in space. In addition to historical reasons of rivalry between Newton and Hooke, Hooke’s law (elasticity constant) is the best and easiest approach to explain it, since this calculation is just at '''one point in space'''. The force (F_p) is proportional to the distance needed to extend or compress the spring.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} But in reality, the space deforms not proportionally, creating more acceleration near the accumulation of matter, behaving like an elastic material. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus or Young’s modulus, which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) depends on the force exerted by matter (σ) and the deformation at each point of the resulting vector (Ɛ). <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ'' ''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The force exerted by the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) and its relation to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The angle exerts force over large distances.''' {{center bottom}} This relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces their approach because of the electromagnetic extraction and its dispersion; therefore, we can speak of the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on the pressure changes (p) and volume (V).<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation for Earth calculations, but it must be associated with actual physics like general relativity (GR) or Einstein field equations (EFE), where matter bends space using an unknown tensor, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter over intricated energy density fields. Also, we can find other physics connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis, which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for observed properties of galaxies, having multiple observational evidences. Other properties such as volume viscosity, also called bulk viscosity, can be applied. ===Funcamental forces=== This is the new fundamental forces grouping:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is a new fundamental force because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Quantum vacuum unification == === Structure === We need a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of quantum fields and their different behaviors, like the constant motion of '''matter''', the travel of '''subatomic particles,''' and the '''electromagnetic field''' generation. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model proposed are polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, where each element is in continuous repulsion. Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which make up each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is made up of 3 quarks. The vacuum asymmetry maintains the speed of nucleons stable because repulsions and attractions from the whole part are equilibrated in the 3 spatial directions (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets); the average sum of all vector velocity forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0. For this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability prevents it. Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)'' This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) colors and anticolors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the outward vacuum forces, being the only thing bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Even the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a motion system between triplets, more similar to how matter works. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium.''' {{center bottom}}Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity are originated from the quantum vacuum magnetization and polarization in order to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have a mass or nucleon number related to their number of electrons, so nucleons should be able to extract and recover this energy as electromagnetism from each polarized container, helping to create electromagnetic bonds like the hydrogen bond to conform the chemical compounds (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, but only in a residual way. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction.''' {{center bottom}}Light has its own inertia; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second in water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium it’s embedded in), recovering its speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this basic frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spin speed (S_F) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated, but its stability prevents it. F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)'' These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Subatomic particles transportation.''' {{center bottom}}The particles’ escape angles are needed to conform the net, taking into account all the different containers’ positions in space (two different positions on each axis and its conjugates). Thus, we have the following groups per axis conformed by their unitary vectors (U): ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} These structures can help to build the Standard Model internal symmetries, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)'''; the Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the SU(3) group, where quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the SU(2) group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, U(1). This solution can '''accommodate the main types of motion''', being the first time that a nonlinear structure is theorized, solving the technical problems of '''renormalization''' in order to yield sensible answers to the strange behavior of quantum physics, such as the production of shapes related to the 4 dimensions (mainly tesseract shapes or hypercubes). Anyway, this is considered a hypothetical structure because the complete mathematical matrix has not been built, taking into account that any real section can be reconstructed in a stand-alone way. It's compatible with behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; ice rules in molecules with internal spins and geometric constraints that generate a periodic lattice; emerging patterns like fractals or crystal structures based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells… === Fundamental forces (Theory of Everything) === Considering the electromagnetic field as a flux extracted from the vacuum, it’s easy to guess that the final component between the strong force and the quantum vacuum is '''motion'''. The resulting scheme can be reduced to matter and energy in perpetual motion. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, creating all the energy necessary to provide motion to the whole matter, and everything begins to interact, provided by the "infinite" inertia that the quantum vacuum supplied. [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}Its properties, also determined by thermal radiation and pressure, could create the first conditions for life by helping to compact structures like the double helix in the chromosomes, considered to be the origin of biological homochirality (probably gained by the quantum superposition), giving rise to more complex structures like worms, with which we can share up to 70% of our DNA, being considered the evolutionary forerunner of most animals. Within this quantum vacuum structure, we even have some mathematical curiosities, such as having 5 faces per prism (5 + 5, decimal-handedness). But wondering about the future, if the scientific method is based on determinism and hidden variables don’t exist, we could consider an absolute determinism (neither chaos nor free will exists, being all pre-calculated) and overcome the resulting frustration by thinking of ways to break it, such as through overmuch information in the universe (all the photons from all the stars can’t be predetermined); this is the first cycle in the universe (so we start from a blank canvas); God (if we are an expression from the vacuum, there is something that can feel inside it); or we are a tool capable of breaking such determinism (the universe needs it). From now on, I only hope I have raised your consciousness level, offering you a better understanding of your environment… == Conclusions == In philosophy, '''Occam's razor''' (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts because they provide better results than more complex ones. This theory can explain behaviors such as: * Unification theory between the strong nuclear force and gravity, quarks motion, and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container implies a spin-based repulsion helping to its expansion, strong enough to avoid getting closer and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. In fact, the latest research on the expansion of more than 1.500 supernovas indicate that this expansion is also not uniform and changes with time, also calling into question the gravitational constant. * Black holes as a density break. The vacuum concentration becomes so strong that its repulsion can break the strong force bonds, generating their rupture and explosion, and leading to new internal concentrations (a black hole can vary from a nuclear density inside the Schwarzschild radius of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³). Photons, depending on the new container size, could be attracted because their field can interact with the vacuum. Neutrinos, regardless of whether it is a black hole, can escape if the container size is bigger than itself. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. It can correspond to the current theories about the false vacuum decay (a not so stable vacuum); also, the neutron decay can be seen as a small dominant space polarization that tends to create protons. * Gravitational time dilation. Each container is connected with spacetime; a bigger frame implies minor energy concentration, and the displacements in space imply less frames to pass through, which means less time. * These frames can be considered as the smallest units of time. This size has been attempted to be explained since Zenon's paradoxes (430 BC), dedicated mainly to the problem of the continuum and the relations between space, time, and motion, until nowadays with infinitesimal calculus, where a mathematical curve can be analyzed as if it were constituted by homogeneous separable points. * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space with spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies. Applying this conservation during the Big Bang, antimatter is not necessary to create it and could lead to less antimatter than 50% in the universe as expected (a small portion could have been generated during the explosion). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations in E = mc² to set the rest energy of matter, for example, we could obtain E = AF_p where A is the nucleons number. * Compatibility with light and matter interaction (QED), and the fact that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state or light refraction; as well as the wave function and Schrödinger and Dirac equations, describing how the state of a quantum system changes with time. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck referred to relativistic values, which may not be so accurate; for example, gamma rays which generally arise from the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, have one of the smallest wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the (real) strong force, has a correlation between quarks up and down that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as it was originally considered. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law or Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations for the electric field. * The unidirectional arrow of time… [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: These variables help to shape galaxies (like the golden spiral φ = 1,6180).''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. Here we will create a relativistic relation to extract the magnetic moment and check its behavior, independently of GEM equations. We can accelerate matter using a chamber with magnetic coils to transform as much matter as possible into energy as. We need a material with as much permeability in high magnetic fields as possible; pure iron can be a good reference, but we can consider some other materials with high permeability. The centripetal force will force matter outwards, so we need a magnetic field to keep its dimensions. We need sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and study how the vacuum is bent; it’s complex to concentrate kinetic energy at one point to obtain its potential energy. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of one disk in motion, taking the radius and a height of 50 cm, using iron with density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³, with the following mass: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Considering a maximum speed reached, we’ll compare its kinetic energy with the maximum energy that could be generated using a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' The energy calculated at the disk periphery can have a magnetic relation with its motion. Its charge (q) and magnetic field (B) are linked with its velocity, where v = qBr / m, so the energy generated can be calculated when a speed is reached in a relativistic approximation. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} Other variations at QCD have been observed, like at baryon resonances. Anyway, more studies are needed to check the real correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction / extraction / insertion, should be related to a change in density, but we don’t know the possible proton size variations in space to perform new calculations (we are dealing with very complex dynamic scales). It can be considered a highly problematic system. ==References== {{reflist|35em}}Hooke, R. (1678). ''Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies.'' Carnegie Mellon University''.'' <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> Newton, I. (1687). ''The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''. Smithsonian Libraries. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> Euler, L. (1755)''. Foundations of Differential Calculus.'' Springer Link. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> 2yudgzqkkq959asb8vg15fx7uez14g9 2839858 2839851 2026-10-12T17:17:53Z ~2026-54778-51 3112552 all text 2839858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|alt=QCD vacuum|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> poo7aqlme3ixloso4rxli0ms7t9bnzj 2839860 2839858 2026-10-12T17:27:53Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|thumb|Cuantum Chromodynamics]] '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 6qt9yawpea3e23f5tinobtrwe73im7q 2839861 2839860 2026-10-12T17:30:25Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|thumb|Cuantum Chromodynamics]] '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center|}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> rlny0mqb8ietdndu15rm4i6rtotndyz 2839862 2839861 2026-10-12T17:31:40Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center|}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> n5pnvo8wxe6vtsvg8ojdc451w76qxhp 2839863 2839862 2026-10-12T17:35:32Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|500x500px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> gqmmymbnnnwl17l566fcbb9umlq3a1f 2839864 2839863 2026-10-12T17:39:20Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 36c4ggs2vbk72dgo21hathlz48b9l6y 2839865 2839864 2026-10-12T17:40:08Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|thumb|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> jmtwxfkcofe05x9b7bynaj17e3pqsjf 2839866 2839865 2026-10-12T17:41:02Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> ntd1z6gg4rlpv132aehhzre6g47vssb 2839867 2839866 2026-10-12T17:41:43Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|340x340px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> iaiez9rbec959qx01e5pjcbor8k4fbs 2839868 2839867 2026-10-12T17:42:23Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|400x400px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> j4sw2pdvqk7fo2axplon41m4v2p6vsn 2839869 2839868 2026-10-12T17:42:51Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> p8fpibp5qs6ea60qfi521rpn09hsqfu 2839870 2839869 2026-10-12T17:45:20Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton. <blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote>The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 71vhg3sk7v1dcf35ecvnxc933li4fu9 2839873 2839870 2026-10-12T17:49:00Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|722x722px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> l8cjt81kli3mpreaply9sco0y3eg6p9 2839876 2839873 2026-10-12T17:54:49Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * §  Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]] '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σ_X​, σ_Y​, σ_Z (spin representation).''' Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> mqwzs5jkuf6dtv1j4hzi8hkinrqa7s2 2839877 2839876 2026-10-12T17:57:52Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical '''multistability''' of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum <blockquote>Fz + Fy + Fz = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                      ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]] '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σ_X​, σ_Y​, σ_Z (spin representation).''' Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 6i9lsujeke0wtwo209ixvkd047655y0 2839879 2839877 2026-10-12T18:03:56Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * §  Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                                                     ''(5.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]] '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σ_X​, σ_Y​, σ_Z (spin representation).''' Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by: ''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (7.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation. ''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶'' Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy. ''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m'' [[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. Density normalized using Planck (ħ): Density normalized using the Cosmological Constant (Λ): At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 80tkdhdithbyqfr92t6o32i47zh6yi3 2839882 2839879 2026-10-12T18:33:36Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. [[File:Einstein_Field_Equations.png|left|633x633px|Einstein Field Equations]] Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * §  Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                          ''(6.1)''</blockquote><blockquote>This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum.</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>S''_F'' = c                                                                                                                                          ''(6.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (7.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σX​, σY​, σZ (spin representation).''' {{center bottom}}Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 16: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by:<blockquote>''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (8.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               ''</blockquote>Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation.<blockquote>''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (8.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶''</blockquote>Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy.<blockquote>''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m''</blockquote> [[File:Motionrelation.png|center|547x547px|Motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 17: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. [[File:Densityvacuum.png|left|769x769px|Vacuum Catrastophe]] At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 68qy5xf78u78mihmruvl3z9ud6khbpb 2839883 2839882 2026-10-12T18:36:22Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. [[File:Einstein_Field_Equations.png|left|633x633px|Einstein Field Equations]] Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                          ''(6.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>S''_F'' = c                                                                                                                                          ''(6.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (7.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σX​, σY​, σZ (spin representation).''' {{center bottom}}Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 16: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by:<blockquote>''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (8.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               ''</blockquote>Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation.<blockquote>''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (8.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶''</blockquote>Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy.<blockquote>''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m''</blockquote> [[File:Motionrelation.png|center|547x547px|Motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 17: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. [[File:Densityvacuum.png|left|769x769px|Vacuum Catrastophe]] At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> ihos24jr5jpm9ar3dadgfmrwkom11b8 2839884 2839883 2026-10-12T18:38:17Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. [[File:Einstein_Field_Equations.png|left|633x633px|Einstein Field Equations]] Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                          ''(6.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>S''_F'' = c                                                                                                                                          ''(6.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (7.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σX​, σY​, σZ (spin representation).''' {{center bottom}}Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental forces [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 16: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by:<blockquote>''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (8.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               ''</blockquote>Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation.<blockquote>''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (8.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶''</blockquote>Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy.<blockquote>''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m''</blockquote> [[File:Motionrelation.png|center|547x547px|Motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 17: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. [[File:Densityvacuum.png|left|769x769px|Vacuum Catrastophe]] At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 997nx6lpbsevfa1crr0ytd14znxw99e 2839888 2839884 2026-10-12T18:44:22Z Sergiopf 3112551 /* Fundamental forces [2] */ 2839888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. [[File:Einstein_Field_Equations.png|left|633x633px|Einstein Field Equations]] Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Funcamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                          ''(6.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>S''_F'' = c                                                                                                                                          ''(6.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (7.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σX​, σY​, σZ (spin representation).''' {{center bottom}}Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental interactions [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 16: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by:<blockquote>''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (8.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               ''</blockquote>Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation.<blockquote>''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (8.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶''</blockquote>Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy.<blockquote>''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m''</blockquote> [[File:Motionrelation.png|center|547x547px|Motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 17: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. [[File:Densityvacuum.png|left|769x769px|Vacuum Catrastophe]] At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 7cmg6299mlv2pq9i2fxzzpdpo83hzil 2839889 2839888 2026-10-12T18:44:44Z Sergiopf 3112551 /* Funcamental Interactions [1] */ 2839889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} {{cleanup|it is controversial}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. [[File:Einstein_Field_Equations.png|left|633x633px|Einstein Field Equations]] Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Fundamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                          ''(6.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>S''_F'' = c                                                                                                                                          ''(6.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (7.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σX​, σY​, σZ (spin representation).''' {{center bottom}}Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental interactions [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 16: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by:<blockquote>''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (8.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               ''</blockquote>Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation.<blockquote>''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (8.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶''</blockquote>Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy.<blockquote>''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m''</blockquote> [[File:Motionrelation.png|center|547x547px|Motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 17: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. [[File:Densityvacuum.png|left|769x769px|Vacuum Catrastophe]] At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> 65043e4t5t6jud8mxds8v7t19x9ztwi 2839890 2839889 2026-10-12T18:46:59Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} == Link == https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. [[File:Einstein_Field_Equations.png|left|633x633px|Einstein Field Equations]] Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Fundamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                          ''(6.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>S''_F'' = c                                                                                                                                          ''(6.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (7.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σX​, σY​, σZ (spin representation).''' {{center bottom}}Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental interactions [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 16: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by:<blockquote>''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (8.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               ''</blockquote>Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation.<blockquote>''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (8.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶''</blockquote>Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy.<blockquote>''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m''</blockquote> [[File:Motionrelation.png|center|547x547px|Motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 17: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. [[File:Densityvacuum.png|left|769x769px|Vacuum Catrastophe]] At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> g8ru8e6ppbg3emahwsp65x4x9qsywpi 2839892 2839890 2026-10-12T18:48:39Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod}} {{original research}} == Link == Original publication: https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213 Funding: https://zenodo.org/records/20093526 == Introduction == This paper describes how the nuclear force can compress the quantum vacuum generating the gravitational force with a strength equivalent to that described by Newton's laws in classical physics. The exact point at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics based on 2 principles: * The '''strong nuclear force''', which has always been a controversial force, is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together and at present the mechanisms that govern its internal dynamics remain largely unknown. It has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. The study of the strong interaction was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration in space. * The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, can be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, perceived as a metamaterial medium capable of transmitting light in a vacuum as many experiments have tried to explain from Lorentz to Michelson-Morley, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topological structure has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots in an attempt to explain the geometric and spin-dependent properties of particle interactions, being the possible origin of all vibrational states of particles. [[File:QCD2Relativity.png|center|500x500px|QCD2Relativity]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.''' {{center bottom}} == Principles == ===Strong nuclear force=== The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10^-15 meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces. [[File:NQG Cuantum Chromodynamics.png|center|340x340px|'''QCD color charge''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).''' {{center bottom}} Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong force, where a quark's color charge can take one of three states: red, green, or blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, referred to as antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons are a combination of a color and an anticolor state, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The term ‘color charge’ in quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and electric charge; rather, it denotes an internal quantum degree of freedom. Recent studies in lattice QCD have found that the force distributions within the proton depend on the internal spatial positions of its constituent quarks [1]. === Quantum vacuum === Two inherent qualities of the quantum vacuum may be distinguished: * A perfect superconductor for particles. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings exceeds 30 billion light years, which means there are photons capable of traveling such vast distances without any reduction in speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum possesses a resistance equivalent to 0. * An intrinsic tension. For the propagation of waves, a strongly coupled structure is needed. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and subjected to extreme repulsive forces that enable the universe’s expansion. These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s. This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|center|400x400px|'''QCD vacuum''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.''' {{center bottom}} == Strong nuclear force unification == === Fundamentals === This new framework describes matter contracting the quantum vacuum, while the quantum vacuum simultaneously enables the transport of matter without friction. Quarks bind together and interact through the strong nuclear force, which holds matter together and allows it to travel through space as if it were a superconductor). As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of one proton the basic constituent of matter, in which the strong nuclear force acts. The proton is itself composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by gluon interactions (all matter is ultimately formed from sets of 3-quark structures). Based on these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', this study calculates a possible '''average interaction''' occurring during its internal transformations, which may generate a force that tends to contract the vacuum. To achieve this, we have '''reduced the exerted force''' to match that of a rubber band, representing the proton’s strong force with an approximate length of 8'58 x 10^-15 meters, compressing two V-shaped sticks at their broadest end; if the sticks are sufficiently smooth and rigid, the rubber band will slide toward the narrower side. The greater the number of rubber bands, the greater the force exerted on the sticks to join them; the greater the amount of matter concentrated at the narrow end, the stronger the resulting attraction at the top. [[File:QCDCalculation.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']] {{center top}} '''Fig. 4: Mathematical reduction of the forces involved to 2 dimensions.''' {{center bottom}} This study explores unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never before observed. === Strong Force Contraction=== The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' at a specific point on the Earth’s surface that produces its gravitational acceleration, representing the corresponding deformation of space. This is done by applying the equations for inclined planes based on Newton’s second law [9], using the following values: * The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10^-27 kg (m_p). * The proton strong force corresponds to an equivalent contraction force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F_p). * The gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface corresponds to the acceleration down the inclined plane, 9,8 m/s² (a). * The friction is zero, 0. These variables are the average values from quantum dynamic interactions collected through classical physics. '''** ''Figures 4 and 5''''' ''are the most important in this document and must be understood before the reader proceeds. Figure 5 presents the calculations with the parameters from Figure 4, positioned horizontally to simplify the problem.'' [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}} '''** Fig. 5: Equivalence of forces in the inclined plane.''' {{center bottom}} These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions. 1.  Variables set considering a proton.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''a = 9,8 m/s²'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10^-26 N'' ''F₁ / F_p = 1,6395 × 10^-30 N''</blockquote>2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables. <blockquote>''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)'' ''F_p = m × g = 10.000 N'' ''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)    ''</blockquote>3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s² acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.<blockquote>θ ''= 9,393 × 10^-29 °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''</blockquote> [[File:QCDEarth.png|center|400x400px|QCDEarth]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 6: Quarks scope.''' {{center bottom}} Mass is defined as a quantity representing the amount of matter contained in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, such as weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of which are associated with the framework used in this study. This model would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental interactions of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, acting upon each nucleon ('''protons and neutrons''') in isolation, leading us to what we would call '''Nuclear Quantum Gravity (NQG)'''. === Quantum vacuum density === '''Dark matter could have its origin due to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An increase in the spatial extension between quarks could turn mass (m_p) into tension energy (F_p), causing certain regions in the universe to have lower or higher accelerations due to this effect; this suggests that dark matter may not exist as a distinct form of matter but rather as a manifestation of these vacuum fluctuations, which is estimated for approximately 27% of the mass in the observable universe. The most significant related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in which interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group , which ensures finite physical quantities in quantum field theory.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 7: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.''' {{center bottom}}The precise relationship between the density of the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force remains uncertain, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more concentration of vacuum energy may cause quark expansion, modifying all the relations. For example, we can introduce different modifications to test this hypothesis. Variables set.<blockquote>''m_p = 1,673 × 10^-27 kg'' ''F₁ = m_p × a = 1,673 × 10^-27 × a'' ''F₁ / F_p = (1,673 × 10^-27 × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10^-31 × a)''</blockquote>2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.<blockquote>''F_p × sin(''θ'') = m_p × a = F₁                                                                                                                                   (2.1)'' θ ''= arcsin(F₁ / F_p)'' θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10^-31 × a)'' θ ''= (1,673 × 10^-31 × a) °''</blockquote>3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.<blockquote>''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10^-31) m/s²                                                                                                                             (2.2)''</blockquote>Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F_p ''= 7.000N''<blockquote>''a = F_p × sin(''θ'') / m_p                                                                                                                                            (3.1)'' ''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10^-30) / 1,673 × 10^-27'' ''a = 6,85 m/s²''</blockquote>Despite the historical rivalry between Newton and Hooke, stemming from Hooke’s accusation of plagiarism against Newton, Hooke’s law [10] (the elasticity constant) provides an effective way to describe this behavior '''at a single point in space'''. Analogous to the behavior of a spring, the force (F_p) is proportional to its displacement when extending or compressing.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 8: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.''' {{center bottom}} The strong force exhibits a positive correlation with the resulting acceleration; increasing F_p or m_p implies a greater acceleration. But in reality, space does not deform proportionally, creating more acceleration in regions with higher mass concentration and thus behaving analogously to an elastic medium. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus), which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) [8] depends on the stress exerted by matter (σ) and the strain (Ɛ) at each point in the deformation field, this tensor is responsible for generating the '''metric tensor (g_µv)''' which defines distances and angles, as in the case of the '''Ricci curvature (R_µv)'''. <blockquote> ''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''</blockquote>The rate of change of the force with respect to the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F_p) with respect to mass (m_p); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.<blockquote>''∆F''θ ''> ∆F_p / ∆m_p                                                    (4.1)''</blockquote>The possible variations in the proton radius under different conditions remain unknown, hindering the development of new and accurate calculations and indicating that we are dealing with extremely complex dynamic scales, also considering that this contraction and its relationship with the vacuum density can exert a force over long distances.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 9: Gravitational field around Earth.''' {{center bottom}} The relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces mutual convergence through electromagnetic extraction and dispersion; therefore, we can refer to the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on pressure (p) and volume (V) variations.<blockquote>''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''</blockquote>We only know this relation through calculations based on Earth’s conditions, but it must be associated with actual hypothesis such as General Relativity (GR) and the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), where matter bends space through a mechanism of still unknown origin, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter across complex energy-density fields. Also, we can find other possible connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis [4], which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for the observed dynamics of galaxies having several observational evidences, although it becomes less accurate at large scales. [[File:Einstein_Field_Equations.png|left|633x633px|Einstein Field Equations]] Other properties, such as volume viscosity, may be considered to describe the medium. ===Fundamental Interactions [1]=== At this stage, this represents the new classification of the fundamental interactions:  * The strong force and gravity have been unified. * Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction. * The quantum vacuum is considered a new fundamental interaction because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}} '''Fig. 10: Fundamental interactions.''' {{center bottom}} == Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything) == === ''Quantum Vacuum Structure'' === We require a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of fields and their behaviors, being at this point the most important aspects: the constant motion of matter, the movement of subatomic particles, and the generation of electromagnetic fields. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model consists of polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, with each element in continuous mutual '''repulsion'''. * Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which constitute each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is composed of 3 quarks. The only way to maintain the velocity of matter stable and not be accelerated to the speed of light is through an asymmetric vacuum, in this way the repulsive and attractive forces of each quark triplet (𝜓) are balanced by the 3 spatial directions in which the vacuum triplets are arranged (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets). The average sum of all vector forces (V_F) in each spatial direction is 0, for this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability of the vacuum prevents such acceleration. This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [5] colors and anti-colors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the counteracting outward vacuum forces, being nucleons the only subatomic structures bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Moreover, the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a dynamical system involving triplet interactions, analogous to the interaction between matter and the vacuum. <blockquote>[[File:Equilibriumxyz.png|left|Equilibrium]]                                                                          ''(6.1)''</blockquote>[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 11: Motion of matter in equilibrium (x, y, z).''' {{center bottom}} * Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this polarized frame can be easily dispersed in all directions. Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity (associated with the density of an electric field defined by Maxwell [7]) are derived from the magnetization and polarization properties of the quantum vacuum to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles. All the elements in the periodic table have an atomic number equal to the number of their electrons, while their nucleon number determines their mass. Consequently, nucleons may be capable of exchanging this energy as electromagnetic energy with their '''polarized vacuum''' surroundings. The strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles is known as the fine-structure constant, which governs the electromagnetic interactions responsible for the formation of chemical bonds such as the hydrogen bond (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, though only in a residual manner. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 12: Electromagnetic field extraction (± 1/2).''' {{center bottom}} * Light has its own '''inertia''' through its momentum; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second when passing through water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium through which it propagates), recovering its original speed when leaving it. Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this fundamental frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spins speed (S_{F1, F2}) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated too, but its inherent stability prevents such acceleration. <blockquote>S''_F'' = c                                                                                                                                          ''(6.3)''</blockquote>These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 13: Transportation of subatomic particles (c).''' {{center bottom}}These fundamental frames may be regarded as the smallest discrete units of time, where other phenomena can be examined, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction. The particles’ escape angles are needed to shape the nested spin networks, taking into account the different positions of all containers in space (two distinct positions along each axis and its conjugates); at the same time, their internal forces are related to '''the potential walls found in quantum tunneling'''. The set of possible positions along the coordinate axis according to their unit vectors (U) are: ''U_X ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (7.1)'' ''U_Y ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''} ''U_Z ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''} I’ll name each individual cube '''QDS''' (Quantum Decimal Spinor), because its main quantum characteristic consists in being composed of 2 prisms with a structure of 5 + 5 faces (pentahedrons) and a chirality based on their spins. These structures can help to build the internal symmetries of the Standard Model, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)''', by isolating each individual symmetry. The Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the '''SU(3)''' group, in which quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the '''SU(2)''' group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, '''U(1)'''. This solution can accommodate the principal types of motion and represents, for the first time, a theorized '''nonlinear structure''' designed to address the calculation adjustments required in '''renormalization''' (it seeks to resolve anomalies associated with the non-intuitive behavior of quantum systems, particularly in operations within four-dimensional space). Renormalization operations involve the construction of hypercubic geometries ('''tesseracts''') representing spatial states, where matrices are employed to describe linear transformations between vector spaces. The resulting framework extends from the Pauli groups, which were originally introduced to explain the spin of quantum particles, although the mathematical treatment of four dimensions historically traces back to quaternion formulations. [[File:Dimensions.png|center|350x350px|Dimensions]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 14: Pauli groups σX​, σY​, σZ (spin representation).''' {{center bottom}}Nevertheless, this remains a hypothetical structure, as the complete mathematical matrix has not yet been fully developed. Individual sections corresponding to physically realizable behaviors, however, can be constructed independently (these structures eliminate the requirement to believe in extra dimensions). This framework is compatible with several fundamental physical behaviors. It encompasses behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal space deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; chemistry lattice structures and the ice rules observed in molecular systems with internal spins, repeating geometric constraints; emergent patterns like fractals and crystalline structures, based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells, among other related phenomena. === Fundamental interactions [2] === The only way to unify the nuclear force and the quantum vacuum (matter and energy) is through perpetual '''motion'''. As explained, motion is responsible for generating the electromagnetic field as a continuous flow and for inducing particle decay that results from continuous vacuum instabilities, there are important theories about these effects such as the QCD vacuum, the QED vacuum, or the decay through the false vacuum. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, generating the energy required to set all matter in motion and to sustain the ensuing interactions through the effectively unbounded inertia provided by the quantum vacuum. Consequently, phenomena such as field propagation, mass acquisition, and particle decay can be understood as emergent expressions of this self-sustaining equilibrium, governed by the intrinsic symmetries and nonlinear dynamics that characterize the vacuum itself.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 15: Theory of Everything scheme.''' {{center bottom}}The thermodynamic properties of the early quantum vacuum, governed by radiation and pressure, may have generated the primordial conditions required for biogenesis. These conditions could have promoted the molecular compaction necessary for the formation of stable DNA double helices within chromosomes, a process often identified as the origin of biological homochirality and potentially influenced by quantum superposition phenomena. The subsequent emergence of multicellular organisms, such as early worms (sharing approximately 70% of their genetic material with humans) suggests an evolutionary continuity that positioned these species as forerunners of most modern animal taxa. From a philosophical perspective, if the scientific method starts from determinism and there are no hidden variables, we could consider an '''absolute determinism''' (neither chaos nor free will exists, everything being predetermined). Overcoming this frustration, we can explore ways to break it, such as this being a cycle in an acyclic universe (starting from a blank canvas); due to an excess of information in the universe (all photons from all stars cannot be predetermined); we are a tool capable of changing the probabilities of this determinism (aided by consciousness); or God (if we are an expression of emptiness, there is something that can feel within it);… == Conclusions == In philosophy of science, Occam's razor (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts, since such explanations tend to yield more coherent and reliable results than more complex alternatives. This principle has been of capital importance in the development of science. The theoretical framework presented can explain behaviors such as: * The gravitational force, understood as an interaction between the strong nuclear force and the quantum vacuum, going so far as to explain quarks motion and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory. * Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior [3]; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its energetic density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions). * Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container (QDS) implies a spin-based repulsion contributing to its expansion, strong enough to avoid joining and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this mechanism generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. Recent studies analyzing more than 1.500 supernovae indicate that this expansion is not uniform and varies with time, thereby calling into question the constancy of the gravitational constant [2]. * Black holes as a density break. When the concentration of the vacuum becomes sufficiently intense, its internal repulsion may overcome the strong nuclear bonds, causing their rupture and the subsequent release of energy that leads to new internal concentrations. Just inside its Schwarzschild radius a black hole varies its nuclear density starting from a minimum of 4 × 10¹⁹ kg/m³, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Any structure smaller than a container, such as neutrinos, can escape and be transported through the vacuum; photons depending on the size and geometry of each container, can also alter their trajectory. * Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. This idea corresponds to current theories describing the decay of the false vacuum, a not so stable vacuum that allows the disintegration of particles; in this context, the conversion of a neutron into a proton may be due to a very weak polarization of the vacuum , possibly influenced by our position within a region of the universe exhibiting such polarization (remember that the neutron is not considered a neutral charge, but a dipolar charge composed of two equal and opposite electric charges). * Gravitational time dilation arises from the coupling of each container with spacetime. As the frame size increases, its energy concentration decreases; therefore, spatial displacements require crossing fewer frames, effectively producing a slower temporal flow relative to regions of higher energy density. In this way, each container can be considered the smallest measurable time interval (a concept explored since Zeno’s paradoxes (430 BC)). * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹  m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F/m), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space producing spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies (L = I x ω). Applying this principle to the Big Bang implies that the formation of the universe did not require an equal distribution of matter and antimatter, suggesting that antimatter was not essential to its creation, although it is possible that a small fraction was generated during the initial explosion. * The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³kg^-1s^-2), vacuum permittivity (ε₀ = 8,8541878128(13) × 10⁻¹² F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ₀ = 1,25663706212(19) × 10⁻⁶ N⋅A⁻²) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε₀μ₀). * Variations of Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence equation (E = mc²) can be used to define the rest energy of matter. For instance, it may be expressed as E = AF_p where A represents the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus and F_p is the nuclear energy per nucleon. * Compatibility with light–matter interactions as described by quantum field theory (QFT) [6] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum theories. It aligns with fundamental principles such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state, and with phenomena such as light refraction. Moreover, it is consistent with the wave function formalism and with the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, which describe the temporal evolution of a quantum system through quantum oscillators. * Planck length (ℓ_P = 1,616255(38) × 10^-35 m) and Planck time (t_P = 5,391247(60) × 10⁻⁴⁴ s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck’s derivations are based on relativistic parameters, which may introduce limitations in accuracy; for instance, gamma rays possess some of the smallest known wavelengths, shorter than 10^-11 meters, far from the minimum Planck sizes. * The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the fundamental strong interaction, has a correlation between up and down quarks that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as initially postulated in early nuclear models. * Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law, as Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations, all of which operate consistently under the same spacetime transformation principles; Fleming's left-hand rule, used in electromagnetism, may, have its origin in the rotational dynamics of the earth within the universe and be related to Maxwell's stress–energy tensor. * The unidirectional arrow of time (time moves in one direction, from past to future). [[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}} '''Fig. 16: Changes in density and speed help to shape the spiral of galaxies, such as the golden spiral φ = 1,6180.''' {{center bottom}} == Considerations == Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. In this section, we will create a relativistic relation to extract the corresponding magnetic moment and analyze its behavior independently of GEM equations, concentrating kinetic energy into a localized region to recover its potential form. Matter can be accelerated within a chamber surrounded by magnetic coils designed to maximize the conversion of matter into energy. The chamber must possess sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and enable the study of how the quantum vacuum responds to intense curvature. The structure should be made from a material with the highest possible magnetic permeability under strong magnetic fields, pure iron may serve as a reference, though other high-permeability materials could also be suitable. As centrifugal effects tend to drive matter outward during acceleration, a stabilizing magnetic field is necessary to maintain confinement. As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of a single rotating disk, considering a radius r and a height h of 50 cm each, composed of iron with a density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm³. The corresponding mass is given by:<blockquote>''V = π × r² × h = 392.700 cm³                                                                                                               (8.1)'' ''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               ''</blockquote>Given a maximum speed at the disk periphery (3 × 10⁷ m/s), we compare the disk’s kinetic energy with the maximum energy predicted by a relativistic approximation.<blockquote>''v = 3 × 10⁷ m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (8.2)'' ''E_k = ½mv²                                                                         E = mc²'' ''E_k = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁴ E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10¹⁶'' ''E_k = 13.914,535 × 10¹⁴ E = 27.829,071 × 10¹⁶''</blockquote>Weight can be increased about 1/100 at a speed of 3 × 10⁷ m/s; even at those speeds, we are far from reaching the theoretical maximum energy, however, as we have indicated,  E = mc² may not be as precise as we require. The calculated energy is magnetically related to the motion of the particles; their charge (q) and the magnetic field (B), measured in teslas, determine their velocity. Although there are formulas specifically designed for coils, calculations can be performed using the magnetic field formula v = qBr / m to approximate the achievable energy.<blockquote>''E = ½mv² = q²B²r² / 2m''</blockquote> [[File:Motionrelation.png|center|547x547px|Motion]] {{center top}} '''Fig. 17: Motion and relativity equivalence.''' {{center bottom}} The theoretical limits of such a confinement system are determined by the maximum achievable magnetic field strength, the thermal tolerance of the chamber materials, and the energy attainable before structural failure occurs (iron saturation occurs between 1,5-2 teslas, and generation in air is limited). Generation using circular coils is purely theoretical, and practical implementations should rely on superconducting systems. At field strengths on the order of 100–1.000 teslas (values found only in extreme astrophysical environments, such as magnetars), the local polarization of the vacuum can become significant. Detecting such curvature or deformation of the vacuum could involve precise measurements of the proton’s size or Bohr radius, as well as variations in light propagation or in the refractive index, as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED), indeed, variations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) have been observed in baryonic resonances. Even if successful, this would only be the first step, because the extracted energy would need to be redirected to create a '''Warp drive''' (Alcubierre drive). In such a drive, differences in energy density around a body could allow motion through spacetime. A Warp drive requires a region of negative energy; an idea derived from the stress-energy tensor (T_μν) in Einstein’s field equations. In addition, there exists what is known as the '''‘vacuum catastrophe’''' due to the discrepancy of approximately 122 orders of magnitude between the calculated limits for this density, depending on the method of estimation (whether the calculation begins with the Planck scale or with the cosmological constant). This discrepancy is known as the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics. [[File:Densityvacuum.png|left|769x769px|Vacuum Catrastophe]] At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. At present, there are no comprehensive studies capable of verifying the actual correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction and energy extraction/insertion, is likely associated with a change in density beyond current theoretical understanding. This framework can be regarded as highly complex and conceptually challenging; however, it may bring greater advances than many other studies on the origin of the force of gravity. ==References== {{reflist|[1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901 [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929 [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985 [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130 [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367 [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333 [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699 [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399 [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228 }} [1] QCDSF Collaboration (2025). Transverse Force Distributions in the Proton from Lattice QCD. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.071901</nowiki> [2] The Dark Energy Survey (2024). Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5-year Dataset. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02929</nowiki> [3] The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (2022). Limits on dark matter-baryon interactions from DR4 power spectra. <nowiki>https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08985</nowiki> [4] Milgrom, M (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F161130</nowiki> [5] Gell-Mann, M (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Science Direct, Physics Letters. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</nowiki> [6] Richard P. Feynman (1948). Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</nowiki> [7] Maxwell, J (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511709333</nowiki> [8] Euler, L. (1755). Foundations of Differential Calculus. Springer Link.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699</nowiki> [9] Newton, I. (1687). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Smithsonian Libraries.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399</nowiki> [10] Hooke, R. (1678). Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies. Carnegie Mellon University. <nowiki>http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228</nowiki> lhellbt02sfqo9x2x67g4b24qy0du1s 1 301353 2839886 2800400 2026-10-12T18:41:01Z Sergiopf 3112551 2839886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#section-h:{{ARTICLEPAGENAMEE}}}} hb6yizcefglu2w3qsgzfbcclcdni9yi 2 318978 2839953 2831432 2026-10-13T03:20:39Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 /* ANKHOR Collaboration: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Gravitational and Geometric Physics */ added Ali Alhawarat and added locations 2839953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{original research}} [[File:CITbanner.png|center|frameless|960px|Cosmic Influx Theory]] = ANKHOR Collaboration: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Gravitational and Geometric Physics = ANKHOR is a framework that explains how cosmic energy (Aether & Negentropy) processes information (Knowledge & Harmonics) to create living matter (Organisms & Resonance). '''ANKHOR Collaboration''' is an independent international research initiative bringing together complementary theoretical approaches to gravity, cosmology, energy, and cosmic structure. It integrates contributions from '''CIT-VGT, RECSM, the Resonating Bipolar Universe''', and related research. ANKHOR emphasizes open comparison of ideas, mathematical formalization, cross-evaluation with AI tools, and the search for connections between observable phenomena and deeper geometric, vortical, and energetic processes. Rather than requiring immediate agreement, the collaboration encourages critical discussion, identification of shared principles, and development of testable predictions that may contribute to a more unified understanding of physical reality. == Francesco Chiaramonte — Independent Researcher, Sicily, Italy == In 2026, the Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) entered a new collaborative phase through the work of Francesco Chiaramonte, developer of Vortical Geometrodynamics Theory (VGT) [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.4.54|[8.4.54]]] . While the original CIT framework was developed by Ruud Loeffen, Chiaramonte has contributed substantially to the mathematical, geometrical, and field-theoretical interpretation of several CIT-related ideas. The collaboration between Loeffen and Chiaramonte focuses especially on the possible complementarity between CIT and VGT. In this combined approach, CIT proposes a universal influx process related to mass-energy growth, gravitational acceleration, and preferred-distance relations, while VGT explores vortical, torsional, and geometrical structures that may provide a more formal mathematical language for such processes. Chiaramonte’s contribution is particularly important in the development of the CIT–VGT research line, including discussions on planetary torsional coupling, gravitational lensing, vortical constraint algebra, Gaia DR3 harmonic density structures, and possible links between vacuum dynamics, angular momentum, and large-scale cosmic organization. These ideas remain exploratory and should not be presented as established physics, but they represent a serious attempt to make the CIT framework more mathematically explicit and testable. For that reason, Francesco Chiaramonte is introduced here as co-author and theoretical collaborator for the CIT–VGT convictions, reasoning, insights, and related publications developed from 2026 onward. The aim of this collaboration is not merely to confirm CIT, but to examine, strengthen, criticize, formalize, and where necessary correct the theory through mathematical reasoning, observational comparison, and open scientific discussion. == RMM Loeffen — Independent Researcher, Netherlands-Thailand == Ruud Loeffen is the originator and principal developer of Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT). His work begins with observable gravitational, geological, planetary, and cosmological phenomena and explores the possibility that gravity is associated with a continuous inward influx of energy and matter-forming potential. <nowiki>Using accessible mathematics, numerical comparisons, and dimensional analysis, he has developed relationships involving surface gravity, planetary mass, the Lorentz transformation of mass-energy, the characteristic (V_{\mathrm{RMS}}) velocity, the gravitational constant, and possible mass-energy increase over time. His research also investigates connections between gravitational processes at planetary scales and matter formation at atomic and nuclear scales.</nowiki> Within the broader CIT–VGT collaboration, Ruud provides the foundational physical concepts, numerical discoveries, observational interpretations, and cross-scale hypotheses. His aim is to encourage critical examination, mathematical development, and independent testing of CIT as an alternative framework for understanding gravity and cosmic evolution. == Wes Johnson — Independent Researcher, Canada. == Wes Johnson is an independent researcher who began developing an alternative cosmological model while studying physics in the 1980s. An early version was presented as a university term paper in 1986 and later developed into the article “Yin yang universe,” published in Physics Essays in 2010. Johnson’s Resonating Bipolar Universe (RBU) proposes that the universe may be understood as a rotating gravitational dipole with complementary Source–Sink flows forming a twin-vortex structure. His model explores toroidal circulation, bipolar balance, and possible similarities between microscopic and cosmic structures. He also investigates whether gravity may include additional interaction modes that could contribute to effects presently attributed to dark matter. Within the ANKHOR collaboration, Johnson’s Source–Sink, twin-vortex, and micro–macro concepts are being compared with CIT-VGT and related vortical and topological approaches. == Ali Alhawarat — Independent Researcher, Chicago, USA == Ali Alhawarat is an independent researcher with a background in environmental engineering. His research interests include gravitational physics, quantum mechanics, cosmology, and the relationship between physical interactions and spacetime geometry. Within the ANKHOR Research Group, he contributes to scientific integration, mathematical consistency reviews, computational testing, and the development of falsifiable research protocols. His work focuses on identifying possible connections between independently developed theories while maintaining clear distinctions between established physics, theoretical hypotheses, and experimentally verified results. He supports open scientific collaboration, proper attribution, and critical examination of new ideas. == Professor Suresh Kumar S. — India == '''In 2026, until his passing on August 19, Professor S. Suresh Kumar''' contributed his advanced knowledge of mathematical physics to the development of the CIT–VGT framework. His expertise included metric-affine geometry, torsion, Palatini formulations, SU(2) structures, hypermomentum, field theory, and the geometric foundations of gravitation. His work was especially valuable in translating physical ideas about Cosmic Influx into more rigorous mathematical formulations, including field equations, action principles, matter–geometry coupling, and possible connections across nuclear, astrophysical, and cosmological scales. '''We are deeply saddened by his unexpected passing. We have lost not only an exceptionally knowledgeable scientist and valued collaborator, but also a kind and friendly colleague. His contributions remain an important part of our work, and we will continue its development with gratitude and respect for what he brought to our collaboration.''' = Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) = == Introduction == The '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' explores the continuous influx of mass-energy in celestial bodies, contributing to planetary growth, geophysical activity, and gravitational effects. Beyond the macroscopic scale, CIT proposes that mass-energy influx also influences '''microscopic phenomena''' such as Van der Waals forces, the Casimir effect... [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.2.10|[8.2.10]]], and even the trajectory of falling raindrops. These phenomena may provide subtle but crucial evidence of a pervasive cosmic influx shaping both the vast and the minuscule aspects of the universe. By delving into the '''Gravitational Constant''', we unveil compelling evidence for an '''increase in mass and heat''' for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the '''Lorentz Transformation of Mass- Energy''' (LTME) [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.1.1|[8.1.1]]]. Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for '''subatomic particles''' at '''high''' velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to '''big celestial bodies''', even at relatively '''low velocities'''. CIT introduces the concept of a '''universal energy influx''', hypothesized as a stream of "whirlings" or "excitations" interacting with the kinetic energy of atoms, driving incremental mass increases in alignment with the Lorentz Transformation of Mass-Energy (LTME) [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.7.2|[8.7.2]]] This mechanism offers a unified explanation for geological phenomena such as '''volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, and planetary expansion''' [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.4.15|[8.4.15]]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.4.20|[8.4.20]]], while also addressing cosmological questions such as galactic rotation curves and cosmic acceleration. Key results include calculated mass-energy growth rates consistent with geological observations as described by many researchers on '''Earth Expansion''' and '''Expansion Tectonics''' [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.4.20|[8.4.20]]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.4.21|[8.4.21]]], a redefinition of gravitational acceleration through the volumetric universal influx. By integrating CIT with established physics principles and observational data, this paper highlights its potential to bridge gaps in mainstream models of dark matter and dark energy [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.1.2|[8.1.2]]]. Importantly, '''CIT does not reject the occurrence of subduction zones'''. Rather, it integrates subduction as a natural consequence of localized surface adjustments during global expansion. While oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges, older, '''denser crust may subduct along continental margins, often accompanied by mountain building'''. However, the net balance, according to CIT, is a continuous increase in the total mass and volume of celestial bodies. A more detailed discussion on how subduction and expansion coexist within CIT is presented in '''[[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3_Geophysical_Evidence:_Plate_Tectonics_and_Planetary_Evolution|Chapter 5.3]]'''. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through <math>M = \frac{E}{c^2}</math> This interpretation proposes the existence of a '''Process of Continuously Created Matter''', manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe's ever-expansive nature [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.4.7|[8.4.7]]]. CIT introduces the '''Preferred Distance (D_pref)''', derived from the '''Root Mean Square Velocity (VRMS)''' of planetary systems (see Chapter 2 for explanation)[[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.7.3|[8.7.3]]], as a key factor in structuring planetary orbits. This theory challenges conventional gravitational models by linking the '''gravitational constant (G)''' to the Lorentz transformation and vacuum energy properties [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.7.8|[8.7.8]]]. The purpose of this Wikiversity page is to present CIT in a structured and accessible format, supported by mathematical derivations, observational data, and theoretical discussions. == Chapters == Below are the ten chapters explaining the Cosmic Influx Theory in detail: * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1|Chapter 1: The Foundations of Cosmic Influx Theory]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_2|Chapter 2: The Role of VRMS in Planetary Structuring]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3|Chapter 3: The Cosmic Influx and the Gravitational Constant (G)]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4|Chapter 4: Implications for Planetary and Cosmic Expansion]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5|Chapter 5: Cosmic Expansion and the Growth of Celestial Bodies]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6|Chapter 6: The Future of Cosmic Influx Theory]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7|Chapter 7: Units, Dimensions, and Fundamental Constants in CIT]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8|Chapter 8: Supporting Research, References, and Multimedia on Cosmic Influx Theory]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9|Chapter 9: Genesis of the Cosmic Influx Theory]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_10|Chapter 10: Feeling the Influx — A New Point of Observation]] == Detailed Chapter and Subsection Overview == [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1|Chapter 1: The Foundations of Cosmic Influx Theory]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.1|1.1 The Root Mean Square Velocity (VRMS)]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.2|1.2 The Limitations of Traditional Gravitational Models]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.3|1.3 The Concept of an Energy Influx]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.4|1.4 Lorentz Transformation and Planck-Based Influx Concepts]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.4.1|1.4.1 Lorentz Transformation and Mass-Energy Increase]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.4.2|1.4.2 The Plinflux: Deriving the Influx Quantum from Planck Geometry]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.4.3|1.4.3 From Field Equations to Surface Gravity: A Practical Role for 𝜅 and Influx]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.5|1.5 Understanding VRMS and Its Significance]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#1.6|1.6 Relating Lorentz Mass-Energy to the Gravitational Constant]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1#sec_1_7|1.7 From Einstein’s Original Kappa to Vacuum Structure]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_2|Chapter 2: The Role of VRMS in Planetary Structuring]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_2#2.1|2.1 How VRMS is Related to Cosmic Structuring]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_2#2.2|2.2 The Connection Between CIT and General Relativity]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_2#2.3|2.3 The Preferred Distance (Dpref) and its Calculation]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_2#2.4|2.4 Empirical Confirmation from Exoplanetary Systems]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_2#2.5|2.5 Implications for Planetary Formation Models]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3|Chapter 3: The Cosmic Influx and the Gravitational Constant (G)]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3#3.1|3.1 The Traditional Definition of G]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3#3.2|3.2 Vacuum Energy and the Gravitational Constant]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3#3.3|3.3 The Role of Vacuum Energy in Gravity]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3#3.4|3.4 Mass, Vacuum, and the Historical Constants]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3#3.5|3.5 A Relativistic Vacuum Model: Components A & B]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3#3.6|3.6 Observational Evidence and Implications (volcanoes etc.)]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_3#3.7|3.7 Summary]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4|Chapter 4: Implications for Planetary and Cosmic Expansion]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.1|4.1 Recap of Delta Influx]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.2|4.2 Isostasy as Internal Pressure and Volume Stress Due to Influx]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.3|4.3 Radius Growth: A General Response to Cosmic Influx]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.4|4.4 Equality of Influx and Gravity]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.5|4.5 Implications for Planetary and Cosmic Expansion]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.5.1|4.5.1 Expansion of Earth's Radius]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.5.2|4.5.2 Mass Growth Across Geological Epochs]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.5.3_Time_Expansion_as_a_Consequence_of_Increasing_Mass:_A_CIT_Perspective|4.5.3 Time Expansion as a Consequence of Increasing Mass: A CIT Perspective]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.6|4.6 Conclusion: Influx as the Driver of Mass-Energy Growth]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.7|4.7 Looking Back in Time]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.8|4.8 Reversing Our Perspective: Looking Back from the Primordial Energy Field]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.9|4.9 The Expanding History of the Universe]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#4.10|4.10 A New Perspective on the Observable Universe]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_4#Summary|Summary]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5|Chapter 5: Cosmic Expansion and the Growth of Celestial Bodies]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.1|5.1 Planetary Growth Through Mass-Energy Influx Delta INFLUX]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.2|5.2 The Link Between Cosmic Expansion and CIT]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.2.1|5.2.1 Growing Galaxies and Cosmic Redshift]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.2.2|5.2.2 Growing Planets Born in Protoplanetary Disks]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.2.3A|5.2.3A Growing Moons Born in Circumplanetary Disks]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.2.3B|5.2.3B Secondary Rings Created by Geological and Cryovolcanic Activity]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3|5.3 Geophysical Evidence: Plate Tectonics and Planetary Evolution]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1|5.3.1 Seafloor Spreading – A Step Toward Understanding Multi-Directional Crustal Growth]] **** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.1|5.3.1.1 Introduction]] **** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.2|5.3.1.2 Traditional Model]] **** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.3|5.3.1.3 Multi-Directional Seafloor Spreading]] **** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.4|5.3.1.4 MDSS and Expansion Tectonics]] **** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.5|5.3.1.5 Evidence on Continents]] **** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.6|5.3.1.6 Are Some Mountain Ranges Fossil Mid-Ocean Ridges?]] **** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.7|5.3.1.7 Fossil Spreading Ridges Preserved on Continental Crust]] ****[[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.3.1.8|5.3.1.8 Isostasy in a Multi-Directional Growth Picture (MDSS)]] **** ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.4|5.4 Earth's Day Length Through Geological Time]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.5|5.5 Stellar Growth and Galactic Evolution]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.6|5.6 Bondi-Hoyle Accretion as Empirical Support]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#5.7|5.7 Pioneers and Contributors to Earth Expansion and Expansion Tectonics]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#References|References]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_5#Summary|Summary]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6|Chapter 6: The Future of Cosmic Influx Theory]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6#6.1|6.1 Experimental and Observational Tests for CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6#6.2|6.2 CIT and the Unification of Physics]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6#6.3|6.3 The Role of AI-Human Collaboration in Science]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6#6.4|6.4 Why Local Mass Measurements Cannot Detect the Influx]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6#6.5|6.5 Observational Evidence for a Cosmic Influx: Accelerometer, Casimir Effect, Cloud Chamber, Van der Waals Forces, and the Human Body]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6#6.6|6.6 The Human Sensor of Influx]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_6#Summary|Summary]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7|Chapter 7: Units, Dimensions, and Fundamental Constants in CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.1|7.1 Unit Conversions in CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.2|7.2 The Five Dimensions in CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.3|7.3 Derivation of Constants in CIT]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.3.1|7.3.1 Gravitational Constant (G)]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.3.2|7.3.2 κ_CIT – Planetary Structuring Constant]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.3.3|7.3.3 Einsteinian Coupling Constant κ]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.3.4|7.3.4 Alignment Between ACT Observations and CIT Predictions]] *** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.3.5|7.3.5 Updated CIT Jeans Mass Concept]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.4|7.4 Conclusion]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_7#7.5|7.5 Overview of Important Constants]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8|Chapter 8: Supporting Research, References, and Multimedia]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.1|8.1 Articles Explaining CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.2|8.2 Comments and Contributions from ChatGPT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.3|8.3 Excel Files Supporting CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.4|8.4 Other Articles and Websites]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.5|8.5 Videos Supporting CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.6|8.6 Videos Related to CIT]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_8#8.7|8.7 Selected Responses from ChatGPT]] [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9|Chapter 9: Genesis of the Cosmic Influx Theory]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9#9.1|9.1 Early Insights and Thought Experiments]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9#9.2|9.2 Connecting with Existing Theories]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9#9.3|9.3 Mathematical Exploration and Key Discoveries]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9#9.4|9.4 Challenges and the Scientific Landscape]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9#9.5|9.5 The Role of AI in Theory Development]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_9#9.6|9.6 Conclusion and Future Directions]] * [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_10|Chapter 10: Feeling the Influx — A New Point of Observation]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_10#10.1|10.1 The Quiet Moment in Bed]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_10#10.2|10.2 The Accelerometer Confirms It]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_10#10.3|10.3 Falling Raindrops — The Influx Made Visible]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_10#10.4|10.4 From Concept to Realization]] ** [[User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_10#10.5|10.5 A Universal Gesture of Reception]] ---- '''Navigation:''' [{{fullurl:User:Ruud_Loeffen/Cosmic_Influx_Theory(3)/Chapter_1}} {{Button|Go to Chapter 1|green}}] ---- ---- hu298z3j15sb55ya6e6a7lx5080p7va 0 322574 2839790 2839788 2026-10-12T12:04:02Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Existence Needs */ 2839790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting on an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. - Cultural research shows motivational presences differ across gender and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) - No correlation was found between gender and personality type in motivation (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). - Growth needs motivate long term development - Higher level needs can motivate even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017) - Managers were motivated to mentor due to personal development and relationships, not financial rewards (Malota, 2017) - Students mentioned growth motivation 40.7% more than relatedness motivation (Wang et al., 2021) - Growth motivation was linked to improving diagnostic skills and developing professional abilities (Wang et al., 2021) == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === - When lower level needs are satisfied, individuals move toward growth needs - Higher level needs can motivate when lower level needs are not met (Malota, 2017) === Frustration - Regression === When higher-level needs are blocked or unmet, individuals may return to lower-level needs to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means motivation is not always a straightforward progression from lower to higher needs, as individuals may move between needs depending on their circumstances. For example, an employee who cannot grow professionally or access career development opportunities may instead prioritise material rewards, such as higher pay or bonuses, or seek stronger social connections and support in the workplace (Shikalepo, 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale and productivity (Caulton, 2012). {{ic|APA style uses serial commas}} - ERG helps managers tailor motivation strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). - Different employees respond to different needs (existence, relatedness, growth) - ERG is useful for analysing student motivation in healthcare education (Wang et al., 2021) - Motivational preferences vary across cultures, genders, and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] mwhdt22jhwuyi49cdpciw9iha460oln 2839802 2839790 2026-10-12T13:12:35Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Relatedness Needs */ 2839802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting on an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certian educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). - Growth needs motivate long term development - Higher level needs can motivate even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017) - Managers were motivated to mentor due to personal development and relationships, not financial rewards (Malota, 2017) - Students mentioned growth motivation 40.7% more than relatedness motivation (Wang et al., 2021) - Growth motivation was linked to improving diagnostic skills and developing professional abilities (Wang et al., 2021) == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === - When lower level needs are satisfied, individuals move toward growth needs - Higher level needs can motivate when lower level needs are not met (Malota, 2017) === Frustration - Regression === When higher-level needs are blocked or unmet, individuals may return to lower-level needs to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means motivation is not always a straightforward progression from lower to higher needs, as individuals may move between needs depending on their circumstances. For example, an employee who cannot grow professionally or access career development opportunities may instead prioritise material rewards, such as higher pay or bonuses, or seek stronger social connections and support in the workplace (Shikalepo, 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale and productivity (Caulton, 2012). {{ic|APA style uses serial commas}} - ERG helps managers tailor motivation strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). - Different employees respond to different needs (existence, relatedness, growth) - ERG is useful for analysing student motivation in healthcare education (Wang et al., 2021) - Motivational preferences vary across cultures, genders, and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] miv5twrdr4to71wmr8ity0ytnm9yc7p 2839803 2839802 2026-10-12T13:16:49Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* References */ 2839803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting on an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certian educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). - Growth needs motivate long term development - Higher level needs can motivate even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017) - Managers were motivated to mentor due to personal development and relationships, not financial rewards (Malota, 2017) - Students mentioned growth motivation 40.7% more than relatedness motivation (Wang et al., 2021) - Growth motivation was linked to improving diagnostic skills and developing professional abilities (Wang et al., 2021) == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === - When lower level needs are satisfied, individuals move toward growth needs - Higher level needs can motivate when lower level needs are not met (Malota, 2017) === Frustration - Regression === When higher-level needs are blocked or unmet, individuals may return to lower-level needs to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means motivation is not always a straightforward progression from lower to higher needs, as individuals may move between needs depending on their circumstances. For example, an employee who cannot grow professionally or access career development opportunities may instead prioritise material rewards, such as higher pay or bonuses, or seek stronger social connections and support in the workplace (Shikalepo, 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale and productivity (Caulton, 2012). {{ic|APA style uses serial commas}} - ERG helps managers tailor motivation strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). - Different employees respond to different needs (existence, relatedness, growth) - ERG is useful for analysing student motivation in healthcare education (Wang et al., 2021) - Motivational preferences vary across cultures, genders, and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] dic52mz5xnsqs2vhn74sodo96gsku8h 2839808 2839803 2026-10-12T14:16:29Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Growth Needs */ 2839808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting on an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certian educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === - When lower level needs are satisfied, individuals move toward growth needs - Higher level needs can motivate when lower level needs are not met (Malota, 2017) === Frustration - Regression === When higher-level needs are blocked or unmet, individuals may return to lower-level needs to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means motivation is not always a straightforward progression from lower to higher needs, as individuals may move between needs depending on their circumstances. For example, an employee who cannot grow professionally or access career development opportunities may instead prioritise material rewards, such as higher pay or bonuses, or seek stronger social connections and support in the workplace (Shikalepo, 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale and productivity (Caulton, 2012). {{ic|APA style uses serial commas}} - ERG helps managers tailor motivation strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). - Different employees respond to different needs (existence, relatedness, growth) - ERG is useful for analysing student motivation in healthcare education (Wang et al., 2021) - Motivational preferences vary across cultures, genders, and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] 8uiv6czmc6j8t3ou6k4axxaqt01kjt1 2839810 2839808 2026-10-12T14:31:29Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* References */ 2839810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === - When lower level needs are satisfied, individuals move toward growth needs - Higher level needs can motivate when lower level needs are not met (Malota, 2017) === Frustration - Regression === When higher-level needs are blocked or unmet, individuals may return to lower-level needs to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means motivation is not always a straightforward progression from lower to higher needs, as individuals may move between needs depending on their circumstances. For example, an employee who cannot grow professionally or access career development opportunities may instead prioritise material rewards, such as higher pay or bonuses, or seek stronger social connections and support in the workplace (Shikalepo, 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale and productivity (Caulton, 2012). {{ic|APA style uses serial commas}} - ERG helps managers tailor motivation strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). - Different employees respond to different needs (existence, relatedness, growth) - ERG is useful for analysing student motivation in healthcare education (Wang et al., 2021) - Motivational preferences vary across cultures, genders, and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] ho3iryi869oc3g133peg2uismlz7554 2839813 2839810 2026-10-12T14:32:55Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* References */ 2839813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === - When lower level needs are satisfied, individuals move toward growth needs - Higher level needs can motivate when lower level needs are not met (Malota, 2017) === Frustration - Regression === When higher-level needs are blocked or unmet, individuals may return to lower-level needs to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means motivation is not always a straightforward progression from lower to higher needs, as individuals may move between needs depending on their circumstances. For example, an employee who cannot grow professionally or access career development opportunities may instead prioritise material rewards, such as higher pay or bonuses, or seek stronger social connections and support in the workplace (Shikalepo, 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale and productivity (Caulton, 2012). {{ic|APA style uses serial commas}} - ERG helps managers tailor motivation strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). - Different employees respond to different needs (existence, relatedness, growth) - ERG is useful for analysing student motivation in healthcare education (Wang et al., 2021) - Motivational preferences vary across cultures, genders, and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] 0jp6yfzogoco2g3vv4znd1t90wqdbxi 2839818 2839813 2026-10-12T15:26:02Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Growth Needs */ 2839818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. When lower level needs such as existence and relatedness are sufficiently satisfied, individuals are more likely to pursue higher level growth needs. Unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs can become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement, and self-improvement even when some lower level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale and productivity (Caulton, 2012). {{ic|APA style uses serial commas}} - ERG helps managers tailor motivation strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). - Different employees respond to different needs (existence, relatedness, growth) - ERG is useful for analysing student motivation in healthcare education (Wang et al., 2021) - Motivational preferences vary across cultures, genders, and personality types (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007) ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] jgawgum6ejojnmwfmbgccjokxyzprhj 2839833 2839818 2026-10-12T16:16:10Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Applying ERG Theory */ 2839833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. When lower level needs such as existence and relatedness are sufficiently satisfied, individuals are more likely to pursue higher level growth needs. Unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs can become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement, and self-improvement even when some lower level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. By recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] d41515pp9vwmfm5n2y8glnbcefu0yae 2839835 2839833 2026-10-12T16:22:09Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* References */ 2839835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== The ERG Theory groups consist of existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and connections with others{{fact}}. Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and reaching one's full potential. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is an outgrowth of Maslow's hierarchy (Caulton, 2012) - It simplifies human needs into 3 categories instead of 5 - It is used to predict workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, and personal development (Caulton, 2012) - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Add table caption}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. When lower level needs such as existence and relatedness are sufficiently satisfied, individuals are more likely to pursue higher level growth needs. Unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs can become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement, and self-improvement even when some lower level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] rfbz6p788pp7afxo0pkxigddk1ftglg 2839850 2839835 2026-10-12T16:59:32Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* What are ERG needs? */ 2839850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, ERG Theory emerged as an extension of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. When lower level needs such as existence and relatedness are sufficiently satisfied, individuals are more likely to pursue higher level growth needs. Unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs can become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement, and self-improvement even when some lower level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] l5k4l1drk7gq5dmyh0e8hwuoo0t0rqq 2839853 2839850 2026-10-12T17:02:38Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* References */ 2839853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, ERG Theory emerged as an extension of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. When lower level needs such as existence and relatedness are sufficiently satisfied, individuals are more likely to pursue higher level growth needs. Unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs can become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement, and self-improvement even when some lower level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] kuevvtnb7rbgwqi4vzvo9bzicq3g93z 2839859 2839853 2026-10-12T17:20:08Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* What are ERG needs? */ 2839859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, the theory emerged as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and grouped human needs into three broad categories that influence motivation and behaviour (Alderfer, 1969). Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. ERG theory sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. When lower level needs such as existence and relatedness are sufficiently satisfied, individuals are more likely to pursue higher level growth needs. Unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs can become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement, and self-improvement even when some lower level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously, rather than in a fixed sequence (Alderfer, 1069). === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] p1jl4snyo9z6e85mdk3gzg745xwkb7r 2839874 2839859 2026-10-12T17:51:05Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Satisfaction - Progression */ 2839874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, the theory emerged as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and grouped human needs into three broad categories that influence motivation and behaviour (Alderfer, 1969). Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. ERG theory sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. This suggests that when lower level needs, such as existence and relatedness, are sufficiently satisfied, individuals may become more motivated to pursue higher level growth needs. However, unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement and self improvement even when some lower-level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously, rather than occurring in a fixed sequence (Alderfer, 1969). Supporting the relevance of this approach, Poulou and Norwich (2019) developed a measure of existence, relatedness and growth needs among adolescents, demonstrating the usefulness of these three categories for examining psychological needs in educational settings. Their research highlights how ERG theory can be applied to understand the different needs that influence individuals in real world contexts. Overall, ERG theory provides a flexible explanation of motivation by recognising that individuals can pursue different needs at the same time, depending on their circumstances and personal experiences. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] bc016a9vo7vd6szv1smc73ih4fxbx9h 2839875 2839874 2026-10-12T17:54:00Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* References */ 2839875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, the theory emerged as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and grouped human needs into three broad categories that influence motivation and behaviour (Alderfer, 1969). Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. ERG theory sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupationl contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. This suggests that when lower level needs, such as existence and relatedness, are sufficiently satisfied, individuals may become more motivated to pursue higher level growth needs. However, unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement and self improvement even when some lower-level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously, rather than occurring in a fixed sequence (Alderfer, 1969). Supporting the relevance of this approach, Poulou and Norwich (2019) developed a measure of existence, relatedness and growth needs among adolescents, demonstrating the usefulness of these three categories for examining psychological needs in educational settings. Their research highlights how ERG theory can be applied to understand the different needs that influence individuals in real world contexts. Overall, ERG theory provides a flexible explanation of motivation by recognising that individuals can pursue different needs at the same time, depending on their circumstances and personal experiences. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Poulou, M. S., & Norwich, B. (2019). Adolescent students’ psychological needs: Development of an existence, relatedness, and growth needs scale. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 7(sup1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2018.1479320 Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] 74h0res8sb9iqq1sw2k6la812o4ine9 2839881 2839875 2026-10-12T18:27:58Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Existence Needs */ 2839881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, the theory emerged as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and grouped human needs into three broad categories that influence motivation and behaviour (Alderfer, 1969). Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. ERG theory sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. However, the importance of existence needs may vary depending on an individual's circumstances. For example, people who already experience high levels of security may be more strongly motivated by opportunities for social connection or personal growth. This suggests that existence needs are important but may not always be the primary source of motivation. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. Although social relationships are widely recognised as important for motivation, research indicates that relatedness needs may not always be the strongest motivational influence. For example, Wang et al. (2021) found that growth and existence needs were more prominent than relatedness needs among healthcare students, suggesting that the importance of social connection may vary across different contexts. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Despite the benefits associated with growth needs, not all individuals prioritise personal development to the same extent. Factors such as financial pressures, workplace demands, or cultural expectations may lead individuals to place greater emphasis on existence or relatedness needs at different stages of life. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupational contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. This suggests that when lower level needs, such as existence and relatedness, are sufficiently satisfied, individuals may become more motivated to pursue higher level growth needs. However, unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement and self improvement even when some lower-level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously, rather than occurring in a fixed sequence (Alderfer, 1969). This aspect of ERG theory is often considered one of its strengths because it reflects the complexity of real world motivation. However, it can also make the theory more difficult to test empirically because individuals may pursue multiple needs at the same time. Supporting the relevance of this approach, Poulou and Norwich (2019) developed a measure of existence, relatedness and growth needs among adolescents, demonstrating the usefulness of these three categories for examining psychological needs in educational settings. Their research highlights how ERG theory can be applied to understand the different needs that influence individuals in real world contexts. Overall, ERG theory provides a flexible explanation of motivation by recognising that individuals can pursue different needs at the same time, depending on their circumstances and personal experiences. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. While the frustration-regression principle is a distinctive feature of ERG theory, there is limited empirical research directly examining this process. As a result, it could be argued that further evidence is needed to determine how consistently frustration-regression occurs across different populations and contexts. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. Although ERG theory has practical applications across workplaces and educational settings, it may not fully explain all aspects of motivation. Human behaviour is influenced by a range of psychological, social, and cultural factors, meaning that ERG theory is most useful when considered alongside other motivational perspectives. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, and growth needs involve personal development and achievement (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together, these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances. A key strength of ERG Theory is that motivation does not follow a fixed or linear progression. Individuals can pursue multiple needs at the same time, and when higher-level needs such as growth are blocked, they can redirect their motivation towards lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This helps explain changes in motivation that theories that view needs as purely hierarchical may not account for. Research and applications of ERG Theory demonstrate its usefulness for understanding motivation across different contexts, particularly in workplaces and educational settings. The key takeaway is that understanding motivation requires recognising that individuals have different needs that can change over time. Psychological science, through ERG Theory, therefore provides a useful framework for understanding why people behave differently, what sustains their motivation, and how environments can be designed better to support security, social connection, and personal growth. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Poulou, M. S., & Norwich, B. (2019). Adolescent students’ psychological needs: Development of an existence, relatedness, and growth needs scale. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 7(sup1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2018.1479320 Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] ks92w89jl875qgclgd3w9pxzjt6wfjd 2839897 2839881 2026-10-12T19:11:36Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Conclusion */ 2839897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, the theory emerged as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and grouped human needs into three broad categories that influence motivation and behaviour (Alderfer, 1969). Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. ERG theory sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. However, the importance of existence needs may vary depending on an individual's circumstances. For example, people who already experience high levels of security may be more strongly motivated by opportunities for social connection or personal growth. This suggests that existence needs are important but may not always be the primary source of motivation. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. Although social relationships are widely recognised as important for motivation, research indicates that relatedness needs may not always be the strongest motivational influence. For example, Wang et al. (2021) found that growth and existence needs were more prominent than relatedness needs among healthcare students, suggesting that the importance of social connection may vary across different contexts. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Despite the benefits associated with growth needs, not all individuals prioritise personal development to the same extent. Factors such as financial pressures, workplace demands, or cultural expectations may lead individuals to place greater emphasis on existence or relatedness needs at different stages of life. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupational contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. This suggests that when lower level needs, such as existence and relatedness, are sufficiently satisfied, individuals may become more motivated to pursue higher level growth needs. However, unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement and self improvement even when some lower-level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously, rather than occurring in a fixed sequence (Alderfer, 1969). This aspect of ERG theory is often considered one of its strengths because it reflects the complexity of real world motivation. However, it can also make the theory more difficult to test empirically because individuals may pursue multiple needs at the same time. Supporting the relevance of this approach, Poulou and Norwich (2019) developed a measure of existence, relatedness and growth needs among adolescents, demonstrating the usefulness of these three categories for examining psychological needs in educational settings. Their research highlights how ERG theory can be applied to understand the different needs that influence individuals in real world contexts. Overall, ERG theory provides a flexible explanation of motivation by recognising that individuals can pursue different needs at the same time, depending on their circumstances and personal experiences. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. While the frustration-regression principle is a distinctive feature of ERG theory, there is limited empirical research directly examining this process. As a result, it could be argued that further evidence is needed to determine how consistently frustration-regression occurs across different populations and contexts. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. Although ERG theory has practical applications across workplaces and educational settings, it may not fully explain all aspects of motivation. Human behaviour is influenced by a range of psychological, social, and cultural factors, meaning that ERG theory is most useful when considered alongside other motivational perspectives. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and social connect, while growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and self-actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances and personal goals. A key strength of ERG theory is its ability to explain changes in motivation through the concepts of satisfaction-progression and frustration-regression. Unlike traditional hierarchical models like Maslow's pyramid, individuals can pursue multiple needs simultaneously, and when higher level needs such as growth needs are blocked, attention may shift towards lower level needs such as security, financial stability, or social support (Shikalepo, 2020). Research has demonstrated the relevance of these needs across workplace and educational settings, where motivation is influenced by opportunities for security, belonging, and personal development. The practical applications of ERG theory demonstrate its value for understanding motivation in everyday life. In workplaces, managers can use the theory to develop strategies that address different employee needs, while educators can apply it to better understand student engagement and achievement. The key takeaway is that motivation is not fixed, but changes according to an individual's needs, experiences, and environment. Through recognising and supporting existence, relatedness, and growth needs, organisations, educations, and individuals can create conditions that promote wellbeing, engagement, and long term motivation. Therefore, ERG theory provides a useful psychological framework for understanding how motivation develops and how it can be enhanced across a variety of personal, educational, and professional contexts. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Poulou, M. S., & Norwich, B. (2019). Adolescent students’ psychological needs: Development of an existence, relatedness, and growth needs scale. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 7(sup1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2018.1479320 Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] fdvkdi2p5chbj156lnwa612vrhmlm1s 2839900 2839897 2026-10-12T19:23:44Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* References */ 2839900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ERG Theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer between 1961 and 1978 as a more flexible alternative to Maslow's hierarchy (Bateman & Snell, 2013). It condenses human needs into three categories, which are existence, relatedness and growth. {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - ERG is widely used to understand workplace motivation (Caulton, 2012) - It can explain workplace issues, relationship patterns, and personal development choices (Caulton, 2012) - ERG allows movement both upward (progression) and downward (regression) (Shikalepo, 2020) - Multiple needs can motivate behaviour at the same time (Shikalepo, 2020 {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} - What are existence, relatedness, and growth needs? - How does ERG Theory explain changes in motivation? - What evidence supports progression and regression? - How can ERG Theory be applied in workplaces, education, and personal development? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, the theory emerged as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and grouped human needs into three broad categories that influence motivation and behaviour (Alderfer, 1969). Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. ERG theory sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. However, the importance of existence needs may vary depending on an individual's circumstances. For example, people who already experience high levels of security may be more strongly motivated by opportunities for social connection or personal growth. This suggests that existence needs are important but may not always be the primary source of motivation. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. Although social relationships are widely recognised as important for motivation, research indicates that relatedness needs may not always be the strongest motivational influence. For example, Wang et al. (2021) found that growth and existence needs were more prominent than relatedness needs among healthcare students, suggesting that the importance of social connection may vary across different contexts. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Despite the benefits associated with growth needs, not all individuals prioritise personal development to the same extent. Factors such as financial pressures, workplace demands, or cultural expectations may lead individuals to place greater emphasis on existence or relatedness needs at different stages of life. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupational contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. This suggests that when lower level needs, such as existence and relatedness, are sufficiently satisfied, individuals may become more motivated to pursue higher level growth needs. However, unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement and self improvement even when some lower-level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously, rather than occurring in a fixed sequence (Alderfer, 1969). This aspect of ERG theory is often considered one of its strengths because it reflects the complexity of real world motivation. However, it can also make the theory more difficult to test empirically because individuals may pursue multiple needs at the same time. Supporting the relevance of this approach, Poulou and Norwich (2019) developed a measure of existence, relatedness and growth needs among adolescents, demonstrating the usefulness of these three categories for examining psychological needs in educational settings. Their research highlights how ERG theory can be applied to understand the different needs that influence individuals in real world contexts. Overall, ERG theory provides a flexible explanation of motivation by recognising that individuals can pursue different needs at the same time, depending on their circumstances and personal experiences. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. While the frustration-regression principle is a distinctive feature of ERG theory, there is limited empirical research directly examining this process. As a result, it could be argued that further evidence is needed to determine how consistently frustration-regression occurs across different populations and contexts. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. Although ERG theory has practical applications across workplaces and educational settings, it may not fully explain all aspects of motivation. Human behaviour is influenced by a range of psychological, social, and cultural factors, meaning that ERG theory is most useful when considered alongside other motivational perspectives. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and social connect, while growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and self-actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances and personal goals. A key strength of ERG theory is its ability to explain changes in motivation through the concepts of satisfaction-progression and frustration-regression. Unlike traditional hierarchical models like Maslow's pyramid, individuals can pursue multiple needs simultaneously, and when higher level needs such as growth needs are blocked, attention may shift towards lower level needs such as security, financial stability, or social support (Shikalepo, 2020). Research has demonstrated the relevance of these needs across workplace and educational settings, where motivation is influenced by opportunities for security, belonging, and personal development. The practical applications of ERG theory demonstrate its value for understanding motivation in everyday life. In workplaces, managers can use the theory to develop strategies that address different employee needs, while educators can apply it to better understand student engagement and achievement. The key takeaway is that motivation is not fixed, but changes according to an individual's needs, experiences, and environment. Through recognising and supporting existence, relatedness, and growth needs, organisations, educations, and individuals can create conditions that promote wellbeing, engagement, and long term motivation. Therefore, ERG theory provides a useful psychological framework for understanding how motivation develops and how it can be enhanced across a variety of personal, educational, and professional contexts. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Poulou, M. S., & Norwich, B. (2019). Adolescent students’ psychological needs: Development of an existence, relatedness, and growth needs scale. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 7(sup1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2018.1479320 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, Article 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860 Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] mlh61pufipwd18pwkp34biaj5e724uc 2839913 2839900 2026-10-12T21:45:15Z Sarah Hagan06 3106978 /* Overview */ 2839913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|ERG theory and motivation:<br>What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Tired person sitting in chair with hands covering face.jpg|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. A caption for the image to connect it to the text goes here]] ;Scenario A new employee enters a workplace excited to grow professionally. Over time, they realise there are limited opportunities for development. Their motivation drops, and they begin focusing only on job security and material rewards. ERG Theory explains this shift, because when growth needs are blocked, people tend to regress to lower level needs such as existence or relatedness (Shikalepo, 2020) See Figure 1 {{ic|Use APA style to cite figures}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} Motivation influences many aspects of everyday life, including career choices, educational achievement, workplace performance, and personal development. Understanding what motivates people is important because motivation affects the goals individuals pursue, the effort they invest in those goals, and their ability to persist when faced with challenges. Motivation is widely recognised as a key factor influencing behaviour, performance, and wellbeing across multiple areas of life, including education, work, and personal development (Ryan & Deci, 2020). Psychologists have developed numerous theories to explain human motivation, with many focusing on the role that needs play in shaping behaviour. One such theory is ERG Theory, which was developed by Clayton Alderfer as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Alderfer, 1969). ERG Theory proposes that human motivation is influenced by three categories of needs, existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs refer to basic physiological and security requirements necessary for survival and stability. Relatedness needs focus on interpersonal relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging. Growth needs involve personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of an individual's full potential. Unlike traditional need based theories that suggest motivation follows a strict hierarchy, ERG Theory proposes that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously and that individuals may move between different needs depending on their circumstances (Caulton, 2012). A key feature of ERG theory is its ability to explain changes in motivation through the concepts of satisfaction-progression and frustration-regression. Satisfaction-progression occurs when the fulfilment of lower-level needs encourages individuals to pursue higher-level growth needs, whereas frustration-regression occurs when unmet higher-level needs lead individuals to refocus on lower-level needs (Shikalepo, 2020). This flexibility allows ERG Theory to provide a more realistic explanation of human behaviour and motivation across a variety of personal and professional contexts. ==What are ERG needs?== ERG theory categorises human needs into three groups, existence, relatedness, and growth. Developed by Clayton Alderfer, the theory emerged as a refinement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and grouped human needs into three broad categories that influence motivation and behaviour (Alderfer, 1969). Existence needs relate to basic material and physiological requirements necessary for survival and security, while relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships, social connection, and a sense of belonging with others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and the pursuit of one's full potential. ERG theory sought to provide a more flexible explanation of human motivation (Caulton, 2012). Unlike Maslow's model, which organises needs into five hierarchical levels, ERG theory simplifies human needs into three broad categories and recognises that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously. As a result, the theory has been widely applied to understanding workplace behaviour, relationship dynamics, educational motivation, and personal development (Caulton, 2012). - See Table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1 {{ic|Summary of existence, relatedness, and growth needs in ERG Theory}} !Need Category !Description !Examples |- |Existence |Basic survival and security needs including physiological needs and safety |Food, shelter, job security, physical safety |- |Relatedness |Social and interpersonal needs involving connection, belonging and relationships |Friendships, teamwork, recognition, social support |- |Growth |Personal development needs focused on learning, competence, and self-actualisation |Skill development, creaivity, autonomy, achievement |} == Existence Needs == Existence needs include physiological and safety-related requirements such as food, shelter, job security, and safe working conditions (Bateman & Snell, 2013). According to ERG theory, these needs form the foundation of motivation because they are directly linked to an individual's wellbeing and sense of stability. When existence needs are threatened or not met, people are more likely to focus their attention on obtaining resources that will restore security and reduce uncertainty. Employment conditions, rewards, and job security can significantly influence employee motivation and job satisfaction (Ali & Anwar, 2021). In workplace settings, existence needs can play a particularly important role in motivation. Employees who are concerned about job security, income, or safe working conditions may prioritise these concerns over opportunities for social connection or personal devlopment. When existence needs are adequately satisfied, individuals are often better positioned to pursue higher level needs, such as building meaningful relationships and seeking personal growth. This highlights the importance of secure and supportive environments in fostering motivation. Research has demonstrated the influence of existence needs in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that healthcare students frequently expressed motivations related to future employment and career security. Many participants reported that learning ultrasound skills was important because these competencies were required for future professional practice and employment opportunities. These findings suggest that individuals are often motivated by goals that contribute to their long term stability and security, supporting the role of existence needs as an important driver of behaviour within ERG theory. However, the importance of existence needs may vary depending on an individual's circumstances. For example, people who already experience high levels of security may be more strongly motivated by opportunities for social connection or personal growth. This suggests that existence needs are important but may not always be the primary source of motivation. == Relatedness Needs == Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships, social connect, recognition, and feeling safe around others (Bateman & Snell, 2013). These needs relate to belonging and interpersonal safety, reflecting an individual's desire to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Within ERG theory, relatedness needs are met through positive, meaningful social interactions, support from others, and a sense of inclusion and acceptance. When these needs are met, individuals are more likely to experience greater wellbeing, engagement, and motivation in both personal and professional settings. Research implies that supportive workplace environments and strong interpersonal relationships are associated with higher levels of work engagement and organisational commitment (Aboramadan et al., 2020). In a study in 2022, it was demonstrated that social relatedness is a significant contributor to work motivation, highlighting the importance of interpersonal connections in motivating behaviour (Vo et al., 2022). Cultural research implies that motivational preferences can vary across different demographic and personality characteristics. Song, Wang, and Wei (2007) found that motivation differed across gender and personality types, indicating that individuals may prioritise social and interpersonal needs in different ways. However, the researchers did not find significant correlation between gender and personality type in relation to motivation, suggesting that these factors may influence motivation independently. Additional research by Wang et al. (2021) found that relatedness needs were less dominant than existence and growth needs among healthcare students. This finding suggests that while social connection and belonging remain important sources of motivation, individuals may prioritise security and personal development over interpersonal relationships in certain educational and professional contexts. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of relatedness needs and demonstrate that the importance individuals place on social connections can vary depending on their personal characteristics, goals, and circumstances. Although social relationships are widely recognised as important for motivation, research indicates that relatedness needs may not always be the strongest motivational influence. For example, Wang et al. (2021) found that growth and existence needs were more prominent than relatedness needs among healthcare students, suggesting that the importance of social connection may vary across different contexts. [[File:Noun-community-6110484-0080FE.svg|thumb]] == Growth Needs == Growth needs include personal development, self‑esteem through achievement, and self‑actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Within ERG theory, these needs represent an individual's desire to realise their potential, develop new skills, and achieve meaningful personal and professional goals. Unlike existence and relatedness needs, growth needs focus on continuous self improvement and the pursuit of opportunities that enable learning, creativity, and accomplishment. As a result, growth needs are often associated with long term motivation and sustained personal development. A key feature of ERG theory is that higher level growth needs can motivate behaviour even when lower level needs are not fully satisfied (Malota, 2017). This differs from some more rigid hierarchical approaches to motivation, which suggest that basic needs must be met before higher level aspirations become important. Research by Malota (2017) found that managers were motivated to participate in mentoring relationships because of opportunities for personal development and relationship building rather than financial rewards. This suggests that intrinsic factors associated with growth can be powerful motivators in professional settings. Similar findings have been reported in educational contexts. Wang et al. (2021) found that students referred to growth-related motivations 40.7% more frequently than relatedness motivations. Research also suggests that opportunities for learning and skill development can enhance motivation and performance. Zhang and Chen (2021) found that learning motivation was positively associated with innovation capability and learning effectiveness, indicating that individuals are often motivated improving diagnostic skills and developing professional competencies that would support future career success. These findings support Alderfer's proposition that individuals are often motivated by opportunities for achievement, learning, and self-imvement. When growth needs are supported, people may become more engaged, persist longer in challenging tasks, and experience greater satisfaction from their accomplishments. Although studies support the importance of growth needs in motivating learning and professional development, many investigations rely on self-report measures, making it difficult to determine whether growth needs directly cause motivational outcomes. Despite the benefits associated with growth needs, not all individuals prioritise personal development to the same extent. Factors such as financial pressures, workplace demands, or cultural expectations may lead individuals to place greater emphasis on existence or relatedness needs at different stages of life. Further research is needed to examine how growth needs influence behaviour across different cultural and occupational contexts. == Progression and Regression == ERG Theory proposes two key processes{{fact}}: === Satisfaction - Progression === According to ERG theory, motivation is influenced by a mechanism known as satisfaction-progression. This suggests that when lower level needs, such as existence and relatedness, are sufficiently satisfied, individuals may become more motivated to pursue higher level growth needs. However, unlike Maslow's hierarchical model, ERG theory does not require lower level needs to be completely fulfilled before higher level needs become important. Individuals may continue to seek personal development, achievement and self improvement even when some lower-level needs remain unmet (Malota, 2017). This flexibility reflects the dynamic nature of human motivation and suggests that multiple needs can influence behaviour simultaneously, rather than occurring in a fixed sequence (Alderfer, 1969). This aspect of ERG theory is often considered one of its strengths because it reflects the complexity of real world motivation. However, it can also make the theory more difficult to test empirically because individuals may pursue multiple needs at the same time. Supporting the relevance of this approach, Poulou and Norwich (2019) developed a measure of existence, relatedness and growth needs among adolescents, demonstrating the usefulness of these three categories for examining psychological needs in educational settings. Their research highlights how ERG theory can be applied to understand the different needs that influence individuals in real world contexts. Overall, ERG theory provides a flexible explanation of motivation by recognising that individuals can pursue different needs at the same time, depending on their circumstances and personal experiences. === Frustration - Regression === A unique feature of ERG theory is the frustration-regression principle. When individuals are unable to satisfy growth needs, they may redirect their attention toward lower level existence or relatedness needs in an attempt to maintain motivation and satisfaction (Shikalepo, 2020). This means that motivation does not always progress in an upward direction. Instead, people may regress to needs that are more attainable when higher-level goals are blocked or unavailable. For example, a nurse may begin a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills and pursuing career advancement opportunities. However, if access to training programs and professional development opportunities becomes limited, their growth needs may become frustrated. As a result, the nurse may shift their focus towards existence needs, such as job security and stable income, or relatedness needs, such as building supportive relationships with colleagues. This example demonstrates how frustration-regression can explain changed in motivation when higher level needs cannot be fulfilled. According to Shikalepo (2020), this flexibility distinguishes ERG theory from more rigid motivational models by recognising that individuals can move between different needs depending on their circumstances. While the frustration-regression principle is a distinctive feature of ERG theory, there is limited empirical research directly examining this process. As a result, it could be argued that further evidence is needed to determine how consistently frustration-regression occurs across different populations and contexts. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Case study: Regression in the Workplace A nurse begins a new role motivated by growth needs such as developing advanced clinical skills. When opportunities for training are removed, her motivation declines. She shifts focus to job security and stable income. This is a regression from growth to existence needs. {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Nurse administering medicine using a spoon in a healthcare setting during the day.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2]] == Applying ERG Theory == ERG Theory is widely used to understand workplace motivation, morale, and productivity (Caulton, 2012). One of the key strengths of the theory is its recognition that individuals are motivated by different needs at different times. Rather than assuming everyone is motivated by the same factors, ERG theory suggests that motivation is influenced by a combination of existence, relatedness , and growth needs. This flexibility allows organisations to better understand employee behaviour and develop strategies that support different sources of motivation. In workplace settings, ERG Theory can help managers tailor motivational strategies to individual needs (Mansaray, 2019). For example, some employees may be primarily motivated by existence needs such as salary, job security, and safe working conditions, whereas others may value social support, recognition, and opportunities to build positive relationships with colleagues. Employees who are focused on growth needs may be motivated by career advancement opportunities, skill development, and challenging work tasks. A study in 2023 highlights how organisations offering training and professional development opportunities often experience higher levels of employee engagement, motivation, and retention (Srivasta, 2023). Through recognising these differences, managers can create work environments that support a range of motivational needs and improve employee satisfaction and performance. ERG theory can also be applied in educational settings. Research by Wang et al. (2021) found that the theory was useful for understanding student motivation in healthcare education. Students were motivated by a combination of future career opportunities to develop professional skills. In addition, motivational preferences may differ across cultures, genders, and personality types, suggesting that individuals do not all respond to motivation in the same way (Song, Wang & Wei, 2007). These findings highlight the practical value of ERG theory for understanding human motivation across different context and for developing environments that support security, social connection, and personal growth. Although ERG theory has practical applications across workplaces and educational settings, it may not fully explain all aspects of motivation. Human behaviour is influenced by a range of psychological, social, and cultural factors, meaning that ERG theory is most useful when considered alongside other motivational perspectives. ;Quizzes <quiz display="simple"> {ERG Theory proposes that individuals must satisfy existence needs before they can pursue relatedness or growth needs.: |type="()"} - True + False {According to ERG Theory, multiple needs can be active and influence behaviour at the same time: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== ERG Theory offers a flexible, realistic explanation of human motivation by proposing that behaviour is shaped by three core needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs involve basic material and safety requirements, relatedness needs involve meaningful relationships and social connect, while growth needs focus on personal development, achievement, and self-actualisation (Bateman & Snell, 2013). Together these needs help explain why individuals may be motivated by different factors depending on their circumstances and personal goals. A key strength of ERG theory is its ability to explain changes in motivation through the concepts of satisfaction-progression and frustration-regression. Unlike traditional hierarchical models like Maslow's pyramid, individuals can pursue multiple needs simultaneously, and when higher level needs such as growth needs are blocked, attention may shift towards lower level needs such as security, financial stability, or social support (Shikalepo, 2020). Research has demonstrated the relevance of these needs across workplace and educational settings, where motivation is influenced by opportunities for security, belonging, and personal development. The practical applications of ERG theory demonstrate its value for understanding motivation in everyday life. In workplaces, managers can use the theory to develop strategies that address different employee needs, while educators can apply it to better understand student engagement and achievement. The key takeaway is that motivation is not fixed, but changes according to an individual's needs, experiences, and environment. Through recognising and supporting existence, relatedness, and growth needs, organisations, educations, and individuals can create conditions that promote wellbeing, engagement, and long term motivation. Therefore, ERG theory provides a useful psychological framework for understanding how motivation develops and how it can be enhanced across a variety of personal, educational, and professional contexts. ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/ERG theory|ERG theory]] (Book chapter, 2024) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Zaidoune, S. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160 Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees' motivation and its influence job satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3 Bateman T. S. and Snell S. A. (2013) MANAGEMENT: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World Tenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. ''Emerging Leadership Journeys'', ''5''(1), 2-8. Mansaray, H. E. (2019). The role of human resource management in employee motivation and performance—An overview. ''Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2''(3), 183–194. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.405</nowiki> Małota, W. (2017). Motivational factors to be a mentor in formal mentoring in organisations. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the propensity to mentor. ''Central European Management Journal'', ''25''(4), 119-143. Poulou, M. S., & Norwich, B. (2019). Adolescent students’ psychological needs: Development of an existence, relatedness, and growth needs scale. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 7(sup1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2018.1479320 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, Article 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860 Shikalepo, E. E. (2020). The role of motivational theories in shaping teacher motivation and performance: A review of related literature. ''International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4''(4), 64–76. Srivastava, P. (2023). Evaluating the role of training programs in enhancing employee skills and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 25(8), 66–71. Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C. W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049 Wang, T. C., Chen, W. T., Kang, Y. N., Lin, C. W., Cheng, C. Y., Suk, F. M., Chen, H. Y., Hsu, C. W., Fong, T. H., & Huang, W. C. (2021). Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory. ''BMC Medical Education, 21'', 438. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02869-4</nowiki> Zhang, G., & Chen, C. (2021). A study on the relationship between learning motivation and learning effectiveness of personnel based on innovation capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772904 }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Psychological]] toyjeb7tyv7gpqbt5ms42iyvvk7d27b 0 330072 2839935 2835902 2026-10-12T23:27:05Z Revial76 3106977 Edited the example to improve the readability and change to 3rd person perspective 2839935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours form through repetition, and that repetition eventually makes them automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains this perfectly. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ==Role of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Common errors with environmental cues include driving to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour is so routine that your brain programs it to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claim [''Grammar - use past tense here''] that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest.Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, the officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] jdig13n3ipa5t50o37zgb1ocnd2xwgu 2839939 2839935 2026-10-12T23:58:55Z Revial76 3106977 edits to readability 2839939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ==Role of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Common errors with environmental cues include driving to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour is so routine that your brain programs it to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claim [''Grammar - use past tense here''] that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest.Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, the officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] 9klppxzfrvvb5c3bzuajalny8t74jyj 2839942 2839939 2026-10-13T00:21:08Z Revial76 3106977 Expanded on automatic behaviour formation 2839942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated through repeating these responses within a given context the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity: activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. Linking back to Pavlov's theory this insensitivity to change in response outcomes explains why the dog salivates when it hears the bell even if it doesn't receive food. ==Role of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Common errors with environmental cues include driving to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour is so routine that your brain programs it to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claim [''Grammar - use past tense here''] that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest.Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, the officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] 9kj3ghrmpk17zffw9j8efs5s8zwoiq0 2839943 2839942 2026-10-13T00:55:06Z Revial76 3106977 /* Role of environmental cues */ changes made to add a research exaxmple and elaborate on wording 2839943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated through repeating these responses within a given context the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity: activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. Linking back to Pavlov's theory this insensitivity to change in response outcomes explains why the dog salivates when it hears the bell even if it doesn't receive food. ==Role of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest.Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, the officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] b1ytgbom1ba6tmj8ajak48y5ntpf94v 2839948 2839943 2026-10-13T01:57:30Z Revial76 3106977 /* Pursuing goals with automaticity */ added a space 2839948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated through repeating these responses within a given context the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity: activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. Linking back to Pavlov's theory this insensitivity to change in response outcomes explains why the dog salivates when it hears the bell even if it doesn't receive food. ==Role of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, the officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] 95ft3n31xd8h347naad7iadm6ljky7z 2839949 2839948 2026-10-13T02:00:18Z Revial76 3106977 /* Pursuing goals with automaticity */ Added james 2839949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated through repeating these responses within a given context the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity: activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. Linking back to Pavlov's theory this insensitivity to change in response outcomes explains why the dog salivates when it hears the bell even if it doesn't receive food. ==Role of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] hpdl8emvvhfg2tzs03hlk5p00htdqvx 2839951 2839949 2026-10-13T03:18:28Z Revial76 3106977 /* Automatic behaviour formation */ adding examples of experiments 2839951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated through repeating these responses within a given context the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. Automatic behaviour formation in action Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process especially early on. Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] eqeewpxn2uk4llsfrith8uzxtxfr6qy 2839952 2839951 2026-10-13T03:20:08Z Revial76 3106977 Added subhedding syntax 2839952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated through repeating these responses within a given context the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process especially early on. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] pu7j6csv5o8q390fjn23w1on7oxace5 2839954 2839952 2026-10-13T03:33:05Z Revial76 3106977 /* Automatic behaviour formation in action */ More info added 2839954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated through repeating these responses within a given context the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. These habits becoming the new default could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to defaulting to a specific behaviour it removes any mental friction that would have been inferred by bypassing the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] su33z10nho3cp73mkyn42n1gzy7m4df 2839955 2839954 2026-10-13T03:36:44Z Revial76 3106977 /* Automatic behaviour formation */ 2839955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. These habits becoming the new default could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to defaulting to a specific behaviour it removes any mental friction that would have been inferred by bypassing the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] d6w3vez2qs6m5k61qvjx1s0qxhg8u1f 2839957 2839955 2026-10-13T03:42:39Z Revial76 3106977 /* Automatic behaviour formation */ improved allignment to paper 2839957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. These habits becoming the new default could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to defaulting to a specific behaviour it removes any mental friction that would have been inferred by bypassing the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] 84vyizaljdrnwp8fey5jbi8fthy2lws 2839959 2839957 2026-10-13T04:16:13Z Revial76 3106977 /* Automatic behaviour formation in action */ Added key takeaways and expanded on arguement with dual process 2839959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) Formation factors and Dual Process Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it removes any mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and bypassing the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential, missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall and the behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] l9fhmcvlu0kanhtbic05n6qrk6zy86i 2839960 2839959 2026-10-13T04:19:43Z Revial76 3106977 2839960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) <nowiki>===Formation factors and Dual Process===</nowiki> Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential, missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall and the behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] pf67h5j1zf095lnpk8evqagc8skoilb 2839961 2839960 2026-10-13T04:20:37Z Revial76 3106977 2839961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential, missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall and the behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] cva5k30gl3qay9a6sumwmpkf42ujvxo 2839962 2839961 2026-10-13T04:22:20Z Revial76 3106977 2839962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] 9hr437bo44xrcl1uzvdtmdzazaoo0yp 2839963 2839962 2026-10-13T04:23:10Z Revial76 3106977 2839963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of Environmental Cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] bkhwbw4zrv8r44ppall0coefuldsf9d 2839966 2839963 2026-10-13T05:06:32Z Revial76 3106977 /* Function of Environmental Cues */ Changed casing 2839966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] e1mo9ayessg65swcbvfvghbftmrqldr 2839968 2839966 2026-10-13T05:15:22Z Revial76 3106977 /* Automatic behaviour formation */ 2839968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence of goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around after the goal has been achieved or is no longer relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and to provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cues can trigger in an unhelpful fashion too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] plk898y4wnaukzalhfo22nu9evu482z 2839983 2839968 2026-10-13T07:49:43Z Revial76 3106977 /* Function of environmental cues */ Big text addition 2839983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around without thinking about the outcome or if the behaviour is relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and provide context for their rigidity. Environmental cue evidence Environmental cues can trigger in an unwanted behaviours too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. The change in location disrupted this process from occuring, but their second study revealed an even more interesting discovery. Consuming the popcorn with their non-dominant hand actually also interrupted the automatic behaviour, they did not behave habitually and reduced their consumption of stale popcorn. Environmental cues may also reduce neutral or even beneficial habits. Wood et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on university students transferring to a new university. They analysed exercise, TV viewing and reading as well as everyday thoughts and actions via two surveys conducted four weeks apart. They revealed that changes in the context of which the behaviours were performed decreased the likelihood they'd perform the rehearsed behaviour. To preserve these behaviours some participants developed decisions about particular behaviours, which caused them to form or retrieve intentions about those behaviours which guided their actions. They concluded that behaviours were only sustained where the context to perform remained unchanged (e.g. reading the newspaper with others) without intervention from behavioural intention. To maintain a behaviour such as going for a run in the park, if there isn't one in proximity they would need to have the intention to continue running in order to adapt the behaviour to a new context, otherwise the behaviour would become extinct. Wood et al. (2007) provides the framework for setting a deliberate behaviour, the context needs to be specific to the behaviour. If James, the undercover officer, plays lots of video games on his home PC and occasionally try to do paperwork, the habit to play video games will be stronger and he will find it more difficult to engage in paperwork. This results in a weak plan to change behaviour as his context is more fluid. Strong context would be going to a local library to perform that specific activity. Doing this reduces the likelihood of the issue Neal et al. (2011) studied where unwanted or unpleasant behaviours occurred because the environment triggered their automatic response. If James' moves house and no longer lives near the library he will run into the issue Wood et al. (2005) discussed where his behaviour of doing paperwork may deminish because the context cue of doing it at the library is gone. Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve: Building patterns with intention creates a relatively effortless process overtime. Goals-orientated behaviours can persist even once the goal has been achieved, without intentionally wanting to achieve the goal or without the goal being relevant. Behaviours triggered by environmental cues can be negative in the wrong context. Lack of presence in environmental cues can reduce the likelihood those behaviours will be performed or even maintained. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] gaukcon22nby34wglkmcjyvdeenkicy 2839984 2839983 2026-10-13T07:50:58Z Revial76 3106977 /* Function of environmental cues */ 2839984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 claimed that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around without thinking about the outcome or if the behaviour is relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and provide context for their rigidity. ===Environmental cue evidence=== Environmental cues can trigger in an unwanted behaviours too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. The change in location disrupted this process from occuring, but their second study revealed an even more interesting discovery. Consuming the popcorn with their non-dominant hand actually also interrupted the automatic behaviour, they did not behave habitually and reduced their consumption of stale popcorn. Environmental cues may also reduce neutral or even beneficial habits. Wood et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on university students transferring to a new university. They analysed exercise, TV viewing and reading as well as everyday thoughts and actions via two surveys conducted four weeks apart. They revealed that changes in the context of which the behaviours were performed decreased the likelihood they'd perform the rehearsed behaviour. To preserve these behaviours some participants developed decisions about particular behaviours, which caused them to form or retrieve intentions about those behaviours which guided their actions. They concluded that behaviours were only sustained where the context to perform remained unchanged (e.g. reading the newspaper with others) without intervention from behavioural intention. To maintain a behaviour such as going for a run in the park, if there isn't one in proximity they would need to have the intention to continue running in order to adapt the behaviour to a new context, otherwise the behaviour would become extinct. Wood et al. (2007) provides the framework for setting a deliberate behaviour, the context needs to be specific to the behaviour. If James, the undercover officer, plays lots of video games on his home PC and occasionally try to do paperwork, the habit to play video games will be stronger and he will find it more difficult to engage in paperwork. This results in a weak plan to change behaviour as his context is more fluid. Strong context would be going to a local library to perform that specific activity. Doing this reduces the likelihood of the issue Neal et al. (2011) studied where unwanted or unpleasant behaviours occurred because the environment triggered their automatic response. If James' moves house and no longer lives near the library he will run into the issue Wood et al. (2005) discussed where his behaviour of doing paperwork may deminish because the context cue of doing it at the library is gone. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Building patterns with intention creates a relatively effortless process overtime. *Goals-orientated behaviours can persist even once the goal has been achieved, without intentionally wanting to achieve the goal or without the goal being relevant. *Behaviours triggered by environmental cues can be negative in the wrong context. *Lack of presence in environmental cues can reduce the likelihood those behaviours will be performed or even maintained. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] 8u3dd8hvj0xzgirn2n5kt3w9klbf4ib 2839986 2839984 2026-10-13T07:58:44Z Revial76 3106977 /* Function of environmental cues */ Added theory name 2839986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 called this the habit-goal interface model. They claim that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around without thinking about the outcome or if the behaviour is relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and provide context for their rigidity. ===Environmental cue evidence=== Environmental cues can trigger in an unwanted behaviours too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. The change in location disrupted this process from occuring, but their second study revealed an even more interesting discovery. Consuming the popcorn with their non-dominant hand actually also interrupted the automatic behaviour, they did not behave habitually and reduced their consumption of stale popcorn. Environmental cues may also reduce neutral or even beneficial habits. Wood et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on university students transferring to a new university. They analysed exercise, TV viewing and reading as well as everyday thoughts and actions via two surveys conducted four weeks apart. They revealed that changes in the context of which the behaviours were performed decreased the likelihood they'd perform the rehearsed behaviour. To preserve these behaviours some participants developed decisions about particular behaviours, which caused them to form or retrieve intentions about those behaviours which guided their actions. They concluded that behaviours were only sustained where the context to perform remained unchanged (e.g. reading the newspaper with others) without intervention from behavioural intention. To maintain a behaviour such as going for a run in the park, if there isn't one in proximity they would need to have the intention to continue running in order to adapt the behaviour to a new context, otherwise the behaviour would become extinct. Wood et al. (2007) provides the framework for setting a deliberate behaviour, the context needs to be specific to the behaviour. If James, the undercover officer, plays lots of video games on his home PC and occasionally try to do paperwork, the habit to play video games will be stronger and he will find it more difficult to engage in paperwork. This results in a weak plan to change behaviour as his context is more fluid. Strong context would be going to a local library to perform that specific activity. Doing this reduces the likelihood of the issue Neal et al. (2011) studied where unwanted or unpleasant behaviours occurred because the environment triggered their automatic response. If James' moves house and no longer lives near the library he will run into the issue Wood et al. (2005) discussed where his behaviour of doing paperwork may deminish because the context cue of doing it at the library is gone. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Building patterns with intention creates a relatively effortless process overtime. *Goals-orientated behaviours can persist even once the goal has been achieved, without intentionally wanting to achieve the goal or without the goal being relevant. *Behaviours triggered by environmental cues can be negative in the wrong context. *Lack of presence in environmental cues can reduce the likelihood those behaviours will be performed or even maintained. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] bufhkcd6qne1s49i7sx8fasjizhigri 2839988 2839986 2026-10-13T08:03:56Z Revial76 3106977 /* Environmental cue evidence */ 2839988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 called this the habit-goal interface model. They claim that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around without thinking about the outcome or if the behaviour is relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and provide context for their rigidity. ===Environmental cue evidence=== Environmental cues can trigger in an unwanted behaviours too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. The change in location disrupted this process from occuring, but their second study revealed an even more interesting discovery. Consuming the popcorn with their non-dominant hand actually also interrupted the automatic behaviour, they did not behave habitually and reduced their consumption of stale popcorn. Environmental cues may also reduce neutral or even beneficial habits. Wood et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on university students transferring to a new university. They analysed exercise, TV viewing and reading as well as everyday thoughts and actions via two surveys conducted four weeks apart. They revealed that changes in the context of which the behaviours were performed decreased the likelihood they'd perform the rehearsed behaviour. To preserve these behaviours some participants developed decisions about particular behaviours, which caused them to form or retrieve intentions about those behaviours which guided their actions. They concluded that behaviours were only sustained where the context to perform remained unchanged (e.g. reading the newspaper with others) without intervention from behavioural intention. To maintain a behaviour such as going for a run in the park, if there isn't one in proximity they would need to have the intention to continue running in order to adapt the behaviour to a new context, otherwise the behaviour would become extinct. Automaticity behaviour example Wood et al. (2007) provides the framework for setting a deliberate behaviour, the context needs to be specific to the behaviour. If James, the undercover officer, plays lots of video games on his home PC and occasionally try to do paperwork, the habit to play video games will be stronger and he will find it more difficult to engage in paperwork. This results in a weak plan to change behaviour as his context is more fluid. Strong context would be going to a local library to perform that specific activity. Doing this reduces the likelihood of the issue Neal et al. (2011) studied where unwanted or unpleasant behaviours occurred because the environment triggered their automatic response. If James' moves house and no longer lives near the library he will run into the issue Wood et al. (2005) discussed where his behaviour of doing paperwork may deminish because the context cue of doing it at the library is gone. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Building patterns with intention creates a relatively effortless process overtime. *Goals-orientated behaviours can persist even once the goal has been achieved, without intentionally wanting to achieve the goal or without the goal being relevant. *Behaviours triggered by environmental cues can be negative in the wrong context. *Lack of presence in environmental cues can reduce the likelihood those behaviours will be performed or even maintained. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] km8gynurlplyrjgqubks6got3w2e8a9 2839989 2839988 2026-10-13T08:04:13Z Revial76 3106977 /* Environmental cue evidence */ 2839989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 called this the habit-goal interface model. They claim that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around without thinking about the outcome or if the behaviour is relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and provide context for their rigidity. ===Environmental cue evidence=== Environmental cues can trigger in an unwanted behaviours too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. The change in location disrupted this process from occuring, but their second study revealed an even more interesting discovery. Consuming the popcorn with their non-dominant hand actually also interrupted the automatic behaviour, they did not behave habitually and reduced their consumption of stale popcorn. Environmental cues may also reduce neutral or even beneficial habits. Wood et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on university students transferring to a new university. They analysed exercise, TV viewing and reading as well as everyday thoughts and actions via two surveys conducted four weeks apart. They revealed that changes in the context of which the behaviours were performed decreased the likelihood they'd perform the rehearsed behaviour. To preserve these behaviours some participants developed decisions about particular behaviours, which caused them to form or retrieve intentions about those behaviours which guided their actions. They concluded that behaviours were only sustained where the context to perform remained unchanged (e.g. reading the newspaper with others) without intervention from behavioural intention. To maintain a behaviour such as going for a run in the park, if there isn't one in proximity they would need to have the intention to continue running in order to adapt the behaviour to a new context, otherwise the behaviour would become extinct. ===Automaticity behaviour example=== Wood et al. (2007) provides the framework for setting a deliberate behaviour, the context needs to be specific to the behaviour. If James, the undercover officer, plays lots of video games on his home PC and occasionally try to do paperwork, the habit to play video games will be stronger and he will find it more difficult to engage in paperwork. This results in a weak plan to change behaviour as his context is more fluid. Strong context would be going to a local library to perform that specific activity. Doing this reduces the likelihood of the issue Neal et al. (2011) studied where unwanted or unpleasant behaviours occurred because the environment triggered their automatic response. If James' moves house and no longer lives near the library he will run into the issue Wood et al. (2005) discussed where his behaviour of doing paperwork may deminish because the context cue of doing it at the library is gone. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Building patterns with intention creates a relatively effortless process overtime. *Goals-orientated behaviours can persist even once the goal has been achieved, without intentionally wanting to achieve the goal or without the goal being relevant. *Behaviours triggered by environmental cues can be negative in the wrong context. *Lack of presence in environmental cues can reduce the likelihood those behaviours will be performed or even maintained. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] na65f79ungzitzk4x74fsvmkxmhe48k 2840000 2839989 2026-10-13T09:20:10Z Revial76 3106977 /* Automaticity behaviour example */ 2840000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 called this the habit-goal interface model. They claim that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around without thinking about the outcome or if the behaviour is relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and provide context for their rigidity. ===Environmental cue evidence=== Environmental cues can trigger in an unwanted behaviours too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. The change in location disrupted this process from occuring, but their second study revealed an even more interesting discovery. Consuming the popcorn with their non-dominant hand actually also interrupted the automatic behaviour, they did not behave habitually and reduced their consumption of stale popcorn. Environmental cues may also reduce neutral or even beneficial habits. Wood et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on university students transferring to a new university. They analysed exercise, TV viewing and reading as well as everyday thoughts and actions via two surveys conducted four weeks apart. They revealed that changes in the context of which the behaviours were performed decreased the likelihood they'd perform the rehearsed behaviour. To preserve these behaviours some participants developed decisions about particular behaviours, which caused them to form or retrieve intentions about those behaviours which guided their actions. They concluded that behaviours were only sustained where the context to perform remained unchanged (e.g. reading the newspaper with others) without intervention from behavioural intention. To maintain a behaviour such as going for a run in the park, if there isn't one in proximity they would need to have the intention to continue running in order to adapt the behaviour to a new context, otherwise the behaviour would become extinct. ===Environmental cues example=== Wood et al. (2007) provides the framework for setting a deliberate behaviour, the context needs to be specific to the behaviour. If James, the undercover officer, plays lots of video games on his home PC and occasionally try to do paperwork, the habit to play video games will be stronger and he will find it more difficult to engage in paperwork. This results in a weak plan to change behaviour as his context is more fluid. Strong context would be going to a local library to perform that specific activity. Doing this reduces the likelihood of the issue Neal et al. (2011) studied where unwanted or unpleasant behaviours occurred because the environment triggered their automatic response. If James' moves house and no longer lives near the library he will run into the issue Wood et al. (2005) discussed where his behaviour of doing paperwork may deminish because the context cue of doing it at the library is gone. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Building patterns with intention creates a relatively effortless process overtime. *Goals-orientated behaviours can persist even once the goal has been achieved, without intentionally wanting to achieve the goal or without the goal being relevant. *Behaviours triggered by environmental cues can be negative in the wrong context. *Lack of presence in environmental cues can reduce the likelihood those behaviours will be performed or even maintained. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood et al. (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The police officer would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. <quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] 0a6opyclpachcna8itul9o2578wj21d 2840009 2840000 2026-10-13T10:27:56Z Revial76 3106977 /* Pursuing goals with automaticity */ 2840009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Automaticity and goal pursuit:<br>How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Driver, Driving the open top sports car, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Undercover officer in pursuit.]] ;Picture this... James is undercover. The air is cold, the night is dark and worst of all... he's tired. James was about to make the arrest when the suspect gets jumpy and decides to book it. He wastes no time going after them, lights flaring and sirens wailing as the tyres of his unmarked police car squeal as he takes off in pursuit. James spots his radio out of the corner of his eye. He grabs it, instantly citing the car make, colour, number plate, location and relevant call signs for support all without a second thought. He's gaining on the suspect but they're still out of reach until he watches their car lurch as they hit a catastrophic downshift, costing them seconds. He can smell the clutch. As they approach the highway, the backup James called for arrives blocking the top of the on-ramp. The suspect gives up, exiting the car with their hands held above their head and their eyes aimed at the ground. A successful arrest with no casualties. As James thinks back on the night with a sense of pride he also find himself in awe of his performance. He focused solely on maintaining visual of the suspect, but also managed to perform skilled operation of a vehicle, navigation and detailed but brief communication all resulting in incremental advantages lending themselves to the success of the arrest with barely any thought involved. Maybe it was his training? Maybe it was the adrenaline? Regardless of what's true James just can't shake the feeling that everything just felt... automatic. "I'm a machine!" he thinks to himself, in a cool "robocop" kind of way. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Automaticity frees your brain for higher-order thinking, helping you improve your proficiency in goal areas. In fact, many behaviours we perform daily are automatic (see Figure 1). However, it can also drag you down. Many people have behaviours they're unsatisfied with but do anyway, even when it is in conflict with their goals. This is because they have formed habits, and those habits execute themselves automatically in response to stimuli. Understanding how to leverage habit formation is a strong strategy for pursuing goals and making the behaviours that drive them sustainable. Psychological science can help with specific frameworks to engineer the most effective cueing routine to increase the likelihood of taking action toward your goals, hopefully without even thinking about it. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' # How do you develop automatic behaviours? # What do environmental cues contribute? # How can we utilise automaticity in goal pursuit? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Automatic behaviour formation== Ever think your friend is weird for getting up at 5 am? Or that James, the undercover police officer is incredibly disciplined for going to the gym after work every day? Well, while those tasks might feel foreign to some people, others do them automatically. These behaviours are formed through repetition, and that with enough repetition they eventually become automatic. The individual no longer questions "should I go to the gym after work?"; they just go. The famous [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning]] explains how two things, seemingly unrelated to each other can become linked to a particular outcome. Classical conditioning involves taking a neutral stimulus and transforming it within the individual to elicit a conditioned response (Sanvictores, et al. 2024). * Neutral stimulus elicits no response (e.g. a bell). * Unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) elicits a direct response known as the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). * A conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the bell) happens when the Neutral stimulus creates the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivating) ===Formation factors and Dual Process=== Wood & Rünger (2016) stated that through repeating context-dependant responses the behaviour strengthens into a habit. These habits become the default and most efficent way to deal with the situation. They go on to describe two factors of habit automaticity, activation by recurring context clues and insensitivity to short term goals which includes changes in response outcomes. In order for someone to change behaviours sufficient motivation is required to tailor themselves to new circumstances. Wood & Rünger (2016) cited dual process theory in their paper as a key theory explaining that habits are the individual engaging in Type 1 thinking. Type 1 thinking being automatic behaviour which is less cognatively demanding while Type 2 thinking is reliant on attention and mental resources to execute. These habits becoming the new default, and incidently a Type 1 process. This could explain the identified insensitivity to short term goals. Due to the behaviour becoming a Type 1 process it reduces mental friction that would have been incurred by reducing mental resources significantly and making it more favourable in the decision making process. This could become particularly troublesome when dealing with maladaptive behaviours with high levels of automaticity as each repetition against it initially requires attention and planning. ===Automatic behaviour formation in action=== Lally et al. (2010) ran an experiment investigating habit automaticity through volunteers selecting a habit, and a context (e.g. morning walk after breakfast). They measured this through a self-report habit index (SRHI) analysing a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Participants met 95% of their asymptote of automaticy between 18 and 254 days. The variation could be explained by a lack of consistency during the process, especially early on. Lally et al. (2010) stated that missing occasional opportunities to perform an action did not substancially affect behaviour formation, however, significant early disruption could significantly delay achieving high levels of automaticity as the highest yield improvements to automaticity occur early in the process, with subsequent actions providing less and less improvements the closer they get to the limit of automaticity. Other limiting factors could also be task complexity, personal enjoyment, social support/facilitation and how much the individual identifies with the activity they're doing. Wood & Rünger (2016) provide a explaination on the presence of automaticity in behaviours, being refined overtime through consistent context-dependant responses while also explaining the challenges in behaviour change by engaging with Dual Process Theory. Lally et al. (2010) expands on this providing real life evidence of behaviour change through investigating repetitive contextual behaviours and monitoring the process of increasing the automaticity of a behaviour. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Recognising initial cognitive effort and sufficient motivation are essential for setting expectations. * Missing opportunities to perform the behaviour is okay as long as the behaviour is consistent overall. * The behaviour formation timeline varies significantly. ==Function of environmental cues== Environmental cues function similarly to classical conditioning. Environmental cues can be deliberate, such as sitting at a computer in the university library to promote thoughts of study, or inadvert, attempting to drive to the shops and accidentally starting to drive to work (Wood et al., 2007). In that situation, the environmental cue would be the using a computer in the library environment or driving the same road you take to work. That behaviour becomes a routine that your brain programs to run automatically. Wood et al. in 2007 called this the habit-goal interface model. They claim that habits are artifacts of previous goal pursuits and that the success of that particular method is ingrained within the body so it can recall it to repeat that success. Their model had two principles: * The power of contexts to trigger habitual responding. * The absence goal mediation in context response associations. Patterns arise in life, intentional or otherwise. The first principle claims that people store patterns as procedural memory, which, once stored, can be activated by the specific cues associated with that pattern. The second principle claims that goal-oriented behaviours can stick around without thinking about the outcome or if the behaviour is relevant. This is a great insight, as it shows that behaviours can be cognitively offloaded from an internal "willpower" system to an external system. However, it warns against and aims to explain the accidental accumulation of unhelpful behaviours and provide context for their rigidity. ===Environmental cue evidence=== Environmental cues can trigger in an unwanted behaviours too. Neal et al. in 2011 ran an experiment where moviegoers with strong popcorn eating habits and weak popcorn eating habits were assessed on their popcorn consumption during a movie and a campus meeting room. They were presented with both fresh and stale popcorn. Interestingly the moviegoers with strong habits would still continue to eat stale popcorn during the movie regardless of the influence of hunger, but were guided by their personal preferences more when in the meeting room resulting in very little stale popcorn being consumed. The change in location disrupted this process from occuring, but their second study revealed an even more interesting discovery. Consuming the popcorn with their non-dominant hand actually also interrupted the automatic behaviour, they did not behave habitually and reduced their consumption of stale popcorn. Environmental cues may also reduce neutral or even beneficial habits. Wood et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on university students transferring to a new university. They analysed exercise, TV viewing and reading as well as everyday thoughts and actions via two surveys conducted four weeks apart. They revealed that changes in the context of which the behaviours were performed decreased the likelihood they'd perform the rehearsed behaviour. To preserve these behaviours some participants developed decisions about particular behaviours, which caused them to form or retrieve intentions about those behaviours which guided their actions. They concluded that behaviours were only sustained where the context to perform remained unchanged (e.g. reading the newspaper with others) without intervention from behavioural intention. To maintain a behaviour such as going for a run in the park, if there isn't one in proximity they would need to have the intention to continue running in order to adapt the behaviour to a new context, otherwise the behaviour would become extinct. ===Environmental cues example=== Wood et al. (2007) provides the framework for setting a deliberate behaviour, the context needs to be specific to the behaviour. If James, the undercover officer, plays lots of video games on his home PC and occasionally try to do paperwork, the habit to play video games will be stronger and he will find it more difficult to engage in paperwork. This results in a weak plan to change behaviour as his context is more fluid. Strong context would be going to a local library to perform that specific activity. Doing this reduces the likelihood of the issue Neal et al. (2011) studied where unwanted or unpleasant behaviours occurred because the environment triggered their automatic response. If James' moves house and no longer lives near the library he will run into the issue Wood et al. (2005) discussed where his behaviour of doing paperwork may deminish because the context cue of doing it at the library is gone. ====Key takeaways for engaging in behaviour change involve:==== * Building patterns with intention creates a relatively effortless process overtime. *Goals-orientated behaviours can persist even once the goal has been achieved, without intentionally wanting to achieve the goal or without the goal being relevant. *Behaviours triggered by environmental cues can be negative in the wrong context. *Lack of presence in environmental cues can reduce the likelihood those behaviours will be performed or even maintained. ==Pursuing goals with automaticity== Goal pursuit is always envisioned with a strong conscious effort. Overcoming trials and adversity requires steadfast courage and an unbreakable will. So the idea that it could be an unconscious effort seems to go against everything pursuit would stand for. However, cueing the desired behaviour removes decision-making, which is arguably where most people get stuck. Pursuing goals through automaticity aims to remove decision-making around taking action. In the overview, James, the undercover police officer had multiple opportunities to freeze or question their actions. Because of training-specific cues, they activated lights and sirens, identified key information about the suspect, and relayed it with the appropriate callsign without hesitation. This lack of decision-making freed up mental capacity to give chase and achieve the goal of a successful arrest. Wood & Rünger (2016) state that habits interface with goal pursuit in three ways: '''Exposure''', '''activation or inhibition''' and '''inference'''. # '''Exposure''' provides context cues. During training, James, the undercover officer would practise the same behaviours in response to the same stimulus repeatedly. Eventually, the habits become linked to context cues, ready for activation or inhibition. # '''Activation and inhibition''' allow the cue to activate or inhibit a behaviour immediately. Suspect flees --> Lights and sirens go up --> Radio relevant information. Behavioural activation increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring, often requiring conscious thought to intervene during execution rather than before. # '''Inference''' is observing your own behaviour and determining whether it aligns with your goals. The James would be guided by their objective to apprehend the suspect safely. Lights and sirens increase safety, radioing important information increases the chance of finding them if they escape, and calling for backup increases the odds of making an arrest. James might associate that doing all of the above makes him a good police officer because those are things a good officer would do, which is in line with his goal of being a good officer. Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) conducted a meta-analysis to understand the effectiveness of pursuing goals with automaticity and what aids in the process. Literature they looked at previously suggested that the strength of intention was a defining factor, however, the reason for their meta-analysis was what conflicting literature said about intention. Intention was deemed insufficient by other researchers, resulting in them using the quote "the road to hell is paved with good intentions". They found that independant tests showed that implementation intentions (a plan of the when, where and how) produced a medium-to-large positive effect on goal attainment. Pursuing goals in context Wood & Rünger (2016) sets up the a way to engage with Gollwitzer and Sheeran's (2006) findings in order to construct a plan. First determine a goal, this information should aim to pair with the ideal '''inference''' about the behaviour. Next is the '''activation and inhibition''' stage, create the implementation intentions of when and where specific behaviours should occur or not occur. Finally plan out the '''exposure''' stage, this introduces the how. Here cues need to be selected to trigger the activation or inhibition of a specific behaviour in context. James would set a goal to be a good officer. Then determine that lights, sirens, communication and attention to detail are valuable actions he wants to perform. Then would plan for the context cue to be the suspect fleeing. This way when James starts pursuing a fleeing suspect, once rehearsed, these behaviours will activate automatically.<quiz display=simple> {Behaving in the best interest of your goal is ______: |type="()"} + Inference - Activation - Inhibition - Exposure {Activation and inhibition allow _________: |type="()"} - You to turn a behaviour on or off at your own command. + Environmental cues to activate a learned behaviour. - Priming of the brain to consider action - Environmental cues to be maintained in the brain. </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Being able to remove thinking from the goal pursuit process would be a milestone for anyone. Making choices is mentally demanding and the goal striving process is already its own mountain. * Through this page we discussed how automatic habits occur, what enviromental cues have to do in relation to it, and how important they actually are in a goal orientated process. * Wood et al.'s (2016) model of exposure, activation and inhibition, and inference is a significant model that represents the ways in which habits interact with goal pursuit. These provide multiple avenues for individuals to try to prompt themselves to produce the best results they can when pursuing a goal. ==See also== {{expand}} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Sanvictores, T., Mahabadi, N., & Rehman, C. I. (2024). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal striving]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Habit]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Unconscious]] ai16hs5s30vxgdg74vl7umfee43wody 0 330074 2839958 2839734 2026-10-13T03:56:18Z U3270398 3108645 /* Overview */ Changed wording 2839958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dreams and emotional problem-solving:<br>How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: Natalie part 1 ''' [[File:Dreaming.jpg|Dreaming|right|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. In Natalie's recurring dream, she calls out to someone who never turns around]] Since her breakup, Natalie keeps having the same dream. She's been left behind somewhere, calling out to someone who never turns around (See Figure 1). The dream does not wake her, but the sadness follows her throughout the day. Then one night, after her first good day in weeks, the dream changes: she stops calling out, walks toward a lit doorway and wakes feeling better. That day, she finally packs away his things. Did the dream help her cope? or was she already coping and the dream simply showed it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[w:Dream|Dreams]] are a common part of the human experience, often reflecting everyday life in strange and unexpected ways. Research suggests that [[w:Rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]] may support the processing of emotional experiences (Walker & van der Helm, 2009). REM sleep is also when the most vivid and emotional dreams occur (Barber et al., 2026). This raises an important question: is it the sleeping brain that does this emotional work, or do dreams themselves play a part? Some researchers propose that dreaming actively contributes to this process, whereas others argue that dreams simply reflect changes already occurring during sleep (Neilson & Levin, 2007; Domhoff, 2019). This question has practical implications for how people [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|cope]] while awake: a dream that actively changes emotion may offer a target for intervention, whereas a dream that mirrors waking concerns can provide valuable insight into how someone is already coping (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). Psychological research can test these possibilities, from studies that track dreams to experiments that change them. This chapter focuses on emotional dreams in adults rather than symbolic interpretation or [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|nightmares]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=15}} '''Focus questions''' * How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? * What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? * How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? * What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? == * Natalie's dream keeps coming back with its emotional charge intact, which is what REM sleep is supposed to prevent. Explaining why means separating two things that are easily confused: what REM sleep does to an emotional memory, and what the dream does. Most evidence addresses REM sleep, so this section covers that briefly and then asks what is known about dreaming itself. ===REM sleep and emotional memories === * The leading model is Walker and van der Helm's (2009) "sleep to forget, sleep to remember" {{ic|APA style requires page numbers for direct quotes}}. During REM sleep, the brain replays [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Memory and emotion|emotional memories]] while [[w:Norepinephrine|noradrenaline]] (the chemical behind the body's stress response) is switched off, so the memory is kept but the alarm attached to it fades. Note what this predicts: physical arousal should fall while the memory stays intact, so the proper test is reactivity rather than whether the memory feels less bad. * Supporting evidence: 34 adults rated the same emotional images 12 hours apart. Reactivity fell across a night and rose across a day, and the largest drop was in those whose noradrenaline was lowest during REM (van der Helm et al., 2011). * Two stronger tests disagree and they use different methods, which makes it harder to miss. A meta-analysis of 24 studies found negative images rated as more arousing after sleep (Lipinska et al., 2022), and an experiment found participants with the least REM sleep showed the greatest overnight drop in arousal (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). * So sleep preserves emotional memories more reliably than it soothes them (Lipinska et al., 2019), and the model has not yet been properly tested, because removing REM disturbs every over sleep stage as well (Pesonen et al., 2024). ===Separating dreaming from REM sleep === * Dreaming is not simply the conscious experience of REM sleep. Across 111 published cases, forebrain damage stopped dreaming while REM sleep continued normally (Solms, 2000), and dreaming survives drugs that suppress REM (Scarpelli et al., 2026). * Because dreaming occurs outside REM sleep, evidence about REM sleep cannot be read as evidence about REM dreams, so dreaming has to be measured directly (Solms, 2000). * Measuring dreams is difficult: across 552 home dreams, dreamers rated their own as mostly positive while judges rated the same dreams as mostly negative (Sikka et al., 2017). So studies using different rating sources may not be comparable. * Very few studies measure both REM and dreaming in the same people. In one, participants whose dreams were less negative showed the greatest overnight improvement in their ratings of emotional images (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). In another, the overnight drop in reactivity appeared only in participants who recalled a dream (Zhang et al., 2024). * No study can assign anyone to dream, so the direction is unresolved. Someone already coping well might both dream less negatively and adapt better overnight, with the dream contributing nothing, and mood and REM sleep appear to influence each other in both directions (Peltz et al., 2026). * Recall creates a further problem. Whether a dream is remembered depends on the state the sleeper wakes from (Scarpelli et al., 2022), and non-recallers may have dreamed and forgotten, which makes the claim difficult to disprove. * Whether dreams regulate emotion, mirror waking concerns, or do both remains an open question (Scarpelli, 2026). Answering it requires manipulating dream content rather than recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020), which is discussed further in the final section. == What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? == *Each theory below can be separated in two ways: the first is the general shape of the dream, as the theories disagree about what a useful dream should look like on the inside, and the second is the next morning, because a dream that did emotional work overnight should leave a trace in waking life. *Three of the four theories below claim the dream does something while one claims it does not, and that is the position the other three have to beat. Two of the three also predict the same next morning, so four theories make three testable predictions (see Table 1). This matters later, because one result about next-day mood can point towards two theories at once. *[[w:Nightmare|Nightmares]] are clearest way to test each theory, because the same dream counts as either the system working for one and failing for another. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1'''<br /> ''Competing theoretical accounts of the emotional function of dreaming and their predictions'' |- ! Theory !! What the dream does to the feeling !! Next-day mood after a distressing dream !! What a nightmare is |- | '''Continuity''' || Nothing, it expresses the feeling || Unchanged, the dream mirrors mood without moving it || A marker of distress, and nothing more |- | '''Threat simulation''' || Practises with it || No better or possibly worse, the payoff is preparedness || The system working as designed |- | '''Fear extinction''' || Rebuilds around it || Better if extinction succeeds, unchanged or worse if it fails, which makes the prediction hard to falsify || The replay failing to build a safe version |- | '''Mood regulation''' || Drains it || Better: less negative mood, weaker reactivity, easier regulation || Regulation failing to complete |- |} === Continuity hypothesis === * Dreams express a person's ongoing concerns and leave them exactly as they found them, so the dream is meaningful but it is simply not doing anything (Domhoff, 2017). * This is the baseline the other theories have to beat, because showing that a dream is meaningful does not automatically prove that it has a function (Domhoff, 2019). * Continuity is often misread as the idea that dreams replay yesterday. Domhoff (2017) argues the opposite: across three studies, independent judges could not match dream reports to the events or concerns participants had reported before sleep, so the dream tracks the person's current preoccupations rather than their day. Schredl (2017) replies that this reading is selective, and that day-to-day material appears in dreams more often than Domhoff allows. * The theory makes its own prediction: dream emotion should rise and fall with waking distress without ever predicting improvement in it. For Natalie, that means that the dream keeps returning and her mood keeps tracking it, with the dream itself contributing nothing either way. ===Fear extinction model === * The third theory says that the dream takes a frightening memory and replays it somewhere safe. This does not erase the fear: [[w:Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] builds a competing memory alongside it, which is why the fear returns if the safe memory is not maintained. A nightmare is the process failing: the replay stays frightening and no safe version gets built (Nielsen & Levin, 2007). * This model has a clinical test case to point to, since disrupted REM sleep and impaired extinction memory have been proposed to maintain [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Pace-Schott et al., 2015). * It also has some direct support: cathartic dreams, which move from danger to relief, were less common in patients with nightmare disorder than in healthy sleepers, and were the only kind of dream whose increase tracked falling depression scores during therapy (Perogamvros et al., 2025). The samples were small, so this points in the right direction without settling anything. * Its weakness is logical: a good dream and a nightmare are attributed to the same process, with success and failure identified afterwards by the very result they were meant to explain. As stated, no next-morning finding can count against the theory. It also has nothing to say about the roughly one third of dreams that are positive (Weiss, 2007). The theory only becomes testable once a successful dream can be recognised from its content in advance, which is what the cathartic dreams category is trying to do. * On this account Natalie's dream is a replay that never reaches safety. ===Mood regulation theory === * Dream emotion is proposed to shift from negative toward positive across the night, so the memory arrives in the morning with less charge attached (Cartwright et al., 1998). This is the account closest to the everyday idea that dreams work through problems, and it makes the clearest predictions: after a negative dream, mood should be less negative, reactivity to negative material should be weaker, and emotion regulation should be easier (Sikka et al., 2022). * The overnight shift has been tested directly and did not appear. Waking people repeatedly throughout the night, Palmieri et al. (2025) found that emotional intensity in dreams increased as the night went on, and the increase was not driven by REM awakenings. The sample was small, but this does test the core claim instead of using a stand in for it. * Two findings do support the theory, and both are correlational. Dreamers who rated their dreams more positively than an independent judge reported better morning mood (Barbeau et al., 2022), and people who reported more fear in dreams showed weaker fear-related brain responses while awake (Sterpenich et al., 2020). Neither design can show which way the arrow points, since someone already coping well might dream more gently than and feel better for the same underlying reason. * The theory predicts that Natalie's dream should be losing intensity week by week, which it is not. == How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? == * Coping is what a person does while awake to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). For dreaming to contribute to it, dream emotion has to predict something in that waking process. * One objection is that a sleeping person cannot be trying to cope, but emotion regulation doesn't have to be conscious or deliberate to count (Gross, 2015). * Coping breaks into three increasingly demanding tests: does dream emotion change how a person eels, how well they manage emotion, and whether they adapt to a real stressor? The answer differs for each, which is why this literature looks more contradictory than it is. ===Next-morning mood === *One five day study in 40 adults tested all three mood regulation predictions at once. The first result was that more negative dream emotion predicted a more negative morning (Sikka et al., 2022). *The largest study agrees: across 4,715 days from 536 adults, frightening dreams were followed by about 7% more negative mood the next morning (Baber et al., 2026). *But which dream is counted changes the answer. Across up to 21 mornings in 191 adults, ordinary dreams were followed by less negative emotion the next day, and so were nightmares, against the authors own prediction. Bad dreams changed nothing, and bad dreams plus nightmares in the same night were followed by more (Tousignant et al., 2022). *Dreams high in both fear and joy predicted mornings with no negative mood at all, and more joy in dreams predicted more positive mood (Baber et al., 2026). Roughly a third of dreams are positive (Weiss, 2007), yet a theory about mood improving has mostly been tested by measuring only what makes mood worse. ===Emotional reactivity and regulation === * Feeling better is not the same as coping better. Coping is about handling what comes next, so the harder test is whether dream emotion predicts how a person responds to something upsetting. * Tested directly, it does not. In the same five day study, dream emotion had no link to reactivity to upsetting images or to the ability to calm those reactions down, and Bayesian analysis supported both null results (Sikka et al., 2022). * This is the strongest single result against the mood regulation account, because it is evidence for no relationship rather than a failure to find one. * This appears to flip when people are compared with each other instead of with themselves: those who had more frightening dreams overall regulated emotion better while awake (Baber et al., 2026). * These are different questions, since comparing a person with themselves asks whether last nights dream helped, and comparing people asks what sort of person has fearful dreams, so only the first tests the theory. * Much of the apparent disagreement in this literature comes from between-person findings being read as answers to a within-person question. ===Real stressors and coping strategies === * Coping is defined against a stressor, so the strongest test is where there is a real one. * Over five months of REM awakenings in 20 depressed and 10 non-depressed adults going through a divorce, those still depressed at follow-up did dream about their ex partner, but the dreams had no emotion in them and no links to other memories. Those who recovered had emotional dreams about the same person, so it was the emotion in the dream rather than its subject that tracked recovery (Cartwright et al., 2006). * The same pattern appears after a death: in 77 adults with complicated grief, dreams contained far less negative emotion than published norms, 21% against 80% of dreams in women (Germain et a;. 2013). * The direction therefore reverses at this level. That is not a contradiction of the previous subsection, because both the outcome and the people have changed. Emotion in a dream predicts a worse morning day to day, but tracks the people who are adapting when there is a genuine loss to adapt to. * For Natalie, feeling the loss in the dream is a better sign than dreaming about it with no emotion, what is wrong is that the feeling is not fading. <quiz display=simple> {In the diary studies described above, a more negative dream was typically followed the next morning by: |type="()"} - Better mood, as mood regulation theory predicts || Not quite. This is what the theory predicts, but it is not what was found. + Worse mood || Correct. Negative dream affect predicted a more negative next-day mood (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026). - No detectable change in mood || Not quite. There was a reliable effect, but it ran in the opposite direction to the theory. </quiz> == What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? == * The previous section found that dream emotion tarcks how well someone is coping without clear evidence that it drives it, which may be a real limit or only a limit of the method. * This section reverse the direction of the measurement, instead of recording a dream and looking forward to the morning, it changes something while the person is awake and then looks back at the dream. That is the only order that can show cause. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: part 2''' Six months on, the dream still hasn't stopped. Natalie has started staying up until she's too tired to dream, and she's tired all the time. Her psychologist suggests writing the dream down and changing what happens: this time, the person turns around, or Natalie stops calling out and walks the other way. She rehearses the new version of the dream for a few minutes every night. Within weeks the dream starts to come less often, and when it does, it bothers her less. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Rewriting dreams while awake === * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) means writing down a recurring nightmare, deliberately changing how it ends, and rehearsing the new version while awake for 10 to 20 minutes a day (Morgenthaler et al., 2018). * The logic follows fear extinction: rehearsing a new ending does while awake what the theory says a healthy dream does at night. * It is the only treatment the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends for nightmare disorder (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), and across 29 randomised trials it was one of the only two treatments to beat control conditions (Y. Zhang et al., 2022). * The large effects are uncontrolled: improvements in nightmares, sleep and PTSD held at 6 and 12 months across 13 studies but shrank to a small effect in the one trial that compared it against another active treatment (Casement & Swanson, 2012), and two later trials found no advantage over other sleep treatments in veterans with PTSD (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019). * Why IRT works remains disputed: a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms found none established (Rousseau & Belleville, 2018), and 30% of patients did not respond at all (Schwartz et al., 2022). * Implication: If IRT works through waking rehearsal and changed expectations, the dream is the target of treatment rather than the agent of change. === Changing dreams during REM sleep === * A causal claim about dreaming requires manipulating dream content, which nothing in the previous sections does. Targeted dream incubation repeats a chosen theme at sleep onset: 67% of prompted awakenings produced dream reports containing the theme, against 3% of unprompted awakenings (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). Dream content is therefore controllable. * But this is a methods demonstration rather than a treatment, even successful incubation cannot show whether the experience of dreaming matters or merely accompanies the work being done (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). * Working the other way, an improved capacity for affect regulation within dreams accompanied improvement in personality functioning during psychotherapy, so dream content may index progress as well as be a target of it (Kempe et al., 2024). * What would settle the question is an experiment that manipulates dream emotion under real distress and measures waking coping rather than nightmare frequency. Nothing in this literature does that yet. ==Conclusion== * Dreams like Natalie's recur because the emotional charge attached to a memory has not faded overnight. That is the problem this chapter set out to explain. * The short answer to the subtitle is that REM dreams reflect emotional processing more reliably than they perform it. Dream emotion behaves more like a thermometer than a heater: it registers how much distress someone is carrying, but there is little evidence that it is what brings the distress down. * Sleep and dreaming are not the same thing. Sleep makes emotional memories more likely to be remembered without reliably making them feel less bad (Lipinska et al., 2019), and dreaming continues when REM sleep is supressed (Solms, 2000). Only two studies have tested whether the dream itself adds anything (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; J. Zhang et al., 2024). * Four theories disagree about what a dream is for and they can be separated by what each predicts about the following morning (see Table 1). * The prediction that matters most for coping is the mood regulation one and it fails. Dream emotion predicts a worse next morning rather than a better one, and predicts nothing about reactivity or about the ability to regulate emotion (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026), so it looks more like a sign of how well someone is coping than the thing doing the coping. * Coping itself has almost never been measured, every finding above uses mood, reactivity or clinical recovery as a stand in for what a person actually does to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Delorme et al., 2002). * Dreams can still be changed on purpose: rewriting a recurring nightmare reduces both how often it happens and how much distress it causes (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), though whether the rewriting is the active ingredient is unresolved (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019; Schwartz et al., 2022). * Settling the wider question means controlling dream content rather than only recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020; Schwartz et al., 2022), and measuring coping rather than nightmare frequency. * Natalie's dream did not repair itself, and it did not need to. What changed it was practising a new ending while awake. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Take-home messages''' * A bad dream is not a sign that emotional processing is doing its job, dream emotion tracks distress rather than relieving it. * Dreaming may still add something, but the evidence is thin and comes from a handful of studies that could not assign anyone to dream. *"Sleep on it" is reasonable advice for retaining a memory, but not a reliable way to feel better about it. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|Coping and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Dreams and emotional problem-solving|Dreams and emotional problem-solving]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Nightmare disorder|Nightmare disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|Nightmares and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Baber, G. 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''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139'', 104717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104717 }} ==External links== * [https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares/how-to-stop-having-nightmares How to prevent nightmares] (Sleep Foundation) * [https://shows.acast.com/sleep-science-pod/episodes/ep12-sleep-dreams-and-mental-health Sleep, dreams and mental health] (The Sleep Science Pod) * [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/targeted-dream-incubation/overview/ Targeted dream incubation] (MIT Media Lab) * [https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-dreams-and-nightmares-what-is-going-on-in-our-brains-while-were-sleeping-210901 The science of dreams and nightmares – what is going on in our brains while we're sleeping?] (The Conversation) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dreams]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] 8hp7sjjij5ydthyc6vvhjwe4gvpyh93 2839964 2839958 2026-10-13T04:27:33Z U3270398 3108645 /* How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? */ 2839964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dreams and emotional problem-solving:<br>How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: Natalie part 1 ''' [[File:Dreaming.jpg|Dreaming|right|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. In Natalie's recurring dream, she calls out to someone who never turns around]] Since her breakup, Natalie keeps having the same dream. She's been left behind somewhere, calling out to someone who never turns around (See Figure 1). The dream does not wake her, but the sadness follows her throughout the day. Then one night, after her first good day in weeks, the dream changes: she stops calling out, walks toward a lit doorway and wakes feeling better. That day, she finally packs away his things. Did the dream help her cope? or was she already coping and the dream simply showed it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[w:Dream|Dreams]] are a common part of the human experience, often reflecting everyday life in strange and unexpected ways. Research suggests that [[w:Rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]] may support the processing of emotional experiences (Walker & van der Helm, 2009). REM sleep is also when the most vivid and emotional dreams occur (Barber et al., 2026). This raises an important question: is it the sleeping brain that does this emotional work, or do dreams themselves play a part? Some researchers propose that dreaming actively contributes to this process, whereas others argue that dreams simply reflect changes already occurring during sleep (Neilson & Levin, 2007; Domhoff, 2019). This question has practical implications for how people [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|cope]] while awake: a dream that actively changes emotion may offer a target for intervention, whereas a dream that mirrors waking concerns can provide valuable insight into how someone is already coping (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). Psychological research can test these possibilities, from studies that track dreams to experiments that change them. This chapter focuses on emotional dreams in adults rather than symbolic interpretation or [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|nightmares]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=15}} '''Focus questions''' * How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? * What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? * How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? * What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? == * Natalie's dream keeps coming back with its emotional charge intact, which is what REM sleep is supposed to prevent. Explaining why means separating two things that are easily confused: what REM sleep does to an emotional memory, and what the dream does. Most evidence addresses REM sleep, so this section covers that briefly and then asks what is known about dreaming itself. ===REM sleep and emotional memories === In Walker and van den Helm's (2009) sleep to forget, sleep to remember model, REM sleep replays emotional memories while * The leading model is Walker and van der Helm's (2009) "sleep to forget, sleep to remember" {{ic|APA style requires page numbers for direct quotes}}. During REM sleep, the brain replays [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Memory and emotion|emotional memories]] while [[w:Norepinephrine|noradrenaline]] (the chemical behind the body's stress response) is switched off, so the memory is kept but the alarm attached to it fades. Note what this predicts: physical arousal should fall while the memory stays intact, so the proper test is reactivity rather than whether the memory feels less bad. * Supporting evidence: 34 adults rated the same emotional images 12 hours apart. Reactivity fell across a night and rose across a day, and the largest drop was in those whose noradrenaline was lowest during REM (van der Helm et al., 2011). * Two stronger tests disagree and they use different methods, which makes it harder to miss. A meta-analysis of 24 studies found negative images rated as more arousing after sleep (Lipinska et al., 2022), and an experiment found participants with the least REM sleep showed the greatest overnight drop in arousal (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). * So sleep preserves emotional memories more reliably than it soothes them (Lipinska et al., 2019), and the model has not yet been properly tested, because removing REM disturbs every over sleep stage as well (Pesonen et al., 2024). ===Separating dreaming from REM sleep === * Dreaming is not simply the conscious experience of REM sleep. Across 111 published cases, forebrain damage stopped dreaming while REM sleep continued normally (Solms, 2000), and dreaming survives drugs that suppress REM (Scarpelli et al., 2026). * Because dreaming occurs outside REM sleep, evidence about REM sleep cannot be read as evidence about REM dreams, so dreaming has to be measured directly (Solms, 2000). * Measuring dreams is difficult: across 552 home dreams, dreamers rated their own as mostly positive while judges rated the same dreams as mostly negative (Sikka et al., 2017). So studies using different rating sources may not be comparable. * Very few studies measure both REM and dreaming in the same people. In one, participants whose dreams were less negative showed the greatest overnight improvement in their ratings of emotional images (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). In another, the overnight drop in reactivity appeared only in participants who recalled a dream (Zhang et al., 2024). * No study can assign anyone to dream, so the direction is unresolved. Someone already coping well might both dream less negatively and adapt better overnight, with the dream contributing nothing, and mood and REM sleep appear to influence each other in both directions (Peltz et al., 2026). * Recall creates a further problem. Whether a dream is remembered depends on the state the sleeper wakes from (Scarpelli et al., 2022), and non-recallers may have dreamed and forgotten, which makes the claim difficult to disprove. * Whether dreams regulate emotion, mirror waking concerns, or do both remains an open question (Scarpelli, 2026). Answering it requires manipulating dream content rather than recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020), which is discussed further in the final section. == What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? == *Each theory below can be separated in two ways: the first is the general shape of the dream, as the theories disagree about what a useful dream should look like on the inside, and the second is the next morning, because a dream that did emotional work overnight should leave a trace in waking life. *Three of the four theories below claim the dream does something while one claims it does not, and that is the position the other three have to beat. Two of the three also predict the same next morning, so four theories make three testable predictions (see Table 1). This matters later, because one result about next-day mood can point towards two theories at once. *[[w:Nightmare|Nightmares]] are clearest way to test each theory, because the same dream counts as either the system working for one and failing for another. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1'''<br /> ''Competing theoretical accounts of the emotional function of dreaming and their predictions'' |- ! Theory !! What the dream does to the feeling !! Next-day mood after a distressing dream !! What a nightmare is |- | '''Continuity''' || Nothing, it expresses the feeling || Unchanged, the dream mirrors mood without moving it || A marker of distress, and nothing more |- | '''Threat simulation''' || Practises with it || No better or possibly worse, the payoff is preparedness || The system working as designed |- | '''Fear extinction''' || Rebuilds around it || Better if extinction succeeds, unchanged or worse if it fails, which makes the prediction hard to falsify || The replay failing to build a safe version |- | '''Mood regulation''' || Drains it || Better: less negative mood, weaker reactivity, easier regulation || Regulation failing to complete |- |} === Continuity hypothesis === * Dreams express a person's ongoing concerns and leave them exactly as they found them, so the dream is meaningful but it is simply not doing anything (Domhoff, 2017). * This is the baseline the other theories have to beat, because showing that a dream is meaningful does not automatically prove that it has a function (Domhoff, 2019). * Continuity is often misread as the idea that dreams replay yesterday. Domhoff (2017) argues the opposite: across three studies, independent judges could not match dream reports to the events or concerns participants had reported before sleep, so the dream tracks the person's current preoccupations rather than their day. Schredl (2017) replies that this reading is selective, and that day-to-day material appears in dreams more often than Domhoff allows. * The theory makes its own prediction: dream emotion should rise and fall with waking distress without ever predicting improvement in it. For Natalie, that means that the dream keeps returning and her mood keeps tracking it, with the dream itself contributing nothing either way. ===Fear extinction model === * The third theory says that the dream takes a frightening memory and replays it somewhere safe. This does not erase the fear: [[w:Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] builds a competing memory alongside it, which is why the fear returns if the safe memory is not maintained. A nightmare is the process failing: the replay stays frightening and no safe version gets built (Nielsen & Levin, 2007). * This model has a clinical test case to point to, since disrupted REM sleep and impaired extinction memory have been proposed to maintain [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Pace-Schott et al., 2015). * It also has some direct support: cathartic dreams, which move from danger to relief, were less common in patients with nightmare disorder than in healthy sleepers, and were the only kind of dream whose increase tracked falling depression scores during therapy (Perogamvros et al., 2025). The samples were small, so this points in the right direction without settling anything. * Its weakness is logical: a good dream and a nightmare are attributed to the same process, with success and failure identified afterwards by the very result they were meant to explain. As stated, no next-morning finding can count against the theory. It also has nothing to say about the roughly one third of dreams that are positive (Weiss, 2007). The theory only becomes testable once a successful dream can be recognised from its content in advance, which is what the cathartic dreams category is trying to do. * On this account Natalie's dream is a replay that never reaches safety. ===Mood regulation theory === * Dream emotion is proposed to shift from negative toward positive across the night, so the memory arrives in the morning with less charge attached (Cartwright et al., 1998). This is the account closest to the everyday idea that dreams work through problems, and it makes the clearest predictions: after a negative dream, mood should be less negative, reactivity to negative material should be weaker, and emotion regulation should be easier (Sikka et al., 2022). * The overnight shift has been tested directly and did not appear. Waking people repeatedly throughout the night, Palmieri et al. (2025) found that emotional intensity in dreams increased as the night went on, and the increase was not driven by REM awakenings. The sample was small, but this does test the core claim instead of using a stand in for it. * Two findings do support the theory, and both are correlational. Dreamers who rated their dreams more positively than an independent judge reported better morning mood (Barbeau et al., 2022), and people who reported more fear in dreams showed weaker fear-related brain responses while awake (Sterpenich et al., 2020). Neither design can show which way the arrow points, since someone already coping well might dream more gently than and feel better for the same underlying reason. * The theory predicts that Natalie's dream should be losing intensity week by week, which it is not. == How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? == * Coping is what a person does while awake to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). For dreaming to contribute to it, dream emotion has to predict something in that waking process. * One objection is that a sleeping person cannot be trying to cope, but emotion regulation doesn't have to be conscious or deliberate to count (Gross, 2015). * Coping breaks into three increasingly demanding tests: does dream emotion change how a person eels, how well they manage emotion, and whether they adapt to a real stressor? The answer differs for each, which is why this literature looks more contradictory than it is. ===Next-morning mood === *One five day study in 40 adults tested all three mood regulation predictions at once. The first result was that more negative dream emotion predicted a more negative morning (Sikka et al., 2022). *The largest study agrees: across 4,715 days from 536 adults, frightening dreams were followed by about 7% more negative mood the next morning (Baber et al., 2026). *But which dream is counted changes the answer. Across up to 21 mornings in 191 adults, ordinary dreams were followed by less negative emotion the next day, and so were nightmares, against the authors own prediction. Bad dreams changed nothing, and bad dreams plus nightmares in the same night were followed by more (Tousignant et al., 2022). *Dreams high in both fear and joy predicted mornings with no negative mood at all, and more joy in dreams predicted more positive mood (Baber et al., 2026). Roughly a third of dreams are positive (Weiss, 2007), yet a theory about mood improving has mostly been tested by measuring only what makes mood worse. ===Emotional reactivity and regulation === * Feeling better is not the same as coping better. Coping is about handling what comes next, so the harder test is whether dream emotion predicts how a person responds to something upsetting. * Tested directly, it does not. In the same five day study, dream emotion had no link to reactivity to upsetting images or to the ability to calm those reactions down, and Bayesian analysis supported both null results (Sikka et al., 2022). * This is the strongest single result against the mood regulation account, because it is evidence for no relationship rather than a failure to find one. * This appears to flip when people are compared with each other instead of with themselves: those who had more frightening dreams overall regulated emotion better while awake (Baber et al., 2026). * These are different questions, since comparing a person with themselves asks whether last nights dream helped, and comparing people asks what sort of person has fearful dreams, so only the first tests the theory. * Much of the apparent disagreement in this literature comes from between-person findings being read as answers to a within-person question. ===Real stressors and coping strategies === * Coping is defined against a stressor, so the strongest test is where there is a real one. * Over five months of REM awakenings in 20 depressed and 10 non-depressed adults going through a divorce, those still depressed at follow-up did dream about their ex partner, but the dreams had no emotion in them and no links to other memories. Those who recovered had emotional dreams about the same person, so it was the emotion in the dream rather than its subject that tracked recovery (Cartwright et al., 2006). * The same pattern appears after a death: in 77 adults with complicated grief, dreams contained far less negative emotion than published norms, 21% against 80% of dreams in women (Germain et a;. 2013). * The direction therefore reverses at this level. That is not a contradiction of the previous subsection, because both the outcome and the people have changed. Emotion in a dream predicts a worse morning day to day, but tracks the people who are adapting when there is a genuine loss to adapt to. * For Natalie, feeling the loss in the dream is a better sign than dreaming about it with no emotion, what is wrong is that the feeling is not fading. <quiz display=simple> {In the diary studies described above, a more negative dream was typically followed the next morning by: |type="()"} - Better mood, as mood regulation theory predicts || Not quite. This is what the theory predicts, but it is not what was found. + Worse mood || Correct. Negative dream affect predicted a more negative next-day mood (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026). - No detectable change in mood || Not quite. There was a reliable effect, but it ran in the opposite direction to the theory. </quiz> == What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? == * The previous section found that dream emotion tarcks how well someone is coping without clear evidence that it drives it, which may be a real limit or only a limit of the method. * This section reverse the direction of the measurement, instead of recording a dream and looking forward to the morning, it changes something while the person is awake and then looks back at the dream. That is the only order that can show cause. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: part 2''' Six months on, the dream still hasn't stopped. Natalie has started staying up until she's too tired to dream, and she's tired all the time. Her psychologist suggests writing the dream down and changing what happens: this time, the person turns around, or Natalie stops calling out and walks the other way. She rehearses the new version of the dream for a few minutes every night. Within weeks the dream starts to come less often, and when it does, it bothers her less. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Rewriting dreams while awake === * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) means writing down a recurring nightmare, deliberately changing how it ends, and rehearsing the new version while awake for 10 to 20 minutes a day (Morgenthaler et al., 2018). * The logic follows fear extinction: rehearsing a new ending does while awake what the theory says a healthy dream does at night. * It is the only treatment the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends for nightmare disorder (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), and across 29 randomised trials it was one of the only two treatments to beat control conditions (Y. Zhang et al., 2022). * The large effects are uncontrolled: improvements in nightmares, sleep and PTSD held at 6 and 12 months across 13 studies but shrank to a small effect in the one trial that compared it against another active treatment (Casement & Swanson, 2012), and two later trials found no advantage over other sleep treatments in veterans with PTSD (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019). * Why IRT works remains disputed: a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms found none established (Rousseau & Belleville, 2018), and 30% of patients did not respond at all (Schwartz et al., 2022). * Implication: If IRT works through waking rehearsal and changed expectations, the dream is the target of treatment rather than the agent of change. === Changing dreams during REM sleep === * A causal claim about dreaming requires manipulating dream content, which nothing in the previous sections does. Targeted dream incubation repeats a chosen theme at sleep onset: 67% of prompted awakenings produced dream reports containing the theme, against 3% of unprompted awakenings (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). Dream content is therefore controllable. * But this is a methods demonstration rather than a treatment, even successful incubation cannot show whether the experience of dreaming matters or merely accompanies the work being done (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). * Working the other way, an improved capacity for affect regulation within dreams accompanied improvement in personality functioning during psychotherapy, so dream content may index progress as well as be a target of it (Kempe et al., 2024). * What would settle the question is an experiment that manipulates dream emotion under real distress and measures waking coping rather than nightmare frequency. Nothing in this literature does that yet. ==Conclusion== * Dreams like Natalie's recur because the emotional charge attached to a memory has not faded overnight. That is the problem this chapter set out to explain. * The short answer to the subtitle is that REM dreams reflect emotional processing more reliably than they perform it. Dream emotion behaves more like a thermometer than a heater: it registers how much distress someone is carrying, but there is little evidence that it is what brings the distress down. * Sleep and dreaming are not the same thing. Sleep makes emotional memories more likely to be remembered without reliably making them feel less bad (Lipinska et al., 2019), and dreaming continues when REM sleep is supressed (Solms, 2000). Only two studies have tested whether the dream itself adds anything (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; J. Zhang et al., 2024). * Four theories disagree about what a dream is for and they can be separated by what each predicts about the following morning (see Table 1). * The prediction that matters most for coping is the mood regulation one and it fails. Dream emotion predicts a worse next morning rather than a better one, and predicts nothing about reactivity or about the ability to regulate emotion (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026), so it looks more like a sign of how well someone is coping than the thing doing the coping. * Coping itself has almost never been measured, every finding above uses mood, reactivity or clinical recovery as a stand in for what a person actually does to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Delorme et al., 2002). * Dreams can still be changed on purpose: rewriting a recurring nightmare reduces both how often it happens and how much distress it causes (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), though whether the rewriting is the active ingredient is unresolved (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019; Schwartz et al., 2022). * Settling the wider question means controlling dream content rather than only recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020; Schwartz et al., 2022), and measuring coping rather than nightmare frequency. * Natalie's dream did not repair itself, and it did not need to. What changed it was practising a new ending while awake. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Take-home messages''' * A bad dream is not a sign that emotional processing is doing its job, dream emotion tracks distress rather than relieving it. * Dreaming may still add something, but the evidence is thin and comes from a handful of studies that could not assign anyone to dream. *"Sleep on it" is reasonable advice for retaining a memory, but not a reliable way to feel better about it. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|Coping and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Dreams and emotional problem-solving|Dreams and emotional problem-solving]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Nightmare disorder|Nightmare disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|Nightmares and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Baber, G. 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''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139'', 104717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104717 }} ==External links== * [https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares/how-to-stop-having-nightmares How to prevent nightmares] (Sleep Foundation) * [https://shows.acast.com/sleep-science-pod/episodes/ep12-sleep-dreams-and-mental-health Sleep, dreams and mental health] (The Sleep Science Pod) * [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/targeted-dream-incubation/overview/ Targeted dream incubation] (MIT Media Lab) * [https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-dreams-and-nightmares-what-is-going-on-in-our-brains-while-were-sleeping-210901 The science of dreams and nightmares – what is going on in our brains while we're sleeping?] (The Conversation) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dreams]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] 1wbyn6oeqpaijye0vuatcd67y8u3yr0 2839972 2839964 2026-10-13T05:51:55Z U3270398 3108645 /* REM sleep and emotional memories */ Turned dot points into paragraph 2839972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dreams and emotional problem-solving:<br>How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: Natalie part 1 ''' [[File:Dreaming.jpg|Dreaming|right|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. In Natalie's recurring dream, she calls out to someone who never turns around]] Since her breakup, Natalie keeps having the same dream. She's been left behind somewhere, calling out to someone who never turns around (See Figure 1). The dream does not wake her, but the sadness follows her throughout the day. Then one night, after her first good day in weeks, the dream changes: she stops calling out, walks toward a lit doorway and wakes feeling better. That day, she finally packs away his things. Did the dream help her cope? or was she already coping and the dream simply showed it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[w:Dream|Dreams]] are a common part of the human experience, often reflecting everyday life in strange and unexpected ways. Research suggests that [[w:Rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]] may support the processing of emotional experiences (Walker & van der Helm, 2009). REM sleep is also when the most vivid and emotional dreams occur (Barber et al., 2026). This raises an important question: is it the sleeping brain that does this emotional work, or do dreams themselves play a part? Some researchers propose that dreaming actively contributes to this process, whereas others argue that dreams simply reflect changes already occurring during sleep (Neilson & Levin, 2007; Domhoff, 2019). This question has practical implications for how people [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|cope]] while awake: a dream that actively changes emotion may offer a target for intervention, whereas a dream that mirrors waking concerns can provide valuable insight into how someone is already coping (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). Psychological research can test these possibilities, from studies that track dreams to experiments that change them. This chapter focuses on emotional dreams in adults rather than symbolic interpretation or [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|nightmares]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=15}} '''Focus questions''' * How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? * What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? * How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? * What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? == * Natalie's dream keeps coming back with its emotional charge intact, which is what REM sleep is supposed to prevent. Explaining why means separating two things that are easily confused: what REM sleep does to an emotional memory, and what the dream does. Most evidence addresses REM sleep, so this section covers that briefly and then asks what is known about dreaming itself. ===REM sleep and emotional memories === The sleep to forget, sleep to remember model proposes that REM sleep replays [[w:Emotion and memory|emotional memories]] while [[w:Norephinephrine|norephinephrine]], the chemical behind the body's stress response, is switched off, so the memory is kept but the alarm attached to it fades (Walker & van den Helm, 2009). The proper test of this is therefore reactivity rather than whether the memory feels less bad (Personen et al., 2024). In support, the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Amygdala and emotion|amygdala]], a brain region that flags threats, reacted less to upsetting pictures after a nights sleep and more after a day (van der Helm et al., 2014). However, the study was small and its link to REM sleep showed association, not cause. * Two stronger tests disagree and they use different methods, which makes it harder to miss. A meta-analysis of 24 studies found negative images rated as more arousing after sleep (Lipinska et al., 2022), and an experiment found participants with the least REM sleep showed the greatest overnight drop in arousal (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). * So sleep preserves emotional memories more reliably than it soothes them (Lipinska et al., 2019), and the model has not yet been properly tested, because removing REM disturbs every over sleep stage as well (Pesonen et al., 2024). ===Separating dreaming from REM sleep === * Dreaming is not simply the conscious experience of REM sleep. Across 111 published cases, forebrain damage stopped dreaming while REM sleep continued normally (Solms, 2000), and dreaming survives drugs that suppress REM (Scarpelli et al., 2026). * Because dreaming occurs outside REM sleep, evidence about REM sleep cannot be read as evidence about REM dreams, so dreaming has to be measured directly (Solms, 2000). * Measuring dreams is difficult: across 552 home dreams, dreamers rated their own as mostly positive while judges rated the same dreams as mostly negative (Sikka et al., 2017). So studies using different rating sources may not be comparable. * Very few studies measure both REM and dreaming in the same people. In one, participants whose dreams were less negative showed the greatest overnight improvement in their ratings of emotional images (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). In another, the overnight drop in reactivity appeared only in participants who recalled a dream (Zhang et al., 2024). * No study can assign anyone to dream, so the direction is unresolved. Someone already coping well might both dream less negatively and adapt better overnight, with the dream contributing nothing, and mood and REM sleep appear to influence each other in both directions (Peltz et al., 2026). * Recall creates a further problem. Whether a dream is remembered depends on the state the sleeper wakes from (Scarpelli et al., 2022), and non-recallers may have dreamed and forgotten, which makes the claim difficult to disprove. * Whether dreams regulate emotion, mirror waking concerns, or do both remains an open question (Scarpelli, 2026). Answering it requires manipulating dream content rather than recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020), which is discussed further in the final section. == What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? == *Each theory below can be separated in two ways: the first is the general shape of the dream, as the theories disagree about what a useful dream should look like on the inside, and the second is the next morning, because a dream that did emotional work overnight should leave a trace in waking life. *Three of the four theories below claim the dream does something while one claims it does not, and that is the position the other three have to beat. Two of the three also predict the same next morning, so four theories make three testable predictions (see Table 1). This matters later, because one result about next-day mood can point towards two theories at once. *[[w:Nightmare|Nightmares]] are clearest way to test each theory, because the same dream counts as either the system working for one and failing for another. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1'''<br /> ''Competing theoretical accounts of the emotional function of dreaming and their predictions'' |- ! Theory !! What the dream does to the feeling !! Next-day mood after a distressing dream !! What a nightmare is |- | '''Continuity''' || Nothing, it expresses the feeling || Unchanged, the dream mirrors mood without moving it || A marker of distress, and nothing more |- | '''Threat simulation''' || Practises with it || No better or possibly worse, the payoff is preparedness || The system working as designed |- | '''Fear extinction''' || Rebuilds around it || Better if extinction succeeds, unchanged or worse if it fails, which makes the prediction hard to falsify || The replay failing to build a safe version |- | '''Mood regulation''' || Drains it || Better: less negative mood, weaker reactivity, easier regulation || Regulation failing to complete |- |} === Continuity hypothesis === * Dreams express a person's ongoing concerns and leave them exactly as they found them, so the dream is meaningful but it is simply not doing anything (Domhoff, 2017). * This is the baseline the other theories have to beat, because showing that a dream is meaningful does not automatically prove that it has a function (Domhoff, 2019). * Continuity is often misread as the idea that dreams replay yesterday. Domhoff (2017) argues the opposite: across three studies, independent judges could not match dream reports to the events or concerns participants had reported before sleep, so the dream tracks the person's current preoccupations rather than their day. Schredl (2017) replies that this reading is selective, and that day-to-day material appears in dreams more often than Domhoff allows. * The theory makes its own prediction: dream emotion should rise and fall with waking distress without ever predicting improvement in it. For Natalie, that means that the dream keeps returning and her mood keeps tracking it, with the dream itself contributing nothing either way. ===Fear extinction model === * The third theory says that the dream takes a frightening memory and replays it somewhere safe. This does not erase the fear: [[w:Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] builds a competing memory alongside it, which is why the fear returns if the safe memory is not maintained. A nightmare is the process failing: the replay stays frightening and no safe version gets built (Nielsen & Levin, 2007). * This model has a clinical test case to point to, since disrupted REM sleep and impaired extinction memory have been proposed to maintain [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Pace-Schott et al., 2015). * It also has some direct support: cathartic dreams, which move from danger to relief, were less common in patients with nightmare disorder than in healthy sleepers, and were the only kind of dream whose increase tracked falling depression scores during therapy (Perogamvros et al., 2025). The samples were small, so this points in the right direction without settling anything. * Its weakness is logical: a good dream and a nightmare are attributed to the same process, with success and failure identified afterwards by the very result they were meant to explain. As stated, no next-morning finding can count against the theory. It also has nothing to say about the roughly one third of dreams that are positive (Weiss, 2007). The theory only becomes testable once a successful dream can be recognised from its content in advance, which is what the cathartic dreams category is trying to do. * On this account Natalie's dream is a replay that never reaches safety. ===Mood regulation theory === * Dream emotion is proposed to shift from negative toward positive across the night, so the memory arrives in the morning with less charge attached (Cartwright et al., 1998). This is the account closest to the everyday idea that dreams work through problems, and it makes the clearest predictions: after a negative dream, mood should be less negative, reactivity to negative material should be weaker, and emotion regulation should be easier (Sikka et al., 2022). * The overnight shift has been tested directly and did not appear. Waking people repeatedly throughout the night, Palmieri et al. (2025) found that emotional intensity in dreams increased as the night went on, and the increase was not driven by REM awakenings. The sample was small, but this does test the core claim instead of using a stand in for it. * Two findings do support the theory, and both are correlational. Dreamers who rated their dreams more positively than an independent judge reported better morning mood (Barbeau et al., 2022), and people who reported more fear in dreams showed weaker fear-related brain responses while awake (Sterpenich et al., 2020). Neither design can show which way the arrow points, since someone already coping well might dream more gently than and feel better for the same underlying reason. * The theory predicts that Natalie's dream should be losing intensity week by week, which it is not. == How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? == * Coping is what a person does while awake to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). For dreaming to contribute to it, dream emotion has to predict something in that waking process. * One objection is that a sleeping person cannot be trying to cope, but emotion regulation doesn't have to be conscious or deliberate to count (Gross, 2015). * Coping breaks into three increasingly demanding tests: does dream emotion change how a person eels, how well they manage emotion, and whether they adapt to a real stressor? The answer differs for each, which is why this literature looks more contradictory than it is. ===Next-morning mood === *One five day study in 40 adults tested all three mood regulation predictions at once. The first result was that more negative dream emotion predicted a more negative morning (Sikka et al., 2022). *The largest study agrees: across 4,715 days from 536 adults, frightening dreams were followed by about 7% more negative mood the next morning (Baber et al., 2026). *But which dream is counted changes the answer. Across up to 21 mornings in 191 adults, ordinary dreams were followed by less negative emotion the next day, and so were nightmares, against the authors own prediction. Bad dreams changed nothing, and bad dreams plus nightmares in the same night were followed by more (Tousignant et al., 2022). *Dreams high in both fear and joy predicted mornings with no negative mood at all, and more joy in dreams predicted more positive mood (Baber et al., 2026). Roughly a third of dreams are positive (Weiss, 2007), yet a theory about mood improving has mostly been tested by measuring only what makes mood worse. ===Emotional reactivity and regulation === * Feeling better is not the same as coping better. Coping is about handling what comes next, so the harder test is whether dream emotion predicts how a person responds to something upsetting. * Tested directly, it does not. In the same five day study, dream emotion had no link to reactivity to upsetting images or to the ability to calm those reactions down, and Bayesian analysis supported both null results (Sikka et al., 2022). * This is the strongest single result against the mood regulation account, because it is evidence for no relationship rather than a failure to find one. * This appears to flip when people are compared with each other instead of with themselves: those who had more frightening dreams overall regulated emotion better while awake (Baber et al., 2026). * These are different questions, since comparing a person with themselves asks whether last nights dream helped, and comparing people asks what sort of person has fearful dreams, so only the first tests the theory. * Much of the apparent disagreement in this literature comes from between-person findings being read as answers to a within-person question. ===Real stressors and coping strategies === * Coping is defined against a stressor, so the strongest test is where there is a real one. * Over five months of REM awakenings in 20 depressed and 10 non-depressed adults going through a divorce, those still depressed at follow-up did dream about their ex partner, but the dreams had no emotion in them and no links to other memories. Those who recovered had emotional dreams about the same person, so it was the emotion in the dream rather than its subject that tracked recovery (Cartwright et al., 2006). * The same pattern appears after a death: in 77 adults with complicated grief, dreams contained far less negative emotion than published norms, 21% against 80% of dreams in women (Germain et a;. 2013). * The direction therefore reverses at this level. That is not a contradiction of the previous subsection, because both the outcome and the people have changed. Emotion in a dream predicts a worse morning day to day, but tracks the people who are adapting when there is a genuine loss to adapt to. * For Natalie, feeling the loss in the dream is a better sign than dreaming about it with no emotion, what is wrong is that the feeling is not fading. <quiz display=simple> {In the diary studies described above, a more negative dream was typically followed the next morning by: |type="()"} - Better mood, as mood regulation theory predicts || Not quite. This is what the theory predicts, but it is not what was found. + Worse mood || Correct. Negative dream affect predicted a more negative next-day mood (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026). - No detectable change in mood || Not quite. There was a reliable effect, but it ran in the opposite direction to the theory. </quiz> == What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? == * The previous section found that dream emotion tarcks how well someone is coping without clear evidence that it drives it, which may be a real limit or only a limit of the method. * This section reverse the direction of the measurement, instead of recording a dream and looking forward to the morning, it changes something while the person is awake and then looks back at the dream. That is the only order that can show cause. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: part 2''' Six months on, the dream still hasn't stopped. Natalie has started staying up until she's too tired to dream, and she's tired all the time. Her psychologist suggests writing the dream down and changing what happens: this time, the person turns around, or Natalie stops calling out and walks the other way. She rehearses the new version of the dream for a few minutes every night. Within weeks the dream starts to come less often, and when it does, it bothers her less. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Rewriting dreams while awake === * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) means writing down a recurring nightmare, deliberately changing how it ends, and rehearsing the new version while awake for 10 to 20 minutes a day (Morgenthaler et al., 2018). * The logic follows fear extinction: rehearsing a new ending does while awake what the theory says a healthy dream does at night. * It is the only treatment the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends for nightmare disorder (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), and across 29 randomised trials it was one of the only two treatments to beat control conditions (Y. Zhang et al., 2022). * The large effects are uncontrolled: improvements in nightmares, sleep and PTSD held at 6 and 12 months across 13 studies but shrank to a small effect in the one trial that compared it against another active treatment (Casement & Swanson, 2012), and two later trials found no advantage over other sleep treatments in veterans with PTSD (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019). * Why IRT works remains disputed: a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms found none established (Rousseau & Belleville, 2018), and 30% of patients did not respond at all (Schwartz et al., 2022). * Implication: If IRT works through waking rehearsal and changed expectations, the dream is the target of treatment rather than the agent of change. === Changing dreams during REM sleep === * A causal claim about dreaming requires manipulating dream content, which nothing in the previous sections does. Targeted dream incubation repeats a chosen theme at sleep onset: 67% of prompted awakenings produced dream reports containing the theme, against 3% of unprompted awakenings (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). Dream content is therefore controllable. * But this is a methods demonstration rather than a treatment, even successful incubation cannot show whether the experience of dreaming matters or merely accompanies the work being done (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). * Working the other way, an improved capacity for affect regulation within dreams accompanied improvement in personality functioning during psychotherapy, so dream content may index progress as well as be a target of it (Kempe et al., 2024). * What would settle the question is an experiment that manipulates dream emotion under real distress and measures waking coping rather than nightmare frequency. Nothing in this literature does that yet. ==Conclusion== * Dreams like Natalie's recur because the emotional charge attached to a memory has not faded overnight. That is the problem this chapter set out to explain. * The short answer to the subtitle is that REM dreams reflect emotional processing more reliably than they perform it. Dream emotion behaves more like a thermometer than a heater: it registers how much distress someone is carrying, but there is little evidence that it is what brings the distress down. * Sleep and dreaming are not the same thing. Sleep makes emotional memories more likely to be remembered without reliably making them feel less bad (Lipinska et al., 2019), and dreaming continues when REM sleep is supressed (Solms, 2000). Only two studies have tested whether the dream itself adds anything (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; J. Zhang et al., 2024). * Four theories disagree about what a dream is for and they can be separated by what each predicts about the following morning (see Table 1). * The prediction that matters most for coping is the mood regulation one and it fails. Dream emotion predicts a worse next morning rather than a better one, and predicts nothing about reactivity or about the ability to regulate emotion (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026), so it looks more like a sign of how well someone is coping than the thing doing the coping. * Coping itself has almost never been measured, every finding above uses mood, reactivity or clinical recovery as a stand in for what a person actually does to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Delorme et al., 2002). * Dreams can still be changed on purpose: rewriting a recurring nightmare reduces both how often it happens and how much distress it causes (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), though whether the rewriting is the active ingredient is unresolved (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019; Schwartz et al., 2022). * Settling the wider question means controlling dream content rather than only recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020; Schwartz et al., 2022), and measuring coping rather than nightmare frequency. * Natalie's dream did not repair itself, and it did not need to. What changed it was practising a new ending while awake. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Take-home messages''' * A bad dream is not a sign that emotional processing is doing its job, dream emotion tracks distress rather than relieving it. * Dreaming may still add something, but the evidence is thin and comes from a handful of studies that could not assign anyone to dream. *"Sleep on it" is reasonable advice for retaining a memory, but not a reliable way to feel better about it. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|Coping and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Dreams and emotional problem-solving|Dreams and emotional problem-solving]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Nightmare disorder|Nightmare disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|Nightmares and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Baber, G. 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''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139'', 104717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104717 }} ==External links== * [https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares/how-to-stop-having-nightmares How to prevent nightmares] (Sleep Foundation) * [https://shows.acast.com/sleep-science-pod/episodes/ep12-sleep-dreams-and-mental-health Sleep, dreams and mental health] (The Sleep Science Pod) * [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/targeted-dream-incubation/overview/ Targeted dream incubation] (MIT Media Lab) * [https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-dreams-and-nightmares-what-is-going-on-in-our-brains-while-were-sleeping-210901 The science of dreams and nightmares – what is going on in our brains while we're sleeping?] (The Conversation) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dreams]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] lw3uytf8g66vyqsn0t5j9c452m5royw 2839973 2839972 2026-10-13T05:55:33Z U3270398 3108645 /* REM sleep and emotional memories */ 2839973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dreams and emotional problem-solving:<br>How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: Natalie part 1 ''' [[File:Dreaming.jpg|Dreaming|right|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. In Natalie's recurring dream, she calls out to someone who never turns around]] Since her breakup, Natalie keeps having the same dream. She's been left behind somewhere, calling out to someone who never turns around (See Figure 1). The dream does not wake her, but the sadness follows her throughout the day. Then one night, after her first good day in weeks, the dream changes: she stops calling out, walks toward a lit doorway and wakes feeling better. That day, she finally packs away his things. Did the dream help her cope? or was she already coping and the dream simply showed it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[w:Dream|Dreams]] are a common part of the human experience, often reflecting everyday life in strange and unexpected ways. Research suggests that [[w:Rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]] may support the processing of emotional experiences (Walker & van der Helm, 2009). REM sleep is also when the most vivid and emotional dreams occur (Barber et al., 2026). This raises an important question: is it the sleeping brain that does this emotional work, or do dreams themselves play a part? Some researchers propose that dreaming actively contributes to this process, whereas others argue that dreams simply reflect changes already occurring during sleep (Neilson & Levin, 2007; Domhoff, 2019). This question has practical implications for how people [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|cope]] while awake: a dream that actively changes emotion may offer a target for intervention, whereas a dream that mirrors waking concerns can provide valuable insight into how someone is already coping (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). Psychological research can test these possibilities, from studies that track dreams to experiments that change them. This chapter focuses on emotional dreams in adults rather than symbolic interpretation or [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|nightmares]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=15}} '''Focus questions''' * How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? * What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? * How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? * What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? == * Natalie's dream keeps coming back with its emotional charge intact, which is what REM sleep is supposed to prevent. Explaining why means separating two things that are easily confused: what REM sleep does to an emotional memory, and what the dream does. Most evidence addresses REM sleep, so this section covers that briefly and then asks what is known about dreaming itself. ===REM sleep and emotional memories === The sleep to forget, sleep to remember model proposes that REM sleep replays [[w:Emotion and memory|emotional memories]] while [[w:Norephinephrine|norephinephrine]], the chemical behind the body's stress response, is switched off, so the memory is kept but the alarm attached to it fades (Walker & van den Helm, 2009). The proper test of this is therefore reactivity rather than whether the memory feels less bad (Personen et al., 2024). In support, the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Amygdala and emotion|amygdala]], a brain region that flags threats, reacted less to upsetting pictures after a nights sleep and more after a day (van der Helm et al., 2014). However, the study was small and its link to REM sleep showed association, not cause. A [[ * Two stronger tests disagree and they use different methods, which makes it harder to miss. A meta-analysis of 24 studies found negative images rated as more arousing after sleep (Lipinska et al., 2022), and an experiment found participants with the least REM sleep showed the greatest overnight drop in arousal (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). * So sleep preserves emotional memories more reliably than it soothes them (Lipinska et al., 2019), and the model has not yet been properly tested, because removing REM disturbs every over sleep stage as well (Pesonen et al., 2024). ===Separating dreaming from REM sleep === * Dreaming is not simply the conscious experience of REM sleep. Across 111 published cases, forebrain damage stopped dreaming while REM sleep continued normally (Solms, 2000), and dreaming survives drugs that suppress REM (Scarpelli et al., 2026). * Because dreaming occurs outside REM sleep, evidence about REM sleep cannot be read as evidence about REM dreams, so dreaming has to be measured directly (Solms, 2000). * Measuring dreams is difficult: across 552 home dreams, dreamers rated their own as mostly positive while judges rated the same dreams as mostly negative (Sikka et al., 2017). So studies using different rating sources may not be comparable. * Very few studies measure both REM and dreaming in the same people. In one, participants whose dreams were less negative showed the greatest overnight improvement in their ratings of emotional images (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). In another, the overnight drop in reactivity appeared only in participants who recalled a dream (Zhang et al., 2024). * No study can assign anyone to dream, so the direction is unresolved. Someone already coping well might both dream less negatively and adapt better overnight, with the dream contributing nothing, and mood and REM sleep appear to influence each other in both directions (Peltz et al., 2026). * Recall creates a further problem. Whether a dream is remembered depends on the state the sleeper wakes from (Scarpelli et al., 2022), and non-recallers may have dreamed and forgotten, which makes the claim difficult to disprove. * Whether dreams regulate emotion, mirror waking concerns, or do both remains an open question (Scarpelli, 2026). Answering it requires manipulating dream content rather than recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020), which is discussed further in the final section. == What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? == *Each theory below can be separated in two ways: the first is the general shape of the dream, as the theories disagree about what a useful dream should look like on the inside, and the second is the next morning, because a dream that did emotional work overnight should leave a trace in waking life. *Three of the four theories below claim the dream does something while one claims it does not, and that is the position the other three have to beat. Two of the three also predict the same next morning, so four theories make three testable predictions (see Table 1). This matters later, because one result about next-day mood can point towards two theories at once. *[[w:Nightmare|Nightmares]] are clearest way to test each theory, because the same dream counts as either the system working for one and failing for another. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1'''<br /> ''Competing theoretical accounts of the emotional function of dreaming and their predictions'' |- ! Theory !! What the dream does to the feeling !! Next-day mood after a distressing dream !! What a nightmare is |- | '''Continuity''' || Nothing, it expresses the feeling || Unchanged, the dream mirrors mood without moving it || A marker of distress, and nothing more |- | '''Threat simulation''' || Practises with it || No better or possibly worse, the payoff is preparedness || The system working as designed |- | '''Fear extinction''' || Rebuilds around it || Better if extinction succeeds, unchanged or worse if it fails, which makes the prediction hard to falsify || The replay failing to build a safe version |- | '''Mood regulation''' || Drains it || Better: less negative mood, weaker reactivity, easier regulation || Regulation failing to complete |- |} === Continuity hypothesis === * Dreams express a person's ongoing concerns and leave them exactly as they found them, so the dream is meaningful but it is simply not doing anything (Domhoff, 2017). * This is the baseline the other theories have to beat, because showing that a dream is meaningful does not automatically prove that it has a function (Domhoff, 2019). * Continuity is often misread as the idea that dreams replay yesterday. Domhoff (2017) argues the opposite: across three studies, independent judges could not match dream reports to the events or concerns participants had reported before sleep, so the dream tracks the person's current preoccupations rather than their day. Schredl (2017) replies that this reading is selective, and that day-to-day material appears in dreams more often than Domhoff allows. * The theory makes its own prediction: dream emotion should rise and fall with waking distress without ever predicting improvement in it. For Natalie, that means that the dream keeps returning and her mood keeps tracking it, with the dream itself contributing nothing either way. ===Fear extinction model === * The third theory says that the dream takes a frightening memory and replays it somewhere safe. This does not erase the fear: [[w:Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] builds a competing memory alongside it, which is why the fear returns if the safe memory is not maintained. A nightmare is the process failing: the replay stays frightening and no safe version gets built (Nielsen & Levin, 2007). * This model has a clinical test case to point to, since disrupted REM sleep and impaired extinction memory have been proposed to maintain [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Pace-Schott et al., 2015). * It also has some direct support: cathartic dreams, which move from danger to relief, were less common in patients with nightmare disorder than in healthy sleepers, and were the only kind of dream whose increase tracked falling depression scores during therapy (Perogamvros et al., 2025). The samples were small, so this points in the right direction without settling anything. * Its weakness is logical: a good dream and a nightmare are attributed to the same process, with success and failure identified afterwards by the very result they were meant to explain. As stated, no next-morning finding can count against the theory. It also has nothing to say about the roughly one third of dreams that are positive (Weiss, 2007). The theory only becomes testable once a successful dream can be recognised from its content in advance, which is what the cathartic dreams category is trying to do. * On this account Natalie's dream is a replay that never reaches safety. ===Mood regulation theory === * Dream emotion is proposed to shift from negative toward positive across the night, so the memory arrives in the morning with less charge attached (Cartwright et al., 1998). This is the account closest to the everyday idea that dreams work through problems, and it makes the clearest predictions: after a negative dream, mood should be less negative, reactivity to negative material should be weaker, and emotion regulation should be easier (Sikka et al., 2022). * The overnight shift has been tested directly and did not appear. Waking people repeatedly throughout the night, Palmieri et al. (2025) found that emotional intensity in dreams increased as the night went on, and the increase was not driven by REM awakenings. The sample was small, but this does test the core claim instead of using a stand in for it. * Two findings do support the theory, and both are correlational. Dreamers who rated their dreams more positively than an independent judge reported better morning mood (Barbeau et al., 2022), and people who reported more fear in dreams showed weaker fear-related brain responses while awake (Sterpenich et al., 2020). Neither design can show which way the arrow points, since someone already coping well might dream more gently than and feel better for the same underlying reason. * The theory predicts that Natalie's dream should be losing intensity week by week, which it is not. == How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? == * Coping is what a person does while awake to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). For dreaming to contribute to it, dream emotion has to predict something in that waking process. * One objection is that a sleeping person cannot be trying to cope, but emotion regulation doesn't have to be conscious or deliberate to count (Gross, 2015). * Coping breaks into three increasingly demanding tests: does dream emotion change how a person eels, how well they manage emotion, and whether they adapt to a real stressor? The answer differs for each, which is why this literature looks more contradictory than it is. ===Next-morning mood === *One five day study in 40 adults tested all three mood regulation predictions at once. The first result was that more negative dream emotion predicted a more negative morning (Sikka et al., 2022). *The largest study agrees: across 4,715 days from 536 adults, frightening dreams were followed by about 7% more negative mood the next morning (Baber et al., 2026). *But which dream is counted changes the answer. Across up to 21 mornings in 191 adults, ordinary dreams were followed by less negative emotion the next day, and so were nightmares, against the authors own prediction. Bad dreams changed nothing, and bad dreams plus nightmares in the same night were followed by more (Tousignant et al., 2022). *Dreams high in both fear and joy predicted mornings with no negative mood at all, and more joy in dreams predicted more positive mood (Baber et al., 2026). Roughly a third of dreams are positive (Weiss, 2007), yet a theory about mood improving has mostly been tested by measuring only what makes mood worse. ===Emotional reactivity and regulation === * Feeling better is not the same as coping better. Coping is about handling what comes next, so the harder test is whether dream emotion predicts how a person responds to something upsetting. * Tested directly, it does not. In the same five day study, dream emotion had no link to reactivity to upsetting images or to the ability to calm those reactions down, and Bayesian analysis supported both null results (Sikka et al., 2022). * This is the strongest single result against the mood regulation account, because it is evidence for no relationship rather than a failure to find one. * This appears to flip when people are compared with each other instead of with themselves: those who had more frightening dreams overall regulated emotion better while awake (Baber et al., 2026). * These are different questions, since comparing a person with themselves asks whether last nights dream helped, and comparing people asks what sort of person has fearful dreams, so only the first tests the theory. * Much of the apparent disagreement in this literature comes from between-person findings being read as answers to a within-person question. ===Real stressors and coping strategies === * Coping is defined against a stressor, so the strongest test is where there is a real one. * Over five months of REM awakenings in 20 depressed and 10 non-depressed adults going through a divorce, those still depressed at follow-up did dream about their ex partner, but the dreams had no emotion in them and no links to other memories. Those who recovered had emotional dreams about the same person, so it was the emotion in the dream rather than its subject that tracked recovery (Cartwright et al., 2006). * The same pattern appears after a death: in 77 adults with complicated grief, dreams contained far less negative emotion than published norms, 21% against 80% of dreams in women (Germain et a;. 2013). * The direction therefore reverses at this level. That is not a contradiction of the previous subsection, because both the outcome and the people have changed. Emotion in a dream predicts a worse morning day to day, but tracks the people who are adapting when there is a genuine loss to adapt to. * For Natalie, feeling the loss in the dream is a better sign than dreaming about it with no emotion, what is wrong is that the feeling is not fading. <quiz display=simple> {In the diary studies described above, a more negative dream was typically followed the next morning by: |type="()"} - Better mood, as mood regulation theory predicts || Not quite. This is what the theory predicts, but it is not what was found. + Worse mood || Correct. Negative dream affect predicted a more negative next-day mood (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026). - No detectable change in mood || Not quite. There was a reliable effect, but it ran in the opposite direction to the theory. </quiz> == What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? == * The previous section found that dream emotion tarcks how well someone is coping without clear evidence that it drives it, which may be a real limit or only a limit of the method. * This section reverse the direction of the measurement, instead of recording a dream and looking forward to the morning, it changes something while the person is awake and then looks back at the dream. That is the only order that can show cause. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: part 2''' Six months on, the dream still hasn't stopped. Natalie has started staying up until she's too tired to dream, and she's tired all the time. Her psychologist suggests writing the dream down and changing what happens: this time, the person turns around, or Natalie stops calling out and walks the other way. She rehearses the new version of the dream for a few minutes every night. Within weeks the dream starts to come less often, and when it does, it bothers her less. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Rewriting dreams while awake === * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) means writing down a recurring nightmare, deliberately changing how it ends, and rehearsing the new version while awake for 10 to 20 minutes a day (Morgenthaler et al., 2018). * The logic follows fear extinction: rehearsing a new ending does while awake what the theory says a healthy dream does at night. * It is the only treatment the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends for nightmare disorder (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), and across 29 randomised trials it was one of the only two treatments to beat control conditions (Y. Zhang et al., 2022). * The large effects are uncontrolled: improvements in nightmares, sleep and PTSD held at 6 and 12 months across 13 studies but shrank to a small effect in the one trial that compared it against another active treatment (Casement & Swanson, 2012), and two later trials found no advantage over other sleep treatments in veterans with PTSD (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019). * Why IRT works remains disputed: a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms found none established (Rousseau & Belleville, 2018), and 30% of patients did not respond at all (Schwartz et al., 2022). * Implication: If IRT works through waking rehearsal and changed expectations, the dream is the target of treatment rather than the agent of change. === Changing dreams during REM sleep === * A causal claim about dreaming requires manipulating dream content, which nothing in the previous sections does. Targeted dream incubation repeats a chosen theme at sleep onset: 67% of prompted awakenings produced dream reports containing the theme, against 3% of unprompted awakenings (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). Dream content is therefore controllable. * But this is a methods demonstration rather than a treatment, even successful incubation cannot show whether the experience of dreaming matters or merely accompanies the work being done (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). * Working the other way, an improved capacity for affect regulation within dreams accompanied improvement in personality functioning during psychotherapy, so dream content may index progress as well as be a target of it (Kempe et al., 2024). * What would settle the question is an experiment that manipulates dream emotion under real distress and measures waking coping rather than nightmare frequency. Nothing in this literature does that yet. ==Conclusion== * Dreams like Natalie's recur because the emotional charge attached to a memory has not faded overnight. That is the problem this chapter set out to explain. * The short answer to the subtitle is that REM dreams reflect emotional processing more reliably than they perform it. Dream emotion behaves more like a thermometer than a heater: it registers how much distress someone is carrying, but there is little evidence that it is what brings the distress down. * Sleep and dreaming are not the same thing. Sleep makes emotional memories more likely to be remembered without reliably making them feel less bad (Lipinska et al., 2019), and dreaming continues when REM sleep is supressed (Solms, 2000). Only two studies have tested whether the dream itself adds anything (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; J. Zhang et al., 2024). * Four theories disagree about what a dream is for and they can be separated by what each predicts about the following morning (see Table 1). * The prediction that matters most for coping is the mood regulation one and it fails. Dream emotion predicts a worse next morning rather than a better one, and predicts nothing about reactivity or about the ability to regulate emotion (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026), so it looks more like a sign of how well someone is coping than the thing doing the coping. * Coping itself has almost never been measured, every finding above uses mood, reactivity or clinical recovery as a stand in for what a person actually does to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Delorme et al., 2002). * Dreams can still be changed on purpose: rewriting a recurring nightmare reduces both how often it happens and how much distress it causes (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), though whether the rewriting is the active ingredient is unresolved (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019; Schwartz et al., 2022). * Settling the wider question means controlling dream content rather than only recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020; Schwartz et al., 2022), and measuring coping rather than nightmare frequency. * Natalie's dream did not repair itself, and it did not need to. What changed it was practising a new ending while awake. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Take-home messages''' * A bad dream is not a sign that emotional processing is doing its job, dream emotion tracks distress rather than relieving it. * Dreaming may still add something, but the evidence is thin and comes from a handful of studies that could not assign anyone to dream. *"Sleep on it" is reasonable advice for retaining a memory, but not a reliable way to feel better about it. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|Coping and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Dreams and emotional problem-solving|Dreams and emotional problem-solving]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Nightmare disorder|Nightmare disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|Nightmares and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Baber, G. 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''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139'', 104717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104717 }} ==External links== * [https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares/how-to-stop-having-nightmares How to prevent nightmares] (Sleep Foundation) * [https://shows.acast.com/sleep-science-pod/episodes/ep12-sleep-dreams-and-mental-health Sleep, dreams and mental health] (The Sleep Science Pod) * [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/targeted-dream-incubation/overview/ Targeted dream incubation] (MIT Media Lab) * [https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-dreams-and-nightmares-what-is-going-on-in-our-brains-while-were-sleeping-210901 The science of dreams and nightmares – what is going on in our brains while we're sleeping?] (The Conversation) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dreams]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] sxg7h87qy5x45lhj5c8z8xd0wlgqwi2 2839974 2839973 2026-10-13T05:56:16Z U3270398 3108645 /* REM sleep and emotional memories */ 2839974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dreams and emotional problem-solving:<br>How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: Natalie part 1 ''' [[File:Dreaming.jpg|Dreaming|right|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. In Natalie's recurring dream, she calls out to someone who never turns around]] Since her breakup, Natalie keeps having the same dream. She's been left behind somewhere, calling out to someone who never turns around (See Figure 1). The dream does not wake her, but the sadness follows her throughout the day. Then one night, after her first good day in weeks, the dream changes: she stops calling out, walks toward a lit doorway and wakes feeling better. That day, she finally packs away his things. Did the dream help her cope? or was she already coping and the dream simply showed it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[w:Dream|Dreams]] are a common part of the human experience, often reflecting everyday life in strange and unexpected ways. Research suggests that [[w:Rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]] may support the processing of emotional experiences (Walker & van der Helm, 2009). REM sleep is also when the most vivid and emotional dreams occur (Barber et al., 2026). This raises an important question: is it the sleeping brain that does this emotional work, or do dreams themselves play a part? Some researchers propose that dreaming actively contributes to this process, whereas others argue that dreams simply reflect changes already occurring during sleep (Neilson & Levin, 2007; Domhoff, 2019). This question has practical implications for how people [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|cope]] while awake: a dream that actively changes emotion may offer a target for intervention, whereas a dream that mirrors waking concerns can provide valuable insight into how someone is already coping (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). Psychological research can test these possibilities, from studies that track dreams to experiments that change them. This chapter focuses on emotional dreams in adults rather than symbolic interpretation or [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|nightmares]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=15}} '''Focus questions''' * How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? * What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? * How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? * What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? == * Natalie's dream keeps coming back with its emotional charge intact, which is what REM sleep is supposed to prevent. Explaining why means separating two things that are easily confused: what REM sleep does to an emotional memory, and what the dream does. Most evidence addresses REM sleep, so this section covers that briefly and then asks what is known about dreaming itself. ===REM sleep and emotional memories === The sleep to forget, sleep to remember model proposes that REM sleep replays [[w:Emotion and memory|emotional memories]] while [[w:Norephinephrine|norephinephrine]], the chemical behind the body's stress response, is switched off, so the memory is kept but the alarm attached to it fades (Walker & van den Helm, 2009). The proper test of this is therefore reactivity rather than whether the memory feels less bad (Personen et al., 2024). In support, the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Amygdala and emotion|amygdala]], a brain region that flags threats, reacted less to upsetting pictures after a nights sleep and more after a day (van der Helm et al., 2014). However, the study was small and its link to REM sleep showed association, not cause. A [[w:Meta-analysis|meta-analysis]] * Two stronger tests disagree and they use different methods, which makes it harder to miss. A meta-analysis of 24 studies found negative images rated as more arousing after sleep (Lipinska et al., 2022), and an experiment found participants with the least REM sleep showed the greatest overnight drop in arousal (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). * So sleep preserves emotional memories more reliably than it soothes them (Lipinska et al., 2019), and the model has not yet been properly tested, because removing REM disturbs every over sleep stage as well (Pesonen et al., 2024). ===Separating dreaming from REM sleep === * Dreaming is not simply the conscious experience of REM sleep. Across 111 published cases, forebrain damage stopped dreaming while REM sleep continued normally (Solms, 2000), and dreaming survives drugs that suppress REM (Scarpelli et al., 2026). * Because dreaming occurs outside REM sleep, evidence about REM sleep cannot be read as evidence about REM dreams, so dreaming has to be measured directly (Solms, 2000). * Measuring dreams is difficult: across 552 home dreams, dreamers rated their own as mostly positive while judges rated the same dreams as mostly negative (Sikka et al., 2017). So studies using different rating sources may not be comparable. * Very few studies measure both REM and dreaming in the same people. In one, participants whose dreams were less negative showed the greatest overnight improvement in their ratings of emotional images (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). In another, the overnight drop in reactivity appeared only in participants who recalled a dream (Zhang et al., 2024). * No study can assign anyone to dream, so the direction is unresolved. Someone already coping well might both dream less negatively and adapt better overnight, with the dream contributing nothing, and mood and REM sleep appear to influence each other in both directions (Peltz et al., 2026). * Recall creates a further problem. Whether a dream is remembered depends on the state the sleeper wakes from (Scarpelli et al., 2022), and non-recallers may have dreamed and forgotten, which makes the claim difficult to disprove. * Whether dreams regulate emotion, mirror waking concerns, or do both remains an open question (Scarpelli, 2026). Answering it requires manipulating dream content rather than recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020), which is discussed further in the final section. == What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? == *Each theory below can be separated in two ways: the first is the general shape of the dream, as the theories disagree about what a useful dream should look like on the inside, and the second is the next morning, because a dream that did emotional work overnight should leave a trace in waking life. *Three of the four theories below claim the dream does something while one claims it does not, and that is the position the other three have to beat. Two of the three also predict the same next morning, so four theories make three testable predictions (see Table 1). This matters later, because one result about next-day mood can point towards two theories at once. *[[w:Nightmare|Nightmares]] are clearest way to test each theory, because the same dream counts as either the system working for one and failing for another. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1'''<br /> ''Competing theoretical accounts of the emotional function of dreaming and their predictions'' |- ! Theory !! What the dream does to the feeling !! Next-day mood after a distressing dream !! What a nightmare is |- | '''Continuity''' || Nothing, it expresses the feeling || Unchanged, the dream mirrors mood without moving it || A marker of distress, and nothing more |- | '''Threat simulation''' || Practises with it || No better or possibly worse, the payoff is preparedness || The system working as designed |- | '''Fear extinction''' || Rebuilds around it || Better if extinction succeeds, unchanged or worse if it fails, which makes the prediction hard to falsify || The replay failing to build a safe version |- | '''Mood regulation''' || Drains it || Better: less negative mood, weaker reactivity, easier regulation || Regulation failing to complete |- |} === Continuity hypothesis === * Dreams express a person's ongoing concerns and leave them exactly as they found them, so the dream is meaningful but it is simply not doing anything (Domhoff, 2017). * This is the baseline the other theories have to beat, because showing that a dream is meaningful does not automatically prove that it has a function (Domhoff, 2019). * Continuity is often misread as the idea that dreams replay yesterday. Domhoff (2017) argues the opposite: across three studies, independent judges could not match dream reports to the events or concerns participants had reported before sleep, so the dream tracks the person's current preoccupations rather than their day. Schredl (2017) replies that this reading is selective, and that day-to-day material appears in dreams more often than Domhoff allows. * The theory makes its own prediction: dream emotion should rise and fall with waking distress without ever predicting improvement in it. For Natalie, that means that the dream keeps returning and her mood keeps tracking it, with the dream itself contributing nothing either way. ===Fear extinction model === * The third theory says that the dream takes a frightening memory and replays it somewhere safe. This does not erase the fear: [[w:Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] builds a competing memory alongside it, which is why the fear returns if the safe memory is not maintained. A nightmare is the process failing: the replay stays frightening and no safe version gets built (Nielsen & Levin, 2007). * This model has a clinical test case to point to, since disrupted REM sleep and impaired extinction memory have been proposed to maintain [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Pace-Schott et al., 2015). * It also has some direct support: cathartic dreams, which move from danger to relief, were less common in patients with nightmare disorder than in healthy sleepers, and were the only kind of dream whose increase tracked falling depression scores during therapy (Perogamvros et al., 2025). The samples were small, so this points in the right direction without settling anything. * Its weakness is logical: a good dream and a nightmare are attributed to the same process, with success and failure identified afterwards by the very result they were meant to explain. As stated, no next-morning finding can count against the theory. It also has nothing to say about the roughly one third of dreams that are positive (Weiss, 2007). The theory only becomes testable once a successful dream can be recognised from its content in advance, which is what the cathartic dreams category is trying to do. * On this account Natalie's dream is a replay that never reaches safety. ===Mood regulation theory === * Dream emotion is proposed to shift from negative toward positive across the night, so the memory arrives in the morning with less charge attached (Cartwright et al., 1998). This is the account closest to the everyday idea that dreams work through problems, and it makes the clearest predictions: after a negative dream, mood should be less negative, reactivity to negative material should be weaker, and emotion regulation should be easier (Sikka et al., 2022). * The overnight shift has been tested directly and did not appear. Waking people repeatedly throughout the night, Palmieri et al. (2025) found that emotional intensity in dreams increased as the night went on, and the increase was not driven by REM awakenings. The sample was small, but this does test the core claim instead of using a stand in for it. * Two findings do support the theory, and both are correlational. Dreamers who rated their dreams more positively than an independent judge reported better morning mood (Barbeau et al., 2022), and people who reported more fear in dreams showed weaker fear-related brain responses while awake (Sterpenich et al., 2020). Neither design can show which way the arrow points, since someone already coping well might dream more gently than and feel better for the same underlying reason. * The theory predicts that Natalie's dream should be losing intensity week by week, which it is not. == How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? == * Coping is what a person does while awake to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). For dreaming to contribute to it, dream emotion has to predict something in that waking process. * One objection is that a sleeping person cannot be trying to cope, but emotion regulation doesn't have to be conscious or deliberate to count (Gross, 2015). * Coping breaks into three increasingly demanding tests: does dream emotion change how a person eels, how well they manage emotion, and whether they adapt to a real stressor? The answer differs for each, which is why this literature looks more contradictory than it is. ===Next-morning mood === *One five day study in 40 adults tested all three mood regulation predictions at once. The first result was that more negative dream emotion predicted a more negative morning (Sikka et al., 2022). *The largest study agrees: across 4,715 days from 536 adults, frightening dreams were followed by about 7% more negative mood the next morning (Baber et al., 2026). *But which dream is counted changes the answer. Across up to 21 mornings in 191 adults, ordinary dreams were followed by less negative emotion the next day, and so were nightmares, against the authors own prediction. Bad dreams changed nothing, and bad dreams plus nightmares in the same night were followed by more (Tousignant et al., 2022). *Dreams high in both fear and joy predicted mornings with no negative mood at all, and more joy in dreams predicted more positive mood (Baber et al., 2026). Roughly a third of dreams are positive (Weiss, 2007), yet a theory about mood improving has mostly been tested by measuring only what makes mood worse. ===Emotional reactivity and regulation === * Feeling better is not the same as coping better. Coping is about handling what comes next, so the harder test is whether dream emotion predicts how a person responds to something upsetting. * Tested directly, it does not. In the same five day study, dream emotion had no link to reactivity to upsetting images or to the ability to calm those reactions down, and Bayesian analysis supported both null results (Sikka et al., 2022). * This is the strongest single result against the mood regulation account, because it is evidence for no relationship rather than a failure to find one. * This appears to flip when people are compared with each other instead of with themselves: those who had more frightening dreams overall regulated emotion better while awake (Baber et al., 2026). * These are different questions, since comparing a person with themselves asks whether last nights dream helped, and comparing people asks what sort of person has fearful dreams, so only the first tests the theory. * Much of the apparent disagreement in this literature comes from between-person findings being read as answers to a within-person question. ===Real stressors and coping strategies === * Coping is defined against a stressor, so the strongest test is where there is a real one. * Over five months of REM awakenings in 20 depressed and 10 non-depressed adults going through a divorce, those still depressed at follow-up did dream about their ex partner, but the dreams had no emotion in them and no links to other memories. Those who recovered had emotional dreams about the same person, so it was the emotion in the dream rather than its subject that tracked recovery (Cartwright et al., 2006). * The same pattern appears after a death: in 77 adults with complicated grief, dreams contained far less negative emotion than published norms, 21% against 80% of dreams in women (Germain et a;. 2013). * The direction therefore reverses at this level. That is not a contradiction of the previous subsection, because both the outcome and the people have changed. Emotion in a dream predicts a worse morning day to day, but tracks the people who are adapting when there is a genuine loss to adapt to. * For Natalie, feeling the loss in the dream is a better sign than dreaming about it with no emotion, what is wrong is that the feeling is not fading. <quiz display=simple> {In the diary studies described above, a more negative dream was typically followed the next morning by: |type="()"} - Better mood, as mood regulation theory predicts || Not quite. This is what the theory predicts, but it is not what was found. + Worse mood || Correct. Negative dream affect predicted a more negative next-day mood (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026). - No detectable change in mood || Not quite. There was a reliable effect, but it ran in the opposite direction to the theory. </quiz> == What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? == * The previous section found that dream emotion tarcks how well someone is coping without clear evidence that it drives it, which may be a real limit or only a limit of the method. * This section reverse the direction of the measurement, instead of recording a dream and looking forward to the morning, it changes something while the person is awake and then looks back at the dream. That is the only order that can show cause. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: part 2''' Six months on, the dream still hasn't stopped. Natalie has started staying up until she's too tired to dream, and she's tired all the time. Her psychologist suggests writing the dream down and changing what happens: this time, the person turns around, or Natalie stops calling out and walks the other way. She rehearses the new version of the dream for a few minutes every night. Within weeks the dream starts to come less often, and when it does, it bothers her less. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Rewriting dreams while awake === * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) means writing down a recurring nightmare, deliberately changing how it ends, and rehearsing the new version while awake for 10 to 20 minutes a day (Morgenthaler et al., 2018). * The logic follows fear extinction: rehearsing a new ending does while awake what the theory says a healthy dream does at night. * It is the only treatment the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends for nightmare disorder (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), and across 29 randomised trials it was one of the only two treatments to beat control conditions (Y. Zhang et al., 2022). * The large effects are uncontrolled: improvements in nightmares, sleep and PTSD held at 6 and 12 months across 13 studies but shrank to a small effect in the one trial that compared it against another active treatment (Casement & Swanson, 2012), and two later trials found no advantage over other sleep treatments in veterans with PTSD (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019). * Why IRT works remains disputed: a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms found none established (Rousseau & Belleville, 2018), and 30% of patients did not respond at all (Schwartz et al., 2022). * Implication: If IRT works through waking rehearsal and changed expectations, the dream is the target of treatment rather than the agent of change. === Changing dreams during REM sleep === * A causal claim about dreaming requires manipulating dream content, which nothing in the previous sections does. Targeted dream incubation repeats a chosen theme at sleep onset: 67% of prompted awakenings produced dream reports containing the theme, against 3% of unprompted awakenings (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). Dream content is therefore controllable. * But this is a methods demonstration rather than a treatment, even successful incubation cannot show whether the experience of dreaming matters or merely accompanies the work being done (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). * Working the other way, an improved capacity for affect regulation within dreams accompanied improvement in personality functioning during psychotherapy, so dream content may index progress as well as be a target of it (Kempe et al., 2024). * What would settle the question is an experiment that manipulates dream emotion under real distress and measures waking coping rather than nightmare frequency. Nothing in this literature does that yet. ==Conclusion== * Dreams like Natalie's recur because the emotional charge attached to a memory has not faded overnight. That is the problem this chapter set out to explain. * The short answer to the subtitle is that REM dreams reflect emotional processing more reliably than they perform it. Dream emotion behaves more like a thermometer than a heater: it registers how much distress someone is carrying, but there is little evidence that it is what brings the distress down. * Sleep and dreaming are not the same thing. Sleep makes emotional memories more likely to be remembered without reliably making them feel less bad (Lipinska et al., 2019), and dreaming continues when REM sleep is supressed (Solms, 2000). Only two studies have tested whether the dream itself adds anything (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; J. Zhang et al., 2024). * Four theories disagree about what a dream is for and they can be separated by what each predicts about the following morning (see Table 1). * The prediction that matters most for coping is the mood regulation one and it fails. Dream emotion predicts a worse next morning rather than a better one, and predicts nothing about reactivity or about the ability to regulate emotion (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026), so it looks more like a sign of how well someone is coping than the thing doing the coping. * Coping itself has almost never been measured, every finding above uses mood, reactivity or clinical recovery as a stand in for what a person actually does to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Delorme et al., 2002). * Dreams can still be changed on purpose: rewriting a recurring nightmare reduces both how often it happens and how much distress it causes (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), though whether the rewriting is the active ingredient is unresolved (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019; Schwartz et al., 2022). * Settling the wider question means controlling dream content rather than only recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020; Schwartz et al., 2022), and measuring coping rather than nightmare frequency. * Natalie's dream did not repair itself, and it did not need to. What changed it was practising a new ending while awake. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Take-home messages''' * A bad dream is not a sign that emotional processing is doing its job, dream emotion tracks distress rather than relieving it. * Dreaming may still add something, but the evidence is thin and comes from a handful of studies that could not assign anyone to dream. *"Sleep on it" is reasonable advice for retaining a memory, but not a reliable way to feel better about it. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|Coping and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Dreams and emotional problem-solving|Dreams and emotional problem-solving]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Nightmare disorder|Nightmare disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|Nightmares and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Baber, G. 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''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139'', 104717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104717 }} ==External links== * [https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares/how-to-stop-having-nightmares How to prevent nightmares] (Sleep Foundation) * [https://shows.acast.com/sleep-science-pod/episodes/ep12-sleep-dreams-and-mental-health Sleep, dreams and mental health] (The Sleep Science Pod) * [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/targeted-dream-incubation/overview/ Targeted dream incubation] (MIT Media Lab) * [https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-dreams-and-nightmares-what-is-going-on-in-our-brains-while-were-sleeping-210901 The science of dreams and nightmares – what is going on in our brains while we're sleeping?] (The Conversation) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dreams]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] 27trswb59461lnpsudkinnqnp8a5cwh 2839979 2839974 2026-10-13T07:16:47Z U3270398 3108645 /* REM sleep and emotional memories */ turned dot points into paragraphs 2839979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dreams and emotional problem-solving:<br>How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: Natalie part 1 ''' [[File:Dreaming.jpg|Dreaming|right|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. In Natalie's recurring dream, she calls out to someone who never turns around]] Since her breakup, Natalie keeps having the same dream. She's been left behind somewhere, calling out to someone who never turns around (See Figure 1). The dream does not wake her, but the sadness follows her throughout the day. Then one night, after her first good day in weeks, the dream changes: she stops calling out, walks toward a lit doorway and wakes feeling better. That day, she finally packs away his things. Did the dream help her cope? or was she already coping and the dream simply showed it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[w:Dream|Dreams]] are a common part of the human experience, often reflecting everyday life in strange and unexpected ways. Research suggests that [[w:Rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]] may support the processing of emotional experiences (Walker & van der Helm, 2009). REM sleep is also when the most vivid and emotional dreams occur (Barber et al., 2026). This raises an important question: is it the sleeping brain that does this emotional work, or do dreams themselves play a part? Some researchers propose that dreaming actively contributes to this process, whereas others argue that dreams simply reflect changes already occurring during sleep (Neilson & Levin, 2007; Domhoff, 2019). This question has practical implications for how people [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|cope]] while awake: a dream that actively changes emotion may offer a target for intervention, whereas a dream that mirrors waking concerns can provide valuable insight into how someone is already coping (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). Psychological research can test these possibilities, from studies that track dreams to experiments that change them. This chapter focuses on emotional dreams in adults rather than symbolic interpretation or [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|nightmares]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=15}} '''Focus questions''' * How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? * What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? * How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? * What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? == * Natalie's dream keeps coming back with its emotional charge intact, which is what REM sleep is supposed to prevent. Explaining why means separating two things that are easily confused: what REM sleep does to an emotional memory, and what the dream does. Most evidence addresses REM sleep, so this section covers that briefly and then asks what is known about dreaming itself. ===REM sleep and emotional memories === The ''sleep to forget, sleep to remember'' model proposes that REM sleep helps preserve [[w:Emotion and memory|emotional memories]] while reducing the distress they trigger (Walker & van den Helm, 2009). During REM sleep, emotional memories are thought to be reactivated when levels of [[wikipedia:Norepinephrine|norepinephrine]], a chemical involved in the stress response, is low. The model therefore predicts weaker brain and body reactions after sleep. Some research supports this prediction. In a study of 34 adults, activity in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Amygdala and emotion|amygdala]], a brain region involved in emotional responses, decreased after sleep and increased after an equivalent period awake (van der Helm et al., 2011). However, the relationship with REM brain activity was based on only 18 sleepers, and norepinephrine was not measured directly. The results suggest that sleep may change emotional brain responses, but do not confirm the proposed mechanism. Broader evidence has been less supportive. A [[w:Meta-analysis|meta-analysis]] found that sleep did not reliably reduce physiological responses to negative images, while participants rated the images as more arousing after sleep (Lipinska et al., 2022). Although these measures differ from the brain activity examined by van der Helm et al. (2011), they challenge the prediction that sleep consistently reduces emotional reactivity. REM sleep is also difficult to study independently because experiments that interrupt it disturb other sleep stages (Pesonen et al., 2024). Overall, REM sleep may influence emotional processing, but the evidence does not consistently support its proposed ability to reduce distress. ===Separating dreaming from REM sleep === * Dreaming is not simply the conscious experience of REM sleep. Across 111 published cases, forebrain damage stopped dreaming while REM sleep continued normally (Solms, 2000), and dreaming survives drugs that suppress REM (Scarpelli et al., 2026). * Because dreaming occurs outside REM sleep, evidence about REM sleep cannot be read as evidence about REM dreams, so dreaming has to be measured directly (Solms, 2000). * Measuring dreams is difficult: across 552 home dreams, dreamers rated their own as mostly positive while judges rated the same dreams as mostly negative (Sikka et al., 2017). So studies using different rating sources may not be comparable. * Very few studies measure both REM and dreaming in the same people. In one, participants whose dreams were less negative showed the greatest overnight improvement in their ratings of emotional images (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). In another, the overnight drop in reactivity appeared only in participants who recalled a dream (Zhang et al., 2024). * No study can assign anyone to dream, so the direction is unresolved. Someone already coping well might both dream less negatively and adapt better overnight, with the dream contributing nothing, and mood and REM sleep appear to influence each other in both directions (Peltz et al., 2026). * Recall creates a further problem. Whether a dream is remembered depends on the state the sleeper wakes from (Scarpelli et al., 2022), and non-recallers may have dreamed and forgotten, which makes the claim difficult to disprove. * Whether dreams regulate emotion, mirror waking concerns, or do both remains an open question (Scarpelli, 2026). Answering it requires manipulating dream content rather than recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020), which is discussed further in the final section. == What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? == *Each theory below can be separated in two ways: the first is the general shape of the dream, as the theories disagree about what a useful dream should look like on the inside, and the second is the next morning, because a dream that did emotional work overnight should leave a trace in waking life. *Three of the four theories below claim the dream does something while one claims it does not, and that is the position the other three have to beat. Two of the three also predict the same next morning, so four theories make three testable predictions (see Table 1). This matters later, because one result about next-day mood can point towards two theories at once. *[[w:Nightmare|Nightmares]] are clearest way to test each theory, because the same dream counts as either the system working for one and failing for another. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1'''<br /> ''Competing theoretical accounts of the emotional function of dreaming and their predictions'' |- ! Theory !! What the dream does to the feeling !! Next-day mood after a distressing dream !! What a nightmare is |- | '''Continuity''' || Nothing, it expresses the feeling || Unchanged, the dream mirrors mood without moving it || A marker of distress, and nothing more |- | '''Threat simulation''' || Practises with it || No better or possibly worse, the payoff is preparedness || The system working as designed |- | '''Fear extinction''' || Rebuilds around it || Better if extinction succeeds, unchanged or worse if it fails, which makes the prediction hard to falsify || The replay failing to build a safe version |- | '''Mood regulation''' || Drains it || Better: less negative mood, weaker reactivity, easier regulation || Regulation failing to complete |- |} === Continuity hypothesis === * Dreams express a person's ongoing concerns and leave them exactly as they found them, so the dream is meaningful but it is simply not doing anything (Domhoff, 2017). * This is the baseline the other theories have to beat, because showing that a dream is meaningful does not automatically prove that it has a function (Domhoff, 2019). * Continuity is often misread as the idea that dreams replay yesterday. Domhoff (2017) argues the opposite: across three studies, independent judges could not match dream reports to the events or concerns participants had reported before sleep, so the dream tracks the person's current preoccupations rather than their day. Schredl (2017) replies that this reading is selective, and that day-to-day material appears in dreams more often than Domhoff allows. * The theory makes its own prediction: dream emotion should rise and fall with waking distress without ever predicting improvement in it. For Natalie, that means that the dream keeps returning and her mood keeps tracking it, with the dream itself contributing nothing either way. ===Fear extinction model === * The third theory says that the dream takes a frightening memory and replays it somewhere safe. This does not erase the fear: [[w:Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] builds a competing memory alongside it, which is why the fear returns if the safe memory is not maintained. A nightmare is the process failing: the replay stays frightening and no safe version gets built (Nielsen & Levin, 2007). * This model has a clinical test case to point to, since disrupted REM sleep and impaired extinction memory have been proposed to maintain [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Pace-Schott et al., 2015). * It also has some direct support: cathartic dreams, which move from danger to relief, were less common in patients with nightmare disorder than in healthy sleepers, and were the only kind of dream whose increase tracked falling depression scores during therapy (Perogamvros et al., 2025). The samples were small, so this points in the right direction without settling anything. * Its weakness is logical: a good dream and a nightmare are attributed to the same process, with success and failure identified afterwards by the very result they were meant to explain. As stated, no next-morning finding can count against the theory. It also has nothing to say about the roughly one third of dreams that are positive (Weiss, 2007). The theory only becomes testable once a successful dream can be recognised from its content in advance, which is what the cathartic dreams category is trying to do. * On this account Natalie's dream is a replay that never reaches safety. ===Mood regulation theory === * Dream emotion is proposed to shift from negative toward positive across the night, so the memory arrives in the morning with less charge attached (Cartwright et al., 1998). This is the account closest to the everyday idea that dreams work through problems, and it makes the clearest predictions: after a negative dream, mood should be less negative, reactivity to negative material should be weaker, and emotion regulation should be easier (Sikka et al., 2022). * The overnight shift has been tested directly and did not appear. Waking people repeatedly throughout the night, Palmieri et al. (2025) found that emotional intensity in dreams increased as the night went on, and the increase was not driven by REM awakenings. The sample was small, but this does test the core claim instead of using a stand in for it. * Two findings do support the theory, and both are correlational. Dreamers who rated their dreams more positively than an independent judge reported better morning mood (Barbeau et al., 2022), and people who reported more fear in dreams showed weaker fear-related brain responses while awake (Sterpenich et al., 2020). Neither design can show which way the arrow points, since someone already coping well might dream more gently than and feel better for the same underlying reason. * The theory predicts that Natalie's dream should be losing intensity week by week, which it is not. == How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? == * Coping is what a person does while awake to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). For dreaming to contribute to it, dream emotion has to predict something in that waking process. * One objection is that a sleeping person cannot be trying to cope, but emotion regulation doesn't have to be conscious or deliberate to count (Gross, 2015). * Coping breaks into three increasingly demanding tests: does dream emotion change how a person eels, how well they manage emotion, and whether they adapt to a real stressor? The answer differs for each, which is why this literature looks more contradictory than it is. ===Next-morning mood === *One five day study in 40 adults tested all three mood regulation predictions at once. The first result was that more negative dream emotion predicted a more negative morning (Sikka et al., 2022). *The largest study agrees: across 4,715 days from 536 adults, frightening dreams were followed by about 7% more negative mood the next morning (Baber et al., 2026). *But which dream is counted changes the answer. Across up to 21 mornings in 191 adults, ordinary dreams were followed by less negative emotion the next day, and so were nightmares, against the authors own prediction. Bad dreams changed nothing, and bad dreams plus nightmares in the same night were followed by more (Tousignant et al., 2022). *Dreams high in both fear and joy predicted mornings with no negative mood at all, and more joy in dreams predicted more positive mood (Baber et al., 2026). Roughly a third of dreams are positive (Weiss, 2007), yet a theory about mood improving has mostly been tested by measuring only what makes mood worse. ===Emotional reactivity and regulation === * Feeling better is not the same as coping better. Coping is about handling what comes next, so the harder test is whether dream emotion predicts how a person responds to something upsetting. * Tested directly, it does not. In the same five day study, dream emotion had no link to reactivity to upsetting images or to the ability to calm those reactions down, and Bayesian analysis supported both null results (Sikka et al., 2022). * This is the strongest single result against the mood regulation account, because it is evidence for no relationship rather than a failure to find one. * This appears to flip when people are compared with each other instead of with themselves: those who had more frightening dreams overall regulated emotion better while awake (Baber et al., 2026). * These are different questions, since comparing a person with themselves asks whether last nights dream helped, and comparing people asks what sort of person has fearful dreams, so only the first tests the theory. * Much of the apparent disagreement in this literature comes from between-person findings being read as answers to a within-person question. ===Real stressors and coping strategies === * Coping is defined against a stressor, so the strongest test is where there is a real one. * Over five months of REM awakenings in 20 depressed and 10 non-depressed adults going through a divorce, those still depressed at follow-up did dream about their ex partner, but the dreams had no emotion in them and no links to other memories. Those who recovered had emotional dreams about the same person, so it was the emotion in the dream rather than its subject that tracked recovery (Cartwright et al., 2006). * The same pattern appears after a death: in 77 adults with complicated grief, dreams contained far less negative emotion than published norms, 21% against 80% of dreams in women (Germain et a;. 2013). * The direction therefore reverses at this level. That is not a contradiction of the previous subsection, because both the outcome and the people have changed. Emotion in a dream predicts a worse morning day to day, but tracks the people who are adapting when there is a genuine loss to adapt to. * For Natalie, feeling the loss in the dream is a better sign than dreaming about it with no emotion, what is wrong is that the feeling is not fading. <quiz display=simple> {In the diary studies described above, a more negative dream was typically followed the next morning by: |type="()"} - Better mood, as mood regulation theory predicts || Not quite. This is what the theory predicts, but it is not what was found. + Worse mood || Correct. Negative dream affect predicted a more negative next-day mood (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026). - No detectable change in mood || Not quite. There was a reliable effect, but it ran in the opposite direction to the theory. </quiz> == What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? == * The previous section found that dream emotion tarcks how well someone is coping without clear evidence that it drives it, which may be a real limit or only a limit of the method. * This section reverse the direction of the measurement, instead of recording a dream and looking forward to the morning, it changes something while the person is awake and then looks back at the dream. That is the only order that can show cause. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: part 2''' Six months on, the dream still hasn't stopped. Natalie has started staying up until she's too tired to dream, and she's tired all the time. Her psychologist suggests writing the dream down and changing what happens: this time, the person turns around, or Natalie stops calling out and walks the other way. She rehearses the new version of the dream for a few minutes every night. Within weeks the dream starts to come less often, and when it does, it bothers her less. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Rewriting dreams while awake === * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) means writing down a recurring nightmare, deliberately changing how it ends, and rehearsing the new version while awake for 10 to 20 minutes a day (Morgenthaler et al., 2018). * The logic follows fear extinction: rehearsing a new ending does while awake what the theory says a healthy dream does at night. * It is the only treatment the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends for nightmare disorder (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), and across 29 randomised trials it was one of the only two treatments to beat control conditions (Y. Zhang et al., 2022). * The large effects are uncontrolled: improvements in nightmares, sleep and PTSD held at 6 and 12 months across 13 studies but shrank to a small effect in the one trial that compared it against another active treatment (Casement & Swanson, 2012), and two later trials found no advantage over other sleep treatments in veterans with PTSD (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019). * Why IRT works remains disputed: a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms found none established (Rousseau & Belleville, 2018), and 30% of patients did not respond at all (Schwartz et al., 2022). * Implication: If IRT works through waking rehearsal and changed expectations, the dream is the target of treatment rather than the agent of change. === Changing dreams during REM sleep === * A causal claim about dreaming requires manipulating dream content, which nothing in the previous sections does. Targeted dream incubation repeats a chosen theme at sleep onset: 67% of prompted awakenings produced dream reports containing the theme, against 3% of unprompted awakenings (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). Dream content is therefore controllable. * But this is a methods demonstration rather than a treatment, even successful incubation cannot show whether the experience of dreaming matters or merely accompanies the work being done (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). * Working the other way, an improved capacity for affect regulation within dreams accompanied improvement in personality functioning during psychotherapy, so dream content may index progress as well as be a target of it (Kempe et al., 2024). * What would settle the question is an experiment that manipulates dream emotion under real distress and measures waking coping rather than nightmare frequency. Nothing in this literature does that yet. ==Conclusion== * Dreams like Natalie's recur because the emotional charge attached to a memory has not faded overnight. That is the problem this chapter set out to explain. * The short answer to the subtitle is that REM dreams reflect emotional processing more reliably than they perform it. Dream emotion behaves more like a thermometer than a heater: it registers how much distress someone is carrying, but there is little evidence that it is what brings the distress down. * Sleep and dreaming are not the same thing. Sleep makes emotional memories more likely to be remembered without reliably making them feel less bad (Lipinska et al., 2019), and dreaming continues when REM sleep is supressed (Solms, 2000). Only two studies have tested whether the dream itself adds anything (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; J. Zhang et al., 2024). * Four theories disagree about what a dream is for and they can be separated by what each predicts about the following morning (see Table 1). * The prediction that matters most for coping is the mood regulation one and it fails. Dream emotion predicts a worse next morning rather than a better one, and predicts nothing about reactivity or about the ability to regulate emotion (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026), so it looks more like a sign of how well someone is coping than the thing doing the coping. * Coping itself has almost never been measured, every finding above uses mood, reactivity or clinical recovery as a stand in for what a person actually does to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Delorme et al., 2002). * Dreams can still be changed on purpose: rewriting a recurring nightmare reduces both how often it happens and how much distress it causes (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), though whether the rewriting is the active ingredient is unresolved (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019; Schwartz et al., 2022). * Settling the wider question means controlling dream content rather than only recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020; Schwartz et al., 2022), and measuring coping rather than nightmare frequency. * Natalie's dream did not repair itself, and it did not need to. What changed it was practising a new ending while awake. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Take-home messages''' * A bad dream is not a sign that emotional processing is doing its job, dream emotion tracks distress rather than relieving it. * Dreaming may still add something, but the evidence is thin and comes from a handful of studies that could not assign anyone to dream. *"Sleep on it" is reasonable advice for retaining a memory, but not a reliable way to feel better about it. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|Coping and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Dreams and emotional problem-solving|Dreams and emotional problem-solving]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Nightmare disorder|Nightmare disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|Nightmares and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Baber, G. 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''Current Biology, 21''(23), 2029–2032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.052 Walker, M. P., & van der Helm, E. (2009). Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing. ''Psychological Bulletin, 135''(5), 731–748. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016570 Weiss, D. S. (2007). Conundrums in a theory of disturbed dreaming: Comment on Levin and Nielsen (2007). ''Psychological Bulletin, 133''(3), 529–532. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.529 Zhang, J., Pena, A., Delano, N., Sattari, N., Shuster, A. E., Baker, F. C., Simon, K., & Mednick, S. C. (2024). Evidence of an active role of dreaming in emotional memory processing shows that we dream to forget. ''Scientific Reports, 14''(1), Article 8722. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58170-z <!-- add article number --> Zhang, Y., Ren, R., Vitiello, M. V., Yang, L., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., Sanford, L. D., & Tang, X. (2022). Efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions for trauma-related nightmares: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139'', 104717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104717 }} ==External links== * [https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares/how-to-stop-having-nightmares How to prevent nightmares] (Sleep Foundation) * [https://shows.acast.com/sleep-science-pod/episodes/ep12-sleep-dreams-and-mental-health Sleep, dreams and mental health] (The Sleep Science Pod) * [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/targeted-dream-incubation/overview/ Targeted dream incubation] (MIT Media Lab) * [https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-dreams-and-nightmares-what-is-going-on-in-our-brains-while-were-sleeping-210901 The science of dreams and nightmares – what is going on in our brains while we're sleeping?] (The Conversation) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dreams]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] 3g4zqvb25n6jsd76y5yhu96t9oegrlo 2839985 2839979 2026-10-13T07:56:30Z U3270398 3108645 /* Separating dreaming from REM sleep */ turned dot points into paragraphs 2839985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dreams and emotional problem-solving:<br>How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: Natalie part 1 ''' [[File:Dreaming.jpg|Dreaming|right|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. In Natalie's recurring dream, she calls out to someone who never turns around]] Since her breakup, Natalie keeps having the same dream. She's been left behind somewhere, calling out to someone who never turns around (See Figure 1). The dream does not wake her, but the sadness follows her throughout the day. Then one night, after her first good day in weeks, the dream changes: she stops calling out, walks toward a lit doorway and wakes feeling better. That day, she finally packs away his things. Did the dream help her cope? or was she already coping and the dream simply showed it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[w:Dream|Dreams]] are a common part of the human experience, often reflecting everyday life in strange and unexpected ways. Research suggests that [[w:Rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]] may support the processing of emotional experiences (Walker & van der Helm, 2009). REM sleep is also when the most vivid and emotional dreams occur (Barber et al., 2026). This raises an important question: is it the sleeping brain that does this emotional work, or do dreams themselves play a part? Some researchers propose that dreaming actively contributes to this process, whereas others argue that dreams simply reflect changes already occurring during sleep (Neilson & Levin, 2007; Domhoff, 2019). This question has practical implications for how people [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|cope]] while awake: a dream that actively changes emotion may offer a target for intervention, whereas a dream that mirrors waking concerns can provide valuable insight into how someone is already coping (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). Psychological research can test these possibilities, from studies that track dreams to experiments that change them. This chapter focuses on emotional dreams in adults rather than symbolic interpretation or [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|nightmares]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=15}} '''Focus questions''' * How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? * What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? * How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? * What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do REM sleep and dreaming each contribute to overnight emotional processing? == * Natalie's dream keeps coming back with its emotional charge intact, which is what REM sleep is supposed to prevent. Explaining why means separating two things that are easily confused: what REM sleep does to an emotional memory, and what the dream does. Most evidence addresses REM sleep, so this section covers that briefly and then asks what is known about dreaming itself. ===REM sleep and emotional memories === The ''sleep to forget, sleep to remember'' model proposes that REM sleep helps preserve [[w:Emotion and memory|emotional memories]] while reducing the distress they trigger (Walker & van den Helm, 2009). During REM sleep, emotional memories are thought to be reactivated when levels of [[wikipedia:Norepinephrine|norepinephrine]], a chemical involved in the stress response, is low. The model therefore predicts weaker brain and body reactions after sleep. Some research supports this prediction. In a study of 34 adults, activity in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Amygdala and emotion|amygdala]], a brain region involved in emotional responses, decreased after sleep and increased after an equivalent period awake (van der Helm et al., 2011). However, the relationship with REM brain activity was based on only 18 sleepers, and norepinephrine was not measured directly. The results suggest that sleep may change emotional brain responses, but do not confirm the proposed mechanism. Broader evidence has been less supportive. A [[w:Meta-analysis|meta-analysis]] found that sleep did not reliably reduce physiological responses to negative images, while participants rated the images as more arousing after sleep (Lipinska et al., 2022). Although these measures differ from the brain activity examined by van der Helm et al. (2011), they challenge the prediction that sleep consistently reduces emotional reactivity. REM sleep is also difficult to study independently because experiments that interrupt it disturb other sleep stages (Pesonen et al., 2024). Overall, REM sleep may influence emotional processing, but the evidence does not consistently support its proposed ability to reduce distress. ===Separating dreaming from REM sleep === Dreaming is not simply the conscious experience of REM sleep. In 111 cases where brain damage stopped or nearly stopped dreaming, REM sleep was preserved in the few cases where it was measured (Solms, 2000). Understanding the contribution of dreams therefore requires examining dream experiences directly. Some studies have found relationships between dream emotion and overnight emotional changes. In one REM-deprivation study, people whose last dream was less negative, especially less sad, found images less unpleasant by morning (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009). REM sleep was thus linked to intensity and the dream to unpleasantness, so the two may contribute different things. Similarly, another study found reduced emotional reactivity only among participants who recalled dreaming (Zhang et al., 2024). Nobody can be assigned to have a particular dream, so every link here is [[w:correlation does not imply causation|correlational]] and could run backwards. Someone already coping well might have calmer dreams and feel better. Dream emotion therefore tracks overnight change without being shown to drive it, which is where [[#What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion?|theories of dreaming]] divide. == What do competing theories propose dreams do with emotion? == *Each theory below can be separated in two ways: the first is the general shape of the dream, as the theories disagree about what a useful dream should look like on the inside, and the second is the next morning, because a dream that did emotional work overnight should leave a trace in waking life. *Three of the four theories below claim the dream does something while one claims it does not, and that is the position the other three have to beat. Two of the three also predict the same next morning, so four theories make three testable predictions (see Table 1). This matters later, because one result about next-day mood can point towards two theories at once. *[[w:Nightmare|Nightmares]] are clearest way to test each theory, because the same dream counts as either the system working for one and failing for another. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1'''<br /> ''Competing theoretical accounts of the emotional function of dreaming and their predictions'' |- ! Theory !! What the dream does to the feeling !! Next-day mood after a distressing dream !! What a nightmare is |- | '''Continuity''' || Nothing, it expresses the feeling || Unchanged, the dream mirrors mood without moving it || A marker of distress, and nothing more |- | '''Threat simulation''' || Practises with it || No better or possibly worse, the payoff is preparedness || The system working as designed |- | '''Fear extinction''' || Rebuilds around it || Better if extinction succeeds, unchanged or worse if it fails, which makes the prediction hard to falsify || The replay failing to build a safe version |- | '''Mood regulation''' || Drains it || Better: less negative mood, weaker reactivity, easier regulation || Regulation failing to complete |- |} === Continuity hypothesis === * Dreams express a person's ongoing concerns and leave them exactly as they found them, so the dream is meaningful but it is simply not doing anything (Domhoff, 2017). * This is the baseline the other theories have to beat, because showing that a dream is meaningful does not automatically prove that it has a function (Domhoff, 2019). * Continuity is often misread as the idea that dreams replay yesterday. Domhoff (2017) argues the opposite: across three studies, independent judges could not match dream reports to the events or concerns participants had reported before sleep, so the dream tracks the person's current preoccupations rather than their day. Schredl (2017) replies that this reading is selective, and that day-to-day material appears in dreams more often than Domhoff allows. * The theory makes its own prediction: dream emotion should rise and fall with waking distress without ever predicting improvement in it. For Natalie, that means that the dream keeps returning and her mood keeps tracking it, with the dream itself contributing nothing either way. ===Fear extinction model === * The third theory says that the dream takes a frightening memory and replays it somewhere safe. This does not erase the fear: [[w:Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] builds a competing memory alongside it, which is why the fear returns if the safe memory is not maintained. A nightmare is the process failing: the replay stays frightening and no safe version gets built (Nielsen & Levin, 2007). * This model has a clinical test case to point to, since disrupted REM sleep and impaired extinction memory have been proposed to maintain [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (Pace-Schott et al., 2015). * It also has some direct support: cathartic dreams, which move from danger to relief, were less common in patients with nightmare disorder than in healthy sleepers, and were the only kind of dream whose increase tracked falling depression scores during therapy (Perogamvros et al., 2025). The samples were small, so this points in the right direction without settling anything. * Its weakness is logical: a good dream and a nightmare are attributed to the same process, with success and failure identified afterwards by the very result they were meant to explain. As stated, no next-morning finding can count against the theory. It also has nothing to say about the roughly one third of dreams that are positive (Weiss, 2007). The theory only becomes testable once a successful dream can be recognised from its content in advance, which is what the cathartic dreams category is trying to do. * On this account Natalie's dream is a replay that never reaches safety. ===Mood regulation theory === * Dream emotion is proposed to shift from negative toward positive across the night, so the memory arrives in the morning with less charge attached (Cartwright et al., 1998). This is the account closest to the everyday idea that dreams work through problems, and it makes the clearest predictions: after a negative dream, mood should be less negative, reactivity to negative material should be weaker, and emotion regulation should be easier (Sikka et al., 2022). * The overnight shift has been tested directly and did not appear. Waking people repeatedly throughout the night, Palmieri et al. (2025) found that emotional intensity in dreams increased as the night went on, and the increase was not driven by REM awakenings. The sample was small, but this does test the core claim instead of using a stand in for it. * Two findings do support the theory, and both are correlational. Dreamers who rated their dreams more positively than an independent judge reported better morning mood (Barbeau et al., 2022), and people who reported more fear in dreams showed weaker fear-related brain responses while awake (Sterpenich et al., 2020). Neither design can show which way the arrow points, since someone already coping well might dream more gently than and feel better for the same underlying reason. * The theory predicts that Natalie's dream should be losing intensity week by week, which it is not. == How is dream emotion related to the way people cope while awake? == * Coping is what a person does while awake to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). For dreaming to contribute to it, dream emotion has to predict something in that waking process. * One objection is that a sleeping person cannot be trying to cope, but emotion regulation doesn't have to be conscious or deliberate to count (Gross, 2015). * Coping breaks into three increasingly demanding tests: does dream emotion change how a person eels, how well they manage emotion, and whether they adapt to a real stressor? The answer differs for each, which is why this literature looks more contradictory than it is. ===Next-morning mood === *One five day study in 40 adults tested all three mood regulation predictions at once. The first result was that more negative dream emotion predicted a more negative morning (Sikka et al., 2022). *The largest study agrees: across 4,715 days from 536 adults, frightening dreams were followed by about 7% more negative mood the next morning (Baber et al., 2026). *But which dream is counted changes the answer. Across up to 21 mornings in 191 adults, ordinary dreams were followed by less negative emotion the next day, and so were nightmares, against the authors own prediction. Bad dreams changed nothing, and bad dreams plus nightmares in the same night were followed by more (Tousignant et al., 2022). *Dreams high in both fear and joy predicted mornings with no negative mood at all, and more joy in dreams predicted more positive mood (Baber et al., 2026). Roughly a third of dreams are positive (Weiss, 2007), yet a theory about mood improving has mostly been tested by measuring only what makes mood worse. ===Emotional reactivity and regulation === * Feeling better is not the same as coping better. Coping is about handling what comes next, so the harder test is whether dream emotion predicts how a person responds to something upsetting. * Tested directly, it does not. In the same five day study, dream emotion had no link to reactivity to upsetting images or to the ability to calm those reactions down, and Bayesian analysis supported both null results (Sikka et al., 2022). * This is the strongest single result against the mood regulation account, because it is evidence for no relationship rather than a failure to find one. * This appears to flip when people are compared with each other instead of with themselves: those who had more frightening dreams overall regulated emotion better while awake (Baber et al., 2026). * These are different questions, since comparing a person with themselves asks whether last nights dream helped, and comparing people asks what sort of person has fearful dreams, so only the first tests the theory. * Much of the apparent disagreement in this literature comes from between-person findings being read as answers to a within-person question. ===Real stressors and coping strategies === * Coping is defined against a stressor, so the strongest test is where there is a real one. * Over five months of REM awakenings in 20 depressed and 10 non-depressed adults going through a divorce, those still depressed at follow-up did dream about their ex partner, but the dreams had no emotion in them and no links to other memories. Those who recovered had emotional dreams about the same person, so it was the emotion in the dream rather than its subject that tracked recovery (Cartwright et al., 2006). * The same pattern appears after a death: in 77 adults with complicated grief, dreams contained far less negative emotion than published norms, 21% against 80% of dreams in women (Germain et a;. 2013). * The direction therefore reverses at this level. That is not a contradiction of the previous subsection, because both the outcome and the people have changed. Emotion in a dream predicts a worse morning day to day, but tracks the people who are adapting when there is a genuine loss to adapt to. * For Natalie, feeling the loss in the dream is a better sign than dreaming about it with no emotion, what is wrong is that the feeling is not fading. <quiz display=simple> {In the diary studies described above, a more negative dream was typically followed the next morning by: |type="()"} - Better mood, as mood regulation theory predicts || Not quite. This is what the theory predicts, but it is not what was found. + Worse mood || Correct. Negative dream affect predicted a more negative next-day mood (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026). - No detectable change in mood || Not quite. There was a reliable effect, but it ran in the opposite direction to the theory. </quiz> == What does deliberately changing dreams reveal about their role in adaptive coping? == * The previous section found that dream emotion tarcks how well someone is coping without clear evidence that it drives it, which may be a real limit or only a limit of the method. * This section reverse the direction of the measurement, instead of recording a dream and looking forward to the morning, it changes something while the person is awake and then looks back at the dream. That is the only order that can show cause. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Case study: part 2''' Six months on, the dream still hasn't stopped. Natalie has started staying up until she's too tired to dream, and she's tired all the time. Her psychologist suggests writing the dream down and changing what happens: this time, the person turns around, or Natalie stops calling out and walks the other way. She rehearses the new version of the dream for a few minutes every night. Within weeks the dream starts to come less often, and when it does, it bothers her less. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Rewriting dreams while awake === * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) means writing down a recurring nightmare, deliberately changing how it ends, and rehearsing the new version while awake for 10 to 20 minutes a day (Morgenthaler et al., 2018). * The logic follows fear extinction: rehearsing a new ending does while awake what the theory says a healthy dream does at night. * It is the only treatment the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends for nightmare disorder (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), and across 29 randomised trials it was one of the only two treatments to beat control conditions (Y. Zhang et al., 2022). * The large effects are uncontrolled: improvements in nightmares, sleep and PTSD held at 6 and 12 months across 13 studies but shrank to a small effect in the one trial that compared it against another active treatment (Casement & Swanson, 2012), and two later trials found no advantage over other sleep treatments in veterans with PTSD (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019). * Why IRT works remains disputed: a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms found none established (Rousseau & Belleville, 2018), and 30% of patients did not respond at all (Schwartz et al., 2022). * Implication: If IRT works through waking rehearsal and changed expectations, the dream is the target of treatment rather than the agent of change. === Changing dreams during REM sleep === * A causal claim about dreaming requires manipulating dream content, which nothing in the previous sections does. Targeted dream incubation repeats a chosen theme at sleep onset: 67% of prompted awakenings produced dream reports containing the theme, against 3% of unprompted awakenings (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). Dream content is therefore controllable. * But this is a methods demonstration rather than a treatment, even successful incubation cannot show whether the experience of dreaming matters or merely accompanies the work being done (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020). * Working the other way, an improved capacity for affect regulation within dreams accompanied improvement in personality functioning during psychotherapy, so dream content may index progress as well as be a target of it (Kempe et al., 2024). * What would settle the question is an experiment that manipulates dream emotion under real distress and measures waking coping rather than nightmare frequency. Nothing in this literature does that yet. ==Conclusion== * Dreams like Natalie's recur because the emotional charge attached to a memory has not faded overnight. That is the problem this chapter set out to explain. * The short answer to the subtitle is that REM dreams reflect emotional processing more reliably than they perform it. Dream emotion behaves more like a thermometer than a heater: it registers how much distress someone is carrying, but there is little evidence that it is what brings the distress down. * Sleep and dreaming are not the same thing. Sleep makes emotional memories more likely to be remembered without reliably making them feel less bad (Lipinska et al., 2019), and dreaming continues when REM sleep is supressed (Solms, 2000). Only two studies have tested whether the dream itself adds anything (Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; J. Zhang et al., 2024). * Four theories disagree about what a dream is for and they can be separated by what each predicts about the following morning (see Table 1). * The prediction that matters most for coping is the mood regulation one and it fails. Dream emotion predicts a worse next morning rather than a better one, and predicts nothing about reactivity or about the ability to regulate emotion (Sikka et al., 2022; Baber et al., 2026), so it looks more like a sign of how well someone is coping than the thing doing the coping. * Coping itself has almost never been measured, every finding above uses mood, reactivity or clinical recovery as a stand in for what a person actually does to manage stress (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Delorme et al., 2002). * Dreams can still be changed on purpose: rewriting a recurring nightmare reduces both how often it happens and how much distress it causes (Morgenthaler et al., 2018), though whether the rewriting is the active ingredient is unresolved (Cook et al., 2010; Harb et al., 2019; Schwartz et al., 2022). * Settling the wider question means controlling dream content rather than only recording it (Haar Horowitz et al., 2020; Schwartz et al., 2022), and measuring coping rather than nightmare frequency. * Natalie's dream did not repair itself, and it did not need to. What changed it was practising a new ending while awake. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Take-home messages''' * A bad dream is not a sign that emotional processing is doing its job, dream emotion tracks distress rather than relieving it. * Dreaming may still add something, but the evidence is thin and comes from a handful of studies that could not assign anyone to dream. *"Sleep on it" is reasonable advice for retaining a memory, but not a reliable way to feel better about it. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Coping and emotion|Coping and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Dreams and emotional problem-solving|Dreams and emotional problem-solving]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Nightmare disorder|Nightmare disorder]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nightmares and emotion|Nightmares and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Baber, G. 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''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139'', 104717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104717 }} ==External links== * [https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares/how-to-stop-having-nightmares How to prevent nightmares] (Sleep Foundation) * [https://shows.acast.com/sleep-science-pod/episodes/ep12-sleep-dreams-and-mental-health Sleep, dreams and mental health] (The Sleep Science Pod) * [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/targeted-dream-incubation/overview/ Targeted dream incubation] (MIT Media Lab) * [https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-dreams-and-nightmares-what-is-going-on-in-our-brains-while-were-sleeping-210901 The science of dreams and nightmares – what is going on in our brains while we're sleeping?] (The Conversation) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dreams]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] i35mjkyuwxj3x91msw6avdhpeb92y1j 0 330079 2840004 2839786 2026-10-13T09:35:26Z ~2026-54711-53 3112593 /* Psychological pathways between body neutrality and emotional well-being */ 2840004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Body neutrality and emotional well-being:<br>How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Woman with a rough life checking herself out in the mirror (8436629921).jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Woman looking at herself in the mirror]] Amanda is excitedly getting ready to go to a party with friends. Her excitement disappears when she looks in the mirror, beginning to compare her appearance to other women she knows. She focuses on what she perceives as flaws in her body, thinking about how she might be viewed by others at the event. As these thoughts become more intense, Amanda feels increasingly anxious and ashamed of her appearance. She considers making an excuse not to go as she worries she will be judged or that she does not look "good enough" to go out. Before texting the group chat to cancel, she stops. Amanda recognises how pumped she was seconds ago about this party, and how quickly this changes. She thinks, "Why is it that only after I look in the mirror, I believe I'm not worthy?". She realises how much her appearance has become closely connected with her emotions how she views her self-worth. Amanda decides to change the thought process. Instead of thinking "I will I look bad/good at this party" she thinks "I'm going to have to much fun at this party". This shifts the attention away from evaluating her appearance and more towards what her body allows her to do, such as spending time with friends, dancing, and enjoying the evening. Amanda also recognises that self-worth can come from many areas of her life, including her relationships, personality, interests, and achievements. She knows that negative thoughts about her appearance will still occur, but she's done with letting them determine whether she feels good about herself or whether she participates in activities she enjoys. Amanda does finishing touches to her hair, makeup, and outfit, before grabbing her bag and shoes. She leaves the house feeing better about herself and looking forward for the night ahead, all thanks to her discovery of a body-neutral perspective {{RoundBoxBottom}} Body neutrality is an approach to body image which focuses on accepting the body without any particular emotion or attention to one's physical appearance. This is an important concept because body dissatisfaction is common and has negative affects on emotional well-being, self-esteem and behaviour. These affects can lead to difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and psychological issues such as disordered eating. Social media, cultural and social idealised bodies, and appearance-based social comparison are important factors that contribute to how people evaluate their bodies. Psychological research somewhat explains how body-neutral perspectives may influence emotional-wellbeing through the examination of self-esteem, social comparison, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and appearance-based self-worth. Understanding such psychological processes helps identify whether and how body neutrality may support a healthy body image and therefore emotional well-being. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions''' * What is body neutrality, and how does it differ from other approaches to body image? * How can body image and appearance-related thinking influence emotional well-being? * How do social and cultural influences shape body image and the way we experience our bodies? * How might adopting a body-neutral perspect support emotional wellbeing?{{RoundBoxBottom}} * == Understanding body neutrality == Intro: establishing the key concepts before moving to their emotional + psychological effects === Body image === The concept of body image has many interpretations. It was originally developed as a neurological concept, describing the brain's ability to detect weight, shape, size and form and incorporate these into core beliefs or mental frameworks (Lacey, 1986). This early definition of body image was known as 'the body percept' and focuses more on the accumulated sensory experience within one's body. The actual term 'body image' was coined by Paul Schilder (2013) who defined body image as "the picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves." Modern definitions of the term are far more in depth, explaining body image as something that is multidimensional that encompasses an individuals thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviours regarding their physical appearance, body shape, size, weight, and how their body functions (Rodgers et al. 2023). Body image involves interconnected perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. These components explain how we percieve our bodies, develop beliefs about our appearance, experience body-related emotions, and respond through behaviour (Carey & Preston, 2019). * '''Perceptual''': How people perceive their body's size, shape, weight, and appearance. Perceptions may not always accurately reflect physical characteristics ** Example: perceiving your stomach to be bigger than it actually is * '''Cognitive''': Thoughts, beliefs, and evaluation individuals hold about their bodies. This includes beliefs about how attractive or important one's appearance is. ** Example: believing you need to lose weight to be considered attractive * '''Emotional''': Feelings associated with body appearance including satisfaction, confidence, shame, anxiety, or embarrassment ** Example: Feeling shame about your body when you compare to another person * '''Behavioural''': Actions people take in response to body image ** Example: Repeatedly checking appearance in mirrors or avoiding social situations due to being uncomfortable about appearance These components can be considered separately but they are best understood as interacting factors. For example, someone who may perceive their appearance negatively may develop critical thoughts about their body, experience feelings of shame or anxiety, and subsequently avoiding social situations, therefore displaying all body image components. === Development of body neutrality === The development of body neutrality is closely associated with Anne Poirier, who worked as a eating-disorder specialist and intuitive eating counsellor, helping popularise the approach through this work. Around 2015, body neutrality started to gain popularity in online spaces as a alternative way of discussing body image, with Poirer subsequently developing workshops around the concept (Nuss et al., 2026). Poirer's approach emphasised that people should not feel like they have to love their bodies. Instead, their attention should be on body functionality and recognising personal worth beyond physical appearance. Poirer's work helped bring body neutrality into wider discussions regarding body image. This includes popularity on social media such as Instagram or TikTok, which further increased visibility for the concept (Nuss et al., 2025). Despite its increasing popularity, there still is not an agreed-upon definition of body neutrality. The term is often used to describe reducing importance placed on physical appearance, accepting the body without required feelings, focusing on functionality, or responding to body-related thoughts without judgement. Although these ideas overlap, they do not necessarily describe the same psychological process. For example, trying to reduce the importance of appearance involves changing how much value is placed on physical attractiveness, whereas body functionality focuses on recognising what the body allows us to do. Similarly, accepting negative body related feelings does not necessarily mean that appearance has become unimportant. These differences make it difficult to establish a single definition that captures all the ways body neutrality is understood or practiced. '''*reference''' Body neutrality represents a promising approach to understanding body image by offering an alternative perspective that does not require feeling-focused attitudes towards appearance. Despite it's recent emergence and evolving definition, the concept is valuable because it helps navigate pressures surrounding body evaluation. === From body negativity to body positivity to body neutrality === Body image is best understood through the varying perspectives that people have. This ranges from negative evaluations of one's appearance, positive appreciation, and neutral acceptance. Body negativity involves dissatisfaction, criticism, or negative feelings towards one's body, often influenced by perceived flaws and societal beauty standards (Tort-Nasarre et al., 2021). Negative body image often contribute to lower self-esteem and emotional distress, including feelings of anxiety, sadness, and shame. It is also associated with disordered eating behaviours and other psychological difficulties, although these relationships are complex and do not effect everyone with body dissatisfaction (Abdoli et al., 2025). Body positivity is a opposing perspective because it involves encouragement in appreciating or accepting one's body regardless of shape, size, or appearance. The body positivity movement created visibility for body positive perspectives through social media, where people of all differing types of bodies challenges conventional beauty standards. The body positive movement originated with fat-acceptance activism, feminist and queer social movements, with a focused attention to the stigma and exclusion experienced by people whose bodies are marginalised because of body size, disability, gender expression, etc (Cohen et al., 2019). While this movement has messages of empowerment for many, some people have found the expectation to love and celebrate their bodies difficult to achieve. For those with a negative body image, being encouraged to replace negative feelings with positive ones may feel unrealistic or create pressure to feel confident when they simply do not. This does not mean that body positivity is ineffective, rather, it highlights that people relate to their bodies in different ways. This is where body neutrality comes in as a valuable alternative. For those who do not want to focus on loving their appearance, it allows them to accept their bodies without requiring positive feelings. Rather than judging body image by whether someone feels positivity or negatively about their looks, a neutral perspective allows for all feelings without them being the measure of personal worth. See table 1 for a overall comparison of these perspectives. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Table 1. Comparing and Contrasting Body-image Concepts ! !Body negativity !Body positivity !Body neutrality |- |View of body |Negative evaluation |Positive appreciation |Acceptance without requiring positivity |- |Role of appearance | colspan="2" |High Importance |Reduced importance |- |Expected emotion |Shame, anxiety, distress |Pride, love, happiness |No particular feelings required |- |Basis of self-worth |May become appearance dependent |May include body appreciation |Broader than physical appearance |- |Psychological focus |Appearance evaluation |Appreciation and acceptance |Flexibility and reduced appearance centrality |- |Example thought |"I don't like how my body looks" |"I love and appreciate my body" |"I accept my body and my appearance does not determine my worth" |} == Body image and emotional wellbeing == Intro: introducing relationship between body image and emotional well-being === Appearance-based self-worth and emotional distress === Appearance-based self-worth is when individuals base their overall self-evaluation on whether they believe their physical attractiveness meets a certain standard. When appearance is a central focus, perceived flaws or concerns about looks becomes a central source of emotional distress. Findings from Adams et al. (2017) find that appearance-contingent self-worth is associated with greater-self objectification, which is linked to higher appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem. This suggests that people who place greater importance on appearance may become more concerned about if they meet beauty standards, causing vulnerabilities to their self-esteem because of appearance-related stress. For example, someone who believes their attractiveness determines worth may experience anxiety or shame when comparing themselves with others. This thinking can extend beyond body dissatisfaction and into how individuals evaluate themselves as a person overall. === Self-objectification and appearance monitoring === * Self-objectification is viewing one's body from an observers perspective (Ahmed et al., 2025) * Appearance monitoring and body surveillance increases attention toward perceived physical flaws, contributing to heightened negative emotions * Body neutrality may reduce the emotionality of appearance-related thinking reducing its importance === How body neutrality may change these processes === *Body neutrality reduces extent to which appearance determines self-worth and emotional responses *Accepting negative body-related thoughts without automatically engaging with them may reduce their influence on behaviour and mood *The idea of functionality and broader aspects of identity support psychological flexibility and a more stable self-worth (Alleva et al., 2019) Scenario + questionaire? == Social and cultural influences == Intro: Explaining how body image develops socially and culturally and how environments can both influence appearance-related beliefs and emotional well-being [[File:Woman Montage (1).jpg|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Faces and figures of women, showing how different groups depict beauty. ]] === Appearance ideals and cultural influence === * Cultures and social groups have differing ideals regarding attractiveness and desirable bodies (Abdoli et al., 2024). See Figure 2. as an example of these differences. * Thinness, muscularity, and youthfulness ideals can become internalised and used as standards for evaluating one's own body contributing to body dissatisfaction * Internalisation of these ideals contribute to body dissatisfaction === Effects of social media === * Appearance-focused social media exposes individuals to idealised representations of bodies * Comparison with such representations may contribute to internalisation of appearance ideals and negative body evaluation (Fioravanti et al., 2022). * Body-neutral content and reduced appearance focused engagement potentially proved an alternative - effectiveness of such content yet to be researched Key Citations: Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the Exposure to Beauty Ideals on Social Networking Sites Influences Body Image: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4</nowiki> === Individual and social differences === * Body-image concerns differ according gender, age, sexuality and other social characteristics * Different groups experience different appearance ideals - e.g., thinness-oriented pressures versus muscularity orientated pressures (Promichter et al., 2025) (Frederick et al., 2025) * Individual differences in vulnerability, existing body dissatisfaction and social environmetns may influence whether body neutrality affects emotional well-being == Existing research on body neutrality == Intro: evaluating whether research supports the proposed relationship between body neutrality and emotional well-being === Evidence for benefits === * Findings provide preliminary support for potential emotional benefits of body neutrality * Research agrees that body neutrality is an acceptable and relevant approach for people experiencing body-image concerns (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Body-neutral content produces improvements in mood, body satisfaction and hopelessness (Seekis & Lawrence, 2023) * Digital body neutral intervention produced improvements in body dissatisfaction and hopelessness (Smith et al., 2023) === Evidence is still mixed === * Research is promising but does not provide clear consensus * Researchers have not established that body neutrality is distinct from existing body-image approaches * Body neutrality overlaps with concepts such as body-acceptance, compassion and functionality appreciation (Mulgrew & Hinz, 2024) === The need for future research === * Long term studies are needed to establish if benefits are sustained - due to concept being fairly new * Future research should clarify what makes body neutrality distinct from existing approaches (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Researchers should continue testing body-neutral interventions rather than relying primarily on related body-image constructs == Applying a body-neutral perspective == Intro: translating psychological principles of body neutrality into practical ways of changing body perception - how can the reader implement a body neutral perspective? === Changing body-related thinking === * Separating physical appearance from global self-worth may reduce appearance contingent self-evaluation * Notice negative body thoughts without treating them as facts or acting on them * Replace appearance-based judgements with more neutral descriptions of the body * Reduce all-or-nothing thinking, such as viewing your body as "good" or "bad" [[File:People hugging in the beach.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Two people hugging showing an important sensory experience]] === From appearance to functionality === * Shifting attention toward health, strength, flexibility, and physical comfort * Recognising sensory experiences - seeing, hearing, moving * Appreciating what the body enables a person to experience and participate in * Valuing functionality without turning physical performance into another standard for evaluating the body (Alleva et al., 2023) === Healthier environments === * Developing media literacy helps critically evaluate idealisd body representations * Reducing exposure to appearance-focused content and opportunities for appearance comparison * Curating your environment and content consumed to reduce exposure to unrealistic body ideals (Fioravanti et al., 2022) ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing the importan *A body-neutral perspective emphasises acceptance, functionality, and psychological flexibility, rather than requiring positivity * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing importance of appearance in self-worth and decreasing the emotional impact of negative body-related thoughts * Social and cultural influences continue to shape body image, therefore, body neutrality may be most effective alongside healthier approaches to managing appearance-focused environments * Research provides promising but preliminary evidence that body-neutral approaches can improve aspects of body and emotional well-being. However, more research is needed to establish long-term effectiveness as well as distinctiveness from other similar concepts * Overall message: the goal is not necessarily to love or feel positive about the body, but to reduce the extent to which your appearance determines emotional well-being. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Body_neutrality|Body neutrality]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Body neutrality and emotional well-being|Body neutrality and emotional well-being]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[wikipedia:Body_positivity|Body positivity]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review. 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''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''54''(9), 1575–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23568 Pellizzer, M. L., & Wade, T. D. (2023). Developing a definition of body neutrality and strategies for an intervention. ''Body Image'', ''46'', 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.006 Pomichter, E., Cepeda-Benito, A., Ahmadkaraji, S., & DePalma, J. P. (2025). Exploring male body image: A scoping review of measurement approaches and mental health implications. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'', ''22''(6), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060834 Saunders, J. F., Nutter, S., Waugh, R., & Hayden, K. A. (2024). Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. ''Body Image'', ''50'', Article 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738 Seekis, V., & Lawrence, R. K. (2023). How exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok affects young women’s body image and mood. ''Body Image'', ''47'', Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101629 Shontz, F. C. (1989). Development and structure of the body image, Vols. 1 and 2 [Rev. of ''Development and Structure of the Body Image, Volumes 1 and 2'']. ''Psychoanalytic Psychology'', ''6''(4), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.4.503 Smith, A. C., Ahuvia, I., Ito, S., & Schleider, J. L. (2023). Project Body Neutrality: Piloting a digital single‐session intervention for adolescent body image and depression. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''56''(8), 1554–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23976 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. ''Body Image'', ''14'', 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-0022399986900966/first-page-pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9970735/ https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00635/full https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15598276261481490?casa_token=CLtVTca5fboAAAAA%3AVZXxdEaZIobOVIUNsqpuvNDYxboj26-mVH0q6wzArhtqivaE-lAE97I6k_favxKjw-E_XHvw-CpTqA https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2025-86318-001 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7908267/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40211-025-00544-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144518304595?casa_token=hdy0DS5cSAUAAAAA:kC46Z81NQanQQzq_0Muk0WbbEhXW-zrw1xPEe6MJC5UA-NPJn2Ts0k4IwkfiCs1gYaXm8i2UEaQ }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/body-neutrality How to Shift from ‘Body Positivity’ to ‘Body Neutrality’ — and Why You Should] - Healthline *[https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/5-steps-body-neutrality/ 5 Steps to Body Neutrality] - NEDA *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2nBomd-mpY TedTalk - Existing: Body Neutrality and Beauty Standards | Sophia Vimol Horng] - YouTube [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Body image]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] 0f61cwpzf2orngovliwsime0csnrbn9 2840005 2840004 2026-10-13T09:36:43Z ~2026-54711-53 3112593 /* How body neutrality may change these processes */ 2840005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Body neutrality and emotional well-being:<br>How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Woman with a rough life checking herself out in the mirror (8436629921).jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Woman looking at herself in the mirror]] Amanda is excitedly getting ready to go to a party with friends. Her excitement disappears when she looks in the mirror, beginning to compare her appearance to other women she knows. She focuses on what she perceives as flaws in her body, thinking about how she might be viewed by others at the event. As these thoughts become more intense, Amanda feels increasingly anxious and ashamed of her appearance. She considers making an excuse not to go as she worries she will be judged or that she does not look "good enough" to go out. Before texting the group chat to cancel, she stops. Amanda recognises how pumped she was seconds ago about this party, and how quickly this changes. She thinks, "Why is it that only after I look in the mirror, I believe I'm not worthy?". She realises how much her appearance has become closely connected with her emotions how she views her self-worth. Amanda decides to change the thought process. Instead of thinking "I will I look bad/good at this party" she thinks "I'm going to have to much fun at this party". This shifts the attention away from evaluating her appearance and more towards what her body allows her to do, such as spending time with friends, dancing, and enjoying the evening. Amanda also recognises that self-worth can come from many areas of her life, including her relationships, personality, interests, and achievements. She knows that negative thoughts about her appearance will still occur, but she's done with letting them determine whether she feels good about herself or whether she participates in activities she enjoys. Amanda does finishing touches to her hair, makeup, and outfit, before grabbing her bag and shoes. She leaves the house feeing better about herself and looking forward for the night ahead, all thanks to her discovery of a body-neutral perspective {{RoundBoxBottom}} Body neutrality is an approach to body image which focuses on accepting the body without any particular emotion or attention to one's physical appearance. This is an important concept because body dissatisfaction is common and has negative affects on emotional well-being, self-esteem and behaviour. These affects can lead to difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and psychological issues such as disordered eating. Social media, cultural and social idealised bodies, and appearance-based social comparison are important factors that contribute to how people evaluate their bodies. Psychological research somewhat explains how body-neutral perspectives may influence emotional-wellbeing through the examination of self-esteem, social comparison, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and appearance-based self-worth. Understanding such psychological processes helps identify whether and how body neutrality may support a healthy body image and therefore emotional well-being. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions''' * What is body neutrality, and how does it differ from other approaches to body image? * How can body image and appearance-related thinking influence emotional well-being? * How do social and cultural influences shape body image and the way we experience our bodies? * How might adopting a body-neutral perspect support emotional wellbeing?{{RoundBoxBottom}} * == Understanding body neutrality == Intro: establishing the key concepts before moving to their emotional + psychological effects === Body image === The concept of body image has many interpretations. It was originally developed as a neurological concept, describing the brain's ability to detect weight, shape, size and form and incorporate these into core beliefs or mental frameworks (Lacey, 1986). This early definition of body image was known as 'the body percept' and focuses more on the accumulated sensory experience within one's body. The actual term 'body image' was coined by Paul Schilder (2013) who defined body image as "the picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves." Modern definitions of the term are far more in depth, explaining body image as something that is multidimensional that encompasses an individuals thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviours regarding their physical appearance, body shape, size, weight, and how their body functions (Rodgers et al. 2023). Body image involves interconnected perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. These components explain how we percieve our bodies, develop beliefs about our appearance, experience body-related emotions, and respond through behaviour (Carey & Preston, 2019). * '''Perceptual''': How people perceive their body's size, shape, weight, and appearance. Perceptions may not always accurately reflect physical characteristics ** Example: perceiving your stomach to be bigger than it actually is * '''Cognitive''': Thoughts, beliefs, and evaluation individuals hold about their bodies. This includes beliefs about how attractive or important one's appearance is. ** Example: believing you need to lose weight to be considered attractive * '''Emotional''': Feelings associated with body appearance including satisfaction, confidence, shame, anxiety, or embarrassment ** Example: Feeling shame about your body when you compare to another person * '''Behavioural''': Actions people take in response to body image ** Example: Repeatedly checking appearance in mirrors or avoiding social situations due to being uncomfortable about appearance These components can be considered separately but they are best understood as interacting factors. For example, someone who may perceive their appearance negatively may develop critical thoughts about their body, experience feelings of shame or anxiety, and subsequently avoiding social situations, therefore displaying all body image components. === Development of body neutrality === The development of body neutrality is closely associated with Anne Poirier, who worked as a eating-disorder specialist and intuitive eating counsellor, helping popularise the approach through this work. Around 2015, body neutrality started to gain popularity in online spaces as a alternative way of discussing body image, with Poirer subsequently developing workshops around the concept (Nuss et al., 2026). Poirer's approach emphasised that people should not feel like they have to love their bodies. Instead, their attention should be on body functionality and recognising personal worth beyond physical appearance. Poirer's work helped bring body neutrality into wider discussions regarding body image. This includes popularity on social media such as Instagram or TikTok, which further increased visibility for the concept (Nuss et al., 2025). Despite its increasing popularity, there still is not an agreed-upon definition of body neutrality. The term is often used to describe reducing importance placed on physical appearance, accepting the body without required feelings, focusing on functionality, or responding to body-related thoughts without judgement. Although these ideas overlap, they do not necessarily describe the same psychological process. For example, trying to reduce the importance of appearance involves changing how much value is placed on physical attractiveness, whereas body functionality focuses on recognising what the body allows us to do. Similarly, accepting negative body related feelings does not necessarily mean that appearance has become unimportant. These differences make it difficult to establish a single definition that captures all the ways body neutrality is understood or practiced. '''*reference''' Body neutrality represents a promising approach to understanding body image by offering an alternative perspective that does not require feeling-focused attitudes towards appearance. Despite it's recent emergence and evolving definition, the concept is valuable because it helps navigate pressures surrounding body evaluation. === From body negativity to body positivity to body neutrality === Body image is best understood through the varying perspectives that people have. This ranges from negative evaluations of one's appearance, positive appreciation, and neutral acceptance. Body negativity involves dissatisfaction, criticism, or negative feelings towards one's body, often influenced by perceived flaws and societal beauty standards (Tort-Nasarre et al., 2021). Negative body image often contribute to lower self-esteem and emotional distress, including feelings of anxiety, sadness, and shame. It is also associated with disordered eating behaviours and other psychological difficulties, although these relationships are complex and do not effect everyone with body dissatisfaction (Abdoli et al., 2025). Body positivity is a opposing perspective because it involves encouragement in appreciating or accepting one's body regardless of shape, size, or appearance. The body positivity movement created visibility for body positive perspectives through social media, where people of all differing types of bodies challenges conventional beauty standards. The body positive movement originated with fat-acceptance activism, feminist and queer social movements, with a focused attention to the stigma and exclusion experienced by people whose bodies are marginalised because of body size, disability, gender expression, etc (Cohen et al., 2019). While this movement has messages of empowerment for many, some people have found the expectation to love and celebrate their bodies difficult to achieve. For those with a negative body image, being encouraged to replace negative feelings with positive ones may feel unrealistic or create pressure to feel confident when they simply do not. This does not mean that body positivity is ineffective, rather, it highlights that people relate to their bodies in different ways. This is where body neutrality comes in as a valuable alternative. For those who do not want to focus on loving their appearance, it allows them to accept their bodies without requiring positive feelings. Rather than judging body image by whether someone feels positivity or negatively about their looks, a neutral perspective allows for all feelings without them being the measure of personal worth. See table 1 for a overall comparison of these perspectives. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Table 1. Comparing and Contrasting Body-image Concepts ! !Body negativity !Body positivity !Body neutrality |- |View of body |Negative evaluation |Positive appreciation |Acceptance without requiring positivity |- |Role of appearance | colspan="2" |High Importance |Reduced importance |- |Expected emotion |Shame, anxiety, distress |Pride, love, happiness |No particular feelings required |- |Basis of self-worth |May become appearance dependent |May include body appreciation |Broader than physical appearance |- |Psychological focus |Appearance evaluation |Appreciation and acceptance |Flexibility and reduced appearance centrality |- |Example thought |"I don't like how my body looks" |"I love and appreciate my body" |"I accept my body and my appearance does not determine my worth" |} == Body image and emotional wellbeing == Intro: introducing relationship between body image and emotional well-being === Appearance-based self-worth and emotional distress === Appearance-based self-worth is when individuals base their overall self-evaluation on whether they believe their physical attractiveness meets a certain standard. When appearance is a central focus, perceived flaws or concerns about looks becomes a central source of emotional distress. Findings from Adams et al. (2017) find that appearance-contingent self-worth is associated with greater-self objectification, which is linked to higher appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem. This suggests that people who place greater importance on appearance may become more concerned about if they meet beauty standards, causing vulnerabilities to their self-esteem because of appearance-related stress. For example, someone who believes their attractiveness determines worth may experience anxiety or shame when comparing themselves with others. This thinking can extend beyond body dissatisfaction and into how individuals evaluate themselves as a person overall. === Self-objectification and appearance monitoring === * Self-objectification is viewing one's body from an observers perspective (Ahmed et al., 2025) * Appearance monitoring and body surveillance increases attention toward perceived physical flaws, contributing to heightened negative emotions * Body neutrality may reduce the emotionality of appearance-related thinking reducing its importance === Social comparison === * Scenario + questionaire? == Social and cultural influences == Intro: Explaining how body image develops socially and culturally and how environments can both influence appearance-related beliefs and emotional well-being [[File:Woman Montage (1).jpg|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Faces and figures of women, showing how different groups depict beauty. ]] === Appearance ideals and cultural influence === * Cultures and social groups have differing ideals regarding attractiveness and desirable bodies (Abdoli et al., 2024). See Figure 2. as an example of these differences. * Thinness, muscularity, and youthfulness ideals can become internalised and used as standards for evaluating one's own body contributing to body dissatisfaction * Internalisation of these ideals contribute to body dissatisfaction === Effects of social media === * Appearance-focused social media exposes individuals to idealised representations of bodies * Comparison with such representations may contribute to internalisation of appearance ideals and negative body evaluation (Fioravanti et al., 2022). * Body-neutral content and reduced appearance focused engagement potentially proved an alternative - effectiveness of such content yet to be researched Key Citations: Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the Exposure to Beauty Ideals on Social Networking Sites Influences Body Image: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4</nowiki> === Individual and social differences === * Body-image concerns differ according gender, age, sexuality and other social characteristics * Different groups experience different appearance ideals - e.g., thinness-oriented pressures versus muscularity orientated pressures (Promichter et al., 2025) (Frederick et al., 2025) * Individual differences in vulnerability, existing body dissatisfaction and social environmetns may influence whether body neutrality affects emotional well-being == Existing research on body neutrality == Intro: evaluating whether research supports the proposed relationship between body neutrality and emotional well-being === Evidence for benefits === * Findings provide preliminary support for potential emotional benefits of body neutrality * Research agrees that body neutrality is an acceptable and relevant approach for people experiencing body-image concerns (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Body-neutral content produces improvements in mood, body satisfaction and hopelessness (Seekis & Lawrence, 2023) * Digital body neutral intervention produced improvements in body dissatisfaction and hopelessness (Smith et al., 2023) === Evidence is still mixed === * Research is promising but does not provide clear consensus * Researchers have not established that body neutrality is distinct from existing body-image approaches * Body neutrality overlaps with concepts such as body-acceptance, compassion and functionality appreciation (Mulgrew & Hinz, 2024) === The need for future research === * Long term studies are needed to establish if benefits are sustained - due to concept being fairly new * Future research should clarify what makes body neutrality distinct from existing approaches (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Researchers should continue testing body-neutral interventions rather than relying primarily on related body-image constructs == Applying a body-neutral perspective == Intro: translating psychological principles of body neutrality into practical ways of changing body perception - how can the reader implement a body neutral perspective? === Changing body-related thinking === * Separating physical appearance from global self-worth may reduce appearance contingent self-evaluation * Notice negative body thoughts without treating them as facts or acting on them * Replace appearance-based judgements with more neutral descriptions of the body * Reduce all-or-nothing thinking, such as viewing your body as "good" or "bad" [[File:People hugging in the beach.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Two people hugging showing an important sensory experience]] === From appearance to functionality === * Shifting attention toward health, strength, flexibility, and physical comfort * Recognising sensory experiences - seeing, hearing, moving * Appreciating what the body enables a person to experience and participate in * Valuing functionality without turning physical performance into another standard for evaluating the body (Alleva et al., 2023) === Healthier environments === * Developing media literacy helps critically evaluate idealisd body representations * Reducing exposure to appearance-focused content and opportunities for appearance comparison * Curating your environment and content consumed to reduce exposure to unrealistic body ideals (Fioravanti et al., 2022) ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing the importan *A body-neutral perspective emphasises acceptance, functionality, and psychological flexibility, rather than requiring positivity * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing importance of appearance in self-worth and decreasing the emotional impact of negative body-related thoughts * Social and cultural influences continue to shape body image, therefore, body neutrality may be most effective alongside healthier approaches to managing appearance-focused environments * Research provides promising but preliminary evidence that body-neutral approaches can improve aspects of body and emotional well-being. However, more research is needed to establish long-term effectiveness as well as distinctiveness from other similar concepts * Overall message: the goal is not necessarily to love or feel positive about the body, but to reduce the extent to which your appearance determines emotional well-being. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Body_neutrality|Body neutrality]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Body neutrality and emotional well-being|Body neutrality and emotional well-being]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[wikipedia:Body_positivity|Body positivity]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review. ''Social Sciences (Basel)'', ''13''(6), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060305 Adams, K. E., Tyler, J. M., Calogero, R., & Lee, J. (2017). Exploring the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety. ''Body Image'', ''23'', 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.004 Ahmed, U., Fatima, Z., & Zulfiqar, Z. (2025). Media and body image: Analyzing self-objectification theory across different ages of women. ''SAGE Open'', ''15''(4), Article 21582440251379748. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251379748 Alleva, J. M., Atkinson, M. J., Vermeulen, W., Monpellier, V. M., & Martijn, C. (2023). Beyond body size: Focusing on body functionality to improve body image among women who have undergone bariatric surgery. ''Behavior Therapy'', ''54''(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.007 Alleva, J. M., Holmqvist Gattario, K., Martijn, C., & Lunde, C. (2019). What can my body do vs. how does it look?: A qualitative analysis of young women and men’s descriptions of their body functionality or physical appearance. ''Body Image'', ''31'', 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.008 Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4 Frederick, D. A., Forbes, M., Gentle, B., Reynolds, T. A., & Walters, T. (2012). Beauty standards. In ''Encyclopedia of human sexuality''. Wiley-Blackwell. Frederick, D. A., Gordon, A. R., Cook-Cottone, C. P., Brady, J. P., Reynolds, T. A., Alley, J., Garcia, J. R., Brown, T. A., Compte, E. J., Convertino, L., Crerand, C. E., Malcarne, V. L., Nagata, J. M., Parent, M. C., Pennesi, J.-L., Perez, M., Pila, E., Rodgers, R. F., Schaefer, L. M., … Murray, S. B. (2022). Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. ''Body Image'', ''41'', 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010 Grogan, S. (2016). ''Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children'' (3rd ed.). Routledge. Leboeuf, C. (2019). What is body positivity? The path from shame to pride. ''Philosophical Topics'', ''47''(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947218 Mulgrew, K. E., & Hinz, A. (2024). What is body neutrality and how is it different to existing body image concepts? An analysis of experts and general community responses. ''Body Image'', ''51'', Article 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101780 Paterna, A., Alcaraz‐Ibáñez, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Sicilia, Á. (2021). Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''54''(9), 1575–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23568 Pellizzer, M. L., & Wade, T. D. (2023). Developing a definition of body neutrality and strategies for an intervention. ''Body Image'', ''46'', 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.006 Pomichter, E., Cepeda-Benito, A., Ahmadkaraji, S., & DePalma, J. P. (2025). Exploring male body image: A scoping review of measurement approaches and mental health implications. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'', ''22''(6), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060834 Saunders, J. F., Nutter, S., Waugh, R., & Hayden, K. A. (2024). Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. ''Body Image'', ''50'', Article 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738 Seekis, V., & Lawrence, R. K. (2023). How exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok affects young women’s body image and mood. ''Body Image'', ''47'', Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101629 Shontz, F. C. (1989). Development and structure of the body image, Vols. 1 and 2 [Rev. of ''Development and Structure of the Body Image, Volumes 1 and 2'']. ''Psychoanalytic Psychology'', ''6''(4), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.4.503 Smith, A. C., Ahuvia, I., Ito, S., & Schleider, J. L. (2023). Project Body Neutrality: Piloting a digital single‐session intervention for adolescent body image and depression. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''56''(8), 1554–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23976 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. ''Body Image'', ''14'', 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-0022399986900966/first-page-pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9970735/ https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00635/full https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15598276261481490?casa_token=CLtVTca5fboAAAAA%3AVZXxdEaZIobOVIUNsqpuvNDYxboj26-mVH0q6wzArhtqivaE-lAE97I6k_favxKjw-E_XHvw-CpTqA https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2025-86318-001 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7908267/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40211-025-00544-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144518304595?casa_token=hdy0DS5cSAUAAAAA:kC46Z81NQanQQzq_0Muk0WbbEhXW-zrw1xPEe6MJC5UA-NPJn2Ts0k4IwkfiCs1gYaXm8i2UEaQ }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/body-neutrality How to Shift from ‘Body Positivity’ to ‘Body Neutrality’ — and Why You Should] - Healthline *[https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/5-steps-body-neutrality/ 5 Steps to Body Neutrality] - NEDA *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2nBomd-mpY TedTalk - Existing: Body Neutrality and Beauty Standards | Sophia Vimol Horng] - YouTube [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Body image]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] pcarlz3twbqglg47j4ss8fmtrp0b121 2840006 2840005 2026-10-13T09:45:52Z ~2026-54711-53 3112593 /* Social comparison */ 2840006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Body neutrality and emotional well-being:<br>How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} [[File:Woman with a rough life checking herself out in the mirror (8436629921).jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Woman looking at herself in the mirror]] Amanda is excitedly getting ready to go to a party with friends. Her excitement disappears when she looks in the mirror, beginning to compare her appearance to other women she knows. She focuses on what she perceives as flaws in her body, thinking about how she might be viewed by others at the event. As these thoughts become more intense, Amanda feels increasingly anxious and ashamed of her appearance. She considers making an excuse not to go as she worries she will be judged or that she does not look "good enough" to go out. Before texting the group chat to cancel, she stops. Amanda recognises how pumped she was seconds ago about this party, and how quickly this changes. She thinks, "Why is it that only after I look in the mirror, I believe I'm not worthy?". She realises how much her appearance has become closely connected with her emotions how she views her self-worth. Amanda decides to change the thought process. Instead of thinking "I will I look bad/good at this party" she thinks "I'm going to have to much fun at this party". This shifts the attention away from evaluating her appearance and more towards what her body allows her to do, such as spending time with friends, dancing, and enjoying the evening. Amanda also recognises that self-worth can come from many areas of her life, including her relationships, personality, interests, and achievements. She knows that negative thoughts about her appearance will still occur, but she's done with letting them determine whether she feels good about herself or whether she participates in activities she enjoys. Amanda does finishing touches to her hair, makeup, and outfit, before grabbing her bag and shoes. She leaves the house feeing better about herself and looking forward for the night ahead, all thanks to her discovery of a body-neutral perspective {{RoundBoxBottom}} Body neutrality is an approach to body image which focuses on accepting the body without any particular emotion or attention to one's physical appearance. This is an important concept because body dissatisfaction is common and has negative affects on emotional well-being, self-esteem and behaviour. These affects can lead to difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and psychological issues such as disordered eating. Social media, cultural and social idealised bodies, and appearance-based social comparison are important factors that contribute to how people evaluate their bodies. Psychological research somewhat explains how body-neutral perspectives may influence emotional-wellbeing through the examination of self-esteem, social comparison, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and appearance-based self-worth. Understanding such psychological processes helps identify whether and how body neutrality may support a healthy body image and therefore emotional well-being. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions''' * What is body neutrality, and how does it differ from other approaches to body image? * How can body image and appearance-related thinking influence emotional well-being? * How do social and cultural influences shape body image and the way we experience our bodies? * How might adopting a body-neutral perspect support emotional wellbeing?{{RoundBoxBottom}} * == Understanding body neutrality == Intro: establishing the key concepts before moving to their emotional + psychological effects === Body image === The concept of body image has many interpretations. It was originally developed as a neurological concept, describing the brain's ability to detect weight, shape, size and form and incorporate these into core beliefs or mental frameworks (Lacey, 1986). This early definition of body image was known as 'the body percept' and focuses more on the accumulated sensory experience within one's body. The actual term 'body image' was coined by Paul Schilder (2013) who defined body image as "the picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves." Modern definitions of the term are far more in depth, explaining body image as something that is multidimensional that encompasses an individuals thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviours regarding their physical appearance, body shape, size, weight, and how their body functions (Rodgers et al. 2023). Body image involves interconnected perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. These components explain how we percieve our bodies, develop beliefs about our appearance, experience body-related emotions, and respond through behaviour (Carey & Preston, 2019). * '''Perceptual''': How people perceive their body's size, shape, weight, and appearance. Perceptions may not always accurately reflect physical characteristics ** Example: perceiving your stomach to be bigger than it actually is * '''Cognitive''': Thoughts, beliefs, and evaluation individuals hold about their bodies. This includes beliefs about how attractive or important one's appearance is. ** Example: believing you need to lose weight to be considered attractive * '''Emotional''': Feelings associated with body appearance including satisfaction, confidence, shame, anxiety, or embarrassment ** Example: Feeling shame about your body when you compare to another person * '''Behavioural''': Actions people take in response to body image ** Example: Repeatedly checking appearance in mirrors or avoiding social situations due to being uncomfortable about appearance These components can be considered separately but they are best understood as interacting factors. For example, someone who may perceive their appearance negatively may develop critical thoughts about their body, experience feelings of shame or anxiety, and subsequently avoiding social situations, therefore displaying all body image components. === Development of body neutrality === The development of body neutrality is closely associated with Anne Poirier, who worked as a eating-disorder specialist and intuitive eating counsellor, helping popularise the approach through this work. Around 2015, body neutrality started to gain popularity in online spaces as a alternative way of discussing body image, with Poirer subsequently developing workshops around the concept (Nuss et al., 2026). Poirer's approach emphasised that people should not feel like they have to love their bodies. Instead, their attention should be on body functionality and recognising personal worth beyond physical appearance. Poirer's work helped bring body neutrality into wider discussions regarding body image. This includes popularity on social media such as Instagram or TikTok, which further increased visibility for the concept (Nuss et al., 2025). Despite its increasing popularity, there still is not an agreed-upon definition of body neutrality. The term is often used to describe reducing importance placed on physical appearance, accepting the body without required feelings, focusing on functionality, or responding to body-related thoughts without judgement. Although these ideas overlap, they do not necessarily describe the same psychological process. For example, trying to reduce the importance of appearance involves changing how much value is placed on physical attractiveness, whereas body functionality focuses on recognising what the body allows us to do. Similarly, accepting negative body related feelings does not necessarily mean that appearance has become unimportant. These differences make it difficult to establish a single definition that captures all the ways body neutrality is understood or practiced. '''*reference''' Body neutrality represents a promising approach to understanding body image by offering an alternative perspective that does not require feeling-focused attitudes towards appearance. Despite it's recent emergence and evolving definition, the concept is valuable because it helps navigate pressures surrounding body evaluation. === From body negativity to body positivity to body neutrality === Body image is best understood through the varying perspectives that people have. This ranges from negative evaluations of one's appearance, positive appreciation, and neutral acceptance. Body negativity involves dissatisfaction, criticism, or negative feelings towards one's body, often influenced by perceived flaws and societal beauty standards (Tort-Nasarre et al., 2021). Negative body image often contribute to lower self-esteem and emotional distress, including feelings of anxiety, sadness, and shame. It is also associated with disordered eating behaviours and other psychological difficulties, although these relationships are complex and do not effect everyone with body dissatisfaction (Abdoli et al., 2025). Body positivity is a opposing perspective because it involves encouragement in appreciating or accepting one's body regardless of shape, size, or appearance. The body positivity movement created visibility for body positive perspectives through social media, where people of all differing types of bodies challenges conventional beauty standards. The body positive movement originated with fat-acceptance activism, feminist and queer social movements, with a focused attention to the stigma and exclusion experienced by people whose bodies are marginalised because of body size, disability, gender expression, etc (Cohen et al., 2019). While this movement has messages of empowerment for many, some people have found the expectation to love and celebrate their bodies difficult to achieve. For those with a negative body image, being encouraged to replace negative feelings with positive ones may feel unrealistic or create pressure to feel confident when they simply do not. This does not mean that body positivity is ineffective, rather, it highlights that people relate to their bodies in different ways. This is where body neutrality comes in as a valuable alternative. For those who do not want to focus on loving their appearance, it allows them to accept their bodies without requiring positive feelings. Rather than judging body image by whether someone feels positivity or negatively about their looks, a neutral perspective allows for all feelings without them being the measure of personal worth. See table 1 for a overall comparison of these perspectives. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Table 1. Comparing and Contrasting Body-image Concepts ! !Body negativity !Body positivity !Body neutrality |- |View of body |Negative evaluation |Positive appreciation |Acceptance without requiring positivity |- |Role of appearance | colspan="2" |High Importance |Reduced importance |- |Expected emotion |Shame, anxiety, distress |Pride, love, happiness |No particular feelings required |- |Basis of self-worth |May become appearance dependent |May include body appreciation |Broader than physical appearance |- |Psychological focus |Appearance evaluation |Appreciation and acceptance |Flexibility and reduced appearance centrality |- |Example thought |"I don't like how my body looks" |"I love and appreciate my body" |"I accept my body and my appearance does not determine my worth" |} == Body image and emotional wellbeing == Intro: introducing relationship between body image and emotional well-being === Appearance-based self-worth and emotional distress === Appearance-based self-worth is when individuals base their overall self-evaluation on whether they believe their physical attractiveness meets a certain standard. When appearance is a central focus, perceived flaws or concerns about looks becomes a central source of emotional distress. Findings from Adams et al. (2017) find that appearance-contingent self-worth is associated with greater-self objectification, which is linked to higher appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem. This suggests that people who place greater importance on appearance may become more concerned about if they meet beauty standards, causing vulnerabilities to their self-esteem because of appearance-related stress. For example, someone who believes their attractiveness determines worth may experience anxiety or shame when comparing themselves with others. This thinking can extend beyond body dissatisfaction and into how individuals evaluate themselves as a person overall. === Self-objectification and appearance monitoring === * Self-objectification is viewing one's body from an observers perspective (Ahmed et al., 2025) * Appearance monitoring and body surveillance increases attention toward perceived physical flaws, contributing to heightened negative emotions * Body neutrality may reduce the emotionality of appearance-related thinking reducing its importance === Effects on everyday functioning === *how self-objectification + appearance monitoring + appearance-based self-worth effects emotional wellbeing and everyday life *actual consequences? bring real world stories + case study? * Scenario + questionaire? == Social and cultural influences == Intro: Explaining how body image develops socially and culturally and how environments can both influence appearance-related beliefs and emotional well-being [[File:Woman Montage (1).jpg|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Faces and figures of women, showing how different groups depict beauty. ]] === Appearance ideals and cultural influence === * Cultures and social groups have differing ideals regarding attractiveness and desirable bodies (Abdoli et al., 2024). See Figure 2. as an example of these differences. * Thinness, muscularity, and youthfulness ideals can become internalised and used as standards for evaluating one's own body contributing to body dissatisfaction * Internalisation of these ideals contribute to body dissatisfaction === Effects of social media === * Appearance-focused social media exposes individuals to idealised representations of bodies * Comparison with such representations may contribute to internalisation of appearance ideals and negative body evaluation (Fioravanti et al., 2022). * Body-neutral content and reduced appearance focused engagement potentially proved an alternative - effectiveness of such content yet to be researched Key Citations: Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the Exposure to Beauty Ideals on Social Networking Sites Influences Body Image: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4</nowiki> === Individual and social differences === * Body-image concerns differ according gender, age, sexuality and other social characteristics * Different groups experience different appearance ideals - e.g., thinness-oriented pressures versus muscularity orientated pressures (Promichter et al., 2025) (Frederick et al., 2025) * Individual differences in vulnerability, existing body dissatisfaction and social environmetns may influence whether body neutrality affects emotional well-being == Existing research on body neutrality == Intro: evaluating whether research supports the proposed relationship between body neutrality and emotional well-being === Evidence for benefits === * Findings provide preliminary support for potential emotional benefits of body neutrality * Research agrees that body neutrality is an acceptable and relevant approach for people experiencing body-image concerns (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Body-neutral content produces improvements in mood, body satisfaction and hopelessness (Seekis & Lawrence, 2023) * Digital body neutral intervention produced improvements in body dissatisfaction and hopelessness (Smith et al., 2023) === Evidence is still mixed === * Research is promising but does not provide clear consensus * Researchers have not established that body neutrality is distinct from existing body-image approaches * Body neutrality overlaps with concepts such as body-acceptance, compassion and functionality appreciation (Mulgrew & Hinz, 2024) === The need for future research === * Long term studies are needed to establish if benefits are sustained - due to concept being fairly new * Future research should clarify what makes body neutrality distinct from existing approaches (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Researchers should continue testing body-neutral interventions rather than relying primarily on related body-image constructs == Applying a body-neutral perspective == Intro: translating psychological principles of body neutrality into practical ways of changing body perception - how can the reader implement a body neutral perspective? === Changing body-related thinking === * Separating physical appearance from global self-worth may reduce appearance contingent self-evaluation * Notice negative body thoughts without treating them as facts or acting on them * Replace appearance-based judgements with more neutral descriptions of the body * Reduce all-or-nothing thinking, such as viewing your body as "good" or "bad" [[File:People hugging in the beach.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Two people hugging showing an important sensory experience]] === From appearance to functionality === * Shifting attention toward health, strength, flexibility, and physical comfort * Recognising sensory experiences - seeing, hearing, moving * Appreciating what the body enables a person to experience and participate in * Valuing functionality without turning physical performance into another standard for evaluating the body (Alleva et al., 2023) === Healthier environments === * Developing media literacy helps critically evaluate idealisd body representations * Reducing exposure to appearance-focused content and opportunities for appearance comparison * Curating your environment and content consumed to reduce exposure to unrealistic body ideals (Fioravanti et al., 2022) ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing the importan *A body-neutral perspective emphasises acceptance, functionality, and psychological flexibility, rather than requiring positivity * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing importance of appearance in self-worth and decreasing the emotional impact of negative body-related thoughts * Social and cultural influences continue to shape body image, therefore, body neutrality may be most effective alongside healthier approaches to managing appearance-focused environments * Research provides promising but preliminary evidence that body-neutral approaches can improve aspects of body and emotional well-being. However, more research is needed to establish long-term effectiveness as well as distinctiveness from other similar concepts * Overall message: the goal is not necessarily to love or feel positive about the body, but to reduce the extent to which your appearance determines emotional well-being. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Body_neutrality|Body neutrality]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Body neutrality and emotional well-being|Body neutrality and emotional well-being]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[wikipedia:Body_positivity|Body positivity]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review. ''Social Sciences (Basel)'', ''13''(6), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060305 Adams, K. E., Tyler, J. M., Calogero, R., & Lee, J. (2017). Exploring the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety. ''Body Image'', ''23'', 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.004 Ahmed, U., Fatima, Z., & Zulfiqar, Z. (2025). Media and body image: Analyzing self-objectification theory across different ages of women. ''SAGE Open'', ''15''(4), Article 21582440251379748. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251379748 Alleva, J. M., Atkinson, M. J., Vermeulen, W., Monpellier, V. M., & Martijn, C. (2023). Beyond body size: Focusing on body functionality to improve body image among women who have undergone bariatric surgery. ''Behavior Therapy'', ''54''(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.007 Alleva, J. M., Holmqvist Gattario, K., Martijn, C., & Lunde, C. (2019). What can my body do vs. how does it look?: A qualitative analysis of young women and men’s descriptions of their body functionality or physical appearance. ''Body Image'', ''31'', 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.008 Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4 Frederick, D. A., Forbes, M., Gentle, B., Reynolds, T. A., & Walters, T. (2012). Beauty standards. In ''Encyclopedia of human sexuality''. Wiley-Blackwell. Frederick, D. A., Gordon, A. R., Cook-Cottone, C. P., Brady, J. P., Reynolds, T. A., Alley, J., Garcia, J. R., Brown, T. A., Compte, E. J., Convertino, L., Crerand, C. E., Malcarne, V. L., Nagata, J. M., Parent, M. C., Pennesi, J.-L., Perez, M., Pila, E., Rodgers, R. F., Schaefer, L. M., … Murray, S. B. (2022). Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. ''Body Image'', ''41'', 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010 Grogan, S. (2016). ''Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children'' (3rd ed.). Routledge. Leboeuf, C. (2019). What is body positivity? The path from shame to pride. ''Philosophical Topics'', ''47''(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947218 Mulgrew, K. E., & Hinz, A. (2024). What is body neutrality and how is it different to existing body image concepts? An analysis of experts and general community responses. ''Body Image'', ''51'', Article 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101780 Paterna, A., Alcaraz‐Ibáñez, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Sicilia, Á. (2021). Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''54''(9), 1575–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23568 Pellizzer, M. L., & Wade, T. D. (2023). Developing a definition of body neutrality and strategies for an intervention. ''Body Image'', ''46'', 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.006 Pomichter, E., Cepeda-Benito, A., Ahmadkaraji, S., & DePalma, J. P. (2025). Exploring male body image: A scoping review of measurement approaches and mental health implications. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'', ''22''(6), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060834 Saunders, J. F., Nutter, S., Waugh, R., & Hayden, K. A. (2024). Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. ''Body Image'', ''50'', Article 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738 Seekis, V., & Lawrence, R. K. (2023). How exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok affects young women’s body image and mood. ''Body Image'', ''47'', Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101629 Shontz, F. C. (1989). Development and structure of the body image, Vols. 1 and 2 [Rev. of ''Development and Structure of the Body Image, Volumes 1 and 2'']. ''Psychoanalytic Psychology'', ''6''(4), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.4.503 Smith, A. C., Ahuvia, I., Ito, S., & Schleider, J. L. (2023). Project Body Neutrality: Piloting a digital single‐session intervention for adolescent body image and depression. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''56''(8), 1554–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23976 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. ''Body Image'', ''14'', 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-0022399986900966/first-page-pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9970735/ https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00635/full https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15598276261481490?casa_token=CLtVTca5fboAAAAA%3AVZXxdEaZIobOVIUNsqpuvNDYxboj26-mVH0q6wzArhtqivaE-lAE97I6k_favxKjw-E_XHvw-CpTqA https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2025-86318-001 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7908267/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40211-025-00544-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144518304595?casa_token=hdy0DS5cSAUAAAAA:kC46Z81NQanQQzq_0Muk0WbbEhXW-zrw1xPEe6MJC5UA-NPJn2Ts0k4IwkfiCs1gYaXm8i2UEaQ }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/body-neutrality How to Shift from ‘Body Positivity’ to ‘Body Neutrality’ — and Why You Should] - Healthline *[https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/5-steps-body-neutrality/ 5 Steps to Body Neutrality] - NEDA *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2nBomd-mpY TedTalk - Existing: Body Neutrality and Beauty Standards | Sophia Vimol Horng] - YouTube [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Body image]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] buw34k5nspjl0jx4to9f4mhw6yygo32 2840011 2840006 2026-10-13T10:38:22Z ~2026-54711-53 3112593 /* Self-objectification and appearance monitoring */ 2840011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Body neutrality and emotional well-being:<br>How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}}'''Consider this scenario...''' [[File:Woman with a rough life checking herself out in the mirror (8436629921).jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Woman looking at herself in the mirror]] Amanda is excitedly getting ready to go to a party with friends. Her excitement disappears when she looks in the mirror, beginning to compare her appearance to other women she knows. She focuses on what she perceives as flaws in her body, thinking about how she might be viewed by others at the event. As these thoughts become more intense, Amanda feels increasingly anxious and ashamed of her appearance. She considers making an excuse not to go as she worries she will be judged or that she does not look "good enough" to go out. Before texting the group chat to cancel, she stops. Amanda recognises how pumped she was seconds ago about this party, and how quickly this changes. She thinks, "Why is it that only after I look in the mirror, I believe I'm not worthy?". She realises how much her appearance has become closely connected with her emotions how she views her self-worth. Amanda decides to change the thought process. Instead of thinking "I will I look bad/good at this party" she thinks "I'm going to have to much fun at this party". This shifts the attention away from evaluating her appearance and more towards what her body allows her to do, such as spending time with friends, dancing, and enjoying the evening. Amanda also recognises that self-worth can come from many areas of her life, including her relationships, personality, interests, and achievements. She knows that negative thoughts about her appearance will still occur, but she's done with letting them determine whether she feels good about herself or whether she participates in activities she enjoys. Amanda does finishing touches to her hair, makeup, and outfit, before grabbing her bag and shoes. She leaves the house feeing better about herself and looking forward for the night ahead, all thanks to her discovery of a body-neutral perspective {{RoundBoxBottom}} Body neutrality is an approach to body image which focuses on accepting the body without any particular emotion or attention to one's physical appearance. This is an important concept because body dissatisfaction is common and has negative affects on emotional well-being, self-esteem and behaviour. These affects can lead to difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and psychological issues such as disordered eating. Social media, cultural and social idealised bodies, and appearance-based social comparison are important factors that contribute to how people evaluate their bodies. Psychological research somewhat explains how body-neutral perspectives may influence emotional-wellbeing through the examination of self-esteem, social comparison, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and appearance-based self-worth. Understanding such psychological processes helps identify whether and how body neutrality may support a healthy body image and therefore emotional well-being. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions''' * What is body neutrality, and how does it differ from other approaches to body image? * How can body image and appearance-related thinking influence emotional well-being? * How do social and cultural influences shape body image and the way we experience our bodies? * How might adopting a body-neutral perspect support emotional wellbeing?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding body neutrality == === Body image === The concept of body image has many interpretations. It was originally developed as a neurological concept, describing the brain's ability to detect weight, shape, size and form and incorporate these into core beliefs or mental frameworks (Lacey, 1986). This early definition of body image was known as 'the body percept' and focuses more on the accumulated sensory experience within one's body. The actual term 'body image' was coined by Paul Schilder (2013) who defined body image as "the picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves." Modern definitions of the term are far more in depth, explaining body image as something that is multidimensional that encompasses an individuals thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviours regarding their physical appearance, body shape, size, weight, and how their body functions (Rodgers et al. 2023). Body image involves interconnected perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. These components explain how we percieve our bodies, develop beliefs about our appearance, experience body-related emotions, and respond through behaviour (Carey & Preston, 2019). * '''Perceptual''': How people perceive their body's size, shape, weight, and appearance. Perceptions may not always accurately reflect physical characteristics ** Example: perceiving your stomach to be bigger than it actually is * '''Cognitive''': Thoughts, beliefs, and evaluation individuals hold about their bodies. This includes beliefs about how attractive or important one's appearance is. ** Example: believing you need to lose weight to be considered attractive * '''Emotional''': Feelings associated with body appearance including satisfaction, confidence, shame, anxiety, or embarrassment ** Example: Feeling shame about your body when you compare to another person * '''Behavioural''': Actions people take in response to body image ** Example: Repeatedly checking appearance in mirrors or avoiding social situations due to being uncomfortable about appearance These components can be considered separately but they are best understood as interacting factors. For example, someone who may perceive their appearance negatively may develop critical thoughts about their body, experience feelings of shame or anxiety, and subsequently avoiding social situations, therefore displaying all body image components. === Development of body neutrality === The development of body neutrality is closely associated with Anne Poirier, who worked as a eating-disorder specialist and intuitive eating counsellor, helping popularise the approach through this work. Around 2015, body neutrality started to gain popularity in online spaces as a alternative way of discussing body image, with Poirer subsequently developing workshops around the concept (Nuss et al., 2026). Poirer's approach emphasised that people should not feel like they have to love their bodies. Instead, their attention should be on body functionality and recognising personal worth beyond physical appearance. Poirer's work helped bring body neutrality into wider discussions regarding body image. This includes popularity on social media such as Instagram or TikTok, which further increased visibility for the concept (Nuss et al., 2025). Despite its increasing popularity, there still is not an agreed-upon definition of body neutrality. The term is often used to describe reducing importance placed on physical appearance, accepting the body without required feelings, focusing on functionality, or responding to body-related thoughts without judgement. Although these ideas overlap, they do not necessarily describe the same psychological process. For example, trying to reduce the importance of appearance involves changing how much value is placed on physical attractiveness, whereas body functionality focuses on recognising what the body allows us to do. Similarly, accepting negative body related feelings does not necessarily mean that appearance has become unimportant. These differences make it difficult to establish a single definition that captures all the ways body neutrality is understood or practiced. '''*reference''' Body neutrality represents a promising approach to understanding body image by offering an alternative perspective that does not require feeling-focused attitudes towards appearance. Despite it's recent emergence and evolving definition, the concept is valuable because it helps navigate pressures surrounding body evaluation. === From body negativity to body positivity to body neutrality === Body image is best understood through the varying perspectives that people have. This ranges from negative evaluations of one's appearance, positive appreciation, and neutral acceptance. Body negativity involves dissatisfaction, criticism, or negative feelings towards one's body, often influenced by perceived flaws and societal beauty standards (Tort-Nasarre et al., 2021). Negative body image often contribute to lower self-esteem and emotional distress, including feelings of anxiety, sadness, and shame. It is also associated with disordered eating behaviours and other psychological difficulties, although these relationships are complex and do not effect everyone with body dissatisfaction (Abdoli et al., 2025). Body positivity is a opposing perspective because it involves encouragement in appreciating or accepting one's body regardless of shape, size, or appearance. The body positivity movement created visibility for body positive perspectives through social media, where people of all differing types of bodies challenges conventional beauty standards. The body positive movement originated with fat-acceptance activism, feminist and queer social movements, with a focused attention to the stigma and exclusion experienced by people whose bodies are marginalised because of body size, disability, gender expression, etc (Cohen et al., 2019). While this movement has messages of empowerment for many, some people have found the expectation to love and celebrate their bodies difficult to achieve. For those with a negative body image, being encouraged to replace negative feelings with positive ones may feel unrealistic or create pressure to feel confident when they simply do not. This does not mean that body positivity is ineffective, rather, it highlights that people relate to their bodies in different ways. This is where body neutrality comes in as a valuable alternative. For those who do not want to focus on loving their appearance, it allows them to accept their bodies without requiring positive feelings. Rather than judging body image by whether someone feels positivity or negatively about their looks, a neutral perspective allows for all feelings without them being the measure of personal worth. See table 1 for an overall comparison of these perspectives. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Table 1. Comparing and Contrasting Body-image Concepts ! !Body negativity !Body positivity !Body neutrality |- |View of body |Negative evaluation |Positive appreciation |Acceptance without requiring positivity |- |Role of appearance | colspan="2" |High Importance |Reduced importance |- |Expected emotion |Shame, anxiety, distress |Pride, love, happiness |No particular feelings required |- |Basis of self-worth |May become appearance dependent |May include body appreciation |Broader than physical appearance |- |Psychological focus |Appearance evaluation |Appreciation and acceptance |Flexibility and reduced appearance centrality |- |Example thought |"I don't like how my body looks" |"I love and appreciate my body" |"I accept my body and my appearance does not determine my worth" |} == Body image and emotional wellbeing == === Appearance-based self-worth and emotional distress === Appearance-based self-worth is when individuals base their overall self-evaluation on whether they believe their physical attractiveness meets a certain standard. When appearance is a central focus, perceived flaws or concerns about looks becomes a central source of emotional distress. Findings from Adams et al. (2017) find that appearance-contingent self-worth is associated with greater-self objectification, which is linked to higher appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem. This suggests that people who place greater importance on appearance may become more concerned about if they meet beauty standards, causing vulnerabilities to their self-esteem because of appearance-related stress. For example, someone who believes their attractiveness determines worth may experience anxiety or shame when comparing themselves with others. This thinking can extend beyond body dissatisfaction and into how individuals evaluate themselves as a person overall. === Self-objectification and appearance monitoring === Self-objectification refers to viewing one's body from an outsider's perspective. There is great attention given to how the body looks rather than how it feels or functions. Appearance monitoring stems from this, and includes behaviours such as repeatedly checking mirrors, adjusting clothing to hide perceived flaws, or comparing one's appearance with others (Ahmed et al., 2025). Continually monitoring appearance can increase attention towards someone idea of a physical flaw and create greater concern about how other evaluate their body. This contributes to feelings body shame, appearance anxiety, and lower self-esteem, particularly for those who believe they do not meet expected standards (Sarda et al., 2025). When this behaviour continues, everyday situations may become opportunities for self-criticism and evaluation. Consequently, self-objectification and appearance monitoring negatively affects emotional well-being by making physical looks a source of worry and evaluation, reinforcing body dissatisfaction and increasing vulnerabilities to perceived physical imperfections. === Effects on everyday functioning === *how self-objectification + appearance monitoring + appearance-based self-worth effects emotional wellbeing and everyday life *shame + anxiety + feeling uncomfortable in body *actual consequences? bring real world stories + case study? {{RoundBoxTop|theme=7}} '''#TheWholeMe: Sarah's Story''' summarise {{RoundBoxBottom}} Scenario + questionaire? == Social and cultural influences == Intro: Explaining how body image develops socially and culturally and how environments can both influence appearance-related beliefs and emotional well-being [[File:Woman Montage (1).jpg|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Faces and figures of women, showing how different groups depict beauty. ]] === Appearance ideals and cultural influence === * Cultures and social groups have differing ideals regarding attractiveness and desirable bodies (Abdoli et al., 2024). See Figure 2. as an example of these differences. * Thinness, muscularity, and youthfulness ideals can become internalised and used as standards for evaluating one's own body contributing to body dissatisfaction * Internalisation of these ideals contribute to body dissatisfaction === Effects of social media === * Appearance-focused social media exposes individuals to idealised representations of bodies * Comparison with such representations may contribute to internalisation of appearance ideals and negative body evaluation (Fioravanti et al., 2022). * Body-neutral content and reduced appearance focused engagement potentially proved an alternative - effectiveness of such content yet to be researched Key Citations: Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the Exposure to Beauty Ideals on Social Networking Sites Influences Body Image: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4</nowiki> === Individual and social differences === * Body-image concerns differ according gender, age, sexuality and other social characteristics * Different groups experience different appearance ideals - e.g., thinness-oriented pressures versus muscularity orientated pressures (Promichter et al., 2025) (Frederick et al., 2025) * Individual differences in vulnerability, existing body dissatisfaction and social environmetns may influence whether body neutrality affects emotional well-being == Existing research on body neutrality == Intro: evaluating whether research supports the proposed relationship between body neutrality and emotional well-being === Evidence for benefits === * Findings provide preliminary support for potential emotional benefits of body neutrality * Research agrees that body neutrality is an acceptable and relevant approach for people experiencing body-image concerns (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Body-neutral content produces improvements in mood, body satisfaction and hopelessness (Seekis & Lawrence, 2023) * Digital body neutral intervention produced improvements in body dissatisfaction and hopelessness (Smith et al., 2023) === Evidence is still mixed === * Research is promising but does not provide clear consensus * Researchers have not established that body neutrality is distinct from existing body-image approaches * Body neutrality overlaps with concepts such as body-acceptance, compassion and functionality appreciation (Mulgrew & Hinz, 2024) === The need for future research === * Long term studies are needed to establish if benefits are sustained - due to concept being fairly new * Future research should clarify what makes body neutrality distinct from existing approaches (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Researchers should continue testing body-neutral interventions rather than relying primarily on related body-image constructs == Applying a body-neutral perspective == Intro: translating psychological principles of body neutrality into practical ways of changing body perception - how can the reader implement a body neutral perspective? === Changing body-related thinking === * Separating physical appearance from global self-worth may reduce appearance contingent self-evaluation * Notice negative body thoughts without treating them as facts or acting on them * Replace appearance-based judgements with more neutral descriptions of the body * Reduce all-or-nothing thinking, such as viewing your body as "good" or "bad" [[File:People hugging in the beach.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Two people hugging showing an important sensory experience]] === From appearance to functionality === * Shifting attention toward health, strength, flexibility, and physical comfort * Recognising sensory experiences - seeing, hearing, moving * Appreciating what the body enables a person to experience and participate in * Valuing functionality without turning physical performance into another standard for evaluating the body (Alleva et al., 2023) === Healthier environments === * Developing media literacy helps critically evaluate idealisd body representations * Reducing exposure to appearance-focused content and opportunities for appearance comparison * Curating your environment and content consumed to reduce exposure to unrealistic body ideals (Fioravanti et al., 2022) ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing the importan *A body-neutral perspective emphasises acceptance, functionality, and psychological flexibility, rather than requiring positivity * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing importance of appearance in self-worth and decreasing the emotional impact of negative body-related thoughts * Social and cultural influences continue to shape body image, therefore, body neutrality may be most effective alongside healthier approaches to managing appearance-focused environments * Research provides promising but preliminary evidence that body-neutral approaches can improve aspects of body and emotional well-being. However, more research is needed to establish long-term effectiveness as well as distinctiveness from other similar concepts * Overall message: the goal is not necessarily to love or feel positive about the body, but to reduce the extent to which your appearance determines emotional well-being. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Body_neutrality|Body neutrality]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Body neutrality and emotional well-being|Body neutrality and emotional well-being]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[wikipedia:Body_positivity|Body positivity]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review. ''Social Sciences (Basel)'', ''13''(6), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060305 Adams, K. E., Tyler, J. M., Calogero, R., & Lee, J. (2017). Exploring the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety. ''Body Image'', ''23'', 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.004 Ahmed, U., Fatima, Z., & Zulfiqar, Z. (2025). Media and body image: Analyzing self-objectification theory across different ages of women. ''SAGE Open'', ''15''(4), Article 21582440251379748. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251379748 Alleva, J. M., Atkinson, M. J., Vermeulen, W., Monpellier, V. M., & Martijn, C. (2023). Beyond body size: Focusing on body functionality to improve body image among women who have undergone bariatric surgery. ''Behavior Therapy'', ''54''(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.007 Alleva, J. M., Holmqvist Gattario, K., Martijn, C., & Lunde, C. (2019). What can my body do vs. how does it look?: A qualitative analysis of young women and men’s descriptions of their body functionality or physical appearance. ''Body Image'', ''31'', 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.008 Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4 Frederick, D. A., Forbes, M., Gentle, B., Reynolds, T. A., & Walters, T. (2012). Beauty standards. In ''Encyclopedia of human sexuality''. Wiley-Blackwell. Frederick, D. A., Gordon, A. R., Cook-Cottone, C. P., Brady, J. P., Reynolds, T. A., Alley, J., Garcia, J. R., Brown, T. A., Compte, E. J., Convertino, L., Crerand, C. E., Malcarne, V. L., Nagata, J. M., Parent, M. C., Pennesi, J.-L., Perez, M., Pila, E., Rodgers, R. F., Schaefer, L. M., … Murray, S. B. (2022). Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. ''Body Image'', ''41'', 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010 Grogan, S. (2016). ''Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children'' (3rd ed.). Routledge. Leboeuf, C. (2019). What is body positivity? The path from shame to pride. ''Philosophical Topics'', ''47''(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947218 Mulgrew, K. E., & Hinz, A. (2024). What is body neutrality and how is it different to existing body image concepts? An analysis of experts and general community responses. ''Body Image'', ''51'', Article 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101780 Paterna, A., Alcaraz‐Ibáñez, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Sicilia, Á. (2021). Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''54''(9), 1575–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23568 Pellizzer, M. L., & Wade, T. D. (2023). Developing a definition of body neutrality and strategies for an intervention. ''Body Image'', ''46'', 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.006 Pomichter, E., Cepeda-Benito, A., Ahmadkaraji, S., & DePalma, J. P. (2025). Exploring male body image: A scoping review of measurement approaches and mental health implications. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'', ''22''(6), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060834 Saunders, J. F., Nutter, S., Waugh, R., & Hayden, K. A. (2024). Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. ''Body Image'', ''50'', Article 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738 Seekis, V., & Lawrence, R. K. (2023). How exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok affects young women’s body image and mood. ''Body Image'', ''47'', Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101629 Shontz, F. C. (1989). Development and structure of the body image, Vols. 1 and 2 [Rev. of ''Development and Structure of the Body Image, Volumes 1 and 2'']. ''Psychoanalytic Psychology'', ''6''(4), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.4.503 Smith, A. C., Ahuvia, I., Ito, S., & Schleider, J. L. (2023). Project Body Neutrality: Piloting a digital single‐session intervention for adolescent body image and depression. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''56''(8), 1554–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23976 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. ''Body Image'', ''14'', 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-0022399986900966/first-page-pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9970735/ https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00635/full https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15598276261481490?casa_token=CLtVTca5fboAAAAA%3AVZXxdEaZIobOVIUNsqpuvNDYxboj26-mVH0q6wzArhtqivaE-lAE97I6k_favxKjw-E_XHvw-CpTqA https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2025-86318-001 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7908267/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40211-025-00544-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144518304595?casa_token=hdy0DS5cSAUAAAAA:kC46Z81NQanQQzq_0Muk0WbbEhXW-zrw1xPEe6MJC5UA-NPJn2Ts0k4IwkfiCs1gYaXm8i2UEaQ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40337-025-01353-4 }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/body-neutrality How to Shift from ‘Body Positivity’ to ‘Body Neutrality’ — and Why You Should] - Healthline *[https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/5-steps-body-neutrality/ 5 Steps to Body Neutrality] - NEDA *[https://butterfly.org.au/thewholeme-sarahs-story/ #TheWholeMe: Sarah's Story] - Butterfly Foundation *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2nBomd-mpY TedTalk - Existing: Body Neutrality and Beauty Standards | Sophia Vimol Horng] - YouTube [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Body image]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] 27vhhtdxbhykluap8df0591qyb8f9m6 2840013 2840011 2026-10-13T10:45:04Z ~2026-54711-53 3112593 /* Effects on everyday functioning */ 2840013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Body neutrality and emotional well-being:<br>How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}}'''Consider this scenario...''' [[File:Woman with a rough life checking herself out in the mirror (8436629921).jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Woman looking at herself in the mirror]] Amanda is excitedly getting ready to go to a party with friends. Her excitement disappears when she looks in the mirror, beginning to compare her appearance to other women she knows. She focuses on what she perceives as flaws in her body, thinking about how she might be viewed by others at the event. As these thoughts become more intense, Amanda feels increasingly anxious and ashamed of her appearance. She considers making an excuse not to go as she worries she will be judged or that she does not look "good enough" to go out. Before texting the group chat to cancel, she stops. Amanda recognises how pumped she was seconds ago about this party, and how quickly this changes. She thinks, "Why is it that only after I look in the mirror, I believe I'm not worthy?". She realises how much her appearance has become closely connected with her emotions how she views her self-worth. Amanda decides to change the thought process. Instead of thinking "I will I look bad/good at this party" she thinks "I'm going to have to much fun at this party". This shifts the attention away from evaluating her appearance and more towards what her body allows her to do, such as spending time with friends, dancing, and enjoying the evening. Amanda also recognises that self-worth can come from many areas of her life, including her relationships, personality, interests, and achievements. She knows that negative thoughts about her appearance will still occur, but she's done with letting them determine whether she feels good about herself or whether she participates in activities she enjoys. Amanda does finishing touches to her hair, makeup, and outfit, before grabbing her bag and shoes. She leaves the house feeing better about herself and looking forward for the night ahead, all thanks to her discovery of a body-neutral perspective {{RoundBoxBottom}} Body neutrality is an approach to body image which focuses on accepting the body without any particular emotion or attention to one's physical appearance. This is an important concept because body dissatisfaction is common and has negative affects on emotional well-being, self-esteem and behaviour. These affects can lead to difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and psychological issues such as disordered eating. Social media, cultural and social idealised bodies, and appearance-based social comparison are important factors that contribute to how people evaluate their bodies. Psychological research somewhat explains how body-neutral perspectives may influence emotional-wellbeing through the examination of self-esteem, social comparison, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and appearance-based self-worth. Understanding such psychological processes helps identify whether and how body neutrality may support a healthy body image and therefore emotional well-being. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions''' * What is body neutrality, and how does it differ from other approaches to body image? * How can body image and appearance-related thinking influence emotional well-being? * How do social and cultural influences shape body image and the way we experience our bodies? * How might adopting a body-neutral perspect support emotional wellbeing?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding body neutrality == === Body image === The concept of body image has many interpretations. It was originally developed as a neurological concept, describing the brain's ability to detect weight, shape, size and form and incorporate these into core beliefs or mental frameworks (Lacey, 1986). This early definition of body image was known as 'the body percept' and focuses more on the accumulated sensory experience within one's body. The actual term 'body image' was coined by Paul Schilder (2013) who defined body image as "the picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves." Modern definitions of the term are far more in depth, explaining body image as something that is multidimensional that encompasses an individuals thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviours regarding their physical appearance, body shape, size, weight, and how their body functions (Rodgers et al. 2023). Body image involves interconnected perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. These components explain how we percieve our bodies, develop beliefs about our appearance, experience body-related emotions, and respond through behaviour (Carey & Preston, 2019). * '''Perceptual''': How people perceive their body's size, shape, weight, and appearance. Perceptions may not always accurately reflect physical characteristics ** Example: perceiving your stomach to be bigger than it actually is * '''Cognitive''': Thoughts, beliefs, and evaluation individuals hold about their bodies. This includes beliefs about how attractive or important one's appearance is. ** Example: believing you need to lose weight to be considered attractive * '''Emotional''': Feelings associated with body appearance including satisfaction, confidence, shame, anxiety, or embarrassment ** Example: Feeling shame about your body when you compare to another person * '''Behavioural''': Actions people take in response to body image ** Example: Repeatedly checking appearance in mirrors or avoiding social situations due to being uncomfortable about appearance These components can be considered separately but they are best understood as interacting factors. For example, someone who may perceive their appearance negatively may develop critical thoughts about their body, experience feelings of shame or anxiety, and subsequently avoiding social situations, therefore displaying all body image components. === Development of body neutrality === The development of body neutrality is closely associated with Anne Poirier, who worked as a eating-disorder specialist and intuitive eating counsellor, helping popularise the approach through this work. Around 2015, body neutrality started to gain popularity in online spaces as a alternative way of discussing body image, with Poirer subsequently developing workshops around the concept (Nuss et al., 2026). Poirer's approach emphasised that people should not feel like they have to love their bodies. Instead, their attention should be on body functionality and recognising personal worth beyond physical appearance. Poirer's work helped bring body neutrality into wider discussions regarding body image. This includes popularity on social media such as Instagram or TikTok, which further increased visibility for the concept (Nuss et al., 2025). Despite its increasing popularity, there still is not an agreed-upon definition of body neutrality. The term is often used to describe reducing importance placed on physical appearance, accepting the body without required feelings, focusing on functionality, or responding to body-related thoughts without judgement. Although these ideas overlap, they do not necessarily describe the same psychological process. For example, trying to reduce the importance of appearance involves changing how much value is placed on physical attractiveness, whereas body functionality focuses on recognising what the body allows us to do. Similarly, accepting negative body related feelings does not necessarily mean that appearance has become unimportant. These differences make it difficult to establish a single definition that captures all the ways body neutrality is understood or practiced. '''*reference''' Body neutrality represents a promising approach to understanding body image by offering an alternative perspective that does not require feeling-focused attitudes towards appearance. Despite it's recent emergence and evolving definition, the concept is valuable because it helps navigate pressures surrounding body evaluation. === From body negativity to body positivity to body neutrality === Body image is best understood through the varying perspectives that people have. This ranges from negative evaluations of one's appearance, positive appreciation, and neutral acceptance. Body negativity involves dissatisfaction, criticism, or negative feelings towards one's body, often influenced by perceived flaws and societal beauty standards (Tort-Nasarre et al., 2021). Negative body image often contribute to lower self-esteem and emotional distress, including feelings of anxiety, sadness, and shame. It is also associated with disordered eating behaviours and other psychological difficulties, although these relationships are complex and do not effect everyone with body dissatisfaction (Abdoli et al., 2025). Body positivity is a opposing perspective because it involves encouragement in appreciating or accepting one's body regardless of shape, size, or appearance. The body positivity movement created visibility for body positive perspectives through social media, where people of all differing types of bodies challenges conventional beauty standards. The body positive movement originated with fat-acceptance activism, feminist and queer social movements, with a focused attention to the stigma and exclusion experienced by people whose bodies are marginalised because of body size, disability, gender expression, etc (Cohen et al., 2019). While this movement has messages of empowerment for many, some people have found the expectation to love and celebrate their bodies difficult to achieve. For those with a negative body image, being encouraged to replace negative feelings with positive ones may feel unrealistic or create pressure to feel confident when they simply do not. This does not mean that body positivity is ineffective, rather, it highlights that people relate to their bodies in different ways. This is where body neutrality comes in as a valuable alternative. For those who do not want to focus on loving their appearance, it allows them to accept their bodies without requiring positive feelings. Rather than judging body image by whether someone feels positivity or negatively about their looks, a neutral perspective allows for all feelings without them being the measure of personal worth. See table 1 for an overall comparison of these perspectives. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Table 1. Comparing and Contrasting Body-image Concepts ! !Body negativity !Body positivity !Body neutrality |- |View of body |Negative evaluation |Positive appreciation |Acceptance without requiring positivity |- |Role of appearance | colspan="2" |High Importance |Reduced importance |- |Expected emotion |Shame, anxiety, distress |Pride, love, happiness |No particular feelings required |- |Basis of self-worth |May become appearance dependent |May include body appreciation |Broader than physical appearance |- |Psychological focus |Appearance evaluation |Appreciation and acceptance |Flexibility and reduced appearance centrality |- |Example thought |"I don't like how my body looks" |"I love and appreciate my body" |"I accept my body and my appearance does not determine my worth" |} == Body image and emotional wellbeing == === Appearance-based self-worth and emotional distress === Appearance-based self-worth is when individuals base their overall self-evaluation on whether they believe their physical attractiveness meets a certain standard. When appearance is a central focus, perceived flaws or concerns about looks becomes a central source of emotional distress. Findings from Adams et al. (2017) find that appearance-contingent self-worth is associated with greater-self objectification, which is linked to higher appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem. This suggests that people who place greater importance on appearance may become more concerned about if they meet beauty standards, causing vulnerabilities to their self-esteem because of appearance-related stress. For example, someone who believes their attractiveness determines worth may experience anxiety or shame when comparing themselves with others. This thinking can extend beyond body dissatisfaction and into how individuals evaluate themselves as a person overall. === Self-objectification and appearance monitoring === Self-objectification refers to viewing one's body from an outsider's perspective. There is great attention given to how the body looks rather than how it feels or functions. Appearance monitoring stems from this, and includes behaviours such as repeatedly checking mirrors, adjusting clothing to hide perceived flaws, or comparing one's appearance with others (Ahmed et al., 2025). Continually monitoring appearance can increase attention towards someone idea of a physical flaw and create greater concern about how other evaluate their body. This contributes to feelings body shame, appearance anxiety, and lower self-esteem, particularly for those who believe they do not meet expected standards (Sarda et al., 2025). When this behaviour continues, everyday situations may become opportunities for self-criticism and evaluation. Consequently, self-objectification and appearance monitoring negatively affects emotional well-being by making physical looks a source of worry and evaluation, reinforcing body dissatisfaction and increasing vulnerabilities to perceived physical imperfections. === Effects on everyday functioning === *how self-objectification + appearance monitoring + appearance-based self-worth effects emotional wellbeing and everyday life *shame + anxiety + feeling uncomfortable in body *actual consequences? bring real world stories + case study? {{RoundBoxTop|theme=7}} '''Case Study: Diana''' summarise {{RoundBoxBottom}} https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6345152/ Scenario + questionaire? == Social and cultural influences == Intro: Explaining how body image develops socially and culturally and how environments can both influence appearance-related beliefs and emotional well-being [[File:Woman Montage (1).jpg|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Faces and figures of women, showing how different groups depict beauty. ]] === Appearance ideals and cultural influence === * Cultures and social groups have differing ideals regarding attractiveness and desirable bodies (Abdoli et al., 2024). See Figure 2. as an example of these differences. * Thinness, muscularity, and youthfulness ideals can become internalised and used as standards for evaluating one's own body contributing to body dissatisfaction * Internalisation of these ideals contribute to body dissatisfaction === Effects of social media === * Appearance-focused social media exposes individuals to idealised representations of bodies * Comparison with such representations may contribute to internalisation of appearance ideals and negative body evaluation (Fioravanti et al., 2022). * Body-neutral content and reduced appearance focused engagement potentially proved an alternative - effectiveness of such content yet to be researched Key Citations: Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the Exposure to Beauty Ideals on Social Networking Sites Influences Body Image: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4</nowiki> === Individual and social differences === * Body-image concerns differ according gender, age, sexuality and other social characteristics * Different groups experience different appearance ideals - e.g., thinness-oriented pressures versus muscularity orientated pressures (Promichter et al., 2025) (Frederick et al., 2025) * Individual differences in vulnerability, existing body dissatisfaction and social environmetns may influence whether body neutrality affects emotional well-being == Existing research on body neutrality == Intro: evaluating whether research supports the proposed relationship between body neutrality and emotional well-being === Evidence for benefits === * Findings provide preliminary support for potential emotional benefits of body neutrality * Research agrees that body neutrality is an acceptable and relevant approach for people experiencing body-image concerns (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Body-neutral content produces improvements in mood, body satisfaction and hopelessness (Seekis & Lawrence, 2023) * Digital body neutral intervention produced improvements in body dissatisfaction and hopelessness (Smith et al., 2023) === Evidence is still mixed === * Research is promising but does not provide clear consensus * Researchers have not established that body neutrality is distinct from existing body-image approaches * Body neutrality overlaps with concepts such as body-acceptance, compassion and functionality appreciation (Mulgrew & Hinz, 2024) === The need for future research === * Long term studies are needed to establish if benefits are sustained - due to concept being fairly new * Future research should clarify what makes body neutrality distinct from existing approaches (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Researchers should continue testing body-neutral interventions rather than relying primarily on related body-image constructs == Applying a body-neutral perspective == Intro: translating psychological principles of body neutrality into practical ways of changing body perception - how can the reader implement a body neutral perspective? === Changing body-related thinking === * Separating physical appearance from global self-worth may reduce appearance contingent self-evaluation * Notice negative body thoughts without treating them as facts or acting on them * Replace appearance-based judgements with more neutral descriptions of the body * Reduce all-or-nothing thinking, such as viewing your body as "good" or "bad" [[File:People hugging in the beach.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Two people hugging showing an important sensory experience]] === From appearance to functionality === * Shifting attention toward health, strength, flexibility, and physical comfort * Recognising sensory experiences - seeing, hearing, moving * Appreciating what the body enables a person to experience and participate in * Valuing functionality without turning physical performance into another standard for evaluating the body (Alleva et al., 2023) === Healthier environments === * Developing media literacy helps critically evaluate idealisd body representations * Reducing exposure to appearance-focused content and opportunities for appearance comparison * Curating your environment and content consumed to reduce exposure to unrealistic body ideals (Fioravanti et al., 2022) ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing the importan *A body-neutral perspective emphasises acceptance, functionality, and psychological flexibility, rather than requiring positivity * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing importance of appearance in self-worth and decreasing the emotional impact of negative body-related thoughts * Social and cultural influences continue to shape body image, therefore, body neutrality may be most effective alongside healthier approaches to managing appearance-focused environments * Research provides promising but preliminary evidence that body-neutral approaches can improve aspects of body and emotional well-being. However, more research is needed to establish long-term effectiveness as well as distinctiveness from other similar concepts * Overall message: the goal is not necessarily to love or feel positive about the body, but to reduce the extent to which your appearance determines emotional well-being. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Body_neutrality|Body neutrality]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Body neutrality and emotional well-being|Body neutrality and emotional well-being]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[wikipedia:Body_positivity|Body positivity]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review. ''Social Sciences (Basel)'', ''13''(6), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060305 Adams, K. E., Tyler, J. M., Calogero, R., & Lee, J. (2017). Exploring the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety. ''Body Image'', ''23'', 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.004 Ahmed, U., Fatima, Z., & Zulfiqar, Z. (2025). Media and body image: Analyzing self-objectification theory across different ages of women. ''SAGE Open'', ''15''(4), Article 21582440251379748. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251379748 Alleva, J. M., Atkinson, M. J., Vermeulen, W., Monpellier, V. M., & Martijn, C. (2023). Beyond body size: Focusing on body functionality to improve body image among women who have undergone bariatric surgery. ''Behavior Therapy'', ''54''(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.007 Alleva, J. M., Holmqvist Gattario, K., Martijn, C., & Lunde, C. (2019). What can my body do vs. how does it look?: A qualitative analysis of young women and men’s descriptions of their body functionality or physical appearance. ''Body Image'', ''31'', 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.008 Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4 Frederick, D. A., Forbes, M., Gentle, B., Reynolds, T. A., & Walters, T. (2012). Beauty standards. In ''Encyclopedia of human sexuality''. Wiley-Blackwell. Frederick, D. A., Gordon, A. R., Cook-Cottone, C. P., Brady, J. P., Reynolds, T. A., Alley, J., Garcia, J. R., Brown, T. A., Compte, E. J., Convertino, L., Crerand, C. E., Malcarne, V. L., Nagata, J. M., Parent, M. C., Pennesi, J.-L., Perez, M., Pila, E., Rodgers, R. F., Schaefer, L. M., … Murray, S. B. (2022). Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. ''Body Image'', ''41'', 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010 Grogan, S. (2016). ''Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children'' (3rd ed.). Routledge. Leboeuf, C. (2019). What is body positivity? The path from shame to pride. ''Philosophical Topics'', ''47''(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947218 Mulgrew, K. E., & Hinz, A. (2024). What is body neutrality and how is it different to existing body image concepts? An analysis of experts and general community responses. ''Body Image'', ''51'', Article 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101780 Paterna, A., Alcaraz‐Ibáñez, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Sicilia, Á. (2021). Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''54''(9), 1575–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23568 Pellizzer, M. L., & Wade, T. D. (2023). Developing a definition of body neutrality and strategies for an intervention. ''Body Image'', ''46'', 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.006 Pomichter, E., Cepeda-Benito, A., Ahmadkaraji, S., & DePalma, J. P. (2025). Exploring male body image: A scoping review of measurement approaches and mental health implications. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'', ''22''(6), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060834 Saunders, J. F., Nutter, S., Waugh, R., & Hayden, K. A. (2024). Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. ''Body Image'', ''50'', Article 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738 Seekis, V., & Lawrence, R. K. (2023). How exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok affects young women’s body image and mood. ''Body Image'', ''47'', Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101629 Shontz, F. C. (1989). Development and structure of the body image, Vols. 1 and 2 [Rev. of ''Development and Structure of the Body Image, Volumes 1 and 2'']. ''Psychoanalytic Psychology'', ''6''(4), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.4.503 Smith, A. C., Ahuvia, I., Ito, S., & Schleider, J. L. (2023). Project Body Neutrality: Piloting a digital single‐session intervention for adolescent body image and depression. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''56''(8), 1554–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23976 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. ''Body Image'', ''14'', 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-0022399986900966/first-page-pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9970735/ https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00635/full https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15598276261481490?casa_token=CLtVTca5fboAAAAA%3AVZXxdEaZIobOVIUNsqpuvNDYxboj26-mVH0q6wzArhtqivaE-lAE97I6k_favxKjw-E_XHvw-CpTqA https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2025-86318-001 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7908267/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40211-025-00544-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144518304595?casa_token=hdy0DS5cSAUAAAAA:kC46Z81NQanQQzq_0Muk0WbbEhXW-zrw1xPEe6MJC5UA-NPJn2Ts0k4IwkfiCs1gYaXm8i2UEaQ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40337-025-01353-4 }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/body-neutrality How to Shift from ‘Body Positivity’ to ‘Body Neutrality’ — and Why You Should] - Healthline *[https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/5-steps-body-neutrality/ 5 Steps to Body Neutrality] - NEDA *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2nBomd-mpY TedTalk - Existing: Body Neutrality and Beauty Standards | Sophia Vimol Horng] - YouTube [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Body image]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] 9hh1pud5gifhmk1uwftd8lk9my5mnie 2840017 2840013 2026-10-13T11:02:59Z ~2026-54711-53 3112593 /* Effects on everyday functioning */ 2840017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Body neutrality and emotional well-being:<br>How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}}'''Consider this scenario...''' [[File:Woman with a rough life checking herself out in the mirror (8436629921).jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Woman looking at herself in the mirror]] Amanda is excitedly getting ready to go to a party with friends. Her excitement disappears when she looks in the mirror, beginning to compare her appearance to other women she knows. She focuses on what she perceives as flaws in her body, thinking about how she might be viewed by others at the event. As these thoughts become more intense, Amanda feels increasingly anxious and ashamed of her appearance. She considers making an excuse not to go as she worries she will be judged or that she does not look "good enough" to go out. Before texting the group chat to cancel, she stops. Amanda recognises how pumped she was seconds ago about this party, and how quickly this changes. She thinks, "Why is it that only after I look in the mirror, I believe I'm not worthy?". She realises how much her appearance has become closely connected with her emotions how she views her self-worth. Amanda decides to change the thought process. Instead of thinking "I will I look bad/good at this party" she thinks "I'm going to have to much fun at this party". This shifts the attention away from evaluating her appearance and more towards what her body allows her to do, such as spending time with friends, dancing, and enjoying the evening. Amanda also recognises that self-worth can come from many areas of her life, including her relationships, personality, interests, and achievements. She knows that negative thoughts about her appearance will still occur, but she's done with letting them determine whether she feels good about herself or whether she participates in activities she enjoys. Amanda does finishing touches to her hair, makeup, and outfit, before grabbing her bag and shoes. She leaves the house feeing better about herself and looking forward for the night ahead, all thanks to her discovery of a body-neutral perspective {{RoundBoxBottom}} Body neutrality is an approach to body image which focuses on accepting the body without any particular emotion or attention to one's physical appearance. This is an important concept because body dissatisfaction is common and has negative affects on emotional well-being, self-esteem and behaviour. These affects can lead to difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and psychological issues such as disordered eating. Social media, cultural and social idealised bodies, and appearance-based social comparison are important factors that contribute to how people evaluate their bodies. Psychological research somewhat explains how body-neutral perspectives may influence emotional-wellbeing through the examination of self-esteem, social comparison, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and appearance-based self-worth. Understanding such psychological processes helps identify whether and how body neutrality may support a healthy body image and therefore emotional well-being. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions''' * What is body neutrality, and how does it differ from other approaches to body image? * How can body image and appearance-related thinking influence emotional well-being? * How do social and cultural influences shape body image and the way we experience our bodies? * How might adopting a body-neutral perspect support emotional wellbeing?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding body neutrality == === Body image === The concept of body image has many interpretations. It was originally developed as a neurological concept, describing the brain's ability to detect weight, shape, size and form and incorporate these into core beliefs or mental frameworks (Lacey, 1986). This early definition of body image was known as 'the body percept' and focuses more on the accumulated sensory experience within one's body. The actual term 'body image' was coined by Paul Schilder (2013) who defined body image as "the picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves." Modern definitions of the term are far more in depth, explaining body image as something that is multidimensional that encompasses an individuals thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviours regarding their physical appearance, body shape, size, weight, and how their body functions (Rodgers et al. 2023). Body image involves interconnected perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. These components explain how we percieve our bodies, develop beliefs about our appearance, experience body-related emotions, and respond through behaviour (Carey & Preston, 2019). * '''Perceptual''': How people perceive their body's size, shape, weight, and appearance. Perceptions may not always accurately reflect physical characteristics ** Example: perceiving your stomach to be bigger than it actually is * '''Cognitive''': Thoughts, beliefs, and evaluation individuals hold about their bodies. This includes beliefs about how attractive or important one's appearance is. ** Example: believing you need to lose weight to be considered attractive * '''Emotional''': Feelings associated with body appearance including satisfaction, confidence, shame, anxiety, or embarrassment ** Example: Feeling shame about your body when you compare to another person * '''Behavioural''': Actions people take in response to body image ** Example: Repeatedly checking appearance in mirrors or avoiding social situations due to being uncomfortable about appearance These components can be considered separately but they are best understood as interacting factors. For example, someone who may perceive their appearance negatively may develop critical thoughts about their body, experience feelings of shame or anxiety, and subsequently avoiding social situations, therefore displaying all body image components. === Development of body neutrality === The development of body neutrality is closely associated with Anne Poirier, who worked as a eating-disorder specialist and intuitive eating counsellor, helping popularise the approach through this work. Around 2015, body neutrality started to gain popularity in online spaces as a alternative way of discussing body image, with Poirer subsequently developing workshops around the concept (Nuss et al., 2026). Poirer's approach emphasised that people should not feel like they have to love their bodies. Instead, their attention should be on body functionality and recognising personal worth beyond physical appearance. Poirer's work helped bring body neutrality into wider discussions regarding body image. This includes popularity on social media such as Instagram or TikTok, which further increased visibility for the concept (Nuss et al., 2025). Despite its increasing popularity, there still is not an agreed-upon definition of body neutrality. The term is often used to describe reducing importance placed on physical appearance, accepting the body without required feelings, focusing on functionality, or responding to body-related thoughts without judgement. Although these ideas overlap, they do not necessarily describe the same psychological process. For example, trying to reduce the importance of appearance involves changing how much value is placed on physical attractiveness, whereas body functionality focuses on recognising what the body allows us to do. Similarly, accepting negative body related feelings does not necessarily mean that appearance has become unimportant. These differences make it difficult to establish a single definition that captures all the ways body neutrality is understood or practiced. '''*reference''' Body neutrality represents a promising approach to understanding body image by offering an alternative perspective that does not require feeling-focused attitudes towards appearance. Despite it's recent emergence and evolving definition, the concept is valuable because it helps navigate pressures surrounding body evaluation. === From body negativity to body positivity to body neutrality === Body image is best understood through the varying perspectives that people have. This ranges from negative evaluations of one's appearance, positive appreciation, and neutral acceptance. Body negativity involves dissatisfaction, criticism, or negative feelings towards one's body, often influenced by perceived flaws and societal beauty standards (Tort-Nasarre et al., 2021). Negative body image often contribute to lower self-esteem and emotional distress, including feelings of anxiety, sadness, and shame. It is also associated with disordered eating behaviours and other psychological difficulties, although these relationships are complex and do not effect everyone with body dissatisfaction (Abdoli et al., 2025). Body positivity is a opposing perspective because it involves encouragement in appreciating or accepting one's body regardless of shape, size, or appearance. The body positivity movement created visibility for body positive perspectives through social media, where people of all differing types of bodies challenges conventional beauty standards. The body positive movement originated with fat-acceptance activism, feminist and queer social movements, with a focused attention to the stigma and exclusion experienced by people whose bodies are marginalised because of body size, disability, gender expression, etc (Cohen et al., 2019). While this movement has messages of empowerment for many, some people have found the expectation to love and celebrate their bodies difficult to achieve. For those with a negative body image, being encouraged to replace negative feelings with positive ones may feel unrealistic or create pressure to feel confident when they simply do not. This does not mean that body positivity is ineffective, rather, it highlights that people relate to their bodies in different ways. This is where body neutrality comes in as a valuable alternative. For those who do not want to focus on loving their appearance, it allows them to accept their bodies without requiring positive feelings. Rather than judging body image by whether someone feels positivity or negatively about their looks, a neutral perspective allows for all feelings without them being the measure of personal worth. See table 1 for an overall comparison of these perspectives. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Table 1. Comparing and Contrasting Body-image Concepts ! !Body negativity !Body positivity !Body neutrality |- |View of body |Negative evaluation |Positive appreciation |Acceptance without requiring positivity |- |Role of appearance | colspan="2" |High Importance |Reduced importance |- |Expected emotion |Shame, anxiety, distress |Pride, love, happiness |No particular feelings required |- |Basis of self-worth |May become appearance dependent |May include body appreciation |Broader than physical appearance |- |Psychological focus |Appearance evaluation |Appreciation and acceptance |Flexibility and reduced appearance centrality |- |Example thought |"I don't like how my body looks" |"I love and appreciate my body" |"I accept my body and my appearance does not determine my worth" |} == Body image and emotional wellbeing == === Appearance-based self-worth and emotional distress === Appearance-based self-worth is when individuals base their overall self-evaluation on whether they believe their physical attractiveness meets a certain standard. When appearance is a central focus, perceived flaws or concerns about looks becomes a central source of emotional distress. Findings from Adams et al. (2017) find that appearance-contingent self-worth is associated with greater-self objectification, which is linked to higher appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem. This suggests that people who place greater importance on appearance may become more concerned about if they meet beauty standards, causing vulnerabilities to their self-esteem because of appearance-related stress. For example, someone who believes their attractiveness determines worth may experience anxiety or shame when comparing themselves with others. This thinking can extend beyond body dissatisfaction and into how individuals evaluate themselves as a person overall. === Self-objectification and appearance monitoring === Self-objectification refers to viewing one's body from an outsider's perspective. There is great attention given to how the body looks rather than how it feels or functions. Appearance monitoring stems from this, and includes behaviours such as repeatedly checking mirrors, adjusting clothing to hide perceived flaws, or comparing one's appearance with others (Ahmed et al., 2025). Continually monitoring appearance can increase attention towards someone idea of a physical flaw and create greater concern about how other evaluate their body. This contributes to feelings body shame, appearance anxiety, and lower self-esteem, particularly for those who believe they do not meet expected standards (Sarda et al., 2025). When this behaviour continues, everyday situations may become opportunities for self-criticism and evaluation. Consequently, self-objectification and appearance monitoring negatively affects emotional well-being by making physical looks a source of worry and evaluation, reinforcing body dissatisfaction and increasing vulnerabilities to perceived physical imperfections. === Effects on everyday functioning === These concerning behaviours and thought processes about body image can affect how people participate in everyday activities, maintain relationships, and manage daily responsibilities. When one's attention is heavily directed towards appearance, it may be difficult to concentrate on other aspects of life. This can lead to avoidance behaviours such as not attending social events, exercising in public, or having photographs taken. Overtime, this avoidance limits social participation and prevents individuals from engaging in experiences they would otherwise enjoy. The consequences of severe body image concerns can be illustrated through Diana's case study. *how self-objectification + appearance monitoring + appearance-based self-worth effects emotional wellbeing and everyday life *shame + anxiety + feeling uncomfortable in body *actual consequences? bring real world stories + case study? {{RoundBoxTop|theme=7}} '''Case Study: Diana''' summarise {{RoundBoxBottom}} https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6345152/ Scenario + questionaire? == Social and cultural influences == Intro: Explaining how body image develops socially and culturally and how environments can both influence appearance-related beliefs and emotional well-being [[File:Woman Montage (1).jpg|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Faces and figures of women, showing how different groups depict beauty. ]] === Appearance ideals and cultural influence === * Cultures and social groups have differing ideals regarding attractiveness and desirable bodies (Abdoli et al., 2024). See Figure 2. as an example of these differences. * Thinness, muscularity, and youthfulness ideals can become internalised and used as standards for evaluating one's own body contributing to body dissatisfaction * Internalisation of these ideals contribute to body dissatisfaction === Effects of social media === * Appearance-focused social media exposes individuals to idealised representations of bodies * Comparison with such representations may contribute to internalisation of appearance ideals and negative body evaluation (Fioravanti et al., 2022). * Body-neutral content and reduced appearance focused engagement potentially proved an alternative - effectiveness of such content yet to be researched Key Citations: Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the Exposure to Beauty Ideals on Social Networking Sites Influences Body Image: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4</nowiki> === Individual and social differences === * Body-image concerns differ according gender, age, sexuality and other social characteristics * Different groups experience different appearance ideals - e.g., thinness-oriented pressures versus muscularity orientated pressures (Promichter et al., 2025) (Frederick et al., 2025) * Individual differences in vulnerability, existing body dissatisfaction and social environmetns may influence whether body neutrality affects emotional well-being == Existing research on body neutrality == Intro: evaluating whether research supports the proposed relationship between body neutrality and emotional well-being === Evidence for benefits === * Findings provide preliminary support for potential emotional benefits of body neutrality * Research agrees that body neutrality is an acceptable and relevant approach for people experiencing body-image concerns (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Body-neutral content produces improvements in mood, body satisfaction and hopelessness (Seekis & Lawrence, 2023) * Digital body neutral intervention produced improvements in body dissatisfaction and hopelessness (Smith et al., 2023) === Evidence is still mixed === * Research is promising but does not provide clear consensus * Researchers have not established that body neutrality is distinct from existing body-image approaches * Body neutrality overlaps with concepts such as body-acceptance, compassion and functionality appreciation (Mulgrew & Hinz, 2024) === The need for future research === * Long term studies are needed to establish if benefits are sustained - due to concept being fairly new * Future research should clarify what makes body neutrality distinct from existing approaches (Pellizzer & Wade, 2023) * Researchers should continue testing body-neutral interventions rather than relying primarily on related body-image constructs == Applying a body-neutral perspective == Intro: translating psychological principles of body neutrality into practical ways of changing body perception - how can the reader implement a body neutral perspective? === Changing body-related thinking === * Separating physical appearance from global self-worth may reduce appearance contingent self-evaluation * Notice negative body thoughts without treating them as facts or acting on them * Replace appearance-based judgements with more neutral descriptions of the body * Reduce all-or-nothing thinking, such as viewing your body as "good" or "bad" [[File:People hugging in the beach.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Two people hugging showing an important sensory experience]] === From appearance to functionality === * Shifting attention toward health, strength, flexibility, and physical comfort * Recognising sensory experiences - seeing, hearing, moving * Appreciating what the body enables a person to experience and participate in * Valuing functionality without turning physical performance into another standard for evaluating the body (Alleva et al., 2023) === Healthier environments === * Developing media literacy helps critically evaluate idealisd body representations * Reducing exposure to appearance-focused content and opportunities for appearance comparison * Curating your environment and content consumed to reduce exposure to unrealistic body ideals (Fioravanti et al., 2022) ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing the importan *A body-neutral perspective emphasises acceptance, functionality, and psychological flexibility, rather than requiring positivity * Body neutrality may support emotional well-being by reducing importance of appearance in self-worth and decreasing the emotional impact of negative body-related thoughts * Social and cultural influences continue to shape body image, therefore, body neutrality may be most effective alongside healthier approaches to managing appearance-focused environments * Research provides promising but preliminary evidence that body-neutral approaches can improve aspects of body and emotional well-being. However, more research is needed to establish long-term effectiveness as well as distinctiveness from other similar concepts * Overall message: the goal is not necessarily to love or feel positive about the body, but to reduce the extent to which your appearance determines emotional well-being. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Body_neutrality|Body neutrality]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Body neutrality and emotional well-being|Body neutrality and emotional well-being]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[wikipedia:Body_positivity|Body positivity]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review. ''Social Sciences (Basel)'', ''13''(6), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060305 Adams, K. E., Tyler, J. M., Calogero, R., & Lee, J. (2017). Exploring the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety. ''Body Image'', ''23'', 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.004 Ahmed, U., Fatima, Z., & Zulfiqar, Z. (2025). Media and body image: Analyzing self-objectification theory across different ages of women. ''SAGE Open'', ''15''(4), Article 21582440251379748. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251379748 Alleva, J. M., Atkinson, M. J., Vermeulen, W., Monpellier, V. M., & Martijn, C. (2023). Beyond body size: Focusing on body functionality to improve body image among women who have undergone bariatric surgery. ''Behavior Therapy'', ''54''(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.007 Alleva, J. M., Holmqvist Gattario, K., Martijn, C., & Lunde, C. (2019). What can my body do vs. how does it look?: A qualitative analysis of young women and men’s descriptions of their body functionality or physical appearance. ''Body Image'', ''31'', 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.008 Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. ''Adolescent Research Review'', ''7''(3), 419–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4 Frederick, D. A., Forbes, M., Gentle, B., Reynolds, T. A., & Walters, T. (2012). Beauty standards. In ''Encyclopedia of human sexuality''. Wiley-Blackwell. Frederick, D. A., Gordon, A. R., Cook-Cottone, C. P., Brady, J. P., Reynolds, T. A., Alley, J., Garcia, J. R., Brown, T. A., Compte, E. J., Convertino, L., Crerand, C. E., Malcarne, V. L., Nagata, J. M., Parent, M. C., Pennesi, J.-L., Perez, M., Pila, E., Rodgers, R. F., Schaefer, L. M., … Murray, S. B. (2022). Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. ''Body Image'', ''41'', 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010 Grogan, S. (2016). ''Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children'' (3rd ed.). Routledge. Leboeuf, C. (2019). What is body positivity? The path from shame to pride. ''Philosophical Topics'', ''47''(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947218 Mulgrew, K. E., & Hinz, A. (2024). What is body neutrality and how is it different to existing body image concepts? An analysis of experts and general community responses. ''Body Image'', ''51'', Article 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101780 Paterna, A., Alcaraz‐Ibáñez, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Sicilia, Á. (2021). Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''54''(9), 1575–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23568 Pellizzer, M. L., & Wade, T. D. (2023). Developing a definition of body neutrality and strategies for an intervention. ''Body Image'', ''46'', 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.006 Pomichter, E., Cepeda-Benito, A., Ahmadkaraji, S., & DePalma, J. P. (2025). Exploring male body image: A scoping review of measurement approaches and mental health implications. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'', ''22''(6), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060834 Saunders, J. F., Nutter, S., Waugh, R., & Hayden, K. A. (2024). Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. ''Body Image'', ''50'', Article 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738 Seekis, V., & Lawrence, R. K. (2023). How exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok affects young women’s body image and mood. ''Body Image'', ''47'', Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101629 Shontz, F. C. (1989). Development and structure of the body image, Vols. 1 and 2 [Rev. of ''Development and Structure of the Body Image, Volumes 1 and 2'']. ''Psychoanalytic Psychology'', ''6''(4), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.4.503 Smith, A. C., Ahuvia, I., Ito, S., & Schleider, J. L. (2023). Project Body Neutrality: Piloting a digital single‐session intervention for adolescent body image and depression. ''The International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''56''(8), 1554–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23976 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. ''Body Image'', ''14'', 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-0022399986900966/first-page-pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9970735/ https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00635/full https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15598276261481490?casa_token=CLtVTca5fboAAAAA%3AVZXxdEaZIobOVIUNsqpuvNDYxboj26-mVH0q6wzArhtqivaE-lAE97I6k_favxKjw-E_XHvw-CpTqA https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2025-86318-001 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7908267/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40211-025-00544-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144518304595?casa_token=hdy0DS5cSAUAAAAA:kC46Z81NQanQQzq_0Muk0WbbEhXW-zrw1xPEe6MJC5UA-NPJn2Ts0k4IwkfiCs1gYaXm8i2UEaQ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40337-025-01353-4 }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/body-neutrality How to Shift from ‘Body Positivity’ to ‘Body Neutrality’ — and Why You Should] - Healthline *[https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/5-steps-body-neutrality/ 5 Steps to Body Neutrality] - NEDA *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2nBomd-mpY TedTalk - Existing: Body Neutrality and Beauty Standards | Sophia Vimol Horng] - YouTube [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Body image]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion]] sa8ujjgyh4ep1asupl4x7jj9dh7to0t 0 330082 2839977 2836072 2026-10-13T07:10:08Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2839977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Moodiness:<br>What is moodiness, why does it occur, and how can it be managed?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Frustrated man at a desk (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|190px|'''Figure 1'''. Man frustrated at work due to lack of sleep]] ; Imagine this... You wake up after several nights of poor sleep and immediately feel irritable and unmotivated. Nothing particularly bad has happened, yet this feeling follows you throughout the day. On your way to work, a minor delay in traffic feels unusually frustrating. At work, tasks that would normally seem manageable suddenly feel difficult and unrewarding. When a colleague gives you brief feedback, you interpret their comment more negatively than you normally would. By lunchtime, you avoid joining your coworkers because you do not feel like socialising. Later, a friend sends you a message asking if everything is okay, but you cannot identify a specific reason for feeling this way—you are simply "in a bad mood." The following day, after getting a good night's sleep and having an enjoyable conversation with a friend, the same workplace and responsibilities seem much easier to manage. You are more willing to talk to colleagues, everyday problems seem less frustrating, and activities feel more worthwhile. Experiences like this demonstrate why mood is an important part of everyday life. Unlike an emotion that may be directed towards a specific event or person, a mood can persist across different situations and influence how we experience our surroundings. Why can the same workplace, people, and everyday challenges seem manageable one day but overwhelming the next? And how might our mood influence the way we think, behave, interact with others, and interpret what happens around us? {{RoundBoxBottom}} '''[[wikipedia:Mood_(psychology)|Mood]]''' is a long-lasting emotional state that influences how a person experiences and responds to the world around them. Moods are not to be confused with emotions, which are directed towards a particular event or object. However, mood does affect emotions, thoughts and behaviours (Couch et al., 2005). Couch et al. (2005) argued that there have been several attempts to explain the nature of mood and the best explanation for it is the [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/higher-order-cognition Higher Order Functional State Theory]{{ic|Move external links to the external link section; replace with a citation}}. The theory argues that mood is a broader functional state that influences emotional responses and behaviour. However, it is likely that that it may not completely capture the subjective feeling of experiencing a mood (Couch et al., 2005).{{ic|Move theoretical detail into subsequent sections.}} Mood plays a crucial role in how a person experiences, understands, and interacts with the world around them. As opposed to emotions like happiness or sadness, which last temporarily, moods are a prevailing feeling that lasts for a period of time. Individuals are constantly experiencing a type of mood, even at a subconscious level. Mood plays an important role in how an individual find themselves situated within the world and how they experience their surroundings (Ratcliffe et al., 2013). The importance of mood is that it helps influence the feelings of something meaningful or significant in life. Different people experience the same environment differently based of their mood. A mood influences how a range of things matter to us. This shows that mood does more than making an experience positive or negative,{{g}} it creates possibilities that people recognise in their environment (Ratcliffe et al., 2013). Mood disorders such as depression heavily affect how a person experiences the meaning of their surroundings. Activities that a person once participated in would suddenly seem less important or lose significance, and the person would no longer be able to experience emotional connection with others. In some cases, significances, such as feelings of threat, become overwhelming and influence many aspects of experiences (Ratcliffe et al., 2013). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is moodiness? * What causes moodiness? * How can moodiness be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is moodiness? == Mood is a long-lasting emotional state which is developed by positive or negative experiences for an individual and how the individual will responds {{g}} to similar experiences in the future{{fact}}. Instead of being a temporary emotional reaching {{huh}}, moods affect peoples' sensitivity to potential rewards, punishment, and threats across different situations and periods of time (Nettle et al., 2012). {{ic|Explain what theory/theories this perspective represents}} Moods are experienced by many animal species. This is because the biological mechanisms involved in mood are similar across diverse animals (Nettle et al., 2012). Nettle et al. (2012) argues that the ability of mood has been conserved through evolution and provides a key adaptive advantage. Nettle et al. (2012) explains that mood can be split into a two-dimensional framework. One of the dimensions explains a person’s sensitivity to punishment and threats, while the other dimension explains the sensitivity to reward. Mood, instead of reacting to an event, influences the expectations of how certain or uncertain an experience is likely to be (Clark et al., 2018). An example of this is when you believe that your mood is affected by your bodily sensations, surrounding and potentially the consequence of your action '''(''Editor's note: check this sentence for coherence and readability)'''''. Mood disorders such as depression could cause these prediction and uncertainty systems to not functioning normally (Clark et al., 2018). Clark et al. (2012) suggests that mood can be described as a background setting in the brain that influences how an individual interprets emotions, uncertainty, and experiences. {{ic|This section describes mood but not ''moodiness''.}} === '''Mood at a social level''' === A social understanding of mood can be described as something that influences how an individual interacts and behaves in society. Social mood differs from emotion as it explains a larger reason for what shapes peoples' judgements, attitudes, and behaviours across different social situations (Squazzoni et al., 2017). Squazzone et al. (2017) finds that mood can influence many areas of social life, such as relationships, consumer decisions, economic behaviour, and voting preferences. Often, a decision that a person makes under the influence of their mood can seem irrational. Behavioural and evolutionary research implicates that mood can serve meaningful functions in guiding how an individual reacts to their social environment. Overall, mood does not only work at an individual level. Shared and collective moods can have influence in social relationships and patterns of behaviours within groups and societies. It can be implied that mood plays an important role in shaping how an individual or a group perceive others, make decisions, form relationships and respond to wider social and political environments (Squazzne et al., 2017) === '''Mood at a psychological level''' === Within psychology, mood can be described as a recurring emotional state which influences a person’s thinking, feelings, evaluation of situations and behaviour. It differs from emotions which is more of an immediate response to a situation, mood can be highly subjective, where how a person experiences and describes their mood can be based on their own perceptions and personal experiences (Donnet et al., 1993). Mood has been long researched within the history of philosophy and medicine. Earlier examples were based off of the four humours – blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, where mood would depend on balance between these bodily fluids. However, in modern psychology uses many other different approaches such as cognitive, phenomenological, psychoanalytic and ethological (Donnet et al., 1993). To simplify things further, moods are like a lens we {{g}} use to experience everyday life. For example, when a person is in a happy mood, everything in their surroundings and their interactions will appear to be more enjoyable and meaningful. In contrast, when someone is in a negative mood, the same situation all of a sudden will start to feel less appealing or significant (Freeman et al., 2014). Freeman et al., 2014 also argues that using psychology can be heavily beneficial to understand mood as not only something someone feels internally, but it can help shape how someone perceives, interprets and engages with their environment. === '''Mood at a biological level''' === From the perspective of biology, moods are influenced by the body’s internal biological rhythms. The [[wikipedia:Circadian_rhythm|circadian rhythm]] plays a key role in this. It is in charge of controlling the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. This particular biological clock is managed mostly by specific “clock” genes and is influenced by environmental signals, known as zeitgebers, such as exposure to light (Justice et al., 2006). Mood disorders generally occur due to disruptions in these biological rhythms. An example of this is when changes in daylight occur due to seasonal change which affects mood and contributes to winter depression, or [[w:Seasonal_affective_disorder|seasonal affective disorder]]. The relationship between light, biological rhythms, and mood is reflected by the effectiveness of light therapy, which helps in treating seasonal depression and potentially other forms of depression (Justice et al., 2006). A hormone known as [[wikipedia:Melatonin|melatonin]] assists in regulating the circadian system and sleep, further demonstrating the connection between biological processes and mood (Justice et al., 2006). Changes in melatonin secretion and disrupted biological rhythms are observed in people experiencing mood disorders (Mongeau et al., 2013). Research also suggests that genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors can disrupt the alignment between a person’s internal body clock and external schedules, potentially increasing vulnerability to mood problems (Mongeau et al., 2013). The biological approach posits that mood is partly influenced by interactions between the brain, hormones, sleep, genetics, and the body’s internal clock. Any disruptions in these systems can result in changes in mood (Justice et al., 2006). <quiz display=simple> {Which statement best explains how mood influences an individual? |type="()"} + Mood acts like a background state that can influence how people interpret experiences, rewards, threats, and social situations. - Mood is entirely determined by a person’s circadian rhythm. - Mood only affects a person’s emotions and has no influence on behaviour or decision-making. - Mood is a brief emotional reaction that disappears immediately after an event. {Mood is influenced only by psychological experiences and is unrelated to biological processes such as sleep, circadian rhythms, hormones, and light exposure? |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==What causes moodiness?== Changes in mood can be described as a combination of internal psychological processes, personality differences, and the situations that a person experiences. People are naturally able to regulate their moods by comparing how they currently feel with how they would like to feel. The difference between an actual and preferred mood causes people to use mood-regulation techniques to improve, maintain or, on occasions, worsen their mood (Wesniewska et al., 2017). The changes in mood can be caused by controlled or automatic process. In the controlled process, a person tries to consciously change how they feel. In comparison, automatic processes involve a person’s feelings change involuntarily. An example of this could be a person will automatically direct their attention towards information that helps alter their current mood (Wesniewska et al., 2017). Another factor in mood changes is a person’s personality. Extraverted people tend to experience positive affect, while people with neuroticism tend to experience negative affect {{ic|Include a citation for empirical research to support this}}. However, these can change based on the situation '''''(Editor's note: consider expanding on this idea)''''' (Wesniewska et al., 2017). Overall, changes in mood can be a result of interactions between personality, situations, cognitive processes, and the strategies people use to regulate how they feel (Wesniewska et al., 2017) === '''Social contributions to moodiness''' === Social media and smartphone communication also play a big part in changes of moods in adolescents. Li et al. (2023) completed a study involving 83 adolescents over 90 days. They analysed approximately 354,000 messages across social communication apps while participants provided ratings of their mood daily. Li et al. (2023) found that the emotional tone of communications between adolescents predicted how they felt the following day. For example, adolescents involved in more positive language in their messages experienced more positive moods the next day, despite having a lower mood score the prior day. Larger uses of positive language also caused reductions in levels of [[wikipedia:Anhedonia|anhedonia]], a reduced pleasure or interest in activities. Alternatively, greater use of negative language in communications resulted in increased [[wikipedia:Dysphoria|dysphoria]], a feeling of emotional distress and unhappiness. Li et al. (2023) also found that higher usage of socially engaging words such as words relating to friends and affiliation, predicted positive changes in mood. Frequent uses of emojis, specifically the heart emoji was also associated with improved mood. These findings suggest that there is a strong relationship between social media communication and mood fluctuations. However, the research primarily shows that online language is a good predictor for changes in mood fluctuations, instead of proving that social media communication causes mood changes (Li et al., 2023). {{ic|Consider contrasting with research about in person interactions or a theory to support findings.}} === '''How does childhood affect moodiness''' === Childhood trauma can also play a major role in the development of mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. Trauma includes experiences such as physical, sexual, or emotion abuse, neglect, parental loss, or prolonged separation during childhood. Research shows that people with mood disorders are likely to share these experiences in comparison to the general population (Andryszewska et al., 2018). One explanation could be that early trauma has an effect on the developing brain. Stress during childhood years can release stress-related chemicals and neurotransmitters which can interfere with the developing brain cells and networks {{fact}}. This interference can have lasting affects on areas in charge of memory and emotional regulation, in particular the hippocampus and amygdala, which can impact how people process emotion and respond to stress later in life (Andrysweska et al., 2018). Childhood trauma can also interact with genetic and epigenetic factors, potentially having an effect on how vulnerable a person is to future mood problems {{fact}}. HPA stress-response system and inflammation has also been associated with trauma which can have a further impact on mood disorders (Andrysweska et al., 2018). However, childhood trauma alone does not necessarily cause mood disorders. Instead, research suggests that it can interact with brain development, stress systems, genetics, and epigenetic processes, which can all increase the risk and potential severity of mood disorders later in life (Andrysweska et al., 2018). <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best explains why a person’s mood may change? |type="()"} - Mood changes are caused only by personality. - Mood changes are caused only by social interactions. + Mood changes can result from interactions between personality, situations, cognitive processes, and mood-regulation strategies. - Mood changes occur randomly and cannot be regulated. {The use of positive language in adolescents’ online communication was associated with a more positive mood the following day? |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> ==How moodiness be managed?== Mood management plays a key role in maintaining a healthy and prosperous life; managing and trying to actively maintain positive mood reduces negative mood throughout a person’s everyday behaviours and activities (Hess et al., 2010). Hess et al. (2010) argues that homeostasis has a role in this process; a person adjusts their behaviour to respond to a change in mood in order to maintain a relatively stable emotional state. An example of this can be an individual seeking out an activity or hobby that helps them calm down or experience a positive mood when they are experiencing a negative mood. Employing these methods to maintain a positive mood can result in encouraging behaviours that assist in maintaining that emotional state. Research found strong {{ic|Perhaps quantify the results by saying the effect size?}} results for the effectiveness of this mood management process, with positive mood typically lasting several hours (Hess et al., 2010). Forgas et al. (2023) ran three experiments examining how people naturally regulate positive and negative moods over time. The participants first underwent mood inductions, which placed them either in a positive or negative mood. They were then asked to complete a sequence of tasks to observe if their responses reflected their initial mood or if it changed. It was found that people experiencing a positive mood responded positively while those in negative responded negatively to the task. However, over time the responses moved away from their mood {{ic|Explain "moved away from their mood" means}}, which may be due to people trying to adjust their mood. The experiment suggests that mood is not static and people may use cognitive processes to move themselves into a balanced mood over time. Overall, the process of mood management can be described as an ongoing process of regulating mood through behaviour. It is imperative that people seek activities or hobbies that influence their emotional state as it allows them to respond to changes in mood and maintain greater emotional stability in everyday life (Hess et al., 2010). === '''Participation in physical activity and its effect on mood''' === Physical activity plays a vital role in maintaining a positive effect on mood and mental well-being, especially for those that {{g}} might be experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Research indicates that exercising regularly can help reduce depressive symptom {{fact}}. A single session of exercise can temporarily alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms for several hours {{fact}}. People who participate in regular exercise report improvements in self-esteem, vitality, general well-being, and satisfaction with their physical appearance (Peluso et al., 2005). Frequently participating in both [[wikipedia:Aerobic_exercise|aerobic exercise]] such as walking, running or cycling, and [[wikipedia:Anaerobic_exercise|anaerobic exercise]], like resistance training, have been associated with reduction in depressive symptoms {{fact}}. However, the relationship between exercise and improved mood varies between people, especially those without existing mental health symptoms (Peluso et al., 2005). There are many reasons to explain why exercising improves mood. From a psychological perspective, exercising could act as a distraction from negative thoughts or stressful situations. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Self-efficacy and achievement|Self-efficacy]] may also account for this effect. Self-efficacy involves confidence in one's ability to achieve desired outcomes. Social interactions may also play a role in the effects of exercise on moods: exercising with others provides social connection and support (Peluso et al., 2005). Biological reasons could also account for how exercising boosts moods. Neurotransmitters known as monoamines are involved in mood regulation. Exercising also increases the release of [[wikipedia:Endorphins|endorphins]] which contributes to feeling of calmness and improved mood after physical activity {{Fact}}. However, research does not implicate one biological mechanism as the sole explanation (Peluso et al., 2005) Overall, research suggests physical activity has a positive effect on a person’s mood through a combination of psychological, social, and biological processes. Exercise can help with reduction of negative feelings, assist with providing social connections and distractions, increase confidence, and produce biological changes which are associated with improved emotional well-being (Peluso et al., 2005). === '''Effect of music on mood''' === Suvi et al. (2007) researched the importance of music and how it helps adolescents manage and regulate moods in everyday life. Across three studies the researcher found that music plays an important role in emotional well-being and adolescent development. It was very important {{ic|quantify}} for understanding, expressing, maintaining, and changing moods and supported the development of identity, independence, and social relationships. Suvi et al. (2007) found two main goals for using music to regulate mood: mood improvement and mood control. Mood improvement was described as a method to use music to create or strengthen positive feelings while mood control was described as using music to manage unwanted or difficult emotional states. Adolescents used seven different strategies to achieve these goals {{ic|Use a list or table}}: '''Entertainment''' to help create and maintain positive moods, '''revival''' involved using music to increase energy and feel refreshed. '''Strong sensation''' which helped adolescents experience powerful emotions through music and '''Diversion''' which was used as a distraction from stress, negative thoughts and unwanted feelings.{{ic|Embed link to chapter about music and emotion}}. '''Discharge''' was another strategy used which involved using music to let out anger and frustration, '''Mental work''' which was the use of music as a reflection and understanding personal feelings and experiences. Lastly, '''Solace''' which involved music as a comfort and emotional support during difficult situations (Suvi et al., 2007). Suvi et al. (2007) developed a '''Music in Mood Regulation (MMR) scale''' which assisted in understanding how each adolescent used each strategy to manage moods. The results showed that girls relied a lot more on these strategies than boys, while older adolescents used it more frequently than younger adolescents. It was also found that MMR was related to musical preferences, musical background, and general mood-regulation abilities. Overall, it was concluded that music can be a very valuable too in order to manage everyday mood. It can help with improving positive mood, help coping with negative moods, process feeling, find comfort and maintain control over emotional experiences. === '''Use of online gaming to manage mood''' === Russoneillo et al. (2009) investigated the use of casual video games and whether they can help manage people’s moods and stress. Casual video games are games that are fun, easy to learn, quickly accessible, and suitable for short periods of play. The test was a randomised controlled study in which the participants played one of three games: Bejewelled 2, bookworm adventures and peggle, for 20 minutes or completed an internet search task as a controlled condition. Mood was measured using the [[wikipedia:Profile_of_mood_states|Profile of Mood States (POMS)]], while [[wikipedia:Electroencephalography|EEG]] and heart-rate variability were also used to examine physiological changes. The results found that playing casual video games helped provide an effective way of regulating negative moods and encouraging more positive emotional states. All participants in the three games conditions showcased significant reductions in tension, compared to the control condition. After playing all three games the participants also reported lower depressive moods. There were large reductions in depressive scores for participants playing video games in comparison to those in the control group which was identified through the effect size analysis (Russoneillo et al., 2009). Research also found that gaming had reductions in anger, fatigue, and confusion. However, the results varied based on which game was played. The EEG supported the self-reported positive mood with brain activity associated with improved mood, greater engagement and emotional stability. Heart rate measure also suggested that certain game, particularly Bejeweled 2 produced physiological changes consistent with reduced physical stress (Russoneillo et al., 2009). In summary, the study suggests that playing casual video games for short periods of time can have a positive effect on managing mood by reducing negative feelings such as tension, anger, depression, fatigue and confusion while promoting relaxation and positive engagement. However, it has been noted that the research did have methodological limitations {{ic|such as...?}} and that further research is recommended before considering casual gaming as an established therapeutic intervention (Russoneillo et al., 2009). <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following can be used as a strategy to help manage and improve mood? |type="()"} - Physical activity - Listening to music - Playing casual video games + All of the above {Mood is a completely fixed emotional state, meaning people cannot naturally regulate or change their mood over time? |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== Mood is a complex and important psychological phenomenon that influences how individuals think, feel, behave, interpret their surroundings, and interact with other people. Rather than being a brief emotional reaction to a particular event, moods can persist across situations and influence sensitivity to rewards, threats, and future experiences (Nettle et al., 2012). Mood can therefore be viewed as a background state or “lens” through which people experience their everyday lives, affecting what appears meaningful, enjoyable, threatening, or worth pursuing (Ratcliffe et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2014).{{ic|What about ''moodiness''?}} Importantly, no single explanation can fully account for why moods develop and change. From a biological perspective, circadian rhythms, sleep, melatonin, genetics, and other biological processes contribute to mood regulation, while disruptions to these systems have been associated with mood disorders (Justice et al., 2006; Mongeau et al., 2013). From a social perspective, mood can influence relationships, decision-making, social behaviour, and even wider economic and political preferences (Squazzoni et al., 2017). Individual differences are also important, as personality, cognitive processes, environmental situations, and automatic or controlled mood-regulation strategies can contribute to changes in mood (Wesniewska et al., 2017). Finally, understanding factors associated with negative mood is essential for mental health. Childhood trauma can interact with brain development, stress-response systems, genetic factors, and epigenetic processes, increasing vulnerability to later mood disorders (Andryszewska et al., 2018). Social communication may also provide insight into mood fluctuations, with positive online language predicting more positive subsequent mood among adolescents (Li et al., 2023). Overall, mood should be understood as the result of interacting biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences. Recognising these influences and developing healthy mood-management strategies may support emotional well-being and provide greater understanding of how everyday mood fluctuations can influence people's lives. Understanding mood is particularly important because people can actively engage in behaviours that help manage and regulate their emotional states. Research suggests that music can help individuals improve, control, express, and process their moods (Suvi et al., 2007), while physical activity can improve mood through psychological, social, and biological mechanisms (Peluso et al., 2005). Casual video games may similarly reduce tension, anger, fatigue, confusion, and depressive mood while promoting relaxation and positive engagement (Russoniello et al., 2009). ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Moodiness|Moodiness]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Mood and emotion|Mood and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2014) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Mood management theory and media consumption|Mood management theory and media consumption]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Nettle, D., & Bateson, M. (2012). The Evolutionary Origins of Mood and Its Disorders. Current Biology, 22(17), R712–R721. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.020<br> Clark, J. E., Watson, S., & Friston, K. J. (2018). What is mood? A computational perspective. Psychological Medicine, 48(14), 2277–2284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000430<br> Prescott-Couch, A. (2005). What is a Mood? The Yale Philosophy Review, 1, 42–58. 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British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 59, 347–378. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1348/000711005X81133<br> Forgas, J. P., & Ciarrochi, J. V. (2002). On Managing Moods: Evidence for the Role of Homeostatic Cognitive Strategies in Affect Regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 336–345. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202286005<br> Peluso, M. A. M., & Andrade, L. H. S. G. de. (2005). Physical activity and mental health: The association between exercise and mood. Clinics, 60(1), 61–70. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322005000100012<br> Marszał-Wiśniewska, M., & Nowicka, M. (2017). Individual Differences in Mood Changes. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(5), 1415–1438. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9879-5<br> Jaworska-Andryszewska, P., & Rybakowski, J. K. (2018). Childhood trauma in mood disorders: neurobiological mechanisms and implications for treatment. Pharmacological Reports, 71(1). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2018.10.004<br> Saarikallio, S. (2017). Music as mood regulation in adolescence. Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities, 67. Doi: https://doi.org/978-951-39-2731-8<br> Li, L. Y., Trivedi, E., Helgren, F., Allison, G. O., Zhang, E., Buchanan, S. N., Pagliaccio, D., Durham, K., Allen, N. B., Auerbach, R. P., & Shankman, S. A. (2023). Capturing mood dynamics through adolescent smartphone social communication. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 132(8), 1072–1084. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000855<br> Russoneillo, C., O’Brian, K., & Parks, J. (2009). The effectiveness of casual video games in improving mood and decreasing stress (pp. 53–65). Journal of CyberTherapy & Rehabilitation. }} ==External links== {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6Im__hq8Cc 10 Tips to help manage low moods | A doctor's guide] (Youtube) [https://open.spotify.com/episode/3ZFpkCqQmUgWI1eQZf5MIF Managing mood swings & emotional instability with Chrissy Court MSW, RSW] (Spotify) [https://positivepsychology.com/positive-negative-emotions/ Positive and negative emotions: Do we need both?] (Positive psychology.com) [https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/positive-thinking/art-20043950 Positive thinking: Stop negative self-talk to reduce stress] (Mayo clinic) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mood]] rugg8gclwhfl0icjwmwo60rsgq9esqf 0 330631 2839940 2835353 2026-10-13T00:17:47Z Grimes2 2895877 /* Heptachord */ 2839940 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Basic tetrachords== The Babylonian Tonal System is based on tetrachords. 1½1, ½11, 11½ <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1 e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { e1 -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { c1 d e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup} </score> and the tritone<br> 111 <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { f1 g a b} </score> Two consecutive tetrachords build a heptachord. ==Heptachord linear== 1½11½1 <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { a1^"kitmum" b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g } </score> ==Heptachord circle== [[File:Heptachordal circle.svg|thumb|left|Heptachord circle]] ==7 heptachord modes== The 7 modal patterns for the Babylonian heptachords are: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; |+ Babylonian tonal system ! Mode !! Pattern !! Center note || Semitones || Tritones |- | ''kitmum'' || 1½11½1 || D || 10 || 0 |- | ''pītum'' || ½11½11 || E || 10 || 0 |- | ''qablītum'' || 11½11½ || C || 10 || 0 |- | ''išartum'' || 1½111½ || G || 10 || 1 |- | ''embūbum'' || ½111½1 || A || 10 || 1 |- | ''nīd qablim'' || 111½11 || B || 11 || 2 |- | ''nīš tuḫrim'' || 11½111 || F || 11 || 2 |} <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { a1^"kitmum" b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { b1^"pītum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g a} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { g1^"qablītum" a b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"išartum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c { e1^"embūbum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup d} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { f,1^"nīd qablim" g a b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { c1^"nīš tuḫrim" d e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b} </score> ==2 consecutive heptachords== <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { a1^"kitmum" b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g a-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup bes\stopGroup c d-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup es\stopGroup f} </score> Flatward shift for higher notes. ==7 consecutive heptachords== 7 consecutive heptachords build the 7 Babylonian modes: [[File:Kitmum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Pitum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Qablitum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Isartum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Embubum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Nid quablim.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Nis tuhrim.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] {{clear}} ===6 cyclic consecutive heptachords=== [[File:Circle of fourths.svg|thumb|left|Circle of fourths, ''kitmum'', 36 notes, 60 semitones = Anu 𒀭]] {{clear}} ==Tuning== A tuning procedure ‘loosening’ (TU.LU) in Music of Mesopotamia for a 7-stringed instrument based on a transposition to D/D♭: <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"išartum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"kitmum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup bes\stopGroup c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"embūbum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup es\stopGroup f g a-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup bes\stopGroup c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"pītum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup es\stopGroup f g -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup as\stopGroup bes c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { des1^"nīd qablim" es f g-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup as\stopGroup bes c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { des1^"nīš tuḫrim" es f -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup ges\stopGroup as bes c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { des1^"qablītum" es f -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup ges\stopGroup as bes-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup ces\stopGroup } </score> ‘tightening’ (GÍD.I) <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"išartum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"qablītum" e fis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup g\stopGroup a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"niš tuĥrim" e fis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup g\stopGroup a b cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"nīd qablim" e fis gis-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup a\stopGroup b cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { dis1^"pītum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup e\stopGroup fis gis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup a\stopGroup b cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { dis1^"embūbum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup e\stopGroup fis gis ais-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup b\stopGroup cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { dis1^"kitmum" eis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup fis\stopGroup gis ais-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup b\stopGroup cis } </score> ==''kitmum'' chords== <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { <dis fis ais>1 <eis gis b> <fis ais cis> <gis b dis> <ais cis e> <b dis fis> <cis e gis> \break <dis, fis a> <e gis b> <fis a cis> <gis b d> <a cis e> <b d fis> <cis e g> \break <d, fis a> <e g b> <fis a c> <g b d> <a c e> <b d f> <c e g> \break <d, f a> <e g bes> <f a c> <g bes d> <a c es> <bes d f> <c es g> \break <d, f as> <es g bes> <f as c> <g bes des> <as c es> <bes d f> <c es ges> \break <des, f as> <es ges bes> <f as ces> <ges bes des> } </score> ==Further reading== * {{cite conference | first = Leon | last = Crickmore | title = A New Light on the Babylonian Tonal System | conference = Proceedings of the International Conference of Near Eastern Archaeomusicology (ICONEA 2008), The British Museum, London, December 4–6, 2008, editors: Richard Dumbrill and Irving Finkel | publisher = Iconea Publications | url = https://musicircle.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Crickmore-Iconea20081.pdf | place = London | year = 2008 | pages = 11-22 }} * {{cite web | title=Babylonian Tonal System | website=Allan Pettersson Fanpage | url=https://pettersson-fanpage.de/Babylon/Babylon.html | access-date=19 January 2026}} [[Category:Music theory]] [[Category:Musicology]] [[Category:Mesopotamia]] n0x1hq6191h8qkqeu8op81eipbzgj5n 2839941 2839940 2026-10-13T00:18:19Z Grimes2 2895877 /* Heptachord circle */ 2839941 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Basic tetrachords== The Babylonian Tonal System is based on tetrachords. 1½1, ½11, 11½ <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1 e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { e1 -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { c1 d e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup} </score> and the tritone<br> 111 <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { f1 g a b} </score> Two consecutive tetrachords build a heptachord. ==Heptachord linear== 1½11½1 <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { a1^"kitmum" b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g } </score> ==Heptachord circle== [[File:Heptachordal circle.svg|thumb|left|Heptachord circle]] {{clear}} ==7 heptachord modes== The 7 modal patterns for the Babylonian heptachords are: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; |+ Babylonian tonal system ! Mode !! Pattern !! Center note || Semitones || Tritones |- | ''kitmum'' || 1½11½1 || D || 10 || 0 |- | ''pītum'' || ½11½11 || E || 10 || 0 |- | ''qablītum'' || 11½11½ || C || 10 || 0 |- | ''išartum'' || 1½111½ || G || 10 || 1 |- | ''embūbum'' || ½111½1 || A || 10 || 1 |- | ''nīd qablim'' || 111½11 || B || 11 || 2 |- | ''nīš tuḫrim'' || 11½111 || F || 11 || 2 |} <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { a1^"kitmum" b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { b1^"pītum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g a} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { g1^"qablītum" a b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"išartum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c { e1^"embūbum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup d} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { f,1^"nīd qablim" g a b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e} </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { c1^"nīš tuḫrim" d e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b} </score> ==2 consecutive heptachords== <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { a1^"kitmum" b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup c\stopGroup d e-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup f\stopGroup g a-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup bes\stopGroup c d-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup es\stopGroup f} </score> Flatward shift for higher notes. ==7 consecutive heptachords== 7 consecutive heptachords build the 7 Babylonian modes: [[File:Kitmum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Pitum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Qablitum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Isartum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Embubum.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Nid quablim.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] [[File:Nis tuhrim.svg|thumb|left|1000px]] {{clear}} ===6 cyclic consecutive heptachords=== [[File:Circle of fourths.svg|thumb|left|Circle of fourths, ''kitmum'', 36 notes, 60 semitones = Anu 𒀭]] {{clear}} ==Tuning== A tuning procedure ‘loosening’ (TU.LU) in Music of Mesopotamia for a 7-stringed instrument based on a transposition to D/D♭: <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"išartum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"kitmum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup bes\stopGroup c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"embūbum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup es\stopGroup f g a-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup bes\stopGroup c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"pītum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup es\stopGroup f g -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup as\stopGroup bes c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { des1^"nīd qablim" es f g-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup as\stopGroup bes c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { des1^"nīš tuḫrim" es f -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup ges\stopGroup as bes c } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { des1^"qablītum" es f -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup ges\stopGroup as bes-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup ces\stopGroup } </score> ‘tightening’ (GÍD.I) <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"išartum" e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup f\stopGroup g a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"qablītum" e fis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup g\stopGroup a b-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup c\stopGroup } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"niš tuĥrim" e fis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup g\stopGroup a b cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { d1^"nīd qablim" e fis gis-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup a\stopGroup b cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { dis1^"pītum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup e\stopGroup fis gis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup a\stopGroup b cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { dis1^"embūbum" -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup e\stopGroup fis gis ais-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup b\stopGroup cis } </score> <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { dis1^"kitmum" eis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone" \startGroup fis\stopGroup gis ais-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "semitone"\startGroup b\stopGroup cis } </score> ==''kitmum'' chords== <score> \new Staff \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { <dis fis ais>1 <eis gis b> <fis ais cis> <gis b dis> <ais cis e> <b dis fis> <cis e gis> \break <dis, fis a> <e gis b> <fis a cis> <gis b d> <a cis e> <b d fis> <cis e g> \break <d, fis a> <e g b> <fis a c> <g b d> <a c e> <b d f> <c e g> \break <d, f a> <e g bes> <f a c> <g bes d> <a c es> <bes d f> <c es g> \break <d, f as> <es g bes> <f as c> <g bes des> <as c es> <bes d f> <c es ges> \break <des, f as> <es ges bes> <f as ces> <ges bes des> } </score> ==Further reading== * {{cite conference | first = Leon | last = Crickmore | title = A New Light on the Babylonian Tonal System | conference = Proceedings of the International Conference of Near Eastern Archaeomusicology (ICONEA 2008), The British Museum, London, December 4–6, 2008, editors: Richard Dumbrill and Irving Finkel | publisher = Iconea Publications | url = https://musicircle.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Crickmore-Iconea20081.pdf | place = London | year = 2008 | pages = 11-22 }} * {{cite web | title=Babylonian Tonal System | website=Allan Pettersson Fanpage | url=https://pettersson-fanpage.de/Babylon/Babylon.html | access-date=19 January 2026}} [[Category:Music theory]] [[Category:Musicology]] [[Category:Mesopotamia]] b9x6814l6qwj2mvzdi1bpogn48nd95v 0 331023 2839804 2839780 2026-10-12T13:36:18Z U3236349 3005692 /* Mental Causes */ added paragraph 2839804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. Proposed start for overview: {{ic|Move the detail below into subsequent sections}} * Between 1938 to 1954, Alfred Kinsey produced two reports detailing how biological and social factors influence variations in human sexual desire and activity. The reports were designed to establish an empirical foundation to assist future clinicians, educators, and legal authorities concerning what humans actually experience during sexual activities, which was lacking before and during Kinsey's time. * Suggestions for why understanding sexual arousal in males and females is important: ** understand causes of real world problems: *** Sexual Dysfunction, High Risk Sexual Behaviour (Benson, 2003). ** Means to explore basic questions about the nature of sexual arousal and how its different components are related to each other (Benson, 2003). ** Develop more accurate and inclusive models of human motivation and behaviour. ** Informing and guiding therapies for various sexual disorders, answering theoretical and physiological questions about human sexual response patterns, providing diagnostic information regarding legally and clinically significant sexual attractions (e.g. attraction to minors and sexual disorders) (Katz et al., 2023). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * Why do males and females need to be sexually aroused?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/|title=Why Was The Girl With The Pearl Earring Considered Obscene?|last=Pacheco|first=Kristie|date=2025-12-15|website=Digital Woman Award|language=en-US|access-date=2026-10-12}}</ref>]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. === Concept of sexual motivation === == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Physical/Biological Causes === === Mental Causes === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. However, it is believed that mental causes for sexual arousal is not overly dependent on biological factors. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]] * == Patterns of sexual arousal in females == *Arousal in females can be caused by a combination of psychological stimulation and physical stimulation (Lambert, 2023). **discuss erogenous zones; **discuss psychological stimulation in females. **discuss physical arousal does not necessarily mean a female is psychologically aroused - can experience physiological responses without actually being consciously sexually aroused. *It is believed that sexual arousal in females serves as a coordinated psychophysiological response that prepares the body for sexual activity and it is an important component of human sexual functioning and reproductive processes (Lake Polan et al., 2003; Adebisi & Carlson, 2024). *More frequent masturbation was linked to stronger genital responses and higher subjective sexual arousal and the rewarding quality of orgasm was associated with stronger genital sensations (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). *Heterosexual women showed greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas - demonstrates that sexual arousal is strongly influenced by both the gender of a sexual stimulus and visible signs of sexual readiness (Spape et al., 2014). *Sexual desire fluctuates substantially in both men and women. Men and women experience remarkably similar short term fluctuations and similarly influenced by emotional and relationship factors (Harris et al., 2023). {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert, D. (2023). Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution (pp. 802–960). Bentham Science Publishers.Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 0xx0ygxc72s2fgrvsfbpopateym86sa 2839805 2839804 2026-10-12T13:39:16Z U3236349 3005692 fixed referencef for figure 2. 2839805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. Proposed start for overview: {{ic|Move the detail below into subsequent sections}} * Between 1938 to 1954, Alfred Kinsey produced two reports detailing how biological and social factors influence variations in human sexual desire and activity. The reports were designed to establish an empirical foundation to assist future clinicians, educators, and legal authorities concerning what humans actually experience during sexual activities, which was lacking before and during Kinsey's time. * Suggestions for why understanding sexual arousal in males and females is important: ** understand causes of real world problems: *** Sexual Dysfunction, High Risk Sexual Behaviour (Benson, 2003). ** Means to explore basic questions about the nature of sexual arousal and how its different components are related to each other (Benson, 2003). ** Develop more accurate and inclusive models of human motivation and behaviour. ** Informing and guiding therapies for various sexual disorders, answering theoretical and physiological questions about human sexual response patterns, providing diagnostic information regarding legally and clinically significant sexual attractions (e.g. attraction to minors and sexual disorders) (Katz et al., 2023). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * Why do males and females need to be sexually aroused?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. === Concept of sexual motivation === == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Physical/Biological Causes === === Mental Causes === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. However, it is believed that mental causes for sexual arousal is not overly dependent on biological factors. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]] * == Patterns of sexual arousal in females == *Arousal in females can be caused by a combination of psychological stimulation and physical stimulation (Lambert, 2023). **discuss erogenous zones; **discuss psychological stimulation in females. **discuss physical arousal does not necessarily mean a female is psychologically aroused - can experience physiological responses without actually being consciously sexually aroused. *It is believed that sexual arousal in females serves as a coordinated psychophysiological response that prepares the body for sexual activity and it is an important component of human sexual functioning and reproductive processes (Lake Polan et al., 2003; Adebisi & Carlson, 2024). *More frequent masturbation was linked to stronger genital responses and higher subjective sexual arousal and the rewarding quality of orgasm was associated with stronger genital sensations (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). *Heterosexual women showed greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas - demonstrates that sexual arousal is strongly influenced by both the gender of a sexual stimulus and visible signs of sexual readiness (Spape et al., 2014). *Sexual desire fluctuates substantially in both men and women. Men and women experience remarkably similar short term fluctuations and similarly influenced by emotional and relationship factors (Harris et al., 2023). {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert, D. (2023). Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution (pp. 802–960). Bentham Science Publishers.Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] ne2fi71ydypip4a5eijee64qejnug92 2839806 2839805 2026-10-12T13:53:08Z U3236349 3005692 /* Mental Causes */ removed old overview section 2839806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * Why do males and females need to be sexually aroused?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. === Concept of sexual motivation === == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Physical/Biological Causes === === Mental Causes === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]] * == Patterns of sexual arousal in females == *Arousal in females can be caused by a combination of psychological stimulation and physical stimulation (Lambert, 2023). **discuss erogenous zones; **discuss psychological stimulation in females. **discuss physical arousal does not necessarily mean a female is psychologically aroused - can experience physiological responses without actually being consciously sexually aroused. *It is believed that sexual arousal in females serves as a coordinated psychophysiological response that prepares the body for sexual activity and it is an important component of human sexual functioning and reproductive processes (Lake Polan et al., 2003; Adebisi & Carlson, 2024). *More frequent masturbation was linked to stronger genital responses and higher subjective sexual arousal and the rewarding quality of orgasm was associated with stronger genital sensations (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). *Heterosexual women showed greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas - demonstrates that sexual arousal is strongly influenced by both the gender of a sexual stimulus and visible signs of sexual readiness (Spape et al., 2014). *Sexual desire fluctuates substantially in both men and women. Men and women experience remarkably similar short term fluctuations and similarly influenced by emotional and relationship factors (Harris et al., 2023). {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert, D. (2023). Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution (pp. 802–960). Bentham Science Publishers.Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 2u3sjoh1lnl3vi2sxp3gl4mlljquzqm 2839816 2839806 2026-10-12T14:56:28Z U3236349 3005692 /* Physical/Biological Causes */ 2839816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * Why do males and females need to be sexually aroused?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation. Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]] * == Patterns of sexual arousal in females == *Arousal in females can be caused by a combination of psychological stimulation and physical stimulation (Lambert, 2023). **discuss erogenous zones; **discuss psychological stimulation in females. **discuss physical arousal does not necessarily mean a female is psychologically aroused - can experience physiological responses without actually being consciously sexually aroused. *It is believed that sexual arousal in females serves as a coordinated psychophysiological response that prepares the body for sexual activity and it is an important component of human sexual functioning and reproductive processes (Lake Polan et al., 2003; Adebisi & Carlson, 2024). *More frequent masturbation was linked to stronger genital responses and higher subjective sexual arousal and the rewarding quality of orgasm was associated with stronger genital sensations (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). *Heterosexual women showed greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas - demonstrates that sexual arousal is strongly influenced by both the gender of a sexual stimulus and visible signs of sexual readiness (Spape et al., 2014). *Sexual desire fluctuates substantially in both men and women. Men and women experience remarkably similar short term fluctuations and similarly influenced by emotional and relationship factors (Harris et al., 2023). {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert, D. (2023). Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution (pp. 802–960). Bentham Science Publishers.Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] h4xz57u5yql9rmx41dts23ls2chfmxd 2839817 2839816 2026-10-12T15:11:55Z U3236349 3005692 /* Role of Biology */ made more changes 2839817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * Why do males and females need to be sexually aroused?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation. Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]] * == Patterns of sexual arousal in females == *Arousal in females can be caused by a combination of psychological stimulation and physical stimulation (Lambert, 2023). **discuss erogenous zones; **discuss psychological stimulation in females. **discuss physical arousal does not necessarily mean a female is psychologically aroused - can experience physiological responses without actually being consciously sexually aroused. *It is believed that sexual arousal in females serves as a coordinated psychophysiological response that prepares the body for sexual activity and it is an important component of human sexual functioning and reproductive processes (Lake Polan et al., 2003; Adebisi & Carlson, 2024). *More frequent masturbation was linked to stronger genital responses and higher subjective sexual arousal and the rewarding quality of orgasm was associated with stronger genital sensations (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). *Heterosexual women showed greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas - demonstrates that sexual arousal is strongly influenced by both the gender of a sexual stimulus and visible signs of sexual readiness (Spape et al., 2014). *Sexual desire fluctuates substantially in both men and women. Men and women experience remarkably similar short term fluctuations and similarly influenced by emotional and relationship factors (Harris et al., 2023). {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert, D. (2023). Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution (pp. 802–960). Bentham Science Publishers.Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] rttx0skkdarcmrsdi8s8lp5dyi2uogh 2839823 2839817 2026-10-12T15:47:06Z U3236349 3005692 /* Patterns of sexual arousal in females */ added more to this section 2839823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation. Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) suggests that heterosexual females display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 941wtq5onrp2hdv58j4ztdcqvnfa4kq 2839832 2839823 2026-10-12T16:11:25Z U3236349 3005692 Added more content to male differences 2839832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation. Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) has identified that heterosexual females have generally been found to display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. But Spape's research also suggests that females show more gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} When comparing these tendencies in females to males, there are some differences and similarities. Unlike females, males demonstrate a significantly higher degree of mind-body concordance. This suggests that a males own feelings of sexual arousal occur together with the physical genital responses (Chivers et al., 2010). Additionally, while females have been shown to have gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli, male genital and subjective responses have been found to be highly gender-specific and can be predicted based on the males sexual orientation (Spape et al., 2014). The effects of how frequently a male engages in sexual activity also differ, while it enhances sexual responses in females, more frequent sexual activity in males does not increase the desire for sexual arousal (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). While self-report questionnaires can indicate that males have a higher over tendency to experience sexual arousal, objective biological measurements of unconscious responses show that sexual motivation is inherently quite similar between females and males (Touraille & Agmo, 2024). Male sexual desire is stable and constant compared to females. Harris et al. (2023) shows that sexual arousal fluctuates substantially in both sexes, such that male and females experience about similar short-term fluctuations. == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] o0o3f5f2boyzs0povoo0ff1zlqguvdf 2839836 2839832 2026-10-12T16:27:58Z U3236349 3005692 fixed location of quizzes 2839836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic: Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help.'' *Summarise what is sexual arousal and the purpose researchers believe it serves *Explain why studying sexual arousal patterns is important, then explain the issues that have arisen that warrant such understanding. *Explain the purpose this chapter will serve for readers - what the takeaway message is, and summarise my response to patterns of sexual arousal between men and women. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation. Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) has identified that heterosexual females have generally been found to display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. But Spape's research also suggests that females show more gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} When comparing these tendencies in females to males, there are some differences and similarities. Unlike females, males demonstrate a significantly higher degree of mind-body concordance. This suggests that a males own feelings of sexual arousal occur together with the physical genital responses (Chivers et al., 2010). Additionally, while females have been shown to have gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli, male genital and subjective responses have been found to be highly gender-specific and can be predicted based on the males sexual orientation (Spape et al., 2014). The effects of how frequently a male engages in sexual activity also differ, while it enhances sexual responses in females, more frequent sexual activity in males does not increase the desire for sexual arousal (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). While self-report questionnaires can indicate that males have a higher over tendency to experience sexual arousal, objective biological measurements of unconscious responses show that sexual motivation is inherently quite similar between females and males (Touraille & Agmo, 2024). Male sexual desire is stable and constant compared to females. Harris et al. (2023) shows that sexual arousal fluctuates substantially in both sexes, such that male and females experience about similar short-term fluctuations. {{Robelbox|theme=4|title=Quiz}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How does "mind-body concordance" in sexual arousal differ between females and males according to the above?: |type="()"} - Females show higher mind-body concordance than males. + Males show higher mind-body concordance than females. - Males and Females show identical mind-body concordance. {What do biological measurements reveal about the inherent sexual motivation of males and females? |type="()"} - Males have significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than females. - Females have a significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than males. + Males and females have similar sexual motivation inherently. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 0n8tllmo5c900hama0al3kz1k121acz 2839842 2839836 2026-10-12T16:46:31Z U3236349 3005692 added overview 2839842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Between 1938 to 1954, Alfred Kinsey produced two reports detailing how biological and social factors influence variations in human sexual desire and activity (Kinsey, 1948; Kinsey, 1953/2010). The reports were designed to establish an empirical foundation to assist future clinicians, educators, and legal authorities concerning what humans actually experience during sexual activities, which was lacking before and during Kinsey's time. Suggestions for why understanding sexual arousal in males and females is important: * Helps understand causes of real world problems such as sexual dysfunction and high risk sexual behaviour (Benson, 2003). * Provides means to explore basic questions about the nature of sexual arousal and how its different components are related to each other (Benson, 2003). * Helps to develop more accurate and inclusive models of human motivation and behaviour. * It informs and guides therapies for various sexual disorders, answering theoretical and physiological questions about human sexual response patterns, providing diagnostic information regarding legally and clinically significant sexual attractions (e.g. attraction to minors and sexual disorders) (Katz et al., 2023). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation. Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) has identified that heterosexual females have generally been found to display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. But Spape's research also suggests that females show more gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} When comparing these tendencies in females to males, there are some differences and similarities. Unlike females, males demonstrate a significantly higher degree of mind-body concordance. This suggests that a males own feelings of sexual arousal occur together with the physical genital responses (Chivers et al., 2010). Additionally, while females have been shown to have gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli, male genital and subjective responses have been found to be highly gender-specific and can be predicted based on the males sexual orientation (Spape et al., 2014). The effects of how frequently a male engages in sexual activity also differ, while it enhances sexual responses in females, more frequent sexual activity in males does not increase the desire for sexual arousal (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). While self-report questionnaires can indicate that males have a higher over tendency to experience sexual arousal, objective biological measurements of unconscious responses show that sexual motivation is inherently quite similar between females and males (Touraille & Agmo, 2024). Male sexual desire is stable and constant compared to females. Harris et al. (2023) shows that sexual arousal fluctuates substantially in both sexes, such that male and females experience about similar short-term fluctuations. {{Robelbox|theme=4|title=Quiz}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How does "mind-body concordance" in sexual arousal differ between females and males according to the above?: |type="()"} - Females show higher mind-body concordance than males. + Males show higher mind-body concordance than females. - Males and Females show identical mind-body concordance. {What do biological measurements reveal about the inherent sexual motivation of males and females? |type="()"} - Males have significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than females. - Females have a significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than males. + Males and females have similar sexual motivation inherently. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion - WRITE == *Summarise the topics discussed in this chapter *Conclude findings in 2-3 sentences. *Provide a takeaway message. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ BENSON, E. (2003, April). Sex: The science of sexual arousal. https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Kinsey, A. C. (2010). Sexual behavior in the human female. Ishi Press International. (Original work published 1953) Kinsey, A. C. (n.d.). Sexual behavior in the human male. W.B. Saunders Company. (Original work published 1948) Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 5xbu1pplqc495ycnmbllmm5qzrgusiz 2839847 2839842 2026-10-12T16:53:47Z U3236349 3005692 /* Conclusion - WRITE */ added a conclusion section 2839847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Between 1938 to 1954, Alfred Kinsey produced two reports detailing how biological and social factors influence variations in human sexual desire and activity (Kinsey, 1948; Kinsey, 1953/2010). The reports were designed to establish an empirical foundation to assist future clinicians, educators, and legal authorities concerning what humans actually experience during sexual activities, which was lacking before and during Kinsey's time. Suggestions for why understanding sexual arousal in males and females is important: * Helps understand causes of real world problems such as sexual dysfunction and high risk sexual behaviour (Benson, 2003). * Provides means to explore basic questions about the nature of sexual arousal and how its different components are related to each other (Benson, 2003). * Helps to develop more accurate and inclusive models of human motivation and behaviour. * It informs and guides therapies for various sexual disorders, answering theoretical and physiological questions about human sexual response patterns, providing diagnostic information regarding legally and clinically significant sexual attractions (e.g. attraction to minors and sexual disorders) (Katz et al., 2023). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation. Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them. == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) has identified that heterosexual females have generally been found to display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. But Spape's research also suggests that females show more gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} When comparing these tendencies in females to males, there are some differences and similarities. Unlike females, males demonstrate a significantly higher degree of mind-body concordance. This suggests that a males own feelings of sexual arousal occur together with the physical genital responses (Chivers et al., 2010). Additionally, while females have been shown to have gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli, male genital and subjective responses have been found to be highly gender-specific and can be predicted based on the males sexual orientation (Spape et al., 2014). The effects of how frequently a male engages in sexual activity also differ, while it enhances sexual responses in females, more frequent sexual activity in males does not increase the desire for sexual arousal (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). While self-report questionnaires can indicate that males have a higher over tendency to experience sexual arousal, objective biological measurements of unconscious responses show that sexual motivation is inherently quite similar between females and males (Touraille & Agmo, 2024). Male sexual desire is stable and constant compared to females. Harris et al. (2023) shows that sexual arousal fluctuates substantially in both sexes, such that male and females experience about similar short-term fluctuations. {{Robelbox|theme=4|title=Quiz}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How does "mind-body concordance" in sexual arousal differ between females and males according to the above?: |type="()"} - Females show higher mind-body concordance than males. + Males show higher mind-body concordance than females. - Males and Females show identical mind-body concordance. {What do biological measurements reveal about the inherent sexual motivation of males and females? |type="()"} - Males have significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than females. - Females have a significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than males. + Males and females have similar sexual motivation inherently. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion == Sexual arousal is driven by both biological and mental factors. Mental and biological factors help regulate and influence the tendency to engage in sexual desire. The above finds that there are similarities and differences in sexual arousal patterns between males and females. Ultimately, understanding these patterns allow for essential insights into human behaviour, motivation, and practical application. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Kinsey, A. C. (2010). Sexual behavior in the human female. Ishi Press International. (Original work published 1953) Kinsey, A. C. (n.d.). Sexual behavior in the human male. W.B. Saunders Company. (Original work published 1948) Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. (2022). The relation of mood and sexual desire: An experience sampling perspective on the dual control model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3871–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02357-w }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] sat8woljh4nssr4xp22ldpt3vd71o3q 2839854 2839847 2026-10-12T17:05:45Z U3236349 3005692 /* References */ checked 2839854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Between 1938 to 1954, Alfred Kinsey produced two reports detailing how biological and social factors influence variations in human sexual desire and activity (Kinsey, 1948; Kinsey, 1953/2010). The reports were designed to establish an empirical foundation to assist future clinicians, educators, and legal authorities concerning what humans actually experience during sexual activities, which was lacking before and during Kinsey's time. Suggestions for why understanding sexual arousal in males and females is important: * Helps understand causes of real world problems such as sexual dysfunction and high risk sexual behaviour (Benson, 2003). * Provides means to explore basic questions about the nature of sexual arousal and how its different components are related to each other (Benson, 2003). * Helps to develop more accurate and inclusive models of human motivation and behaviour. * It informs and guides therapies for various sexual disorders, answering theoretical and physiological questions about human sexual response patterns, providing diagnostic information regarding legally and clinically significant sexual attractions (e.g. attraction to minors and sexual disorders) (Katz et al., 2023). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation (see Park & Rissman, 2007 for perspective on whether gonadal hormones relate to male sexual behaviour). Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them (see also, Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) has identified that heterosexual females have generally been found to display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. But Spape's research also suggests that females show more gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} When comparing these tendencies in females to males, there are some differences and similarities. Unlike females, males demonstrate a significantly higher degree of mind-body concordance. This suggests that a males own feelings of sexual arousal occur together with the physical genital responses (Chivers et al., 2010). Additionally, while females have been shown to have gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli, male genital and subjective responses have been found to be highly gender-specific and can be predicted based on the males sexual orientation (Spape et al., 2014; see also, Slettevold et al.,2019). The effects of how frequently a male engages in sexual activity also differ, while it enhances sexual responses in females, more frequent sexual activity in males does not increase the desire for sexual arousal (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). While self-report questionnaires can indicate that males have a higher over tendency to experience sexual arousal, objective biological measurements of unconscious responses show that sexual motivation is inherently quite similar between females and males (Touraille & Agmo, 2024). Male sexual desire is stable and constant compared to females. Harris et al. (2023) shows that sexual arousal fluctuates substantially in both sexes, such that male and females experience about similar short-term fluctuations. {{Robelbox|theme=4|title=Quiz}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How does "mind-body concordance" in sexual arousal differ between females and males according to the above?: |type="()"} - Females show higher mind-body concordance than males. + Males show higher mind-body concordance than females. - Males and Females show identical mind-body concordance. {What do biological measurements reveal about the inherent sexual motivation of males and females? |type="()"} - Males have significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than females. - Females have a significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than males. + Males and females have similar sexual motivation inherently. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion == Sexual arousal is driven by both biological and mental factors. Mental and biological factors help regulate and influence the tendency to engage in sexual desire. The above finds that there are similarities and differences in sexual arousal patterns between males and females. Ultimately, understanding these patterns allow for essential insights into human behaviour, motivation, and practical application. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Frankenbach, J., Weber, M., Loschelder, D. D., Kilger, H., & Friese, M. (2022). Sex drive: Theoretical conceptualization and meta-analytic review of gender differences. Psychological Bulletin, 148(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000366 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Kinsey, A. C. (2010). Sexual behavior in the human female. Ishi Press International. (Original work published 1953) Kinsey, A. C. (n.d.). Sexual behavior in the human male. W.B. Saunders Company. (Original work published 1948) Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 4dm7iw2rnzvwfx2dtru9rh63oafmsmf 2839856 2839854 2026-10-12T17:08:21Z U3236349 3005692 /* References */ fixed and changed 2839856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Between 1938 to 1954, Alfred Kinsey produced two reports detailing how biological and social factors influence variations in human sexual desire and activity (Kinsey, 1948; Kinsey, 1953/2010). The reports were designed to establish an empirical foundation to assist future clinicians, educators, and legal authorities concerning what humans actually experience during sexual activities, which was lacking before and during Kinsey's time. Suggestions for why understanding sexual arousal in males and females is important: * Helps understand causes of real world problems such as sexual dysfunction and high risk sexual behaviour (Benson, 2003). * Provides means to explore basic questions about the nature of sexual arousal and how its different components are related to each other (Benson, 2003). * Helps to develop more accurate and inclusive models of human motivation and behaviour. * It informs and guides therapies for various sexual disorders, answering theoretical and physiological questions about human sexual response patterns, providing diagnostic information regarding legally and clinically significant sexual attractions (e.g. attraction to minors and sexual disorders) (Katz et al., 2023). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation (see Park & Rissman, 2007 for perspective on whether gonadal hormones relate to male sexual behaviour). Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them (see also, Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) has identified that heterosexual females have generally been found to display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. But Spape's research also suggests that females show more gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} When comparing these tendencies in females to males, there are some differences and similarities. Unlike females, males demonstrate a significantly higher degree of mind-body concordance. This suggests that a males own feelings of sexual arousal occur together with the physical genital responses (Chivers et al., 2010). Additionally, while females have been shown to have gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli, male genital and subjective responses have been found to be highly gender-specific and can be predicted based on the males sexual orientation (Spape et al., 2014; see also, Slettevold et al.,2019). The effects of how frequently a male engages in sexual activity also differ, while it enhances sexual responses in females, more frequent sexual activity in males does not increase the desire for sexual arousal (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). While self-report questionnaires can indicate that males have a higher over tendency to experience sexual arousal, objective biological measurements of unconscious responses show that sexual motivation is inherently quite similar between females and males (Touraille & Agmo, 2024). Male sexual desire is stable and constant compared to females. Harris et al. (2023) shows that sexual arousal fluctuates substantially in both sexes, such that male and females experience about similar short-term fluctuations. {{Robelbox|theme=4|title=Quiz}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How does "mind-body concordance" in sexual arousal differ between females and males according to the above?: |type="()"} - Females show higher mind-body concordance than males. + Males show higher mind-body concordance than females. - Males and Females show identical mind-body concordance. {What do biological measurements reveal about the inherent sexual motivation of males and females? |type="()"} - Males have significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than females. - Females have a significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than males. + Males and females have similar sexual motivation inherently. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion == Sexual arousal is driven by both biological and mental factors. Mental and biological factors help regulate and influence the tendency to engage in sexual desire. The above finds that there are similarities and differences in sexual arousal patterns between males and females. Ultimately, understanding these patterns allow for essential insights into human behaviour, motivation, and practical application. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Kinsey, A. C. (2010). Sexual behavior in the human female. Ishi Press International. (Original work published 1953) Kinsey, A. C. (n.d.). Sexual behavior in the human male. W.B. Saunders Company. (Original work published 1948) Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] oph9wxd09sam43sqt4xyckek5mhrqyy 2839857 2839856 2026-10-12T17:10:25Z U3236349 3005692 added reference 2839857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns:<br>How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} [[File:ChatGPT Image Aug 18, 2026, 10 10 45 PM.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An image depicting sexual arousal between a female and male human being]] Think, Emma and Daniel have been dating for several months they are attracted to each other but their sexual desires emerge differently. Daniel is often aroused by Emma at the simple sight of her. Emma tends to be aroused by Daniel's words of affirmation. Early in the relationship, Daniel was finding that it was taking longer for Emma to be sexually interested in him and thought that Emma was less attracted to him. Emma explains that she is attracted to him, but her arousal tends to build in response to how he treats her. One question you may ask yourself to better understand your partner: Do females and males experience sexual arousal differently and if so, how? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Between 1938 to 1954, Alfred Kinsey produced two reports detailing how biological and social factors influence variations in human sexual desire and activity (Kinsey, 1948; Kinsey, 1953/2010). The reports were designed to establish an empirical foundation to assist future clinicians, educators, and legal authorities concerning what humans actually experience during sexual activities, which was lacking before and during Kinsey's time. Suggestions for why understanding sexual arousal in males and females is important: * Helps understand causes of real world problems such as sexual dysfunction and high risk sexual behaviour (Benson, 2003). * Provides means to explore basic questions about the nature of sexual arousal and how its different components are related to each other (Benson, 2003). * Helps to develop more accurate and inclusive models of human motivation and behaviour. * It informs and guides therapies for various sexual disorders, answering theoretical and physiological questions about human sexual response patterns, providing diagnostic information regarding legally and clinically significant sexual attractions (e.g. attraction to minors and sexual disorders) (Katz et al., 2023). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Focus questions''' * What is sexual arousal? * What factors influence sexual arousal in males and females? * What are the general patterns of female and male sexual arousal?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is sexual arousal? == === Meaning of sex - difference between males and females === Sex, in the context of human biology, generally refers to the fundamental categories of human species that are, in the broad sense, concerned with a combination of various biological traits that are unique to a subcategory of human species. There are currently two recognised sexes in humans which are assigned at birth, males and females. Female humans are biologically organised for the production and function of an ova, whereas males refer to humans organised for the production and function of sperm (Ivan et al., 2022; Stévant et al., 2018).[[File:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Painting known as 'girl with the pearl earring' - There are viewers who suggest that this painting has the ability to elicit sexual responses (Pacheco, 2025).]] === Concept of sexual arousal === Sexual arousal refers to the mental and physical response cultivated by subjective stimulation that prepares the body for reproductive behaviour and supports subjective feelings of desire (Calabrò et al., 2019, p. 1; Bramanti & Anastasi, 2019). Sexual arousal is believed to serve as a motivational system for sexual behaviour which are likely to be shaped by learned associations, language, and social meanings rather than being determined solely by biological reproductive mechanisms (Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). The general consensus is that there are two (2) fundamental causes for sexual arousal: mental and biological factors. Mental factors are concerned with how the human brain functions to elicit a desire to engage in sexual activity. Biological factors are concerned with how the physical components of the human body function to sexualy arouse the body. == The 2 fundamental causes of sexual arousal in humans == === Role of Biology === The existence of the human's biological makeup it to allow sexual activity and the feeling of arousal to be expressed and carried out (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Hormones, specifically sex hormones, are believed to help control and regulate sexual desire. A lack of or too much of a hormone can change how likely the body will encourage sexual activity in the brain. One example can be the levels of testosterone in the body and how it can affect a female's capacity to experience sexual arousal. As explored by Davis (2000), it is possible that not having enough testosterone could be the cause for a lack of sexual motivation (see Park & Rissman, 2007 for perspective on whether gonadal hormones relate to male sexual behaviour). Neurotransmitters are the "chemicals" that either incite or deter sexual motivation from the brain. For example, dopamine believed to be the chemicals that increase sexual motivation and assist with the ability to experience an orgasm (Giuliano & Allard, 2001). On the contrary, serotonin is considered a inhibitory chemical such that too much of it can reduce the likelihood a person will experience sexual motivation (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). Further, at the more physical level, the automatic nervous system is believed to have the role of physically preparing the body for sexual activity. Examples include, increasing blood flow to genital regions to increase sensitivity to prepare for sexual activity (Lambert Jesse Quicke, 2023). === Role of the Mind === As suggested in a study by Klucken et al. (2009), classical conditioning of a person's mind can either encourage or discourage sexual arousal. The intensity of sexual arousal can be increased or decreased based on based what a person has learnt about a specific stimuli in the past. In the case of Klucken's study, the participants were encouraged to associate images that would not generally be considered sexually arousing with images that were considered sexually arousing. The study found that the participants that managed to associate the two images together were more likely to become sexually aroused from being able to make that connection. This suggests that a person's degree of sexual arousal can be informed by how the person perceives the stimuli that is presented to them (see also, Roche & Barnes-Holmes, 2002). == Patterns of sexual arousal in males and females == [[File:Tor-Arne Moen Natural selection.jpg|thumb|Figure 3. Male viewing visual stimuli]]As mentioned above, sexual arousal is a process that is driven by a combination of mental and biological processes. In females physical arousal typically involves stimulation of female erogenous zones, which include clitoris, labia minora, and the vagina itself (Lambert Jesse Quickie, 2023). However, female sexual response patterns are generally determined by stimulation to the mind and arousal is more likely due to external stimulus as opposed to biological processes (Lake Polan etal., 2003). Spape et al., (2014) has identified that heterosexual females have generally been found to display greater physical arousal to images of erect penises compared to exposed vulvas, indicating that female sexual arousal is could be more influenced by signs of sexual readiness and the gender of the stimulus. But Spape's research also suggests that females show more gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli. Chivers (2010) has also suggested that females can experience biological responses showing sexual arousal such as, vaginal lubrication and vasocongestion without consciously feeling sexually aroused. Adebisi & Carlson (2024), would argue that this response is designed to just prepare the body for potential sexual activity so as to reduce the risk of injury during penetration. According to Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2026), how intensely females experiences sexual arousal can be shaped by the number of times she experiences a orgasms. It is suggested that more often females engage in pleasurable sexual activity, tend to experience stronger physical and mental arousal. This supports the classical conditioning proposed above, that it is possible the frequent practice is connected to feeling more intense pleasure which may likely be interpreted as a reward. {{Robelbox|title=Quiz|theme=12}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following best describes the labia minora in the context of the fundamental sources of sexual arousal?: |type="()"} + A physical source, representing a physiological trait capable of causing arousal through tactile and sensory patterns. - An independent motivational system that is entirely unliked from both physical and mental elements. - A conditioned mental source, relies on software and hardware changes via personal experience. {According to research examining how visual stimuli and vible signs of sexual readiness affect psychophysiological responses, which of the following fings was demonstrated regarding heterosexual females: |type="()"} - They exhibit no measurable change in genital response when viewing cisual sexual cues. - The experience identical short-term fluctuations in sexual desire exclusively driven by biological reproductive mechanisms. + They show greater genital arousal to images of erect penises than to images of aroused vulvas. - They display higher subjective sexual arousal only when sexual desire remians entirely constant over time. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} When comparing these tendencies in females to males, there are some differences and similarities. Unlike females, males demonstrate a significantly higher degree of mind-body concordance. This suggests that a males own feelings of sexual arousal occur together with the physical genital responses (Chivers et al., 2010). Additionally, while females have been shown to have gender-nonspecific arousal to general visual stimuli, male genital and subjective responses have been found to be highly gender-specific and can be predicted based on the males sexual orientation (Spape et al., 2014; see also, Slettevold et al.,2019). The effects of how frequently a male engages in sexual activity also differ, while it enhances sexual responses in females, more frequent sexual activity in males does not increase the desire for sexual arousal (Sánchez-Pérez et al., 2026). While self-report questionnaires can indicate that males have a higher over tendency to experience sexual arousal, objective biological measurements of unconscious responses show that sexual motivation is inherently quite similar between females and males (Touraille & Agmo, 2024). Male sexual desire is stable and constant compared to females. Harris et al. (2023) shows that sexual arousal fluctuates substantially in both sexes, such that male and females experience about similar short-term fluctuations. {{Robelbox|theme=4|title=Quiz}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How does "mind-body concordance" in sexual arousal differ between females and males according to the above?: |type="()"} - Females show higher mind-body concordance than males. + Males show higher mind-body concordance than females. - Males and Females show identical mind-body concordance. {What do biological measurements reveal about the inherent sexual motivation of males and females? |type="()"} - Males have significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than females. - Females have a significantly higher inherent sexual motivation than males. + Males and females have similar sexual motivation inherently. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Conclusion == Sexual arousal is driven by both biological and mental factors. Mental and biological factors help regulate and influence the tendency to engage in sexual desire. The above finds that there are similarities and differences in sexual arousal patterns between males and females. Ultimately, understanding these patterns allow for essential insights into human behaviour, motivation, and practical application. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Sexual_arousal|Sexual arousal]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Sexual motivation and hormones|Sexual motivation and hormones]] (Book Chapter, 2016) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adebisi, O. Y., & Carlson, K. (2024). Female sexual interest and arousal disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/?report=reader#_NBK603746_pubdet_ Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? Brain and Behavior, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389 Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Laan, E., & Grimbos, T. (2010). Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9556-9 Davis, S. (2000). Testosterone and sexual desire in women. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074325 Giuliano, F., & Allard, J. (2001). Dopamine and sexual function. International Journal of Impotence Research, 13(S3), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900719 Harris, E. A., Hornsey, M. J., Hofmann, W., Jern, P., Murphy, S. C., Hedenborg, F., & Barlow, F. K. (2023). Does sexual desire fluctuate more among women than men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02525-y Ivan, S., Daniela, O., & Jaroslava, B. D. (2022). Sex differences matter: Males and females are equal but not the same. Physiology & Behavior, 259(Volume 259), 114038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114038 Katz, M., Penniston, T. L., Barry, C., Micanovic, N., Seto, M. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2023). Use of sexual stimuli in research and clinical settings: Expert opinion and recommendations. Sexual Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad012 Kinsey, A. C. (2010). Sexual behavior in the human female. Ishi Press International. (Original work published 1953) Kinsey, A. C. (n.d.). Sexual behavior in the human male. W.B. Saunders Company. (Original work published 1948) Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 3071–3085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x Lake Polan, M., Desmond, J. E., Banner, L. L., Pryor, M. R., McCallum, S. W., Atlas, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Arnow, B. A. (2003). Female sexual arousal: A behavioral analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 80(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)02210-6 Lambert Jesse Quicke, D. (2023). Arousal and its measurement. Female Arousal and Orgasm: Anatomy, Physiology, Behaviour and Evolution, 155–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124637123010008 Park, J. H., & Rissman, E. F. (2007). The male sexual revolution: Independence from testosterone. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2007.10559846 Priscille Touraille, & Anders Ågmo. (2024). Sex differences in sexual motivation in humans and other mammals: The role of conscious and unconscious processes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040277 Roche, B., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002). Human sexual arousal: A modern behavioral approach. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099973 Slettevold, E., Holmes, L., Gruia, D., Nyssen, C. P., Watts-Overall, T. M., & Rieger, G. (2019). Bisexual men with bisexual and monosexual genital arousal patterns. Biological Psychology, 148, 107763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107763 Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 Stévant, I., Papaioannou, M. D., & Nef, S. (2018). A brief history of sex determination. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 468, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.004 Sánchez-Pérez, G. M., Granados, R., Mangas, P., Cervilla, O., & Sierra, J. C. (2026). Validation of masturbation parameters: A laboratory study measuring psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 26(1), 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100662 }} == External links == * [https://www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare Sex drive: How do men and women compare?] (Webmd.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/41K95dG0MnHux15rtwywMl?si=A4zCgSxSS9KB10REgbA_dg Women's sexual health: desire, arousal, and orgasms, navigating pre-menopause, and enhancing satisfaction] (Spotify.com) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2plfCfD98Now1GMjadaKKq?si=XnkE8OvuSrSfJ-v-NQ9K-w Episode 16: what we get wrong about men's sexual desire] (Spotify.com) * [https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr03/arousal Sex: The science of sexual arousal] (apa.org) * [https://digitalwomanaward.com/why-was-the-girl-with-the-pearl-earring-considered-obscene/ Why was the girl with the pearl earring considered obscene?] (digitalwomanaward.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sexual motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 8amogvlmpk8i938jz69rzpq4fvaf8xg 0 331034 2839789 2839769 2026-10-12T12:02:52Z U3222012 2968463 /* Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination */ added text on the effectiveness of CBT, translated using ChatGPThttps://chatgpt.com/c/6accc9eb-7d1c-83ec-ba45-7b59a7e84935 2839789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Types of procrastination and their characteristics{{fact}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Type''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Evidence for effectiveness''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. ==Conclusion== ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. ''Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education''. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. ''Journal of Research in Personality'', ''26''(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(92)90060-h Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. ''Cognitive Therapy and Research'', 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the Common Variance of Perfectionistic Strivings and Perfectionistic Concerns: A Bifactor Model of Perfectionism. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''8''(160). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''121'', 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being. ''American Psychologist'', ''55''(1), 68–78. https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2000_RyanDeci_SDT.pdf Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A Meta-analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations Between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism. ''European Journal of Personality'', ''31''(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098         Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''133''(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311970309_Perfectionism_A_motivational_perspective Xie, Y., Yang, J., & Chen, F. (2018). Procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism: A meta-analysis of main, mediating, and moderating effects. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6680 Yosopov, L., Saklofske, D. H., Smith, M. M., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2024). Failure Sensitivity in Perfectionism and Procrastination: Fear of Failure and Overgeneralization of Failure as Mediators of Traits and Cognitions. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829241249784 }} This section lists the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091 Sacks, O. (1985). ''The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales''. Harper & Row. }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: ** Use "Edit source" ** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] je5l8hjusp0zdash87i1az9vny7ge6h 2839800 2839789 2026-10-12T12:36:02Z U3222012 2968463 /* Conclusion */ added conclusion. translated with Chat GPT 2839800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Types of procrastination and their characteristics{{fact}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Type''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Evidence for effectiveness''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. ''Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education''. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. ''Journal of Research in Personality'', ''26''(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(92)90060-h Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. ''Cognitive Therapy and Research'', 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the Common Variance of Perfectionistic Strivings and Perfectionistic Concerns: A Bifactor Model of Perfectionism. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''8''(160). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''121'', 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being. ''American Psychologist'', ''55''(1), 68–78. https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2000_RyanDeci_SDT.pdf Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A Meta-analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations Between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism. ''European Journal of Personality'', ''31''(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098         Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''133''(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311970309_Perfectionism_A_motivational_perspective Xie, Y., Yang, J., & Chen, F. (2018). Procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism: A meta-analysis of main, mediating, and moderating effects. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6680 Yosopov, L., Saklofske, D. H., Smith, M. M., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2024). Failure Sensitivity in Perfectionism and Procrastination: Fear of Failure and Overgeneralization of Failure as Mediators of Traits and Cognitions. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829241249784 }} This section lists the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091 Sacks, O. (1985). ''The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales''. Harper & Row. }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: ** Use "Edit source" ** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] 0x5yx7hb9k7d8s73e2wjku7m3tq08gw 2839809 2839800 2026-10-12T14:26:23Z U3222012 2968463 /* References */ 2839809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Types of procrastination and their characteristics{{fact}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Type''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Evidence for effectiveness''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] p8flymt7rg2feb20520mbmbo2zbr1gr 2839811 2839809 2026-10-12T14:31:55Z U3222012 2968463 /* External links */ 2839811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Types of procrastination and their characteristics{{fact}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Type''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Evidence for effectiveness''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] oz1y4euh5wnetcum45z6nkm50adplt0 2839812 2839811 2026-10-12T14:32:16Z U3222012 2968463 /* External links */ 2839812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Types of procrastination and their characteristics{{fact}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Type''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Evidence for effectiveness''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] ms8wo4k22c65shj0lz8qow2roq5p2ee 2839814 2839812 2026-10-12T14:45:39Z U3222012 2968463 2839814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics{{fact}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Evidence for effectiveness''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] pvbegowi3g2sjnj6tlmojp0zendtct9 2839815 2839814 2026-10-12T14:46:58Z U3222012 2968463 /* Perfectionism and Procrastination */ 2839815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Evidence for effectiveness''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] 9s5guyoe12cx5pianzva94c6blqp1vf 2839819 2839815 2026-10-12T15:26:04Z U3222012 2968463 /* Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination */ Added text Self-help strategies , translated with ChatGPThttps://chatgpt.com/c/6accf6dc-fc9c-83ec-a924-85aa7d787897 2839819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Sirois’s (2022) decision tree helps make sense of the particular situation. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] 6rn2ovqoie073sc4x9rwl3hx8lzv0zy 2839826 2839819 2026-10-12T15:56:00Z U3222012 2968463 /* References */ 2839826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Sirois’s (2022) decision tree helps make sense of the particular situation. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] 0pxt3ss2kc21exuslulorsesukhx1pi 2839827 2839826 2026-10-12T15:56:31Z U3222012 2968463 /* Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination */ 2839827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] l1dbd55iqewf5eq6vnn09qbgfhv25sv 2839829 2839827 2026-10-12T16:05:17Z U3222012 2968463 /* Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination */ Added strategies , translated with ChatGPThttps://chatgpt.com/c/6accf6dc-fc9c-83ec-a924-85aa7d787897 2839829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). If procrastination is linked to attempts to avoid negative feelings, it can be helpful to explore those feelings rather than rely solely on willpower. Sirois (2022) recommends approaching procrastination with compassion and without judgement, and offers exercises to help explore it. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] 83zqdit1ymtrljeqozab82ovv7wdehh 2839830 2839829 2026-10-12T16:06:32Z U3222012 2968463 /* References */ 2839830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). If procrastination is linked to attempts to avoid negative feelings, it can be helpful to explore those feelings rather than rely solely on willpower. Sirois (2022) recommends approaching procrastination with compassion and without judgement, and offers exercises to help explore it. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). Among working adults, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was accounted for by autonomous motivation (which was associated with less procrastination) and psychological distress (which was associated with more procrastination) (Wang et al., 2024). This suggests that motivation and emotions can be viewed as parts of a single process. However, the data were collected through self-report measures and do not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] qseicy0y4viq3vnym64gntk4rr6r9sd 2839834 2839830 2026-10-12T16:19:12Z U3222012 2968463 /* Conclusion */ 2839834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). If procrastination is linked to attempts to avoid negative feelings, it can be helpful to explore those feelings rather than rely solely on willpower. Sirois (2022) recommends approaching procrastination with compassion and without judgement, and offers exercises to help explore it. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental, 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] tiez2mvsskvxfe9ic3jttd1tf2gf27d 2839837 2839834 2026-10-12T16:31:37Z U3222012 2968463 /* Conclusion */ 2839837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). If procrastination is linked to attempts to avoid negative feelings, it can be helpful to explore those feelings rather than rely solely on willpower. Sirois (2022) recommends approaching procrastination with compassion and without judgement, and offers exercises to help explore it. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental et al., 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] iglr9pfjbdbxndl77rt1bdqfhe0fdyn 2839839 2839837 2026-10-12T16:35:52Z U3222012 2968463 /* Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination */ 2839839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). If procrastination is linked to attempts to avoid negative feelings, it can be helpful to explore those feelings rather than rely solely on willpower. Sirois (2022) recommends approaching procrastination with compassion and without judgement. ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental et al., 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] hg5dozbcohh7xkjbyrir3nr67oj6qan 2839846 2839839 2026-10-12T16:51:28Z U3222012 2968463 /* Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination */Added strategy , translated with ChatGPThttps://chatgpt.com/c/6accf6dc-fc9c-83ec-a924-85aa7d787897 2839846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). If procrastination is linked to attempts to avoid negative feelings, it can be helpful to explore those feelings rather than rely solely on willpower. Sirois (2022) recommends approaching procrastination with compassion and without judgement.Other practical strategies include breaking work down into small steps and focusing on the next action rather than a perfect outcome (Sirois, 2022). ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental et al., 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] 04bhfdyzm0ynrn3fvnuspuhewckaan7 2839848 2839846 2026-10-12T16:55:21Z U3222012 2968463 /* Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination */ added "van" 2839848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Perfectionism and procrastination:<br>What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:The procrastinating student - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Waiting for the perfect moment]] '''Scenario''' Brian has been trying for several days to start preparing an important presentation for an upcoming meeting. He is convinced that he must deliver a flawless presentation - think everything through and execute everything perfectly. He’s long had a clear picture in his mind of what the presentation should be like, but some kind of inner resistance keeps making him put off getting started. He glances through the materials, then switches to other tasks, as if waiting for the moment when he’ll finally feel completely ready. But that moment never comes. {{RoundBoxBottom}} In a world where success and high achievement are highly valued, it is paradoxical that individuals who attach great importance to these goals may nonetheless refrain from action or engage in task avoidance (Flett et al., 1995). This paradox highlights the relationship between two psychological constructs: [[wikipedia:Perfectionism_(psychology)|perfectionism]] and [[wikipedia:Procrastination|procrastination]] (Sirois et al., 2017). Although they do not necessarily co-occur, empirical research indicates that some links exist between them (Sirois et al., 2017). Understanding which possible mechanisms underlie the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination may help identify ways to overcome procrastination and achieve intended goals (Wang et al., 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|left|20px|]] * What are the main characteristics of perfectionism and procrastination? * What is the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? * What dimensions of perfectionism predict (contribute to) procrastination? * How can we reduce procrastination and the negative effects of perfectionism? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Perfectionism and Procrastination == '''Perfectionism and procrastination''' are complex psychological constructs that may be closely related but differ in their nature and manifestations. Perfectionism primarily refers to personality traits and attitudes, whereas procrastination manifests itself primarily as a pattern of behaviour (Akpur & Yurtseven, 2019, Husain et al., 2025) Although '''perfectionism''' is generally perceived as the pursuit of excellence and a desire to do everything perfectly, in psychology it is regarded as a multidimensional construct. In the academic literature, perfectionism is defined as the pursuit of flawlessness, the setting of extremely high standards, and a tendency to evaluate one’s own behaviour critically (Sirois, 2017; Stoeber, 2018). As scientific understanding has evolved, researchers have proposed a range of models, from unidimensional approaches to multidimensional models with two, three, or six dimensions (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). In their review of decades of research, Stoeber and Otto (2006) identified two core dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This two-dimensional model will serve as the primary conceptual framework for this chapter. '''Perfectionistic strivings''' involve setting high personal standards and pursuing excellence. This dimension is often viewed as relatively adaptive because it is associated with high motivation and goal achievement (Stoeber, 2018). '''Perfectionistic concerns''' involve fear of making mistakes and receiving negative criticism, excessive self-criticism, and an inability to derive satisfaction from one’s achievements. This dimension is generally regarded as maladaptive because it is associated with negative outcomes and difficulties in self-regulation (Gade et al., 2017; Sirois, 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} '''Scenario continued''' Time passes, and the day of the presentation draws closer. Brian returns to his presentation materials increasingly often, even drawing up several versions of an outline, but each time he finds flaws and starts again. From time to time, he imagines the people attending the meeting and the questions they might ask. He then begins searching for additional information, trying to rule out any possibility of error in advance. He feels that if the presentation is not convincing, others will begin to doubt his competence. Preparing for it increasingly feels like a test of his own abilities. Brian switches to familiar tasks that he feels more confident handling, but then his thoughts return to the presentation. Time is running out. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Robelbox|left|alt=|theme=6|title=Learning Checkpoint |icon=Emblem-question-yellow.svg|iconwidth=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Brian is putting off preparing a presentation. He thinks, “If I make a mistake, the people at the meeting will think I’m incompetent.” Which dimension of perfectionism does this thought illustrate?} -Perfectionistic strivings +Perfectionistic concerns </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} '''Procrastination''' While examining the characteristics of perfectionism reveals the psychological experiences associated with striving for perfection and fearing failure to meet high standards, analysing procrastination can shed light on the difficulties that arise when translating intentions into action. A key characteristic of procrastination is the discrepancy between intending to perform an action and delaying it despite awareness of the negative consequences (Steel, 2007). However, not every delay constitutes procrastination. Steel (2007) emphasises that, even when an intention exists, objective circumstances may prevent task completion and require priorities to be reconsidered. Procrastination therefore refers specifically to the unwarranted delay of an intended action despite foreseeable negative consequences. It is associated with task aversiveness, impulsivity, low self-efficacy, and a longer delay before the anticipated outcome is obtained (Steel, 2007). The role of these factors can be examined within the framework of temporal motivation theory (Steel, 2007). According to this model, motivation to act depends on the expectancy of success, the value of the outcome, the delay before it is obtained, and impulsivity. The greater the likelihood of success and the subjective value of the outcome, the stronger the motivation to act. However, as the delay before the anticipated outcome increases, motivation weakens, particularly when impulsivity is high. Consequently, a person may favour an activity that provides immediate pleasure and postpone the planned action. As the deadline approaches, motivation may increase. Procrastination can affect various domains of activity, including study, work, everyday responsibilities, health-related behaviour, leisure, relationships with loved ones, and interactions with other people (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019).<gallery> </gallery> '''Table 1.''' Domains of procrastination and their characteristics (Klingsieck, 2013, as cited in Kurtovic, 2019) {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Domain''' !'''Description''' |- |Academic procrastination |Delaying academic assignments, exam preparation, and writing academic papers. |- |Workplace procrastination |Postponing important work tasks, meetings, reports, and phone calls. |- |Health procrastination |Postponing medical appointments, health check-ups, treatment, or health-promoting behaviours |- |Decision procrastination |Postponing or avoiding important decisions. |} == How perfectionism relates to procrastination: a motivational perspective == '''Perfectionism and procrastination: the role of perfectionistic concerns and strivings''' Empirical evidence on the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is mixed: Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis did not identify a strong relationship between them, whereas later studies have reported both positive and negative correlations (Wang et al., 2024). This inconsistency can be partly explained by distinguishing between two dimensions of perfectionism. According to the meta-analysis by Sirois et al. (2017), perfectionistic concerns, which include fear of mistakes and negative evaluation, are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings, characterised by high personal standards, show a weak negative association with it. Thus, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination depends on the dimension under consideration: the tendency to delay tasks is primarily associated with perfectionistic concerns (Sirois et al., 2017). '''Procrastination as an emotion regulation strategy''' One explanation for the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is provided by the emotion regulation model. This model views procrastination as a way of avoiding unpleasant feelings: postponing an anxiety-provoking task provides temporary relief but does not resolve the task and may subsequently intensify negative emotional states (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Tice et al. (2001) take a similar position, describing procrastination as a mood improvement strategy in the presence of psychological distress (as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Applied to perfectionistic concerns, the model suggests that a task associated with fear of evaluation elicits anxiety, and that postponing it becomes reinforced as an avoidance behaviour. However, the model does not explain why the same task does not elicit anxiety in everyone, highlighting the need to consider motivational factors. '''Motivation strength: temporal motivation theory''' '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Temporal motivation theory|Temporal motivation theory]]''' may serve as a starting point for examining the motivational mechanisms of procrastination. According to this theory, the strength of motivation is determined by expectancy of '''success''', '''outcome value''', '''delay''', and '''impulsiveness''' (Steel, 2007). The greater the value of the outcome and the closer the reward, the stronger the motivation. When the immediate reward offered by another activity is more motivating than the outcome of the task, a person may choose that activity instead (Steel, 2007). '''Motivation quality: a self-determination perspective''' However, as Wang et al. (2024) note, research has primarily focused on the strength of motivation, paying less attention to its quality. Drawing on '''[[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self-determination theory]]''', Grund and Fries (2018) emphasise the importance of both the strength and the quality of motivation - that is, the extent to which people perceive their actions as voluntary and consistent with their own interests and values. According to '''self-determination theory''', '''autonomous motivation''' is supported by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: '''autonomy, competence, and relatedness''' (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''Autonomy''' involves a sense of volition and internal endorsement of one’s actions; '''competence''' involves feeling capable of successfully managing tasks; and '''relatedness''' involves feelings of closeness, belonging, and acceptance in relationships with others. '''Self-determination theory''' distinguishes between forms of behavioural regulation that differ in their degree of autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). '''External regulation''' involves acting to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. Under '''introjected regulation''', behaviour is driven by internal pressure, such as the desire to avoid guilt and shame or to affirm one’s self-worth. '''Identified regulation''' involves recognising and accepting the personal importance of an action, whereas '''integrated regulation''' involves bringing that importance into alignment with other values and aspects of the self (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Grund & Fries, 2018). '''Intrinsic motivation''' involves engaging in an activity for the interest and enjoyment inherent in the activity itself. Wang et al. (2024) group these forms into two types: autonomous motivation includes intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation, while controlled motivation includes external and introjected regulation. Distinguishing between autonomous and controlled motivation makes it possible to examine how people’s reasons for performing a task relate to their tendency to postpone it (Wang et al., 2024). For example, academic procrastination was higher among students with lower intrinsic motivation and higher external regulation (Senécal et al., 1995, as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). An association between autonomous motivation and less procrastination has also been found in other studies (Koestner et al., 2008; Senécal & Guay, 2000, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Consistent findings have emerged from research on persistence: Sheldon and Elliot (1998) found that a sense of freely choosing one’s goals predicted sustained effort, whereas controlled forms of motivation did not contribute to goal attainment (as cited in Grund & Fries, 2018). Drawing on this evidence, Grund and Fries (2018) suggest that procrastination is not solely a failure of self-regulation but may also reflect a mismatch between a goal and a person’s values and needs. '''Motivational and emotional pathways linking perfectionism to procrastination''' In the context of perfectionism, '''the quality of motivation''' helps explain why its two dimensions—perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings - differ in their associations with procrastination. Perfectionistic concerns involve a perceived need to meet external standards and avoid criticism, which may be experienced as internal and external pressure, giving motivation a controlled character (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). Wang et al. (2024) examined the relationships between perfectionism, motivation quality, and procrastination in a three-wave study of 376 employees. Perfectionism and performance pressure were measured at the first wave; autonomous and controlled motivation and psychological distress were measured two weeks later; and procrastination was measured after a further two weeks. The authors examined how the combination of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns related to procrastination and through which processes this relationship operated. The findings indicated that the relationship could be explained by two processes: autonomous motivation - acting because the activity is personally important- and psychological distress, including anxiety and tension (Wang et al., 2024). Autonomous motivation was associated with less procrastination, whereas distress was associated with more procrastination. Controlled motivation played a smaller role in explaining the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination (Wang et al., 2024). Thus, the findings of Wang et al. (2024) indicate the importance of considering motivational and emotional mechanisms together. In explaining the emotional pathway, the authors suggest that obstacles to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs may prompt people to seek short-term relief, including through task avoidance, even when this conflicts with their long-term goals. The authors also interpret their findings in relation to the idea of '''“effortless” self-regulation''', which involves reducing the conflict between long-term goals and immediate desires, rather than merely suppressing temptations once they have arisen (Fujita, 2011, as cited in Wang et al., 2024). To support this interpretation, they cite earlier studies linking autonomous motivation and favourable emotional states to weaker temptations to become distracted (Wang et al., 2024). Overall, the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is complex and depends on the levels of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Sirois et al., 2017). It may also be explained by motivation quality and emotional state (Wang et al., 2024). == Approaches to addressing perfectionism-related procrastination == '''Therapeutic interventions''' Meta-analyses by Rozental and colleagues (2018) and van Eerde and Klingsieck (2018) indicate that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing procrastination. Van Eerde and Klingsieck also found that CBT had a greater effect than the other approaches examined. CBT involves identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts, then helping individuals put new ways of thinking into practice through their behaviour. '''Self-help strategies''' Procrastination may be associated with various factors, so there is no single solution that works for everyone. First, it is important to understand what is happening when someone puts off a task: sometimes they need a break, while at other times they may be trying to avoid unpleasant feelings (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). If procrastination is linked to attempts to avoid negative feelings, it can be helpful to explore those feelings rather than rely solely on willpower. Sirois (2022) recommends approaching procrastination with compassion and without judgement.Other practical strategies include breaking work down into small steps and focusing on the next action rather than a perfect outcome (Sirois, 2022). ==Conclusion== * Perfectionism is more than simply striving to do everything perfectly. It is a multidimensional personality trait with two main dimensions: perfectionistic strivings (the pursuit of high standards) and perfectionistic concerns (fear of mistakes and negative evaluation) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). * Procrastination is the unnecessary delay of an intended action despite awareness of its potential negative consequences. Not every delay is procrastination (Steel, 2007). * The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination is neither simple nor clear-cut. Some studies have found a positive association, others a negative association, and still others no association at all (Wang et al., 2024). Steel’s (2007) meta-analysis also found no substantial association. The findings depend on which dimension of perfectionism is examined. * Perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with procrastination, whereas perfectionistic strivings show a weak negative association with it (Sirois et al., 2017). In other words, procrastination is more closely associated with fear of mistakes and evaluation than with the pursuit of high standards. * Differences between the two dimensions can be explained in terms of the quality of motivation: what matters is not only how strongly a person is motivated, but also why they act (Grund & Fries, 2018). * To reduce procrastination, the first step is to understand why tasks are being put off (Sirois, 2022; Grund & Fries, 2018), and then to select an approach that addresses that particular reason. * Among therapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy has received the strongest empirical support (vanEerde & Klingsieck, 2018; Rozental et al., 2018) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism]] (Book chapter,2022) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Procrastination, moods, and emotion|Procrastination, moods, and emotion]] (Book chapter,2015) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Akpur, U., & Yurtseven, N. (2019). Structural Relationships between Academic Motivation, Procrastination and Perfectionism: A Modelling Study. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.452633 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 113–136). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_6 Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160 Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2018). Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025). The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019). Predicting procrastination: The role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Sirois, F. M. (2022). Procrastination: What it is, why it's a problem, and what you can do about it. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098 Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 19–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255-2 van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024). Why do perfectionists procrastinate (or not)? Exploring the interaction between perfectionism dimensions through self-determination theory. Applied Psychology, 74(1), Article e12586. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12563 }} ==External links== 1. [https://www.oneyoufeed.net/procrastinator/ Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl] 2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFG1b1-EsW8 Our dangerous obsession with perfectionism is getting worse | Thomas Curran] 3. [https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination Procrastination or 'intentional delay'?] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Perfectionism]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Procrastination]] bmeo6zy9pllf6ub4fxn4v2nd3peyhh6 0 331356 2839891 2839584 2026-10-12T18:48:21Z Howie2024 2995240 Subpage: PDT, Fisher--Rao Geometry, and Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Holes create 2839891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} '''Research manuscript — Draft Version 1.0''' ''This page develops a standalone research manuscript arising from the [[Probability Dilation Theory]] project. It is a work in progress and should not be regarded as a peer-reviewed publication.'' = Normalized Probability Dilation: A Unified Framework and Its Fisher–Rao Geometry = '''Howard Richardson''' ''Draft Version 1.0 — August 2026'' == Abstract == This paper develops a unified framework for normalized positive transformations of probability distributions, referred to here as '''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)'''. The central construction consists of applying a positive transformation to a probability state and subsequently renormalizing the result. In finite dimensions this includes diagonal reweighting, :<math> p_i'= \frac{d_i p_i} {\sum_j d_jp_j}, </math> and the matrix transformation :<math> T_M(p)= \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf T}Mp}, </math> for suitable nonnegative matrices <math>M</math>. A corresponding measure-theoretic formulation is :<math> P_D(A)= \frac{\int_A D\,dP} {\int_X D\,dP}. </math> These constructions are compared explicitly with established mathematical structures including change of measure, normalized positive operators, Perron–Frobenius iteration, Markov operators, replicator-type dynamics, and normalized Feynman–Kac transformations. The purpose of the framework is therefore not to claim these established constructions as new, but to investigate their common dilation-normalization structure and the geometry of the resulting probability trajectories. Particular attention is given to the exponential dilation family :<math> p_i(\theta)= \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {\sum_j p_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j}}. </math> Using the square-root representation of the Fisher–Rao simplex, we establish that, under finite-dimensional strict-positivity assumptions, the image of this exponential-dilation trajectory is contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic, up to reparameterization, if and only if the generator <math>\phi</math> assumes at most two distinct values. An explicit Fisher–Rao arclength parameterization is then obtained for the nondegenerate two-level case. The framework provides a common language for normalized probability transformations while separating results inherited from established theory from geometric properties arising from the particular dilation formulation. == 1. Introduction == Probability distributions are frequently transformed by operations having a common mathematical structure: nonnegative weights are modified by a positive transformation and subsequently normalized so that total probability remains unity. Such constructions occur in numerous areas of probability, statistics, dynamical systems, numerical linear algebra, and mathematical physics. The simplest finite-dimensional example takes a probability vector :<math> p=(p_1,\ldots,p_n)^{\mathsf T}, \qquad p_i\geq 0, \qquad \sum_{i=1}^{n}p_i=1, </math> assigns positive weights <math>d_i</math>, and defines :<math> p_i'= \frac{d_i p_i} {\sum_{j=1}^{n}d_jp_j}. </math> The transformation changes the relative probability assigned to individual states while normalization returns the resulting vector to the probability simplex. This paper uses the term '''probability dilation''' for this general transformation-and-normalization structure and examines a hierarchy of related constructions. In finite dimensions, diagonal dilation extends naturally to the action of a nonnegative matrix, :<math> T_M(p)= \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf T}Mp}, </math> whenever the denominator is positive. At the level of probability measures, multiplication by a positive measurable function <math>D</math> gives :<math> P_D(A)= \frac{\displaystyle\int_A D(x)\,dP(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(x)\,dP(x)}. </math> These expressions have substantial connections with existing mathematics. Normalized matrix iteration is closely related to the power method and Perron–Frobenius theory; positive weighting of measures belongs to established change-of-measure constructions; stochastic matrices provide the familiar Markov special case; and normalized potential-weighted measures occur in Feynman–Kac models. Accordingly, the objective of PDT as developed here is '''not''' to rename these established mathematical theories or to assert novelty for normalization itself. Instead, the objective is to examine them through the common structural sequence :<math> \text{positive transformation} \longrightarrow \text{normalization} \longrightarrow \text{iteration} \longrightarrow \text{probability dynamics} \longrightarrow \text{geometry}. </math> This viewpoint leads naturally to questions concerning fixed points, convergence, entropy, state-dependent transformations, and the geometry of trajectories on the probability simplex. === 1.1 Exponential dilation === A particularly useful example is obtained from exponential dilation. Given an initial strictly positive probability vector <math>p^{(0)}</math> and a real-valued generator <math>\phi</math>, define :<math> p_i(\theta)= \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {Z(\theta)}, </math> where :<math> Z(\theta)= \sum_j p_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j}. </math> This is an exponential-family construction and therefore belongs to well-established information geometry. The question considered here is more specific: :''When is this exponential trajectory also a Levi-Civita geodesic of the Fisher–Rao metric?'' The Fisher–Rao geometry of a finite probability simplex admits a square-root representation on a sphere. Under the mapping :<math> p\longmapsto 2(\sqrt{p_1},\ldots,\sqrt{p_n}), </math> Fisher–Rao geodesics correspond to spherical great-circle arcs. This representation permits a direct characterization of exponential dilation trajectories that are simultaneously Fisher–Rao geodesic. === 1.2 Principal geometric result === The principal geometric result developed below is that, for a strictly positive finite probability vector, an exponential dilation trajectory lies on a Fisher–Rao geodesic, up to reparameterization, precisely when its generator assumes no more than two distinct values. The proof reduces the problem to the dimension of the linear span generated by distinct exponential rates and uses a Vandermonde argument for the converse. The resulting two-level trajectory also admits an explicit Fisher–Rao arclength parameterization. At the present draft stage, this characterization is treated conservatively. Its constituent mathematical ingredients are established results from information geometry and linear algebra. The exact characterization developed here remains subject to further literature review and independent mathematical scrutiny. === 1.3 Organization of the paper === The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: * '''Section 2''' introduces the normalized-dilation framework and notation. * '''Section 3''' develops diagonal and matrix formulations. * '''Section 4''' develops the measure-theoretic formulation. * '''Section 5''' compares the framework explicitly with established mathematics. * '''Section 6''' introduces exponential dilation and its information-geometric representation. * '''Section 7''' states and proves the Fisher–Rao geodesic characterization theorem. * '''Section 8''' derives the two-level Fisher–Rao arclength corollary and illustrative examples. * '''Section 9''' discusses limitations, possible extensions, and open problems. * '''Section 10''' summarizes the principal conclusions. == 2. Normalized-Dilation Framework == This section introduces the common mathematical structure used throughout the paper. The essential operation consists of applying a positive transformation to a probability state and then normalizing the transformed object so that it again represents a probability distribution. === 2.1 Probability simplex === For a finite state space with <math>n</math> states, define the probability simplex :<math> \Delta^{n-1} = \left\{ p\in\mathbb{R}^{n}: p_i\geq 0,\; \sum_{i=1}^{n}p_i=1 \right\}. </math> A probability state is represented by a column vector :<math> p= (p_1,\ldots,p_n)^{\mathsf{T}} \in\Delta^{n-1}. </math> Its components satisfy :<math> p_i\geq 0 </math> and :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}p=1, </math> where :<math> \mathbf{1} = (1,\ldots,1)^{\mathsf{T}}. </math> The interior of the simplex is :<math> \Delta_{+}^{n-1} = \left\{ p\in\Delta^{n-1}:p_i>0 \text{ for all }i \right\}. </math> The distinction between the simplex and its interior becomes important later when Fisher–Rao geometry is considered. === 2.2 Positive transformations === Let <math>\mathcal{L}</math> denote a transformation acting on probability states such that :<math> p\geq 0 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad \mathcal{L}(p)\geq 0. </math> The transformed object <math>\mathcal{L}(p)</math> need not itself be normalized. Define its total mass by :<math> \mathcal{N}[\mathcal{L}(p)] = \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}\mathcal{L}(p). </math> Whenever :<math> 0< \mathcal{N}[\mathcal{L}(p)] < \infty, </math> the normalized transformation is defined by :<math> \mathcal{T}_{\mathcal{L}}(p) = \frac{\mathcal{L}(p)} {\mathcal{N}[\mathcal{L}(p)]}. </math> Equivalently, in the finite-dimensional setting, :<math> \mathcal{T}_{\mathcal{L}}(p) = \frac{\mathcal{L}(p)} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}\mathcal{L}(p)}. </math> By construction, :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}} \mathcal{T}_{\mathcal{L}}(p) = 1, </math> so :<math> \mathcal{T}_{\mathcal{L}}(p) \in \Delta^{n-1}. </math> This positive-transformation-plus-normalization operation is the basic structure referred to in this paper as '''normalized probability dilation'''. === 2.3 Normalization as projectivization === An immediate property of the normalized transformation is invariance under multiplication by a positive scalar. If <math>c>0</math>, then :<math> \frac{c\mathcal{L}(p)} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}c\mathcal{L}(p)} = \frac{\mathcal{L}(p)} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}\mathcal{L}(p)}. </math> Hence :<math> \mathcal{T}_{c\mathcal{L}}(p) = \mathcal{T}_{\mathcal{L}}(p). </math> The normalized transformation therefore depends on the relative components of <math>\mathcal{L}(p)</math>, rather than on its overall positive scale. This projective feature connects normalized dilation with established theories of positive operators and projective dynamics. No claim of novelty is attached to the normalization or projectivization operation itself. === 2.4 Diagonal dilation === Let :<math> D= \operatorname{diag}(d_1,\ldots,d_n), \qquad d_i>0. </math> Applying <math>D</math> to <math>p</math> gives :<math> Dp= (d_1p_1,\ldots,d_np_n)^{\mathsf{T}}. </math> Normalization produces :<math> T_D(p) = \frac{Dp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Dp}. </math> Componentwise, :<math> T_D(p)_i = \frac{d_ip_i} {\sum_{j=1}^{n}d_jp_j}. </math> This is the basic finite-dimensional dilation operation from which the broader PDT formulation developed. The factors <math>d_i</math> alter the relative weights of the probability states, while the denominator restores unit total probability. === 2.5 Matrix dilation === The diagonal transformation can be generalized to a nonnegative matrix :<math> M\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}, \qquad M_{ij}\geq 0. </math> For any probability vector <math>p</math> satisfying :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp>0, </math> define :<math> T_M(p) = \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp}. </math> The diagonal case is recovered when :<math> M=D. </math> Off-diagonal entries permit components of the input probability vector to contribute to different output components before normalization. The matrix formulation therefore extends independent componentwise reweighting to coupled positive transformations. The mathematical behavior of this construction is closely related to established positive-matrix theory, normalized power iteration, and Perron–Frobenius theory. These relationships are discussed explicitly in Section 5. === 2.6 Measure-theoretic dilation === The same normalization principle extends naturally from finite probability vectors to probability measures. Let <math>(X,\mathcal{F},P)</math> be a probability space, and let :<math> D:X\rightarrow[0,\infty) </math> be measurable with :<math> 0< \int_X D(x)\,dP(x) < \infty. </math> Define a new probability measure <math>P_D</math> by :<math> P_D(A) = \frac{\displaystyle\int_A D(x)\,dP(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(x)\,dP(x)}, \qquad A\in\mathcal{F}. </math> Equivalently, the Radon–Nikodym derivative of <math>P_D</math> with respect to <math>P</math> is :<math> \frac{dP_D}{dP} = \frac{D} {\displaystyle\int_X D\,dP}. </math> Thus the finite-dimensional rule :<math> p_i \longmapsto \frac{d_ip_i} {\sum_jd_jp_j} </math> and the measure-theoretic rule :<math> dP \longmapsto \frac{D\,dP} {\int_XD\,dP} </math> share the same normalized positive-reweighting structure. This construction has direct connections with established change-of-measure and weighted-measure theory. The PDT terminology is used here as an organizing framework rather than as a claim that normalized change of measure is itself new. === 2.7 Iterated dilation === A normalized dilation operator can be iterated. Given an initial state :<math> p^{(0)}\in\Delta^{n-1}, </math> define :<math> p^{(k+1)} = \mathcal{T}_{\mathcal{L}}\left(p^{(k)}\right). </math> This generates an orbit :<math> p^{(0)} \longmapsto p^{(1)} \longmapsto p^{(2)} \longmapsto \cdots </math> on the probability simplex. For a fixed matrix <math>M</math>, :<math> p^{(k+1)} = \frac{Mp^{(k)}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp^{(k)}}. </math> When all required denominators are positive, repeated normalization gives :<math> p^{(k)} = \frac{M^k p^{(0)}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M^k p^{(0)}}. </math> The long-term behavior of this iteration is governed in important cases by established spectral and Perron–Frobenius theory. More general formulations may allow the transformation itself to depend on the iteration index or the current probability state, for example :<math> p^{(k+1)} = \frac{M_kp^{(k)}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M_kp^{(k)}} </math> or :<math> p^{(k+1)} = \frac{M(p^{(k)})p^{(k)}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M(p^{(k)})p^{(k)}}. </math> These state-dependent and iteration-dependent forms are treated as possible extensions rather than necessary components of the basic framework. === 2.8 Hierarchy of normalized dilation === The constructions above can be summarized by the following hierarchy: :'''diagonal reweighting → matrix transformation → positive operator → measure transformation''' At each level the essential operation is: :'''positive transformation + normalization''' The framework is deliberately broad. Its purpose is not to imply that all normalized positive transformations constitute a new mathematical theory, but to provide a common notation and viewpoint from which their dynamics and geometry can be compared. The following sections specialize this framework before examining its relationship to established mathematical constructions. == 3. Finite-Dimensional and Matrix Dilation == This section develops the finite-dimensional forms of normalized probability dilation in greater detail. The emphasis is on the relationship between diagonal reweighting and nonnegative matrix transformations, together with the basic structural properties required later in the paper. === 3.1 Finite probability states === Let :<math> p=(p_1,\ldots,p_n)^{\mathsf{T}} \in\Delta^{n-1}. </math> A positive weighting vector is written :<math> d=(d_1,\ldots,d_n)^{\mathsf{T}}, \qquad d_i>0. </math> The associated diagonal matrix is :<math> D= \operatorname{diag}(d_1,\ldots,d_n). </math> Applying the weighting gives :<math> Dp= (d_1p_1,\ldots,d_np_n)^{\mathsf{T}}. </math> Its total mass is :<math> Z(p,D) = \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Dp = \sum_{i=1}^{n}d_ip_i. </math> Since <math>d_i>0</math> and <math>p</math> is a probability vector, :<math> Z(p,D)>0. </math> The normalized diagonal dilation operator is therefore :<math> T_D(p) = \frac{Dp}{Z(p,D)}. </math> Equivalently, :<math> T_D(p)_i = \frac{d_ip_i} {\sum_{j=1}^{n}d_jp_j}. </math> === 3.2 Relative probability transformation === Diagonal dilation has a simple effect on probability ratios. For any states <math>i</math> and <math>j</math> with <math>p_i>0</math> and <math>p_j>0</math>, :<math> \frac{T_D(p)_i}{T_D(p)_j} = \frac{d_i}{d_j} \frac{p_i}{p_j}. </math> Thus normalization does not alter the relative dilation introduced by the factors <math>d_i</math> and <math>d_j</math>. If :<math> d_i>d_j, </math> then the odds of state <math>i</math> relative to state <math>j</math> increase by the factor :<math> \frac{d_i}{d_j}. </math> This ratio form makes clear that diagonal dilation is fundamentally a relative reweighting operation. === 3.3 Scale invariance === Multiplying every dilation factor by the same positive constant does not change the normalized state. Let :<math> c>0. </math> Then :<math> T_{cD}(p) = \frac{cDp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}cDp} = \frac{Dp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Dp} = T_D(p). </math> Therefore only the relative values of the dilation factors affect the transformed probability distribution. This scale invariance is a basic projective property of normalized positive transformations. === 3.4 Repeated diagonal dilation === Suppose the same diagonal operator <math>D</math> is applied repeatedly. Starting from <math>p^{(0)}</math>, define :<math> p^{(k+1)} = T_D(p^{(k)}). </math> Then :<math> p^{(k)} = \frac{D^k p^{(0)}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}D^k p^{(0)}}. </math> Since :<math> D^k = \operatorname{diag}(d_1^k,\ldots,d_n^k), </math> the individual components are :<math> p_i^{(k)} = \frac{d_i^k p_i^{(0)}} {\sum_{j=1}^{n}d_j^k p_j^{(0)}}. </math> Consequently, for two initially positive components, :<math> \frac{p_i^{(k)}}{p_j^{(k)}} = \left(\frac{d_i}{d_j}\right)^k \frac{p_i^{(0)}}{p_j^{(0)}}. </math> This expression describes the concentration mechanism directly. If one dilation factor is strictly larger than all others and its corresponding initial probability is positive, repeated dilation concentrates probability on that state. If several states share the maximal dilation factor, probability concentrates on that maximal set while preserving the initial relative proportions within that set. This behavior is a direct consequence of normalized repeated weighting and is not specific to PDT terminology. === 3.5 General nonnegative matrix transformation === Let :<math> M=(M_{ij}) \in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}, \qquad M_{ij}\geq0. </math> For <math>p\in\Delta^{n-1}</math>, define :<math> q=Mp. </math> Because <math>M</math> and <math>p</math> are nonnegative, :<math> q_i\geq0. </math> Whenever :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp>0, </math> the normalized matrix dilation operator is :<math> T_M(p) = \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp}. </math> Its components are :<math> T_M(p)_i = \frac{\sum_{j=1}^{n}M_{ij}p_j} {\sum_{r=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{n}M_{rj}p_j}. </math> By construction, :<math> \sum_{i=1}^{n}T_M(p)_i=1. </math> Hence :<math> T_M(p)\in\Delta^{n-1}. </math> === 3.6 Diagonal dilation as a special case === If :<math> M=D = \operatorname{diag}(d_1,\ldots,d_n), </math> then :<math> Mp=Dp, </math> and therefore :<math> T_M(p)=T_D(p). </math> Diagonal dilation is thus a special case of normalized matrix dilation. The distinction is structural. For a diagonal matrix, each output component depends only on the corresponding input component: :<math> (Dp)_i=d_ip_i. </math> For a general matrix, :<math> (Mp)_i = \sum_{j=1}^{n}M_{ij}p_j, </math> so multiple input states may contribute to a single output state before normalization. This permits coupled probability evolution. === 3.7 When normalization is unnecessary === There is an important special case. Suppose <math>M</math> satisfies :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M = \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}. </math> Then for every probability vector <math>p</math>, :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp = \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}p = 1. </math> Consequently, :<math> T_M(p)=Mp. </math> With the column-vector convention used in this paper, the condition :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M = \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}} </math> means that the columns of <math>M</math> sum to one. Thus an ordinary probability-preserving linear transition is contained as a special case of the normalized matrix framework. When <math>M</math> does not preserve total mass, normalization supplies the additional step required to return <math>Mp</math> to the simplex. === 3.8 Fixed points and eigenvectors === Suppose <math>p^{*}</math> is a fixed point of the normalized matrix operator: :<math> T_M(p^{*})=p^{*}. </math> Then :<math> \frac{Mp^{*}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp^{*}} = p^{*}. </math> Multiplying by the denominator gives :<math> Mp^{*} = \lambda p^{*}, </math> where :<math> \lambda = \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp^{*}. </math> Therefore every fixed point of the normalized matrix transformation is a nonnegative eigenvector of <math>M</math>, normalized to have unit total mass. Conversely, if <math>v\geq0</math> is a nonzero eigenvector satisfying :<math> Mv=\lambda v, \qquad \lambda>0, </math> then :<math> p^{*} = \frac{v} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}v} </math> is a fixed point of <math>T_M</math>. Thus normalized fixed points and positive eigenvectors are directly related. === 3.9 Repeated matrix dilation === For a fixed nonnegative matrix <math>M</math>, define :<math> p^{(k+1)} = T_M(p^{(k)}). </math> Whenever the required denominators remain positive, :<math> p^{(k)} = \frac{M^k p^{(0)}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M^k p^{(0)}}. </math> This identity follows because the scalar normalization introduced at each intermediate step cancels under the next normalization. The iteration is therefore closely related to normalized power iteration. Under suitable positivity or primitivity assumptions, Perron–Frobenius theory describes the dominant eigenvalue and positive eigenvector governing the long-term behavior. Accordingly, convergence of the fixed-matrix case should be understood primarily through established positive-matrix and spectral theory rather than as a separate PDT convergence mechanism. === 3.10 Primitive positive matrices === A particularly important case occurs when <math>M</math> is primitive; that is, some positive integer power of <math>M</math> has strictly positive entries. Perron–Frobenius theory then provides a dominant real eigenvalue :<math> \rho(M)>0 </math> with a corresponding strictly positive eigenvector <math>v</math>. After normalization, :<math> p^{*} = \frac{v} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}v}, </math> this eigenvector gives the distinguished interior fixed point of the normalized matrix transformation. For suitable initial probability vectors, :<math> T_M^{k}(p^{(0)}) </math> converges toward <math>p^{*}</math>. This convergence is an established consequence of Perron–Frobenius theory and normalized power iteration. Its role here is to locate matrix dilation within known mathematics. === 3.11 Interpretation of off-diagonal terms === The off-diagonal entries of <math>M</math> distinguish matrix dilation from independent diagonal reweighting. For :<math> i\neq j, </math> a term :<math> M_{ij}p_j </math> represents a contribution from input state <math>j</math> to output component <math>i</math> before normalization. The matrix therefore combines two operations: * positive redistribution or coupling through <math>M</math>; * restoration of unit total probability through normalization. This interpretation is useful for organizing the framework, but the underlying linear transformation remains standard matrix mathematics. === 3.12 Scope of the matrix formulation === The matrix formulation substantially enlarges the class of transformations expressible within the normalized-dilation notation, but that enlargement should not be confused with mathematical novelty. For a fixed matrix <math>M</math>, the central objects :<math> Mp, \qquad M^kp, \qquad \rho(M), </math> and the associated eigenvectors and convergence properties belong to established linear algebra and positive-operator theory. The role of the PDT framework is to place diagonal reweighting, matrix transformation, iteration, and later measure-theoretic and geometric constructions within a common normalized-probability notation. This distinction between '''framework''' and '''new mathematical result''' will be maintained throughout the paper. == 4. Measure-Theoretic Dilation == The finite-dimensional dilation rule extends naturally to probability measures. In this setting, componentwise multiplication by positive weights is replaced by multiplication of a probability measure by a nonnegative measurable function followed by normalization. This formulation places finite probability dilation within the standard language of measure theory and makes its relationship to change of measure explicit. === 4.1 Probability-space formulation === Let :<math> (X,\mathcal{F},P) </math> be a probability space. Let :<math> D:X\rightarrow[0,\infty) </math> be a measurable function satisfying :<math> 0< \int_X D(x)\,dP(x) < \infty. </math> Define the normalization factor :<math> Z(P,D) = \int_X D(x)\,dP(x). </math> For every measurable set :<math> A\in\mathcal{F}, </math> define :<math> P_D(A) = \frac{\displaystyle\int_A D(x)\,dP(x)} {Z(P,D)}. </math> Equivalently, :<math> P_D(A) = \frac{\displaystyle\int_A D(x)\,dP(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(x)\,dP(x)}. </math> The function <math>D</math> acts as a nonnegative weighting or dilation field over the probability space. === 4.2 Normalization === The transformed measure has total mass one because :<math> P_D(X) = \frac{\displaystyle\int_X D(x)\,dP(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(x)\,dP(x)} = 1. </math> Also, because <math>D</math> is nonnegative, :<math> P_D(A)\geq0 </math> for every <math>A\in\mathcal{F}</math>. Countable additivity follows from the countable additivity of integration with respect to <math>P</math>. Therefore <math>P_D</math> is a probability measure. === 4.3 Radon–Nikodym representation === The transformed measure <math>P_D</math> is absolutely continuous with respect to <math>P</math>. Its Radon–Nikodym derivative is :<math> \frac{dP_D}{dP}(x) = \frac{D(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(y)\,dP(y)}. </math> Thus normalized measure dilation can be written formally as :<math> dP_D(x) = \frac{D(x)\,dP(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(y)\,dP(y)}. </math> This expression makes clear that the construction is a normalized change of measure. The Radon–Nikodym framework is established measure theory. The terminology of dilation is used here to emphasize the common transformation-and-normalization structure shared with the finite-dimensional formulation. === 4.4 Scale invariance === As in the finite-dimensional case, multiplication of the dilation field by a positive constant does not change the normalized measure. Let :<math> c>0. </math> Then :<math> P_{cD}(A) = \frac{\displaystyle\int_A cD\,dP} {\displaystyle\int_X cD\,dP}. </math> The common factor cancels, giving :<math> P_{cD}(A)=P_D(A). </math> Hence the transformed probability measure depends only on the relative values of the dilation field <math>D</math>, not on its overall positive scale. === 4.5 Finite probability spaces as a special case === Consider a finite state space :<math> X=\{1,\ldots,n\}. </math> Let :<math> P(\{i\})=p_i </math> and define :<math> D(i)=d_i. </math> Then :<math> \int_X D\,dP = \sum_{j=1}^{n}d_jp_j. </math> For the singleton event <math>\{i\}</math>, :<math> P_D(\{i\}) = \frac{d_ip_i} {\sum_{j=1}^{n}d_jp_j}. </math> Thus the finite diagonal dilation rule :<math> p_i' = \frac{d_ip_i} {\sum_jd_jp_j} </math> is recovered exactly from the measure-theoretic construction. The discrete and measure-theoretic formulations are therefore instances of the same normalized positive-reweighting operation. === 4.6 Expectations under dilation === Let :<math> f:X\rightarrow\mathbb{R} </math> be measurable and integrable with respect to the transformed measure. Then :<math> \mathbb{E}_{P_D}[f] = \int_X f(x)\,dP_D(x). </math> Using the Radon–Nikodym representation, :<math> \mathbb{E}_{P_D}[f] = \frac{\displaystyle\int_X f(x)D(x)\,dP(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(x)\,dP(x)}. </math> Equivalently, :<math> \mathbb{E}_{P_D}[f] = \frac{\mathbb{E}_{P}[fD]} {\mathbb{E}_{P}[D]}, </math> provided the required expectations exist. This identity is a standard weighted-expectation formula and will later be useful for exponential dilation. === 4.7 Composition of dilation fields === Suppose a first dilation field <math>D_1</math> transforms <math>P</math> into <math>P_{D_1}</math>, and a second field <math>D_2</math> is then applied. The first transformation gives :<math> dP_{D_1} = \frac{D_1\,dP} {\int_XD_1\,dP}. </math> Applying <math>D_2</math> gives :<math> d(P_{D_1})_{D_2} = \frac{D_2\,dP_{D_1}} {\int_XD_2\,dP_{D_1}}. </math> Substituting the first transformation and simplifying yields :<math> d(P_{D_1})_{D_2} = \frac{D_1D_2\,dP} {\int_XD_1D_2\,dP}, </math> whenever the required integrals are finite and positive. Therefore :<math> (P_{D_1})_{D_2} = P_{D_1D_2}. </math> Sequential scalar dilation fields thus combine multiplicatively before normalization. This composition property is the measure-theoretic analogue of repeated diagonal reweighting. === 4.8 Iterated fixed dilation === If the same dilation field <math>D</math> is applied repeatedly, then after <math>k</math> iterations, :<math> dP^{(k)} = \frac{D^k\,dP^{(0)}} {\displaystyle\int_XD^k\,dP^{(0)}}. </math> Equivalently, for any measurable event <math>A</math>, :<math> P^{(k)}(A) = \frac{\displaystyle\int_A D(x)^k\,dP^{(0)}(x)} {\displaystyle\int_X D(x)^k\,dP^{(0)}(x)}. </math> This is the direct measure-theoretic counterpart of :<math> p_i^{(k)} = \frac{d_i^kp_i^{(0)}} {\sum_jd_j^kp_j^{(0)}}. </math> Regions where <math>D</math> is relatively large receive increasing relative weight under repeated application. The precise limiting behavior depends on the structure of <math>D</math> and the initial measure. === 4.9 Exponential dilation fields === A particularly important family is obtained by choosing :<math> D_{\theta}(x) = e^{\theta\phi(x)}, </math> where <math>\phi:X\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> is measurable and <math>\theta</math> is a real parameter for which the normalization integral is finite. Define :<math> Z(\theta) = \int_X e^{\theta\phi(x)}\,dP_0(x). </math> Then :<math> dP_{\theta}(x) = \frac{e^{\theta\phi(x)}} {Z(\theta)} dP_0(x). </math> In a finite state space this becomes :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {\sum_jp_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j}}. </math> This is a standard exponential tilting construction and is closely related to exponential families, cumulant-generating functions, and information geometry. Its importance for the present paper is that it provides a continuous one-parameter dilation trajectory whose Fisher–Rao geometry can be studied explicitly. === 4.10 Infinitesimal evolution of exponential dilation === For the finite-dimensional exponential family, :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {Z(\theta)}, </math> differentiate with respect to <math>\theta</math>. The logarithmic derivative is :<math> \frac{d}{d\theta}\log p_i(\theta) = \phi_i - \frac{d}{d\theta}\log Z(\theta). </math> Since :<math> \frac{d}{d\theta}\log Z(\theta) = \sum_jp_j(\theta)\phi_j, </math> define :<math> \overline{\phi}_{\theta} = \sum_jp_j(\theta)\phi_j. </math> Then :<math> \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = p_i(\theta) \left( \phi_i-\overline{\phi}_{\theta} \right). </math> This equation has the form of a replicator-type evolution equation with a fixed state-dependent generator <math>\phi_i</math>. The relationship to established replicator dynamics is discussed in Section 5. === 4.11 Conservation of total probability === Summing the infinitesimal evolution equation gives :<math> \sum_i \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = \sum_i p_i(\theta) \left( \phi_i-\overline{\phi}_{\theta} \right). </math> Since :<math> \sum_ip_i(\theta)\phi_i = \overline{\phi}_{\theta} </math> and :<math> \sum_ip_i(\theta)=1, </math> it follows that :<math> \sum_i \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = 0. </math> Thus the vector field is tangent to the probability simplex. Normalization is therefore reflected infinitesimally by conservation of total probability. === 4.12 Scope of the measure-theoretic formulation === The measure-theoretic formulation shows that normalized probability dilation is not restricted to finite vectors or matrices. The same structural operation appears as :'''weight → normalize → obtain a new probability measure''' and, for exponential fields, :'''exponential weight → normalize → continuous probability trajectory'''. These constructions overlap directly with established change-of-measure theory, exponential tilting, weighted probability measures, and related probabilistic methods. Their role in the present framework is to connect the finite dilation notation to continuous probability spaces and to provide the bridge to the information-geometric analysis developed later in the paper. The next section therefore compares the normalized-dilation framework systematically with established mathematical constructions before any additional geometric results are introduced. == 5. Relation to Established Mathematics == The normalized-dilation framework overlaps with several established areas of mathematics. This section identifies those relationships explicitly. The purpose is twofold: first, to place the notation used in this paper within its appropriate mathematical context; and second, to distinguish established constructions from the particular synthesis and geometric questions developed later in the paper. The term '''probability dilation''' is therefore used as an organizing description of a transformation-and-normalization structure, not as a claim that the underlying operations of reweighting, normalization, positive matrix iteration, or change of measure are themselves new. === 5.1 Weighted probability and change of measure === The measure-theoretic transformation :<math> dP_D = \frac{D\,dP} {\int_XD\,dP} </math> is a standard normalized change of measure. Its Radon–Nikodym derivative with respect to <math>P</math> is :<math> \frac{dP_D}{dP} = \frac{D} {\int_XD\,dP}. </math> Consequently, for an integrable observable <math>f</math>, :<math> \mathbb{E}_{P_D}[f] = \frac{\mathbb{E}_{P}[fD]} {\mathbb{E}_{P}[D]}. </math> These expressions belong to established measure-theoretic probability. Within the present framework, their role is to show that finite diagonal dilation and continuous weighted change of measure share the same normalized reweighting structure. === 5.2 Bayesian reweighting === A closely related normalization structure occurs in Bayesian inference. If <math>\pi(x)</math> is a prior density and <math>L(y\mid x)</math> is a likelihood for observed data <math>y</math>, Bayes' rule gives :<math> \pi(x\mid y) = \frac{L(y\mid x)\pi(x)} {\int L(y\mid z)\pi(z)\,dz}, </math> when the denominator is finite and nonzero. Structurally, this has the same form as :<math> dP_D = \frac{D\,dP} {\int D\,dP}, </math> with the likelihood acting as a positive weighting function. The statistical interpretation is different: Bayesian updating has a specific inferential meaning associated with conditioning on data. The comparison here concerns only the common mathematical normalization structure. === 5.3 Importance weighting and exponential tilting === Weighted probability measures also arise in importance sampling, exponential tilting, large-deviation methods, and related statistical constructions. For a generator <math>\phi</math>, exponential tilting takes the form :<math> dP_{\theta}(x) = \frac{e^{\theta\phi(x)}} {Z(\theta)} dP_0(x), </math> where :<math> Z(\theta) = \int_Xe^{\theta\phi(x)}\,dP_0(x). </math> This is an established exponential-family construction. The corresponding finite-dimensional expression, :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {\sum_jp_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j}}, </math> will be the principal object of the Fisher–Rao analysis in Sections 6 through 8. The geometric analysis developed later concerns this established exponential-tilt family under a particular question about coincidence of information-geometric and Fisher–Rao geodesics. === 5.4 Positive matrices and Perron–Frobenius theory === For a fixed nonnegative matrix <math>M</math>, the normalized transformation :<math> T_M(p) = \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp} </math> is closely related to classical positive-matrix theory. If <math>M</math> is primitive, Perron–Frobenius theory provides a dominant positive eigenvalue :<math> \rho(M)>0 </math> and a corresponding strictly positive eigenvector. Repeated normalized iteration, :<math> p^{(k)} = \frac{M^kp^{(0)}} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M^kp^{(0)}}, </math> is therefore closely related to normalized power iteration. Under appropriate hypotheses, its asymptotic direction is governed by the Perron eigenvector. These spectral and convergence results are established mathematics and are not presented here as new consequences of PDT. === 5.5 Markov operators === Suppose <math>M</math> is nonnegative and satisfies :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}M = \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}. </math> With the column-vector convention used in this paper, :<math> \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp = 1 </math> for every probability vector <math>p</math>. Thus :<math> T_M(p)=Mp. </math> In this mass-preserving case, the normalization step is unnecessary. Accordingly, ordinary finite-state Markov evolution is contained as a special mass-preserving case of the broader positive-transformation framework. This observation is structural. It does not imply that normalized dilation provides a replacement for Markov-chain theory. === 5.6 Replicator-type dynamics === The exponential dilation family satisfies :<math> \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = p_i \left( \phi_i-\overline{\phi}_{\theta} \right), </math> where :<math> \overline{\phi}_{\theta} = \sum_jp_j(\theta)\phi_j. </math> The standard replicator equation has the form :<math> \frac{dp_i}{dt} = p_i \left( f_i(p)-\overline{f}(p) \right). </math> Thus exponential dilation with fixed generator values <math>\phi_i</math> has the same algebraic structure as a replicator equation with state-independent fitness values. The mean-subtraction term guarantees :<math> \sum_i\frac{dp_i}{d\theta}=0, </math> so the flow remains tangent to the probability simplex. Replicator dynamics and their geometric interpretations are established subjects. The present paper uses this connection to relate normalized dilation to known simplex dynamics. === 5.7 Fisher–Rao and Shahshahani geometry === The interior of the probability simplex carries the Fisher–Rao metric. For tangent vectors <math>u</math> and <math>v</math> satisfying :<math> \sum_i u_i = \sum_i v_i = 0, </math> the finite-dimensional Fisher–Rao metric can be written as :<math> g_p(u,v) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{u_iv_i}{p_i}. </math> Closely related forms of this metric appear in evolutionary dynamics under the name Shahshahani metric. The square-root mapping :<math> \Psi(p) = 2(\sqrt{p_1},\ldots,\sqrt{p_n}) </math> satisfies :<math> \sum_i\Psi_i(p)^2=4. </math> Thus the simplex interior is represented in the positive orthant of a sphere of radius <math>2</math>. Under this representation, the Fisher–Rao metric becomes the metric induced by the ambient Euclidean space, and Levi-Civita Fisher–Rao geodesics correspond locally to great-circle arcs. This established spherical representation will be the principal geometric tool used in Section 7. === 5.8 Exponential families and the e-connection === The exponential dilation path :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {Z(\theta)} </math> is a one-parameter exponential family. Taking logarithms gives :<math> \log p_i(\theta) = \log p_i^{(0)} + \theta\phi_i - \log Z(\theta). </math> The natural parameter varies linearly with <math>\theta</math>. In information geometry, exponential families are naturally associated with the exponential, or '''e''', connection. A path linear in natural parameters is an e-geodesic. This notion of geodesic is distinct from a Levi-Civita geodesic of the Fisher–Rao metric. Consequently, an exponential dilation trajectory may be straight with respect to the e-connection while being curved with respect to the Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita connection. This distinction is central to the geometric question investigated later in the paper. === 5.9 Fisher information and variance === For the exponential dilation family, :<math> \frac{d}{d\theta} \log p_i(\theta) = \phi_i-\overline{\phi}_{\theta}. </math> The Fisher information associated with the parameter <math>\theta</math> is therefore :<math> I(\theta) = \sum_i p_i(\theta) \left( \phi_i-\overline{\phi}_{\theta} \right)^2. </math> Hence :<math> I(\theta) = \operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi). </math> The Fisher–Rao speed of the trajectory is :<math> v_{\mathrm{FR}}(\theta) = \sqrt{I(\theta)} = \sqrt{\operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi)}. </math> This variance identity is a standard property of one-parameter exponential families. It will be used later when deriving the arclength parameterization of the two-level case. === 5.10 Normalized Feynman–Kac transformations === Another closely related structure occurs in Feynman–Kac models. At an abstract level, a positive measure may first be weighted by a nonnegative potential and then propagated through a positive or Markov operator, followed by normalization. Schematically, such an evolution has the form :'''weight → propagate → normalize'''. The matrix expression :<math> T_M(p) = \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp} </math> and the measure expression :<math> dP_D = \frac{D\,dP} {\int D\,dP} </math> therefore have structural analogues within normalized Feynman–Kac theory. The exact interpretation and assumptions differ among applications. The comparison made here is structural rather than an assertion of equivalence between PDT and Feynman–Kac theory. === 5.11 Projective dynamics === Because normalized dilation is invariant under multiplication of the unnormalized transformed state by a positive scalar, it naturally has a projective character. For example, :<math> T_{cM}(p) = T_M(p) </math> for every <math>c>0</math> for which the transformation is defined. Thus the normalized state depends on the ray determined by <math>Mp</math>, rather than its magnitude. Positive projective geometry and projective metrics, including Hilbert-type metrics, are established tools in the study of positive operators and their contraction properties. These methods provide natural mathematical machinery for analyzing normalized positive transformations, particularly in convergence problems. === 5.12 What the PDT framework contributes === The preceding comparisons show that the principal operations used in normalized probability dilation have substantial established precedents. The proposed contribution of the framework is therefore not the isolated operation :'''multiply or transform, then normalize'''. Rather, the framework provides a common notation and organizational viewpoint connecting: * finite diagonal reweighting; * nonnegative matrix transformations; * normalized positive iteration; * weighted change of measure; * exponential probability trajectories; * simplex dynamics; * information geometry. This synthesis is useful only insofar as it clarifies relationships, generates mathematically precise questions, or produces results that are not merely restatements of known theory. For that reason, the remainder of this paper concentrates on a narrower geometric problem. === 5.13 Transition to the geometric question === Every exponential dilation trajectory of the form :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {Z(\theta)} </math> is an exponential-family trajectory and hence is naturally straight with respect to the e-connection. It does not follow that the same trajectory is a Levi-Civita geodesic of the Fisher–Rao metric. This leads to the central question considered in the remainder of the paper: :''Under what conditions is an exponential dilation trajectory simultaneously an e-geodesic and, up to reparameterization, a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic?'' The next section develops the geometric representation required to answer this question. == 6. Exponential Dilation and Fisher–Rao Geometry == This section develops the geometric representation of exponential dilation required for the main characterization theorem. The central object is the one-parameter exponential family :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {Z(\theta)}, </math> where :<math> Z(\theta) = \sum_{j=1}^{n}p_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j}. </math> Throughout this section, assume :<math> p_i^{(0)}>0 </math> for all <math>i</math>, and let :<math> \phi=(\phi_1,\ldots,\phi_n) </math> be a real-valued generator. === 6.1 Exponential dilation trajectory === Let :<math> p^{(0)} \in \Delta_{+}^{n-1}. </math> For a real parameter <math>\theta</math>, define :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i}} {\sum_{j=1}^{n}p_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j}}. </math> Since every initial component is strictly positive and the exponential function is positive, :<math> p_i(\theta)>0 </math> for every finite <math>\theta</math>. Therefore the trajectory remains in the interior of the probability simplex. The normalization factor satisfies :<math> Z(\theta)>0. </math> Hence the trajectory is well defined for every finite <math>\theta</math> in the finite-dimensional setting. === 6.2 Logarithmic form === Taking logarithms gives :<math> \log p_i(\theta) = \log p_i^{(0)} + \theta\phi_i - \log Z(\theta). </math> Differentiating with respect to <math>\theta</math> gives :<math> \frac{d}{d\theta}\log p_i(\theta) = \phi_i - \frac{d}{d\theta}\log Z(\theta). </math> Now :<math> \frac{dZ}{d\theta} = \sum_j p_j^{(0)} \phi_j e^{\theta\phi_j}. </math> Therefore :<math> \frac{d}{d\theta}\log Z(\theta) = \sum_jp_j(\theta)\phi_j. </math> Define the expectation of the generator by :<math> \mu(\theta) = \mathbb{E}_{p(\theta)}[\phi] = \sum_jp_j(\theta)\phi_j. </math> Then :<math> \frac{d}{d\theta}\log p_i(\theta) = \phi_i-\mu(\theta). </math> === 6.3 Tangent vector === Multiplying the logarithmic derivative by <math>p_i(\theta)</math> gives :<math> \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = p_i(\theta) \left( \phi_i-\mu(\theta) \right). </math> Define the centered generator :<math> h_i(\theta) = \phi_i-\mu(\theta). </math> Then :<math> \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = p_i(\theta)h_i(\theta). </math> Because :<math> \sum_i p_i(\theta)h_i(\theta) = 0, </math> we obtain :<math> \sum_i \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = 0. </math> Thus the velocity vector is tangent to the probability simplex. === 6.4 Fisher information and speed === The Fisher–Rao metric on the simplex interior is :<math> g_p(u,v) = \sum_i \frac{u_iv_i}{p_i}, </math> for tangent vectors <math>u</math> and <math>v</math>. For the exponential dilation trajectory, :<math> \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} = p_i h_i. </math> Its squared Fisher–Rao speed is therefore :<math> v_{\mathrm{FR}}(\theta)^2 = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i} \left( \frac{dp_i}{d\theta} \right)^2. </math> Substitution gives :<math> v_{\mathrm{FR}}(\theta)^2 = \sum_i p_i(\theta)h_i(\theta)^2. </math> Hence :<math> v_{\mathrm{FR}}(\theta)^2 = \operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi). </math> Therefore :<math> v_{\mathrm{FR}}(\theta) = \sqrt{ \operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi) }. </math> This is the standard Fisher-information identity for a one-parameter exponential family. === 6.5 Square-root representation === Define the square-root map :<math> \Psi: \Delta_{+}^{n-1} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n} </math> by :<math> \Psi(p) = 2(\sqrt{p_1},\ldots,\sqrt{p_n}). </math> Write :<math> q(\theta) = \Psi(p(\theta)). </math> Then :<math> q_i(\theta) = 2\sqrt{p_i(\theta)}. </math> Because :<math> \sum_i p_i(\theta)=1, </math> we have :<math> \sum_iq_i(\theta)^2 = 4. </math> Thus :<math> q(\theta) </math> lies on the positive orthant of the sphere of radius <math>2</math> in <math>\mathbb{R}^{n}</math>. === 6.6 Isometry of the square-root representation === Let <math>u</math> be a tangent vector to the simplex. Differentiating :<math> q_i=2\sqrt{p_i} </math> gives :<math> dq_i = \frac{dp_i}{\sqrt{p_i}}. </math> Therefore the Euclidean squared length of the corresponding tangent displacement on the sphere is :<math> \sum_i(dq_i)^2 = \sum_i \frac{(dp_i)^2}{p_i}. </math> This is precisely the Fisher–Rao line element. Thus the square-root map identifies the Fisher–Rao metric on the simplex interior with the Euclidean metric induced on the positive orthant of the radius-<math>2</math> sphere. Consequently, Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesics correspond locally to great-circle arcs on this sphere. === 6.7 Square-root form of exponential dilation === Substituting the exponential dilation family into the square-root representation gives :<math> q_i(\theta) = \frac{ 2\sqrt{p_i^{(0)}}e^{\theta\phi_i/2} } {\sqrt{Z(\theta)}}. </math> Define the unnormalized square-root vector :<math> r_i(\theta) = \sqrt{p_i^{(0)}}e^{\theta\phi_i/2}. </math> Then :<math> q(\theta) = \frac{2r(\theta)} {\sqrt{Z(\theta)}}. </math> Also, :<math> \|r(\theta)\|^2 = Z(\theta). </math> Hence :<math> q(\theta) = \frac{2r(\theta)} {\|r(\theta)\|}. </math> The normalized square-root trajectory and the unnormalized vector <math>r(\theta)</math> therefore determine the same ray through the origin. This observation allows the Fisher–Rao geodesic question to be reduced to a linear-subspace question in <math>\mathbb{R}^{n}</math>. === 6.8 Distinct generator levels === Suppose the generator <math>\phi</math> assumes exactly <math>m</math> distinct values :<math> a_1,\ldots,a_m. </math> Define the level sets :<math> A_{\ell} = \{i:\phi_i=a_{\ell}\}, </math> for :<math> \ell=1,\ldots,m. </math> For each level, define a vector <math>u_{\ell}</math> by :<math> (u_{\ell})_i = \begin{cases} \sqrt{p_i^{(0)}} & \text{if } i\in A_{\ell},\\ 0 & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases} </math> Because the level sets are disjoint, the vectors :<math> u_1,\ldots,u_m </math> have disjoint supports and are therefore mutually orthogonal. In particular, they are linearly independent. The unnormalized square-root trajectory can now be written as :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2} u_{\ell}. </math> This decomposition is central to the geometric characterization developed in the next section. === 6.9 The one-level case === If <math>m=1</math>, then every component of <math>\phi</math> has the same value <math>a</math>. Thus :<math> r(\theta) = e^{a\theta/2}u_1. </math> After normalization, the scalar exponential factor cancels. Therefore :<math> p(\theta)=p^{(0)} </math> for all <math>\theta</math>. The trajectory is constant. This is the degenerate case of exponential dilation. === 6.10 The two-level case === Suppose <math>\phi</math> assumes exactly two distinct values :<math> a </math> and :<math> b, </math> with <math>a\neq b</math>. Then :<math> r(\theta) = e^{a\theta/2}u + e^{b\theta/2}v, </math> where <math>u</math> and <math>v</math> are nonzero orthogonal vectors associated with the two generator levels. Consequently, :<math> r(\theta) \in \operatorname{span}\{u,v\} </math> for every <math>\theta</math>. Since <math>q(\theta)</math> is obtained from <math>r(\theta)</math> by positive scalar normalization, :<math> q(\theta) \in \operatorname{span}\{u,v\} </math> as well. The intersection of a two-dimensional linear subspace through the origin with the radius-<math>2</math> sphere is a great circle. Thus the two-level case naturally produces a Fisher–Rao great-circle trajectory. The formal statement and converse are given in Section 7. === 6.11 Three or more generator levels === If the generator assumes three or more distinct values, then :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2}u_{\ell}, </math> with :<math> m\geq3. </math> The vectors <math>u_{\ell}</math> are linearly independent, but this fact alone is not sufficient to conclude that the trajectory spans all <math>m</math> directions. The required result follows from the linear independence of the distinct exponential rates. In Section 7, derivatives of <math>r(\theta)</math> are evaluated at a fixed parameter value. The resulting coefficient matrix is of Vandermonde type and is invertible when the generator levels <math>a_{\ell}</math> are distinct. This shows that a trajectory with <math>m</math> distinct active generator levels spans an <math>m</math>-dimensional linear subspace. Consequently, when <math>m\geq3</math>, the square-root trajectory cannot lie in a two-dimensional great-circle plane. === 6.12 e-geodesic versus Fisher–Rao geodesic === The exponential dilation trajectory is an exponential-family path. In natural coordinates, the parameter <math>\theta</math> enters linearly through :<math> \theta\phi_i. </math> Accordingly, the trajectory is naturally an e-geodesic in the exponential connection of information geometry. The Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic condition is different. Under the square-root representation, it requires the image of the trajectory to lie on a great-circle arc. Thus the central geometric distinction is: :'''e-geodesic: linearity in exponential-family natural coordinates''' versus :'''Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic: great-circle geometry under the square-root representation''' The two notions coincide only under additional conditions. === 6.13 Geometric question in linear form === The original probability-geometric question can now be reformulated. Given :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2}u_{\ell}, </math> when does the normalized curve :<math> q(\theta) = \frac{2r(\theta)} {\|r(\theta)\|} </math> remain in a fixed two-dimensional linear subspace? If it does, its image lies on a great circle and is therefore a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic up to reparameterization. If it does not, the exponential trajectory remains an e-geodesic but is not a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. The next section gives an exact finite-dimensional characterization. == 7. Fisher–Rao Geodesic Characterization == This section gives the principal geometric result of the paper. The question is whether the image of a finite-dimensional exponential dilation trajectory is contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. The parameter <math>\theta</math> itself is not required to be an affine or arclength parameter for that geodesic. === 7.1 Setting and assumptions === Let :<math> p^{(0)} = (p_1^{(0)},\ldots,p_n^{(0)})^{\mathsf{T}} \in \Delta_{+}^{n-1}, </math> so that :<math> p_i^{(0)}>0 </math> for every <math>i</math>. Let :<math> \phi = (\phi_1,\ldots,\phi_n) \in \mathbb{R}^{n}. </math> Define the exponential dilation trajectory :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{ p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i} } { \sum_{j=1}^{n} p_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j} }, </math> for :<math> \theta\in\mathbb{R}. </math> Let <math>m</math> denote the number of distinct values assumed by the generator components :<math> \phi_1,\ldots,\phi_n. </math> === 7.2 Theorem 1: two-level Fisher–Rao characterization === '''Theorem 1.''' Under the assumptions above, the image of the exponential dilation trajectory <math>p(\theta)</math> is contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic if and only if :<math> m\leq2. </math> Equivalently, the generator <math>\phi</math> must assume at most two distinct values. When <math>m=1</math>, the trajectory is constant. When <math>m=2</math>, the trajectory is nonconstant and its square-root image lies on a great-circle arc. === 7.3 Proof: square-root representation === Define :<math> q_i(\theta) = 2\sqrt{p_i(\theta)}. </math> As shown in Section 6, :<math> q(\theta) </math> lies on the sphere :<math> \sum_iq_i^2=4. </math> The square-root representation is an isometric representation of the Fisher–Rao simplex interior. Therefore the image of <math>p(\theta)</math> is contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic if and only if the image of <math>q(\theta)</math> is contained in a great circle of the radius-<math>2</math> sphere. A great circle is the intersection of the sphere with a two-dimensional linear subspace through the origin. === 7.4 Grouping equal generator values === Let the distinct values of <math>\phi</math> be :<math> a_1,\ldots,a_m. </math> For each <math>\ell</math>, define :<math> A_{\ell} = \{i:\phi_i=a_{\ell}\}. </math> Define <math>u_{\ell}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}</math> by :<math> (u_{\ell})_i = \begin{cases} \sqrt{p_i^{(0)}} & \text{if }i\in A_{\ell},\\ 0 & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases} </math> Because the sets <math>A_{\ell}</math> are disjoint and every initial component is strictly positive, the vectors :<math> u_1,\ldots,u_m </math> are nonzero and mutually orthogonal. Hence they are linearly independent. Define the unnormalized square-root trajectory :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2} u_{\ell}. </math> Then :<math> q(\theta) = \frac{2r(\theta)} {\|r(\theta)\|}. </math> Since normalization multiplies <math>r(\theta)</math> only by a positive scalar, <math>q(\theta)</math> and <math>r(\theta)</math> lie on the same ray through the origin. === 7.5 Sufficiency: one or two generator levels === Suppose first that :<math> m=1. </math> Then :<math> r(\theta) = e^{a_1\theta/2}u_1. </math> Normalization removes the scalar exponential factor, so :<math> q(\theta) </math> and therefore <math>p(\theta)</math> are constant. A constant trajectory is the degenerate case. Now suppose :<math> m=2. </math> Then :<math> r(\theta) = e^{a_1\theta/2}u_1 + e^{a_2\theta/2}u_2. </math> Therefore :<math> r(\theta) \in \operatorname{span}\{u_1,u_2\} </math> for every <math>\theta</math>. Since <math>q(\theta)</math> differs from <math>r(\theta)</math> only by scalar normalization, :<math> q(\theta) \in \operatorname{span}\{u_1,u_2\}. </math> The vectors <math>u_1</math> and <math>u_2</math> are nonzero and orthogonal, so their span is a two-dimensional linear subspace through the origin. Its intersection with the radius-<math>2</math> sphere is a great circle. Thus the image of the two-level exponential dilation trajectory lies on a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. This proves sufficiency. === 7.6 Necessity: derivative span === Now suppose the generator assumes :<math> m\geq3 </math> distinct values. Differentiate the unnormalized square-root trajectory: :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2} u_{\ell}. </math> For every nonnegative integer <math>k</math>, :<math> r^{(k)}(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} \left( \frac{a_{\ell}}{2} \right)^k e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2} u_{\ell}. </math> Fix any :<math> \theta_0\in\mathbb{R}. </math> Consider the vectors :<math> r(\theta_0), r^{(1)}(\theta_0), \ldots, r^{(m-1)}(\theta_0). </math> Their coefficients relative to the basis :<math> u_1,\ldots,u_m </math> form the matrix :<math> C_{k\ell} = \left( \frac{a_{\ell}}{2} \right)^k e^{a_{\ell}\theta_0/2}, </math> where :<math> k=0,\ldots,m-1 </math> and :<math> \ell=1,\ldots,m. </math> === 7.7 Vandermonde argument === Factor the nonzero quantity :<math> e^{a_{\ell}\theta_0/2} </math> from column <math>\ell</math> of the coefficient matrix. The remaining matrix has entries :<math> V_{k\ell} = \left( \frac{a_{\ell}}{2} \right)^k. </math> This is a Vandermonde matrix. Its determinant is nonzero because :<math> a_1,\ldots,a_m </math> are distinct. Therefore the coefficient matrix <math>C</math> is invertible. It follows that :<math> r(\theta_0), r^{(1)}(\theta_0), \ldots, r^{(m-1)}(\theta_0) </math> are linearly independent. Consequently, the linear span generated by the trajectory <math>r(\theta)</math> has dimension at least <math>m</math>. On the other hand, the representation :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2}u_{\ell} </math> shows that the trajectory is contained in :<math> \operatorname{span} \{u_1,\ldots,u_m\}, </math> which has dimension <math>m</math>. Hence :<math> \dim \operatorname{span} \{r(\theta):\theta\in\mathbb{R}\} = m. </math> === 7.8 Exclusion of three or more levels === If the square-root trajectory <math>q(\theta)</math> were contained in a great circle, then there would exist a two-dimensional linear subspace <math>W</math> through the origin such that :<math> q(\theta)\in W </math> for every <math>\theta</math>. Since :<math> r(\theta) = \frac{\|r(\theta)\|}{2} q(\theta), </math> the same subspace would contain :<math> r(\theta) </math> for every <math>\theta</math>. Therefore :<math> \dim \operatorname{span} \{r(\theta):\theta\in\mathbb{R}\} \leq2. </math> But Section 7.7 gives :<math> \dim \operatorname{span} \{r(\theta):\theta\in\mathbb{R}\} = m. </math> Thus a great-circle trajectory requires :<math> m\leq2. </math> For :<math> m\geq3, </math> the exponential dilation trajectory cannot be contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. This proves necessity. === 7.9 Conclusion of the proof === Combining Sections 7.5 and 7.8 gives :<math> m\leq2 </math> if and only if the image of the exponential dilation trajectory is contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. Therefore the generator <math>\phi</math> must assume at most two distinct values. This completes the proof. === 7.10 Corollary 1: dimension of the square-root trajectory === '''Corollary 1.''' Under the assumptions of Theorem 1, if the generator <math>\phi</math> assumes exactly <math>m</math> distinct values, then :<math> \dim \operatorname{span} \{r(\theta):\theta\in\mathbb{R}\} = m. </math> Thus the number of distinct generator levels is exactly the dimension of the linear subspace generated by the unnormalized square-root exponential trajectory. '''Proof.''' The vectors <math>u_1,\ldots,u_m</math> are linearly independent, and Section 7.7 shows through the Vandermonde argument that the trajectory spans all of these directions. Therefore its span has dimension <math>m</math>. === 7.11 Corollary 2: three-level obstruction === '''Corollary 2.''' If a strictly positive finite exponential dilation trajectory has a generator assuming three or more distinct values, then its image is not contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. This follows immediately from Theorem 1. The result is exact under the stated hypotheses; it is not merely a generic non-geodesicity statement. === 7.12 Parameterization versus geodesic image === Theorem 1 concerns the image of the trajectory. Even in the two-level case, the exponential parameter <math>\theta</math> is generally not proportional to Fisher–Rao arclength. Thus :<math> p(\theta) </math> traces a Fisher–Rao geodesic path but generally does so with nonconstant Fisher–Rao speed. From Section 6, :<math> \frac{ds}{d\theta} = \sqrt{ \operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi) }. </math> Section 8 derives the exact change of parameter from <math>\theta</math> to Fisher–Rao arclength in the nondegenerate two-level case. === 7.13 Geometric interpretation === The theorem can be understood through the square-root sphere. A generator with one distinct value produces no probability motion. A generator with two distinct values produces two independent exponential directions, :<math> e^{a\theta/2}u </math> and :<math> e^{b\theta/2}v. </math> Their normalized sum remains in a fixed two-dimensional plane through the origin, so its spherical image follows a great circle. With three or more distinct generator values, the trajectory necessarily spans three or more independent linear directions. It therefore cannot remain in any two-dimensional great-circle plane. The distinction between the two-level and multilevel cases is consequently a dimensional property of the exponential rates under the square-root representation. === 7.14 Relation to information-geometric straightness === Theorem 1 does not state that exponential trajectories with three or more levels cease to be e-geodesics. They remain exponential-family trajectories and retain their standard information-geometric interpretation with respect to the e-connection. Rather, the theorem characterizes when this e-geodesic image also coincides with a geodesic image of the Levi-Civita connection associated with the Fisher–Rao metric. Thus the result concerns the coincidence of two distinct notions of geometric straightness. === 7.15 Status of the characterization === The proof above uses established ingredients: * the exponential-family representation; * the Fisher–Rao square-root embedding; * the great-circle characterization of spherical geodesics; * linear independence of vectors with disjoint support; * the Vandermonde determinant. The particular characterization obtained by combining these ingredients is presented here as a result of the present analysis. At this draft stage, no claim of historical priority is made. A complete literature review and independent mathematical scrutiny remain appropriate before describing the characterization as novel. The next section derives an explicit Fisher–Rao arclength parameterization for the nondegenerate two-level case. == 8. Fisher–Rao Arclength in the Two-Level Case == Theorem 1 shows that a nonconstant exponential dilation trajectory is contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic precisely when its generator assumes exactly two distinct values. This section derives an explicit Fisher–Rao arclength parameterization for that case. === 8.1 Two generator classes === Suppose the generator <math>\phi</math> assumes exactly two distinct values :<math> a\neq b. </math> Define the corresponding index sets :<math> A= \{i:\phi_i=a\} </math> and :<math> B= \{i:\phi_i=b\}. </math> Let the initial probability masses of the two classes be :<math> r_0 = \sum_{i\in A}p_i^{(0)} </math> and :<math> 1-r_0 = \sum_{i\in B}p_i^{(0)}. </math> Because the initial probability vector is strictly positive and both classes are nonempty, :<math> 0<r_0<1. </math> === 8.2 Evolution of the class probabilities === Let :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{i\in A}p_i(\theta) </math> denote the total probability assigned to class <math>A</math>. Since every state in <math>A</math> has generator value <math>a</math> and every state in <math>B</math> has generator value <math>b</math>, :<math> r(\theta) = \frac{ r_0e^{a\theta} } { r_0e^{a\theta} + (1-r_0)e^{b\theta} }. </math> Similarly, :<math> 1-r(\theta) = \frac{ (1-r_0)e^{b\theta} } { r_0e^{a\theta} + (1-r_0)e^{b\theta} }. </math> Therefore the class odds satisfy :<math> \frac{r(\theta)} {1-r(\theta)} = \frac{r_0} {1-r_0} e^{(a-b)\theta}. </math> Thus the two-level exponential dilation reduces at the class level to a logistic probability trajectory. === 8.3 Preservation of within-class proportions === For two indices <math>i,j\in A</math>, :<math> \frac{p_i(\theta)} {p_j(\theta)} = \frac{p_i^{(0)}} {p_j^{(0)}}. </math> The same relation holds for indices within <math>B</math>. Therefore exponential dilation changes only the total probability assigned to the two generator classes; it does not change relative probabilities within either class. Define normalized class vectors <math>\widehat{u}</math> and <math>\widehat{v}</math> by :<math> \widehat{u}_i = \begin{cases} \sqrt{p_i^{(0)}/r_0} & \text{if }i\in A,\\ 0 & \text{otherwise}, \end{cases} </math> and :<math> \widehat{v}_i = \begin{cases} \sqrt{p_i^{(0)}/(1-r_0)} & \text{if }i\in B,\\ 0 & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases} </math> These vectors satisfy :<math> \|\widehat{u}\|=1, \qquad \|\widehat{v}\|=1, </math> and :<math> \widehat{u}^{\mathsf{T}}\widehat{v}=0. </math> === 8.4 Great-circle representation === Under the square-root map, :<math> q(\theta) = 2(\sqrt{p_1(\theta)},\ldots,\sqrt{p_n(\theta)}). </math> Using the class decomposition, :<math> q(\theta) = 2 \left( \sqrt{r(\theta)}\,\widehat{u} + \sqrt{1-r(\theta)}\,\widehat{v} \right). </math> Introduce an angular coordinate <math>\alpha(\theta)</math> by :<math> \sqrt{r(\theta)} = \cos\alpha(\theta) </math> and :<math> \sqrt{1-r(\theta)} = \sin\alpha(\theta), </math> with :<math> 0<\alpha(\theta)<\frac{\pi}{2}. </math> Then :<math> q(\theta) = 2 \left( \cos\alpha(\theta)\widehat{u} + \sin\alpha(\theta)\widehat{v} \right). </math> This is the standard angular parameterization of a great circle on a sphere of radius <math>2</math>. === 8.5 Angular coordinate === From the definitions above, :<math> \tan\alpha(\theta) = \sqrt{ \frac{1-r(\theta)} {r(\theta)} }. </math> Using the odds relation, :<math> \frac{1-r(\theta)} {r(\theta)} = \frac{1-r_0} {r_0} e^{(b-a)\theta}. </math> Therefore :<math> \tan\alpha(\theta) = \sqrt{ \frac{1-r_0} {r_0} } e^{(b-a)\theta/2}. </math> Hence :<math> \alpha(\theta) = \arctan \left( \sqrt{ \frac{1-r_0} {r_0} } e^{(b-a)\theta/2} \right). </math> Equivalently, :<math> \alpha(\theta) = \arccos\sqrt{r(\theta)}. </math> === 8.6 Corollary 3: exact Fisher–Rao arclength parameterization === '''Corollary 3.''' Under the hypotheses of Theorem 1, suppose the generator assumes exactly two distinct values <math>a\neq b</math>. Let :<math> r(\theta) </math> denote the total probability assigned to the class with generator value <math>a</math>. Then a signed Fisher–Rao arclength coordinate along the trajectory satisfies :<math> s(\theta)-s(\theta_0) = 2 \left( \alpha(\theta)-\alpha(\theta_0) \right), </math> where :<math> \alpha(\theta) = \arccos\sqrt{r(\theta)}. </math> Thus :<math> s(\theta)-s(\theta_0) = 2 \left( \arccos\sqrt{r(\theta)} - \arccos\sqrt{r(\theta_0)} \right). </math> Equivalently, :<math> s(\theta)-s(\theta_0) = 2 \left[ \arctan \left( \sqrt{ \frac{1-r_0}{r_0} } e^{(b-a)\theta/2} \right) - \arctan \left( \sqrt{ \frac{1-r_0}{r_0} } e^{(b-a)\theta_0/2} \right) \right]. </math> The Fisher–Rao distance traveled between the two parameter values is the absolute value :<math> d_{\mathrm{FR}} = |s(\theta)-s(\theta_0)|. </math> === 8.7 Proof of Corollary 3 === The square-root image is :<math> q(\theta) = 2 \left( \cos\alpha(\theta)\widehat{u} + \sin\alpha(\theta)\widehat{v} \right). </math> Differentiate with respect to <math>\alpha</math>: :<math> \frac{dq}{d\alpha} = 2 \left( -\sin\alpha\,\widehat{u} + \cos\alpha\,\widehat{v} \right). </math> Because <math>\widehat{u}</math> and <math>\widehat{v}</math> are orthonormal, :<math> \left\| \frac{dq}{d\alpha} \right\| = 2. </math> Therefore the spherical arclength element is :<math> ds = 2\,|d\alpha|. </math> For a chosen orientation, signed arclength satisfies :<math> ds=2\,d\alpha. </math> Integrating from <math>\theta_0</math> to <math>\theta</math> gives :<math> s(\theta)-s(\theta_0) = 2 \left( \alpha(\theta)-\alpha(\theta_0) \right). </math> Substituting the expressions for <math>\alpha(\theta)</math> gives the stated formulas. === 8.8 Fisher–Rao speed === Differentiating the angular expression gives :<math> \frac{d\alpha}{d\theta} = \frac{b-a}{2} \sqrt{ r(\theta) \left( 1-r(\theta) \right) }. </math> Therefore the unsigned Fisher–Rao speed is :<math> \left| \frac{ds}{d\theta} \right| = |a-b| \sqrt{ r(\theta) \left( 1-r(\theta) \right) }. </math> This agrees with the variance formula derived in Section 6. Indeed, because <math>\phi</math> takes only the values <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, :<math> \operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi) = (a-b)^2 r(\theta) \left( 1-r(\theta) \right). </math> Hence :<math> v_{\mathrm{FR}}(\theta) = \sqrt{ \operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi) } = |a-b| \sqrt{ r(\theta) \left( 1-r(\theta) \right) }. </math> The geometric and information-theoretic calculations therefore agree. === 8.9 Nonuniform speed in the exponential parameter === Although the trajectory lies on a Fisher–Rao geodesic, the parameter <math>\theta</math> does not generally move along that geodesic at constant speed. The speed is largest when :<math> r(\theta)=\frac{1}{2}, </math> because the product :<math> r(\theta)(1-r(\theta)) </math> is maximal there. As the trajectory approaches either endpoint, :<math> r(\theta)\rightarrow0 </math> or :<math> r(\theta)\rightarrow1, </math> the Fisher–Rao speed with respect to <math>\theta</math> approaches zero. Thus the exponential parameter stretches the ends of the geodesic trajectory. === 8.10 Limiting behavior === Assume :<math> a>b. </math> Then as :<math> \theta\rightarrow+\infty, </math> we have :<math> r(\theta)\rightarrow1. </math> As :<math> \theta\rightarrow-\infty, </math> we have :<math> r(\theta)\rightarrow0. </math> Therefore :<math> \alpha(\theta)\rightarrow0 </math> as <math>\theta\rightarrow+\infty</math>, while :<math> \alpha(\theta)\rightarrow\frac{\pi}{2} </math> as <math>\theta\rightarrow-\infty</math>. The full two-level trajectory therefore approaches the two boundary class distributions at opposite ends of a quarter of the radius-<math>2</math> great circle. The total Fisher–Rao length between these limiting boundary points is :<math> 2 \left( \frac{\pi}{2} \right) = \pi. </math> The endpoints themselves lie on the boundary of the simplex and are approached only in the infinite-parameter limit. === 8.11 Example === Consider a three-state probability vector :<math> p^{(0)} = \left( \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{2} \right)^{\mathsf{T}} </math> and generator :<math> \phi = (1,1,0). </math> There are two generator classes: :<math> A=\{1,2\}, \qquad B=\{3\}. </math> The initial class mass is :<math> r_0 = \frac{1}{2}. </math> The class probability evolves as :<math> r(\theta) = \frac{e^{\theta}} {e^{\theta}+1}. </math> The individual probabilities are :<math> p_1(\theta) = \frac{1}{2}r(\theta), </math> :<math> p_2(\theta) = \frac{1}{2}r(\theta), </math> and :<math> p_3(\theta) = 1-r(\theta). </math> The angular coordinate is :<math> \alpha(\theta) = \arctan \left( e^{-\theta/2} \right). </math> Thus the trajectory is an exponential-family e-geodesic whose image is simultaneously a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. Its exponential parameterization is nonuniform, while <math>2\alpha</math> provides a signed Fisher–Rao arclength coordinate up to an additive constant and choice of orientation. === 8.12 Interpretation === The two-level result separates the '''path''' from the '''parameterization'''. The exponential parameter <math>\theta</math> generates the probability trajectory through normalized exponential weighting. The Fisher–Rao geometry identifies the same trajectory as a great-circle path. The transformation :<math> \theta \longmapsto \alpha(\theta) \longmapsto s(\theta) </math> provides the exact reparameterization needed to express that path in Fisher–Rao arclength. This provides a concrete example in which exponential-family straightness and Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita straightness describe the same geometric image while using different natural parameters. == 9. Discussion, Limitations, and Open Problems == The preceding sections developed normalized probability dilation as a common framework for positive transformation followed by normalization, and then considered a specific geometric question for exponential dilation. This section summarizes the mathematical interpretation of those results, identifies their limitations, and outlines several directions requiring further investigation. === 9.1 Scope of the framework === The normalized-dilation framework contains the basic operation :'''positive transformation → normalization → probability state'''. In finite dimensions this includes :<math> p \longmapsto \frac{Dp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Dp} </math> and :<math> p \longmapsto \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp}. </math> For probability measures it includes :<math> dP \longmapsto \frac{D\,dP} {\int_XD\,dP}. </math> These operations overlap substantially with established mathematical constructions. Accordingly, the value of the framework should not be judged by whether transformation followed by normalization is itself new. Rather, its usefulness depends on whether a common formulation clarifies relationships among existing constructions, suggests useful questions, or leads to additional mathematical results. === 9.2 Established mathematics and the PDT formulation === Several central components of the paper belong directly to established theory. These include: * normalized weighted probability measures; * Radon–Nikodym change of measure; * exponential tilting; * exponential families; * positive matrix iteration; * Perron–Frobenius theory; * normalized power iteration; * Markov operators; * replicator-type equations; * Fisher information; * Fisher–Rao geometry; * the square-root representation of the probability simplex. The PDT formulation does not replace these theories. Instead, it organizes them around a recurring transformation-and-normalization structure. This distinction is important when assessing both the mathematical contribution and the appropriate claims of the paper. === 9.3 The geometric characterization === The principal result developed in Section 7 concerns the exponential dilation family :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{ p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i} } { \sum_jp_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j} }. </math> Under the finite-dimensional strict-positivity assumptions used in the theorem, the image of this trajectory is contained in a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic if and only if the generator <math>\phi</math> assumes at most two distinct values. The proof uses the square-root representation :<math> q_i(\theta) = 2\sqrt{p_i(\theta)} </math> and the unnormalized trajectory :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2}u_{\ell}. </math> The Vandermonde argument shows that if the generator assumes exactly <math>m</math> distinct active values, then :<math> \dim \operatorname{span} \{r(\theta):\theta\in\mathbb{R}\} = m. </math> A Fisher–Rao geodesic requires the square-root image to lie in a two-dimensional linear subspace through the origin. This yields the two-level characterization. === 9.4 What the theorem does not claim === Theorem 1 should be interpreted narrowly. It does not claim that exponential trajectories with three or more generator levels are geometrically uninteresting. It does not claim that such trajectories cease to be e-geodesics. It does not claim that the exponential parameter <math>\theta</math> is an affine Fisher–Rao geodesic parameter in the two-level case. It does not characterize arbitrary curves on the probability simplex. It does not characterize arbitrary state-dependent dilation fields. It does not establish an analogous result for infinite-dimensional statistical manifolds. The theorem concerns a specific finite-dimensional exponential family and the coincidence of its trajectory image with a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. === 9.5 Boundary behavior === The main theorem assumes :<math> p_i^{(0)}>0 </math> for every state. This places the trajectory in the interior of the probability simplex for every finite <math>\theta</math>. The square-root representation remains meaningful at the boundary, but the usual coordinate expression of the Fisher–Rao metric becomes singular when one or more probabilities vanish. Boundary points therefore require separate care. In the two-level case, the exponential trajectory approaches boundary distributions only asymptotically as :<math> |\theta|\rightarrow\infty. </math> A systematic treatment of trajectories beginning on, reaching, or moving between lower-dimensional faces of the simplex is outside the scope of the present paper. === 9.6 Zero initial probabilities === If some initial components satisfy :<math> p_i^{(0)}=0, </math> then exponential dilation preserves those zeros: :<math> p_i(\theta)=0. </math> The effective trajectory then lies in a lower-dimensional face of the simplex. In such a case, the number of relevant generator levels should be counted only among states with positive initial probability. The theorem can therefore be expected to admit a support-restricted formulation, but the present statement uses strict positivity to avoid unnecessary boundary qualifications. === 9.7 Fixed versus state-dependent dilation === Much of the analysis in this paper concerns a fixed positive matrix, a fixed weighting field, or a fixed generator. More general transformations may depend on the current probability state: :<math> p^{(k+1)} = \frac{ M(p^{(k)})p^{(k)} } { \mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}} M(p^{(k)})p^{(k)} }. </math> Similarly, a continuous generator may depend on <math>p</math> or on the evolution parameter. Such systems may display behavior not reducible to ordinary fixed-matrix spectral theory or fixed-generator exponential tilting. Their study would require tools from nonlinear dynamical systems, nonlinear positive operators, differential geometry, and related fields. No general convergence claim for state-dependent dilation is made here. === 9.8 Entropy === Normalized dilation can either increase or decrease Shannon entropy depending on the transformation and the initial state. For :<math> H(p) = -\sum_i p_i\log p_i, </math> there is no general principle requiring :<math> H(T_M(p)) \leq H(p) </math> or the reverse inequality for arbitrary nonnegative matrices. In repeated diagonal dilation with a unique dominant weight, probability concentration generally drives the limiting distribution toward a point mass and therefore toward zero Shannon entropy. However, this special concentration behavior should not be generalized to arbitrary matrix or state-dependent dilation. A useful open problem is to identify classes of dilation operators for which entropy, relative entropy, or another information functional is monotone. === 9.9 Projective metrics and contraction === Because normalized positive transformations are invariant under positive scalar multiplication, projective geometry provides a natural language for their analysis. For positive matrices and positive operators, Hilbert-type projective metrics and contraction theorems may provide convergence estimates stronger than those obtained from elementary normalization arguments. A systematic comparison between normalized matrix dilation and established projective contraction theory would clarify which convergence properties follow immediately from known results and which, if any, require additional hypotheses. This is an important direction for further study. === 9.10 Curvature beyond the two-level case === Theorem 1 distinguishes exactly between the two-level geodesic case and trajectories generated by three or more distinct levels. The next geometric question is quantitative rather than binary. For :<math> m\geq3, </math> one may ask how far the exponential trajectory departs from a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic. Possible quantities include: * geodesic curvature; * covariant acceleration; * deviation from the great-circle plane; * Fisher–Rao distance from an appropriate comparison geodesic; * integrated curvature along the trajectory. Such quantities could provide a graded measure of geometric departure rather than the yes-or-no characterization of Theorem 1. === 9.11 Relation between generator levels and geometric dimension === Corollary 1 gives :<math> \dim \operatorname{span} \{r(\theta)\} = m, </math> where <math>m</math> is the number of distinct active generator values. This suggests a direct relationship between the algebraic complexity of the generator and the linear dimension required to contain its square-root trajectory. The two-level Fisher–Rao result is the first consequence of this dimensional relation. Further work could investigate whether analogous dimension-counting principles arise for multiparameter exponential families or other normalized positive flows. === 9.12 Multiparameter exponential dilation === A natural extension is :<math> p_i(\theta_1,\ldots,\theta_k) = \frac{ p_i^{(0)} \exp \left( \sum_{r=1}^{k}\theta_r\phi_i^{(r)} \right) } { Z(\theta_1,\ldots,\theta_k) }. </math> This defines a multiparameter exponential family. Questions then arise concerning the dimension and curvature of its square-root image and the conditions under which particular parameter curves or submanifolds are totally geodesic with respect to the Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita connection. The one-parameter theorem in this paper does not answer these questions. === 9.13 Infinite-dimensional extension === The measure-theoretic formulation suggests possible extensions beyond finite probability simplices. For a reference probability measure <math>P_0</math>, consider :<math> dP_{\theta} = \frac{ e^{\theta\phi} } { \int e^{\theta\phi}\,dP_0 } dP_0. </math> This is the natural measure-theoretic analogue of finite exponential dilation. An infinite-dimensional version of the geodesic characterization would require careful specification of the statistical manifold, admissible tangent spaces, regularity conditions, and the appropriate Fisher–Rao geometry. The finite-dimensional Vandermonde argument does not by itself establish such a result. === 9.14 Numerical verification === The analytical results in Sections 7 and 8 can be supplemented by numerical experiments. For two generator levels, numerical calculations should verify that the square-root trajectory remains in a fixed two-dimensional plane to numerical precision. For three or more distinct levels, rank calculations can verify the predicted increase in the dimension of the trajectory span. Numerical differentiation can also compare :<math> \left| \frac{ds}{d\theta} \right| </math> with :<math> \sqrt{ \operatorname{Var}_{p(\theta)}(\phi) }. </math> Such computations do not replace proof, but they provide useful checks against algebraic or implementation errors. === 9.15 Literature and priority limitations === The mathematical ingredients used in this paper draw from established areas with extensive literatures. A literature search performed during development has identified substantial prior theory surrounding exponential families, Fisher–Rao geometry, positive operators, normalized matrix iteration, replicator dynamics, and related constructions. At the present draft stage, the exact two-level characterization proved in Section 7 has not been identified by the author in the literature in the same form. This absence should not be interpreted as proof of novelty. Equivalent results may exist under different terminology or as consequences of more general theorems. Accordingly, no claim of historical priority is made. Further literature review and expert scrutiny are required before any stronger novelty statement would be appropriate. === 9.16 Open problems === The framework suggests several specific open questions: # Can the finite-dimensional characterization be formulated cleanly for probability vectors with restricted support? # Is there an established information-geometric theorem equivalent to the two-level characterization? # What is the Fisher–Rao geodesic curvature of an exponential dilation trajectory with three distinct generator levels? # Can that curvature be expressed directly in terms of moments or cumulants of the generator <math>\phi</math>? # Which normalized matrix transformations are contractions in a natural projective or information-geometric metric? # Under what conditions is Shannon entropy monotone under repeated dilation? # What aspects of the framework survive for nonlinear state-dependent operators? # Is there a useful infinite-dimensional analogue of the generator-level dimension result? # How does the characterization generalize to multiparameter exponential families? These questions provide possible directions for extending the present work while maintaining a clear distinction between established theory and additional results. === 9.17 Summary of the discussion === The normalized-dilation viewpoint provides a common structural language for several familiar probability transformations. Its mathematical usefulness depends on what can be learned from that organization rather than on the normalization operation itself. Within the finite-dimensional exponential setting, the Fisher–Rao analysis leads to a precise characterization: the exponential trajectory has a Fisher–Rao geodesic image exactly in the one-level or two-level cases under the stated assumptions. The two-level case additionally admits an explicit Fisher–Rao arclength parameterization. These results motivate further study of curvature, dimensional structure, nonlinear dilation, and measure-theoretic extensions while leaving their broader significance open to mathematical evaluation. == 10. Conclusion == This paper has developed '''normalized probability dilation''' as a common framework for probability transformations having the form :'''positive transformation → normalization → probability state'''. In finite dimensions, the framework includes diagonal reweighting :<math> p_i' = \frac{d_ip_i} {\sum_jd_jp_j}, </math> and normalized nonnegative matrix transformations :<math> T_M(p) = \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp}. </math> At the level of probability measures, the corresponding construction is :<math> dP_D = \frac{D\,dP} {\int_XD\,dP}. </math> These constructions have direct relationships with established mathematics, including change of measure, exponential tilting, positive matrix theory, Perron–Frobenius theory, normalized power iteration, Markov operators, replicator-type dynamics, Feynman–Kac constructions, exponential families, and Fisher–Rao information geometry. The purpose of the PDT framework is therefore not to claim these established operations as new, but to place them within a common transformation-and-normalization language and to use that organization to formulate precise mathematical questions. === 10.1 Principal geometric result === For the finite-dimensional exponential dilation family :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{ p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i} } { \sum_jp_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j} }, </math> the square-root representation :<math> q_i(\theta) = 2\sqrt{p_i(\theta)} </math> converts the Fisher–Rao geometry of the probability simplex into spherical geometry. Grouping equal generator values gives the unnormalized square-root trajectory :<math> r(\theta) = \sum_{\ell=1}^{m} e^{a_{\ell}\theta/2}u_{\ell}, </math> where <math>a_1,\ldots,a_m</math> are the distinct generator levels. The Vandermonde argument developed in Section 7 gives :<math> \dim \operatorname{span} \{r(\theta):\theta\in\mathbb{R}\} = m. </math> Because a spherical great circle lies in a two-dimensional linear subspace through the origin, the exponential dilation trajectory has a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic image if and only if :<math> m\leq2. </math> Thus, under the finite-dimensional strict-positivity assumptions of the theorem, the generator must assume at most two distinct values. === 10.2 Two-level arclength === For the nondegenerate two-level case, the trajectory can be written in square-root coordinates as :<math> q(\theta) = 2 \left( \cos\alpha(\theta)\widehat{u} + \sin\alpha(\theta)\widehat{v} \right), </math> where :<math> \alpha(\theta) = \arctan \left( \sqrt{ \frac{1-r_0}{r_0} } e^{(b-a)\theta/2} \right). </math> A signed Fisher–Rao arclength coordinate therefore satisfies :<math> s(\theta)-s(\theta_0) = 2 \left( \alpha(\theta)-\alpha(\theta_0) \right). </math> This makes explicit the distinction between the exponential parameter <math>\theta</math> and Fisher–Rao arclength. The exponential trajectory may follow the correct Fisher–Rao geodesic image without moving along it at constant Fisher–Rao speed. === 10.3 Final perspective === The results illustrate a broader methodological point. A common mathematical framework is most useful when it does more than rename existing constructions. It should clarify relationships among established theories, expose structural distinctions, or lead to questions that can be answered precisely. For normalized probability dilation, the distinction between exponential-family straightness and Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita straightness provides one such question. The resulting two-level characterization and arclength formula provide a concrete starting point for further investigation. Important directions remain open, including curvature of multilevel exponential trajectories, projective contraction properties, entropy conditions, nonlinear state-dependent dilation, multiparameter families, and possible infinite-dimensional extensions. The present manuscript should therefore be regarded as a mathematical framework and initial geometric analysis rather than a completed general theory. The characterization developed here remains subject to further literature review, independent proof checking, and external mathematical evaluation before any claim of historical priority or novelty is made. == 11. Historical Development and Relationship to Probability Dilation Theory == The mathematical framework developed in this paper arose from a broader exploratory project now called '''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)'''. The present paper should be understood as a mathematical development within that project rather than as a continuation of its earlier physical interpretations. === 11.1 Early geometric-probability motivation === The initial motivation arose from geometric probability, particularly the observation that geometric information can sometimes be inferred from repeated probabilistic sampling. Buffon-type experiments provided an intuitive starting point because they connect a random sampling procedure with geometric quantities through measurable intersection probabilities. Early exploratory work investigated whether ratios derived from such probability experiments might provide a useful language for comparing geometric or scaling effects. These investigations were heuristic and preceded the measure-theoretic formulation developed later. They should therefore be regarded as historical motivation rather than as mathematical evidence for the results proved in this paper. === 11.2 Einstein–Buffon stage === An early version of the project was informally described as the '''Einstein Buffon Process'''. At that stage, the emphasis was on possible analogies between geometric probability, scaling, and physical transformations. The terminology reflected the historical route by which the problem was approached rather than a claim of a new physical theory. As the work developed, it became increasingly clear that the mathematically tractable object was not the proposed physical analogy itself, but the transformation of probability distributions produced by positive weighting followed by normalization. This shift changed the central question from :'''Can a probabilistic sampling ratio represent a physical scaling effect?''' to the more mathematical question :'''What properties follow from normalized positive transformations of probability measures?''' === 11.3 Transition to probability-measure dilation === The resulting abstraction led to the transformation :<math> dP_D = \frac{D\,dP} {\int_XD\,dP}, </math> where <math>P</math> is a probability measure and <math>D</math> is a positive or nonnegative weighting field satisfying the required normalization conditions. This formulation separated the mathematical operation from any particular physical interpretation. It also made clear that the construction has direct relationships with established change-of-measure theory, weighted probability measures, exponential tilting, and related probabilistic methods. The term '''Probability Dilation Theory''' was subsequently adopted for the broader research framework concerned with such normalized probability transformations and their iteration. === 11.4 Development of matrix dilation operators === The finite-dimensional version of the framework naturally suggested replacing scalar componentwise weights by matrix transformations. For a nonnegative matrix <math>M</math>, this gives :<math> T_M(p) = \frac{Mp} {\mathbf{1}^{\mathsf{T}}Mp}. </math> This matrix formulation made the relationship with positive linear algebra substantially clearer. Diagonal dilation became a special case, while off-diagonal matrix elements allowed coupling among probability components. Analysis of fixed points and repeated iteration then connected the framework with eigenvectors, Perron–Frobenius theory, normalized power iteration, and projective dynamics. This stage was important in clarifying which properties of matrix dilation follow from established mathematics and which questions require additional analysis. === 11.5 Development toward information geometry === A further simplification occurs for exponential dilation fields. In finite dimensions, :<math> p_i(\theta) = \frac{ p_i^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_i} } { \sum_jp_j^{(0)}e^{\theta\phi_j} }. </math> This expression identifies the trajectory directly with a one-parameter exponential family. The connection shifted the investigation toward information geometry. In particular, it raised a precise question that was not apparent in the original geometric-probability formulation: :''When is an exponential dilation trajectory simultaneously an e-geodesic and, up to reparameterization, a Fisher–Rao Levi-Civita geodesic?'' The analysis of that question led to the generator-level characterization proved in Section 7. === 11.6 Conceptual progression === The historical development of the project can therefore be summarized schematically as: :'''geometric probability and Buffon-type sampling''' :'''↓''' :'''exploratory scaling and Einstein–Buffon analogies''' :'''↓''' :'''positive probability reweighting''' :'''↓''' :'''normalized probability-measure transformation''' :'''↓''' :'''matrix dilation operators''' :'''↓''' :'''exponential dilation''' :'''↓''' :'''Fisher–Rao and information-geometric analysis''' This progression should not be interpreted as a derivation of the later mathematics from the earlier physical analogies. Rather, the early investigations provided motivation from which a progressively more abstract and mathematically conventional problem emerged. === 11.7 Relationship to the broader PDT project === The present manuscript focuses on only one part of the broader Probability Dilation Theory research program. The wider PDT project investigates normalized positive transformations of probability measures, their composition, iteration, fixed points, matrix representations, and possible geometric properties. The present paper narrows that scope substantially. Its primary purpose is to: * define a unified normalized-dilation notation; * identify its relationships with established mathematics; * develop the exponential-dilation formulation; * analyze its Fisher–Rao geometry; * prove the finite-dimensional generator-level characterization; * derive the explicit two-level Fisher–Rao arclength formula. Other exploratory PDT topics are not required for the mathematical results of this paper. In particular, speculative applications to physics or cosmology should be regarded as separate research questions and are not assumptions of the theorem proved here. === 11.8 Research provenance and status === The broader PDT project has been developed openly through successive research notes, computational experiments, and Wikiversity pages. Earlier formulations document the evolution of the terminology and ideas, while the present manuscript represents an attempt to isolate a cleaner mathematical core suitable for independent examination. Historical provenance does not establish mathematical novelty. The results presented in this manuscript must instead be evaluated through proof checking, comparison with the existing literature, and independent mathematical review. Accordingly, the earlier stages of the PDT project are relevant to the history of the work but are not used as authority for the mathematical claims of this paper. === 11.9 Relationship between the manuscript and the research project === The distinction between the two levels of presentation is therefore: :'''Probability Dilation Theory (PDT)''' — the broader evolving research framework. :'''This manuscript''' — a focused mathematical investigation of normalized dilation, exponential trajectories, and their Fisher–Rao geometry. The broader project may continue to develop additional models and conjectures independently of this paper. Conversely, the mathematical results of this paper can be assessed without accepting any speculative interpretation associated with earlier stages of PDT. This separation is intended to make the principal definitions, theorem, proof, and limitations accessible to independent mathematical scrutiny. == References == <references /> === General probability and statistical foundations === * Fisher, R. A. (1922). ''On the Mathematical Foundations of Theoretical Statistics''. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 222, 309–368. doi:10.1098/rsta.1922.0009. * Rao, C. R. (1945). ''Information and Accuracy Attainable in the Estimation of Statistical Parameters''. Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society, 37, 81–91. === Information geometry === * Amari, S. and Nagaoka, H. (2000). ''Methods of Information Geometry''. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, Vol. 191. American Mathematical Society and Oxford University Press. * Amari, S. (2016). ''Information Geometry and Its Applications''. Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 194. Springer. === Positive matrices, Markov chains, and projective methods === * Seneta, E. (2006). ''Non-negative Matrices and Markov Chains'', 2nd ed. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer. doi:10.1007/0-387-32792-4. * Birkhoff, G. (1957). ''Extensions of Jentzsch's Theorem''. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 85, 219–227. === Replicator and simplex geometry === * Shahshahani, S. (1979). ''A New Mathematical Framework for the Study of Linkage and Selection''. Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 17, No. 211. American Mathematical Society. doi:10.1090/memo/0211. === Feynman–Kac and normalized positive transformations === * Del Moral, P. (2004). ''Feynman-Kac Formulae: Genealogical and Interacting Particle Systems with Applications''. Probability and Its Applications. Springer. == Relationship to the Probability Dilation Theory project == This manuscript is part of the broader [[Probability Dilation Theory]] research project on Wikiversity. Technical and exploratory material related to the manuscript is developed on associated PDT subpages, including: * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Measure-Theoretic Foundations|Measure-Theoretic Foundations]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Matrix Dilation Operators|Matrix Dilation Operators]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Dilation Vector Field|Dilation Vector Field]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Dilation Flows|Dilation Flows]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Convergence and Fixed Points|Convergence and Fixed Points]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Fisher Geometry and Dilation Flows|Fisher Geometry and Dilation Flows]] The present page is intended to develop a concise, standalone manuscript rather than reproduce the complete exploratory PDT project. == Draft status and research note == This manuscript is a work in progress. Some constructions discussed in the paper have direct counterparts in established mathematical literature. These relationships are identified explicitly wherever possible. Results developed specifically within the present formulation are being subjected to continuing literature review, proof checking, numerical verification, and independent mathematical scrutiny before any claim of novelty is made. Readers are encouraged to identify relevant prior literature, mathematical errors, counterexamples, alternative proofs, or useful extensions. See also: * [[Probability Dilation Theory/PDT and Quantum Amplitude Normalization|PDT and Quantum Amplitude Normalization: Conditional Reweighting and Information Geometry]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Matrix Dilation Operators|Matrix Dilation Operators]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Fisher Geometry and Dilation Flows|Fisher Geometry and Dilation Flows]] * [[Probability Dilation Theory/Measure-Theoretic Foundations|Measure-Theoretic Foundations]] * [[PDT, Fisher--Rao Geometry, and Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Holes]] * == Copyright and licensing == Text and original figures © Howard Richardson. Licensed under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)]. Reuse permitted with attribution. hobgf4qrmnmbcqhrxpmg1d8kcrerlhf 0 331386 2839971 2839766 2026-10-13T05:51:15Z ~2026-54790-37 3112584 updated roundbox to only apply on key points 2839971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Self-determination theory and dementia care:<br>How can autonomy, competence, and relatedness be supported in people living with dementia?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}[[File:Wolf Creek NFH nursing home fishing event October 2024.png|thumb|'''Figure 1:''' Residence of an aged care home enjoying an outside activity ]] ;Imagine this ... Imagine you are an elderly resident with dementia living in a psychogeriatric ward in the beautiful countryside of the Netherlands. On your walk from your bedroom to the communal dining room, you pass many people; staff, other residents and resident’s family members but you do not know any of them. You take your breakfast to a table that looks out over the garden. As you eat your breakfast you imagine yourself walking around the gardens, taking in the sun and smelling the flowers. Despite your longing to do just that, you know that it is not up to you if you get to enjoy the gardens today. You have been told it is unsafe and you must wait to see if one of those staff members you walked past this morning will have the time to take you outside. {{RoundBoxBottom}} How would this scenario make you feel? Trapped? Unsafe? This scenario was taken from experiences shared by residents of a [[wikipedia:Geriatric_psychiatry|psychogeriatric]] ward in the Netherlands. These experiences were shared with researchers to help them understand what made residents feel a sense of freedom and safety. They identified that time in nature, knowing the staff and spending time with others all contributed to sense of freedom and safety (Van Andel & Holkenborg, 2024). Scenarios like this are common within aged care homes for residents living with [[dementia]]. A review of 1158 articles published between 2000 and 2018 found that residents felt a lack of freedom, belonging and connection with some residents even describing their living situation as 'living in a prison camp'. Many residents describe their well-being as low with reports of poor self-esteem, connection, value and independence (Shiells et al., 2020). [[Self-determination theory]] uses three elements to explain motivation and wellbeing. These elements can help us understand the experiences of people living with dementia and how to improve their well-being. Self-determination theory (SDT) highlights 3 core psychological needs that impact well-being, autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Dombestein et al., 2020). * Autonomy is the need to feel ownership and agency over your own actions. * Competence is the need to be able to feel confident in performing tasks * Relatedness is the need to feel a sense of belonging. The feeling that you are supported by others and that you intern support them This book chapter addresses the question, how can self-determination theory help us understand and support the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in people living with dementia, by first looking at a quick overview of dementia and the main models of care, then introducing SDT as a framework for understanding motivation and well-being. It then examines how autonomy, competence, and relatedness can be supported for people living with dementia in both in-home and institutional care settings, and highlights where the evidence is still limited. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is dementia, and what care options exsist to support people living with it? * What does self-determination theory propose about human motivation and well-being, and why is it a useful framework for understanding dementia care? * What benefit does increasing psychological needs have for people with dementia? * What interventions are effective for increasing competency, autonomy and relatedness * How does person-centred care impact psychological well-being {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding dementia and models of care == '''Focuse quetion: What is dementia, and what care options exist to support people living with it?''' Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses over time (Cipriani et l., 2020). It is the 7^th leading cause of death across the globe as 57 million people were living with dementia in 2021 (World Health Organisation, 2026). Dementia disproportionately affects women as they are both more likely to get dementia and more likely to look after people with it (World Health Organisation, 2026). There are four types of dementia: Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia and dementia Lewy body (Maclin et al., 2019). Alzheimer’s It is the most common type of dementia occurring in 69% of the population over 75; it is characterised by the gradual loss of memory and cognition that impacts the loss of performing daily life activities. The second most common is frontotemporal dementia and is distinguished by a distorted personality along with loss of social and executive functioning, including in some cases the loss of speech (Maclin et al., 2019). Support is often needed for complex daily activities like organising transportation in the early stages of dementia. As the disease progresses, help with basic activities like getting dressed or going to the bathroom is needed too (Cipriani et al., 2020). Providing care and support for people living with dementia comes in many forms including in-home care and institutionalised care. Families and patients will choose between these models based on cultural values, knowledge of dementia, access to services, financial position and geographic location (Singh et al 2014; Knight et al., 2024; Giebel et al., 2021). In-home care refers to situations where dementia patients live in their home. People receiving in-home care may be looked after by informal caregivers such as family members, formal caregivers or a mix of both (Singh et al 2014). Institutionalised care is referring to the model of care where patients move into a facility where they can be monitored and looked after entirely by professionals or formal caregivers (Knight et al., 2024). In Australia most people living with dementia choose in-home care however, there are still over 1 million people living in institutionalised settings (Singh et al 2014). == Self-determination theory as a framework == '''Focus question: What does self-determination theory propose about human motivation and well-being, and why is it a useful framework for understanding dementia care?''' Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of motivation. SDT predicts motivation by explaining why people are intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to perform a behaviour (Dombestein et at, 2020), (Ryan & Deci, 2020). If someone is intrinsically motivated to do a behaviour it means they are motivated by internal factors with no influence from the environment. This could be learning to dance purely for the enjoyment of it. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is when someone behaves in response to environmental factors (Van den Broeck et al., 2021). This could mean walking around an electric fence, instead of jumping over the fence to avoid getting shocked. People are very rarely motivated entirely for internal or external reasons; therefore extrinsic motivation is on a continuum. The continuum starts with: * External regulation (behaviours are regulated from environmental cues, rewards and punishments) * Introjection (environmental cues are being injected internally for instance the “punishment” of doing something wrong is feeling guilty * Identified (you identify with your behaviours for example you identify with being a good student so you show up to class but do not enjoy class) * Integration (there is less conflict between your identity and your behaviour. For example, you show up to class because you value being a good student and think it’s the right thing to do) (Dombestein et al, 2020). Motivation is complex and multidimensional as people often have different forms of motivation for performing the same task (Ryan & Deci, 2020). For example, someone might have an identification motived to run because their doctor told them it is a good way to reduce blood pressure and they want to stay healthy. They might also be intrinsically motivated to run because they get to see their friends who they enjoy spending time with. SDT offers an explanation as to where on the motivation continuum people operate. SDT says that for people to be intrinsically motivated or on the upper end of the extrinsic motivation scale you must satisfy all three critical psychological needs. These needs are Autonomy (feeling ownership over actions and life circumstances) competence (a sense of confidence or mastery over performing tasks) and relatedness (this is the need to feel like you belong to a group, that you are supported by others and in return people feel supported by you). Achievement of the three psychological needs is not automatic, and people often require support to achieve these needs. Organismic SDT states that people have a natural drive towards obtaining the basic psychological needs (Rayan & Deci, 2020). This is demonstrated in a qualitative study looking into how young girls in China choose menstrual products. They found the girls chose options that helped them to feel more bodily autonomy, confident in the areas of life they identified with, and helped them to feel close to their sisters, mothers and people in the media. The girls were only able to choose products that aligned with gaining autonomy, competence and relatedness if they could afford the products (Zou et al.,2026). This reflects the theory that people have a natural desire to achieve the three psychological needs but need support from their environment. There is some debate in motivation research as to whether the different types of motivation describe distinct qualitative forms of motivation or if they point to different quantitative points along a scale of motivation (Van den Broeck et al., 2021). In the eyes of self-determination theory, motivation is a scale or a continuum. Research into SDT backs up this idea of a scale. Multiple studies have found that when students have higher levels of autonomy, competence and relatedness they have better wellbeing and higher school grades. They also found that as people obtain high levels of the psychological needs their motivations come from the intrinsic side of the motivation continuum. This research gives evidence for motivation to be a continuum. SDT provides a framework to understand the type of motivation people perform tasks with. As people gain more autonomy, competence and relatedness they move across the motivation continuum from extrinsically to intrinsically motivated. People who have high levels of autonomy, competence and relatedness and who are on the upper end of the motivation continuum have better outcomes from their behaviour and better overall well-being. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;" |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''types of motivation''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} * {{tip|key points * SDT is a theory of motivation. Extrinsic motivation sits on a continuum: external regulation, introjection, identified and integration. * Autonomy, competence and relatedness must all be met for people to be intrinsically motivated or at the upper end of the continuum. * People have a natural drive towards these needs but need support from their environment }} == Putting Self-Determination Theory into Practice: Meeting Psychological Needs in Dementia == '''Focus question: What benefit does increasing psychological needs have for people with dementia?''' '''what interventions are effective for increasing competency, autonomy and relatedness?''' Supporting autonomy, competence, and relatedness in people living with dementia leads to better well-being, but these needs cannot be given directly to a person. Instead, the environment must create the conditions for them to develop (Ryan & Deci, 2020). Most people have a natural tendency toward psychological well-being if given the opportunity (Zou et al., 2026; Ryan & Deci, 2020), so the strategies discussed below are best understood as shaping conditions rather than delivering outcomes. Facilitating decision-making is one of the most well-documented examples. Colclough et al. (2026) found that it did not improve well-being directly but did so by increasing all three needs, which is consistent with SDT’s claim that need satisfaction underlies well-being. Decision-making is not the only pathway, however, as several interventions target each need independently. This section examines how competence, autonomy, and relatedness can be supported in home and aged care settings, and then considers the role of carers, whose own well-being shapes the care they can provide === Competency === Competency, which is the ability to feel a sense of mastery and control over one’s environment, has been seen to be supported by carers assisting or allowing patients were possible to perform tasks independently (Custer et al., 2011). When adults with dementia cannot perform simple tasks by themselves like eating, they report feeling ashamed and embarrassed (Estrada, 2021). The ability to perform tasks independently is one reason most people prefer to stay in their home (cit). Both formal and informal caregivers help people with dementia feel competent and safe in their own home with patients reporting that their informal caregivers help them with daily living tasks, navigating the health system and organising social activities (Warmmes et al., 2021). Similar sentiments have been shared around formal caregivers helping with medical information and daily tasks (Hoel et al., 2021). Aside from carers, aids that help with everyday activities are also highly cited as interventions that help people feel competency when living at home (Rapaport et al., 2020; Wammers et al., 2021). The importance of the environment for allowing psychological needs to flourish is evident in respect to competency as people living in aged care homes are less likely to complete tasks independently as cognitive decline progresses, compared to people receiving informal care (Anselmo et al., 2025). Residents often report having little control over daily routines, such as what they eat, when they shower or go to bed and may can only go outside when a staff member has time to accompany them (Shiells et al., 2020). Interventions for increasing feelings of competency in aged care homes should revolve around ways that residents can safely execute tasks and have more control around their routine like accesses to a kitchen with simple to prepare food. === Autonomy === Supporting autonomy in people with dementia is best understood through Self-determination theory’s definition of autonomy which is having a sense of agency over one’s life rather than the physical ability to act independently (Ryan & Deci, 2020). A study by Stemfph and colleagues (2025) found that people with dementia did not mind if they did not contribute much to decision making if they were included. 90% of people living with mild forms of dementia can articulate preferences and even give reasons for their preferences based on their values (Stumpf et al., 2025). Despite this healthcare professional will often defer all questions to patient’s family members (Stumpf et al., 2025). People with dementia are generally ok with the gradual loss of independence that comes with the progression of the disease as long as the decisions they do make around everyday things like going for a walk or dying their hair are respected (Estrada, 2021). Interventions that help to increase decision making by applying advance care planning to everyday situations, simplifying and visualising choices and staff getting to know the residents have all helped increase autonomy (Van der Weide et al., 2023). Van der Weide and collggees (2023) did warn that offering fewer choices does increase the risk of staff accidently letting their preference dictate residence choices. They also found autonomy interventions only appeared valuable within trusting relationships with family and staff (Van der Weide et al., 2023). === Relatedness === The need for relatedness is often clearly expressed by people living in aged care homes with many residence reporting love and connection as important values (Van Andel & Holkenborg, 2024). Residence also expresses a desire to spend more time with other residents (Shiells et al., 2020). Shiells and colleeges(2020) have discovered that reading groups, exercising and helping other residents with problems have all been linked to feeling valued. Formal caregivers that provide in-home care have been seen to increase feelings of relatedness as people report appreciating the conversation and liking when they got the same person as they understood their preferences (Hole et al., 2021).  Lastly decision-making has also been seen to increase relatedness if ideas are heard and respected (Stumpf et al., 2025). Estrada (2021) offers a richer understanding as to why decision-making might increase relatedness through the principles of person-centres care. Although competence, autonomy, and relatedness each make a unique contribution to motivation and well-being (Slemp et al., 2024), the strategies above show that they are closely interconnected. Interventions aimed at one need often support others. For example, feeling genuinely listened to and respected increases both relatedness and autonomy (Stumpf et al., 2025; Estrada, 2021). Because the needs overlap and cannot be supplied directly, the most effective interventions are those that change the environment to allow them to develop. Allowing more time to communicate, creating spaces where people can act more independently, and increasing collaboration in decision-making all support well-being through the three needs. Many of these strategies depend on carers having the time, energy, and support to deliver them. Carer well-being therefore remains an important area for future research, particularly as person-centred care has not yet been shown to improve staff satisfaction. * {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091 Sacks, O. (1985). ''The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales''. Harper & Row. }} {{tip|1=Review time!<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How many types of dementia are there?} - 2 - 3 + 4 </quiz> </div> <quiz display=simple> what interventions can be used to help increase well-being in people with dementia?} + genuine participation in decsion-making - spending more time outside + Aids that help with independent completion of tasks - taking over day to day responsibilites </quiz> <quiz display=simple> {Can a person-centred care approach help improve the well-being of formal caregivers?} - yes + no </quiz> </div>}} == See also == * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Basic psychological need theory|Basic psychological need theory]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Dementia care motivation|Dementia care motivation]] (Book chapter, 2014) * [[Dementia]] (Wikiversity) * [[wikipedia:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Neurodegenerative disease]] (Wikiversity) ==External links== * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551552/ Behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia] (National library of medicine) * [https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/dementia-care-study-highlights-importance-of-caregiver-self-efficacy Dementia care study highlights importance of caregiver self-efficacy] (UCLA newsroom) * [https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/scholarlywork/1753807-older-adults-using-technology-for-meaningful-activities-during-covid-19--an-analysis-through-the-lens-of-self-determination-theory Older] [https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/scholarlywork/1753807-older-adults-using-technology-for-meaningful-activities-during-covid-19--an-analysis-through-the-lens-of-self-determination-theory adults using technology for meaningful activities during COVID-19: an analysis through the lens of self-determination theory] (University of Melbourne) ==References== <div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Cipriani, G., Danti, S., Picchi, L., Nuti, A., & Fiorino, M. D. (2020). Daily functioning and dementia. ''Dementia & Neuropsychologia'', ''14''(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-020001 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Colclough, C., Perach, R., Harris, P., Rusted, J., Banerjee, S., & Miles, E. (2026). Decision-making involvement and quality of life in people with dementia: the mediating role of psychological needs. ''Aging & Mental Health'', ''30''(2), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2025.2541188 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Dombestein, H., Norheim, A., & Lunde Husebø, A. M. (2020). Understanding informal caregivers’ motivation from the perspective of self‐determination theory: an integrative review. ''Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences'', ''34''(2), 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12735 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Shiells, K., Pivodic, L., Holmerová, I., & Van den Block, L. (2020). Self-reported needs and experiences of people with dementia living in nursing homes: a scoping review. ''Aging & Mental Health'', ''24''(10), 1553–1568. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1625303 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> van Andel, S., & Holkenborg, A. (2024). From the perspective of people with dementia: Using creative qualitative measures to assess the values and opinions on freedom and safety among people living with dementia. ''Healthcare (Basel)'', ''12''(14), 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12141412 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> van der Weide, H., Lovink, M. H., Luijkx, K. G., & Gerritsen, D. L. (2023). Supporting autonomy for people with dementia living in nursing homes: A rapid realist review. ''International Journal of Nursing Studies'', ''137'', Article 104382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104382 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> World Health Organization. (2026). ''Dementia''. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia </div>{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] {{title|Self-determination theory and dementia care:<br>How can autonomy, competence, and relatedness be supported in people living with dementia?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Wolf Creek NFH nursing home fishing event October 2024.png|thumb|'''Figure 1:''' Residence of an aged care home enjoying an outside activity ]] ;Imagine this ... Imagine you are an elderly resident with dementia living in a psychogeriatric ward in the beautiful countryside of the Netherlands. On your walk from your bedroom to the communal dining room, you pass many people; staff, other residents and resident’s family members but you do not know any of them. You take your breakfast to a table that looks out over the garden. As you eat your breakfast you imagine yourself walking around the gardens, taking in the sun and smelling the flowers. Despite your longing to do just that, you know that it is not up to you if you get to enjoy the gardens today. You have been told it is unsafe and you must wait to see if one of those staff members you walked past this morning will have the time to take you outside. {{RoundBoxBottom}} How would this scenario make you feel? Trapped? Unsafe? This scenario was taken from experiences shared by residents of a [[wikipedia:Geriatric_psychiatry|psychogeriatric]] ward in the Netherlands. These experiences were shared with researchers to help them understand what made residents feel a sense of freedom and safety. They identified that time in nature, knowing the staff and spending time with others all contributed to sense of freedom and safety (Van Andel & Holkenborg, 2024). Scenarios like this are common within aged care homes for residents living with [[dementia]]. A review of 1158 articles published between 2000 and 2018 found that residents felt a lack of freedom, belonging and connection with some residents even describing their living situation as 'living in a prison camp'. Many residents describe their well-being as low with reports of poor self-esteem, connection, value and independence (Shiells et al., 2020). [[Self-determination theory]] uses three elements to explain motivation and wellbeing. These elements can help us understand the experiences of people living with dementia and how to improve their well-being. Self-determination theory (SDT) highlights 3 core psychological needs that impact well-being, autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Dombestein et al., 2020). * Autonomy is the need to feel ownership and agency over your own actions. * Competence is the need to be able to feel confident in performing tasks * Relatedness is the need to feel a sense of belonging. The feeling that you are supported by others and that you intern support them This book chapter addresses the question, how can self-determination theory help us understand and support the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in people living with dementia, by first looking at a quick overview of dementia and the main models of care, then introducing SDT as a framework for understanding motivation and well-being. It then examines how autonomy, competence, and relatedness can be supported for people living with dementia in both in-home and institutional care settings, and highlights where the evidence is still limited. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is dementia, and what care options exsist to support people living with it? * What does self-determination theory propose about human motivation and well-being, and why is it a useful framework for understanding dementia care? * What benefit does increasing psychological needs have for people with dementia? * What interventions are effective for increasing competency, autonomy and relatedness * How does person-centred care impact psychological well-being {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding dementia and models of care == '''Focuse quetion: What is dementia, and what care options exist to support people living with it?''' Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses over time (Cipriani et l., 2020). It is the 7^th leading cause of death across the globe as 57 million people were living with dementia in 2021 (World Health Organisation, 2026). Dementia disproportionately affects women as they are both more likely to get dementia and more likely to look after people with it (World Health Organisation, 2026). There are four types of dementia: Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia and dementia Lewy body (Maclin et al., 2019). Alzheimer’s It is the most common type of dementia occurring in 69% of the population over 75; it is characterised by the gradual loss of memory and cognition that impacts the loss of performing daily life activities. The second most common is frontotemporal dementia and is distinguished by a distorted personality along with loss of social and executive functioning, including in some cases the loss of speech (Maclin et al., 2019). Support is often needed for complex daily activities like organising transportation in the early stages of dementia. As the disease progresses, help with basic activities like getting dressed or going to the bathroom is needed too (Cipriani et al., 2020). Providing care and support for people living with dementia comes in many forms including in-home care and institutionalised care. Families and patients will choose between these models based on cultural values, knowledge of dementia, access to services, financial position and geographic location (Singh et al 2014; Knight et al., 2024; Giebel et al., 2021). In-home care refers to situations where dementia patients live in their home. People receiving in-home care may be looked after by informal caregivers such as family members, formal caregivers or a mix of both (Singh et al 2014). Institutionalised care is referring to the model of care where patients move into a facility where they can be monitored and looked after entirely by professionals or formal caregivers (Knight et al., 2024). In Australia most people living with dementia choose in-home care however, there are still over 1 million people living in institutionalised settings (Singh et al 2014). == Self-determination theory as a framework == '''Focus question: What does self-determination theory propose about human motivation and well-being, and why is it a useful framework for understanding dementia care?''' Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of motivation. SDT predicts motivation by explaining why people are intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to perform a behaviour (Dombestein et at, 2020), (Ryan & Deci, 2020). If someone is intrinsically motivated to do a behaviour it means they are motivated by internal factors with no influence from the environment. This could be learning to dance purely for the enjoyment of it. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is when someone behaves in response to environmental factors (Van den Broeck et al., 2021). This could mean walking around an electric fence, instead of jumping over the fence to avoid getting shocked. People are very rarely motivated entirely for internal or external reasons; therefore extrinsic motivation is on a continuum. The continuum starts with: * External regulation (behaviours are regulated from environmental cues, rewards and punishments) * Introjection (environmental cues are being injected internally for instance the “punishment” of doing something wrong is feeling guilty * Identified (you identify with your behaviours for example you identify with being a good student so you show up to class but do not enjoy class) * Integration (there is less conflict between your identity and your behaviour. For example, you show up to class because you value being a good student and think it’s the right thing to do) (Dombestein et al, 2020). [[File:Motivation continuum cartoon.png|thumb|'''Figure 2:''' motivation continuum]] Motivation is complex and multidimensional as people often have different forms of motivation for performing the same task (Ryan & Deci, 2020). For example, someone might have an identification motived to run because their doctor told them it is a good way to reduce blood pressure and they want to stay healthy. They might also be intrinsically motivated to run because they get to see their friends who they enjoy spending time with. SDT offers an explanation as to where on the motivation continuum people operate. SDT says that for people to be intrinsically motivated or on the upper end of the extrinsic motivation scale you must satisfy all three critical psychological needs. These needs are Autonomy (feeling ownership over actions and life circumstances) competence (a sense of confidence or mastery over performing tasks) and relatedness (this is the need to feel like you belong to a group, that you are supported by others and in return people feel supported by you). Achievement of the three psychological needs is not automatic, and people often require support to achieve these needs. Organismic SDT states that people have a natural drive towards obtaining the basic psychological needs (Rayan & Deci, 2020). This is demonstrated in a qualitative study looking into how young girls in China choose menstrual products. They found the girls chose options that helped them to feel more bodily autonomy, confident in the areas of life they identified with, and helped them to feel close to their sisters, mothers and people in the media. The girls were only able to choose products that aligned with gaining autonomy, competence and relatedness if they could afford the products (Zou et al.,2026). This reflects the theory that people have a natural desire to achieve the three psychological needs but need support from their environment. There is some debate in motivation research as to whether the different types of motivation describe distinct qualitative forms of motivation or if they point to different quantitative points along a scale of motivation (Van den Broeck et al., 2021). In the eyes of self-determination theory, motivation is a scale or a continuum. Research into SDT backs up this idea of a scale. Multiple studies have found that when students have higher levels of autonomy, competence and relatedness they have better wellbeing and higher school grades. They also found that as people obtain high levels of the psychological needs their motivations come from the intrinsic side of the motivation continuum. This research gives evidence for motivation to be a continuum. SDT provides a framework to understand the type of motivation people perform tasks with. As people gain more autonomy, competence and relatedness they move across the motivation continuum from extrinsically to intrinsically motivated. People who have high levels of autonomy, competence and relatedness and who are on the upper end of the motivation continuum have better outcomes from their behaviour and better overall well-being. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Key points <nowiki>*</nowiki> SDT is a theory of motivation. Extrinsic motivation sits on a continuum: external regulation, introjection, identified and integration. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Autonomy, competence and relatedness must all be met for people to be intrinsically motivated or at the upper end of the continuum. <nowiki>*</nowiki> People have a natural drive towards these needs but need support from their environment. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Higher need satisfaction is linked to better well-being. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Putting Self-Determination Theory into Practice: Meeting Psychological Needs in Dementia == '''Focus question: What benefit does increasing psychological needs have for people with dementia?''' '''what interventions are effective for increasing competency, autonomy and relatedness?''' Supporting autonomy, competence, and relatedness in people living with dementia leads to better well-being, but these needs cannot be given directly to a person. Instead, the environment must create the conditions for them to develop (Ryan & Deci, 2020). Most people have a natural tendency toward psychological well-being if given the opportunity (Zou et al., 2026; Ryan & Deci, 2020), so the strategies discussed below are best understood as shaping conditions rather than delivering outcomes. Facilitating decision-making is one of the most well-documented examples. Colclough et al. (2026) found that it did not improve well-being directly but did so by increasing all three needs, which is consistent with SDT’s claim that need satisfaction underlies well-being. Decision-making is not the only pathway, however, as several interventions target each need independently. This section examines how competence, autonomy, and relatedness can be supported in home and aged care settings, and then considers the role of carers, whose own well-being shapes the care they can provide === '''Competency''' === Competency, which is the ability to feel a sense of mastery and control over one’s environment, has been seen to be supported by carers assisting or allowing patients were possible to perform tasks independently (Custer et al., 2011). When adults with dementia cannot perform simple tasks by themselves like eating, they report feeling ashamed and embarrassed (Estrada, 2021). The ability to perform tasks independently is one reason most people prefer to stay in their home (cit). Both formal and informal caregivers help people with dementia feel competent and safe in their own home with patients reporting that their informal caregivers help them with daily living tasks, navigating the health system and organising social activities (Warmmes et al., 2021). Similar sentiments have been shared around formal caregivers helping with medical information and daily tasks (Hoel et al., 2021). Aside from carers, aids that help with everyday activities are also highly cited as interventions that help people feel competency when living at home (Rapaport et al., 2020; Wammers et al., 2021). The importance of the environment for allowing psychological needs to flourish is evident in respect to competency as people living in aged care homes are less likely to complete tasks independently as cognitive decline progresses, compared to people receiving informal care (Anselmo et al., 2025). Residents often report having little control over daily routines, such as what they eat, when they shower or go to bed and may can only go outside when a staff member has time to accompany them (Shiells et al., 2020). Interventions for increasing feelings of competency in aged care homes should revolve around ways that residents can safely execute tasks and have more control around their routine like accesses to a kitchen with simple to prepare food.   === Autonomy === Supporting autonomy in people with dementia is best understood through Self-determination theory’s definition of autonomy which is having a sense of agency over one’s life rather than the physical ability to act independently (Ryan & Deci, 2020). A study by Stemfph and colleagues (2025) found that people with dementia did not mind if they did not contribute much to decision making if they were included. 90% of people living with mild forms of dementia can articulate preferences and even give reasons for their preferences based on their values (Stumpf et al., 2025). Despite this healthcare professional will often defer all questions to patient’s family members (Stumpf et al., 2025). People with dementia are generally ok with the gradual loss of independence that comes with the progression of the disease as long as the decisions they do make around everyday things like going for a walk or dying their hair are respected (Estrada, 2021). Interventions that help to increase decision making by applying advance care planning to everyday situations, simplifying and visualising choices and staff getting to know the residents have all helped increase autonomy (Van der Weide et al., 2023). Van der Weide and collggees (2023) did warn that offering fewer choices does increase the risk of staff accidently letting their preference dictate residence choices. They also found autonomy interventions only appeared valuable within trusting relationships with family and staff (Van der Weide et al., 2023). === Relatedness === The need for relatedness is often clearly expressed by people living in aged care homes with many residence reporting love and connection as important values (Van Andel & Holkenborg, 2024). Residence also expresses a desire to spend more time with other residents (Shiells et al., 2020). Shiells and colleeges(2020) have discovered that reading groups, exercising and helping other residents with problems have all been linked to feeling valued. Formal caregivers that provide in-home care have been seen to increase feelings of relatedness as people report appreciating the conversation and liking when they got the same person as they understood their preferences (Hole et al., 2021).  Lastly decision-making has also been seen to increase relatedness if ideas are heard and respected (Stumpf et al., 2025).  Estrada (2021) offers a richer understanding as to why decision-making might increase relatedness through the principles of person-centres care. Although competence, autonomy, and relatedness each make a unique contribution to motivation and well-being (Slemp et al., 2024), the strategies above show that they are closely interconnected. Interventions aimed at one need often support others. For example, feeling genuinely listened to and respected increases both relatedness and autonomy (Stumpf et al., 2025; Estrada, 2021). Because the needs overlap and cannot be supplied directly, the most effective interventions are those that change the environment to allow them to develop. Allowing more time to communicate, creating spaces where people can act more independently, and increasing collaboration in decision-making all support well-being through the three needs. Many of these strategies depend on carers having the time, energy, and support to deliver them. Carer well-being therefore remains an important area for future research, particularly as person-centred care has not yet been shown to improve staff satisfaction. == Person-centred care impacts on promoting psychological well-being == '''Questions: How does person centred care impact psychological-well being''' Person or client centred care is an approach to care that puts the focus on maintaining a person’s sense of self by putting them and their needs at the forefront of importance when delivering care (Serbser-Koal et al., 2024). Person centred care has been investigated for solutions to increase staff satisfaction in aged care homes and in-home services as well as help to increase well-being in people with dementia. One of the principles of person-centred care is to ‘enter the persons world’ through communication to develop a better connection (Serbser-Koal et al., 2024). Estrada (2021) revealed that one way you can increase connection with dementia patients is by simply allowing more time for conversations. People with dementia need more time to communicate because as they age and their disease progresses their processing speed and short-term memory capacity decreases (Estrada, 2021; Huntley & Howard, 2010). Short-term memory is the very quick temporary storge of information and is often referred to as working memory (Huntley & Howard, 2010). In a normal adult short-term memory can only hold about seven pieces of information (Huntley & Howard, 2010). Allowing enough time for communicating is important as many people express frustrations when they feel rushed (Estada, 2021). Even in people with non-fluent dementia, communication can increase relatedness threw the encouragement of non-verbal communication like smiling, waving or touch (Estrada, 2021). Although it is well established that increased and better-quality communication between nursing home staff and residents is needed, nursing staff report not having enough time to get to know residents (Van Adel & Holkenborg, 2024) and most staff therefore place more importance on basic survival needs over psychological needs (Estrada, 2021). In-home care staff have also reported that the lack of time to addresses patients’ needs is also a reason for high turnover (Lama et al., 2021). A study wanted to address this by seeing if the implementation of a person-centre care approach could not only increase thriving and self-determination in people with dementia but also formal in-home caregivers. The study revealed that this was not a successful intervention for formal caregivers and found that while thriving went up in people with dementia, self-determination went down. A few things to note with this study are they did not have enough caregivers to detect a meaningful effect from the intervention as with a small sample size individual life events can have large impacts on results. The measure the study used for self-determination focused on feelings of autonomy. The measure for thriving looked at attitudes towards their home, care they received and their relationships. Based on these measures thriving may have accurately measured all the psychological needs in self-determination theory better than the self-determination measure. A notable study that recruited a large number of participants (341) thereby increasing their ability to detect an effect, looked at the effects of a person-centred intervention over 14 months. The study found that it had no effect on job satisfaction. (Vassbø et al., 2020). Person-centred care therefore does not appear to be a solution to increase staff satisfaction in the hopes of getting staff to deliver better care. However, there are promising results that may help increase the well-being for people with dementia. The psychological well-being of Informal caregivers also effects the well-being of the people they care for. informal caregivers report needing more emotional support, finding caring increasingly more difficult as they become older and report navigating the health care system on their own as challenging (Wammers et al., 2021). Interventions, based on self-determination theory that focus on increasing coping skills, communication skills and improving relationships made carers more intrinsically motivated to care for their loved one.  This led to increased wellbeing (Dombestein et al., 2020). Carers also reported that being able to drop their loved ones off at day-care centres allowed them to socialise with others, thereby increasing relatedness and aids that helped them complete home tasks helps them feel competent (Wammers et al., 2021). == Implications for practice == * overview ** Quality of life and cognitive decline are not associated. ** Decision making involvement was positively associated with quality of life and all 3 psychological needs ** Decision-making does not directly contribute to quality of life ** Decision-making helps with self-determination ** (Colclough et al., 2026) * Tools like talking matts can help people with dementia to communicate to improve decision making ** Recommendations for informal caregivers *** focus on self-care, stress and coping strategies *** Helth professionals recognise informal caregivers strengths and view as partners in the patient's health journey ** Recommendations for formal care staff and services *** Understand own biases *** Give fewer options *** Understand patients cultural background *** Get to know the patients ** Gaps in current research ==Conclusion== * People with dementia progressively need more support with daily functioning as their condition progresses * Increased support from others can lead to greater feelings of being out of control of one’s own life * When people with dementia are restricted from doing basic daily tasks like preparing their own food, showering or going for a walk they can feel a lack of autonomy, competence and relatedness. * A lack of autonomy, competence and relatedness negatively impacts well-being *Review time!<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> {{Robelbox|theme=13|icon=Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg|iconwidth=48px|title=Review time!<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {How many types of dementia are there?} - 2 - 3 + 4 </quiz> </div> <quiz display=simple> what interventions can be used to help increase well-being in people with dementia?} + genuine participation in decsion-making - spending more time outside + Aids that help with independent completion of tasks - taking over day to day responsibilites </quiz> <quiz display=simple> {Can a person-centred care approach help improve the well-being of formal caregivers?} - yes + no </quiz> </div> }} == External links == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551552/ Behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia] (National library of medicine) * [https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/dementia-care-study-highlights-importance-of-caregiver-self-efficacy Dementia care study highlights importance of caregiver self-efficacy] (UCLA newsroom) * [https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/scholarlywork/1753807-older-adults-using-technology-for-meaningful-activities-during-covid-19--an-analysis-through-the-lens-of-self-determination-theory Older] [https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/scholarlywork/1753807-older-adults-using-technology-for-meaningful-activities-during-covid-19--an-analysis-through-the-lens-of-self-determination-theory adults using technology for meaningful activities during COVID-19: an analysis through the lens of self-determination theory] (University of Melbourne) == See also == * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Basic psychological need theory|Basic psychological need theory]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Dementia care motivation|Dementia care motivation]] (Book chapter, 2014) * [[Dementia]] (Wikiversity) * [[wikipedia:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Neurodegenerative disease]] (Wikiversity) == References == <div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Cipriani, G., Danti, S., Picchi, L., Nuti, A., & Fiorino, M. D. (2020). Daily functioning and dementia. ''Dementia & Neuropsychologia'', ''14''(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-020001 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Colclough, C., Perach, R., Harris, P., Rusted, J., Banerjee, S., & Miles, E. (2026). Decision-making involvement and quality of life in people with dementia: the mediating role of psychological needs. ''Aging & Mental Health'', ''30''(2), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2025.2541188 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Dombestein, H., Norheim, A., & Lunde Husebø, A. M. (2020). Understanding informal caregivers’ motivation from the perspective of self‐determination theory: an integrative review. ''Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences'', ''34''(2), 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12735 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> Shiells, K., Pivodic, L., Holmerová, I., & Van den Block, L. (2020). Self-reported needs and experiences of people with dementia living in nursing homes: a scoping review. ''Aging & Mental Health'', ''24''(10), 1553–1568. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1625303 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> van Andel, S., & Holkenborg, A. (2024). From the perspective of people with dementia: Using creative qualitative measures to assess the values and opinions on freedom and safety among people living with dementia. ''Healthcare (Basel)'', ''12''(14), 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12141412 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> van der Weide, H., Lovink, M. H., Luijkx, K. G., & Gerritsen, D. L. (2023). Supporting autonomy for people with dementia living in nursing homes: A rapid realist review. ''International Journal of Nursing Studies'', ''137'', Article 104382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104382 </div><div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> World Health Organization. (2026). ''Dementia''. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia </div> 1jir10qegxdi7om7pmb46t332twhpt1 1 331490 2839798 2839391 2026-10-12T12:25:17Z ~2026-51041-43 3111383 /* Feedback on research section */ new section 2839798 wikitext text/x-wiki == Figures == What a wonderfully philosophical topic, and a fabulous use of figures and other learning features on your part, you truly seem to have worked out some of wikiversity's secrets == Feedback on structure and content == Hi, great topic choice with such a central construct in well-being research. Your subtitle is clear and your headings map well to it and the overview scenario draws the reader in effectively. A little suggestion would be that it could help to explicitly define purpose against related constructs early on such as McKnight and Kashdan describe purpose as a self-organising life aim that gives direction and organises goals, which is a useful anchor to distinguish it from simple "meaning" or short-term goals. For the "how can it be cultivated" section, Steger's work on meaning in life (and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire) has practical, evidence-based angles, such as reflective writing exercises, values clarification that could give readers concrete take-homes rather than just theory. Nice work!looking forward to seeing it develop further! [[User:Aivy.uc.cbr|Aivy.uc.cbr]] ([[User talk:Aivy.uc.cbr|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aivy.uc.cbr|contribs]]) 14:22, 27 August 2026 (UTC) == Overview Suggestion == Hi! I love the example you have used for your overview, don't forget to add a figure for your example that directly relates to the topic. I have found the information from Tutorial 2 really useful! I would suggest using [[c:Main_Page|Wiki Commons]] to find an image although it is just as beneficial to find the exact image you need and embedding the link externally! [[User:U3261376|U3261376]] ([[User talk:U3261376|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3261376|contribs]]) 10:09, 25 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Use a numbered list as shown in Tutorial 2 |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Solid development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title <!-- Theory and research --> # Promising balance of theory and research <!-- GenAI ---> # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear; add an explanatory caption (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Promising in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. Also embed links to [[w:|Wikipedia]] articles. <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Very good <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Use alphabetical order |9= <!-- User page --> <!-- Description about self --> # Brief description about self – consider expanding <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FYouth_environmental_activism_motivation&diff=2828341&oldid=2827757 Avoid embedding external links - these should be added to the external links section] - please fix }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:04, 5 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on scenario == Hi, really good work at synthesising information about life purpose and well-being. There are good distinctions on often overlapping terms, including purpose (driving development of meaning) vs meaning and good integration of psychological frameworks (Ryff's psychological model of well-being and self-determination theory). However, I would add to the scenario by explaining Daniel's situation a bit more, how does he feel restrained and what are the underlying factors that make him feel disengaged and lead him to "do everything out of routine". Thank you, such a good topic and interesting read. Well done :) [[User:U3282656|U3282656]] ([[User talk:U3282656|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3282656|contribs]]) 08:31, 11 October 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on research section == Hi, I thought the topic was interesting, particularly the link between having a sense of purpose and psychological well-being. I also liked that the chapter recognises that a relationship between two things does not automatically mean one causes the other. One suggestion would be to explain the two theories a little more clearly side by side, so readers can see how each one helps explain the relationship between purpose and well-being. I also think some of the statistics in the research section could use a short explanation in simpler terms. This would help readers understand what the results actually mean rather than just reading the numbers. I think these changes would make the research easier to follow. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51041-43|~2026-51041-43]] ([[User talk:~2026-51041-43|talk]]) 12:25, 12 October 2026 (UTC) eu1xk5isvo63er1mwudezvhtao4tvk0 0 331492 2839793 2838242 2026-10-12T12:05:47Z ~2026-51041-43 3111383 final 2839793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Growth mindset:<br>How does a growth mindset influence psychological wellbeing?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Fixed versus growth mindset.png|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Two faces staring at each other. Left with a lock and right was a plant growing.]] Life rarely goes as planned. You have been struggling at the gym for a while now and you’ve finally decided you want to work out become stronger. One day, you struggle to lift your goal weight, looking around you, you find others lifting heavier with ease. Suddenly a normal gym session turned into a comparison “I can’t do this. I am not good at this.” You leave the gym feeling deflated and decide you are simply not strong enough for the gym. Alternatively, you might see others lifting heavier and you become inspired, thinking, “if I keep training and stay discipline, I will become stronger.” You are still disappointed you could not get your goal weight but it only fuels you for the next time, understanding it’s a reflection of your ability not your potential. The situation is the same, however the reaction is different. Why can the same challenge have one person feeling defeated and the other feeling motivated? Why do some people see failure as evidence, while others see it as an opportunity to learn? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == '''TABLE OF CONTENTS''' == # Overview # Understanding Growth Mindset # Growth Mindset and Motivation # Growth Mindset and Achievement # Growth Mindset and Emotional Responses # Growth Mindset and Psychological Wellbeing # Critical Evaluation # Conclusion # References == '''OVERVIEW''' == The concept of a growth mindset developed from Carol Dweck’s research into how children respond to difficulty, and it refers to the belief that abilities can be developed through effort, learning, and experience (Dweck & Leggett, 1988). At the other end of the spectrum, a fixed mindset is the belief that intelligence, abilities, and skills cannot be changed much. These beliefs are known as implicit theories. An entity theory corresponds to a fixed mindset, and an incremental theory to a growth mindset. Someone with a fixed mindset is more likely to read a struggle as proof they lack ability. Someone with a growth mindset is more likely to read the same struggle as a sign of what to work on next. Over time, these readings can become habits that shape how a person acts and feels when the next challenge arrives. Mindset carries importance, as beliefs influence how individuals respond to challenges; this affects what they do (motivation) and how they feel (emotion). Mindset is linked to effort, perseverance, and goals people pursue. People may be more likely to keep trying when they see effort as a way to improve. Mindset itself is also closely linked to how people view failure, how it feels and their response to it afterwards. A growth mindset does not abolish negative emotion; instead, it changes how the individual deals with it. Let's link this back to our earlier gym scenario: failing at a set of weights can impact confidence and future view of training. After failing, based on your mindset, you can either feel fuelled to try again in the future and keep working hard, or you can be deflated and unable to train again afterwards. Motivational and emotional patterns can add up to differences in psychological wellbeing; however, the relationship between the two is not simple, and other factors are involved. The chapter starts by defining mindset and tracing its origins. From there, it examines how mindset connects to motivation, then to emotional responses when things go wrong, and finally to psychological wellbeing. The last section asks how much of this the research actually supports.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Focus questions {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} * How does a growth mindset shape the way people respond to challenges and failure? * To what extent one can a growth mindset, contribute to motivation and psychological well-being? * What does psychological level research reveal and future and what are the benefits and limitations. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Mindset research explores why people with similar abilities can respond differently when a task becomes difficult. Dweck and Leggett (1988) proposed that people's beliefs about whether intelligence can change influence the goals they pursue and how they respond to challenges. They distinguished between an entity theory, in which intelligence is viewed as relatively fixed, and an incremental theory, in which intelligence is viewed as capable of development. These ideas underpin what are now commonly described as fixed and growth mindsets. These beliefs can shape how people interpret success and failure. Someone who views ability as fixed may be more concerned with proving their competence and avoiding situations that could expose their weaknesses. When they encounter difficulty, they may interpret it as evidence that they lack the ability to succeed. In contrast, someone who believes ability can develop may be more willing to approach challenging tasks because these provide opportunities to learn. This does not mean that people with a growth mindset always persist or that people with a fixed mindset always give up. Rather, their beliefs may influence how they interpret challenges and which responses they consider worthwhile. Dweck and Leggett (1988) linked these differences to performance goals, which emphasise demonstrating competence, and learning goals, which emphasise developing competence. A person pursuing a performance goal may focus on achieving a successful outcome or avoiding mistakes, whereas someone pursuing a learning goal may place greater value on gaining skills, even when the task is difficult. However, performance goals are not necessarily harmful. When individuals feel confident in their abilities, wanting to demonstrate competence can encourage effort and achievement. Mindset is therefore better understood as influencing how people approach goals than as determining whether a particular goal is good or bad. These ideas also highlight that mindsets are not necessarily consistent across every area of life. A person may believe that academic ability can improve through study but feel that physical strength is largely determined by natural ability. This distinction matters when applying mindset theory to exercise, because beliefs about intelligence cannot automatically be assumed to reflect beliefs about fitness. A person may need to develop a growth-oriented view of physical ability specifically before interpreting gym setbacks as opportunities to learn. The gym scenario illustrates how these beliefs might influence behaviour. Someone who struggles to lift a particular weight might interpret the experience as proof that they are not strong enough, whereas another person might see it as information about what they need to practise. The second person may be more willing to adjust their technique, seek feedback or set a more achievable short-term goal. Nevertheless, mindset does not determine behaviour on its own. Confidence, previous experience, social comparison and the training environment can also influence a person's response. Growth mindset theory therefore provides a useful framework for understanding reactions to difficulty, rather than a rule that predicts how every individual will behave. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND MOTIVATION''' == Mueller and Swrck (1998) investigated how different types of praise influenced children’s motivation and responses to failure. Their findings suggested that praising intelligence encouraged a stronger focus on demonstrating ability, while praising effort encouraged a greater focus on learning. Following a setback, children praised for intelligence showed less persistence and enjoyment than those praised for effort. These results suggest that feedback can influence how children interpret their performance and whether they view failure as a reflection of their ability or as an opportunity to improve. However, because the study involved children completing puzzle tasks, its findings cannot automatically be generalised to adults exercising in a gym. Blackwell et al. (2007) examined the relationship between beliefs about intelligence and academic achievement in adolescents. Their research included an intervention designed to teach students that intelligence can develop, providing a useful comparison with laboratory studies of praise and feedback. Together, these studies suggest that beliefs about ability may be relevant to motivation and learning, although the outcomes of an intervention depend on the population and setting in which it was delivered.   == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND ACHIEVEMENT''' == Although growth mindset theory offers a useful explanation of motivation, the relationship btween mindset and achievement is not straightforward. Blackwell et al (2007) found that students who received an intervention promoting the idea that intelligence can develop showed improvements in classroom motivation, and their declining mathematics grades were reversed compared with the control group. This suggests that changing beliefs about ability may influence how students approach learning and respond to academic difficulties. However, the intervention involved a specific group of Year 7 students. So the finding should not automatically be generalised to every age group or setting. Burnette et al. (2023) examined 113 studies involving more than 28,000 participants in a meta-analysis of mindsets and self-regulation. Their findings indicated that implicit beliefs about personal attributes were associated with processes such as goal setting and goal pursuit, which were in turn related to goal achievement. This supports the idea that mindset may influence achievement partly through the choices people make and the strategies they use, rather than directly determining whether they succeed. This distinction is important because a growth mindset does not guarantee success. Improvement also depends on factors such as access to resources, the quality of feedback, opportunities to practise, and the strategies used. In the gym, believing that strengths can improve may encourage someone to continue training, but progress will still depend on appropriate programming, recovery, nutrition and consistent practice. A growth mindset may therefore be most useful when it encourages realistic action and learning, rather than when it is treated as a substitute for the practical conditions needed to improve. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES''' == Mindset may also influence how people experience failure emotionally. When individuals interpret a setback as evidence that they lack ability, they may experience embarrassment, frustration, or helplessness; these emotions can make it harder to approach a similar challenge again. In contrast, interpreting failure as information about what needs to improve may help an individual respond with curiosity and renewed effort, This does not mean that people with a growth mindset do not experience disappointment; rather, their beliefs may influence what they do with that disappointment. Mueller and Dweck (1998) provided evidence for this distinction. In their studies, children praised for intelligence responded less positively to failure than children praised for effort. They showed lower task persistence and enjoyment and were more likely to attribute poor performance to low ability. These findings suggest that when success becomes a test of whether someone is intelligent, failure can threaten their view of themselves. When feedback instead emphasises effort, children may be more likely to understand performance as something that can change. However, effort alone is not always enough, and telling someone simply to try harder can be unhelpful when their current approach is ineffective. A more useful response combines encouragement with specific feedback and practical strategies. For example, after struggling with a lift, a person might feel disappointed but use the experience to adjust their technique, reduce the weight, or seek guidance. The setback remains unpleasant, but it can also provide information for future training. The gym example illustrates how the interpretation of failure can affect emotional responses. Someone who compares their current strength with that of a more experienced gym-goer may feel inadequate, whereas someone who compares their current performance with their own previous efforts may be better able to recognise progress. Nevertheless, their responses are not determined by mindset alone. Social comparison, previous experience, confidence, and the environment can also influence how a person feels after a setback. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING''' == The effects of mindset may extend beyond performance to psychological wellbeing. If people believe that their abilities can develop, they will be less likely to interpret a single setback as a permanent judgement of their worth or potential. This could help them respond to difficulties with greater flexibility and maintain a sense that improvement is possible. However, psychological wellbeing is influenced by many factors, and mindset should not be viewed as a complete explanation for how someone feels or copes with stress. Research by Schleider and Weisz (2017) provides some evidence that mindset-based intervention may have benefits beyond achievement. They tested a brief intervention teaching adolescents that personality can change, examining symptoms of anxiety and depression over a nine-month period. Compared with a supportive-therapy control condition, the intervention group showed greater improvements in some parent-reported and youth-reported depression outcomes, as well as perceived behaviour control. However, the results were not significant across every measure, including youth-reported anxiety. The study therefore offers promising evidence, but it does not establish that growth mindset interventions will improve wellbeing for everyone. An important limitation is that Schleider and Weisz (2018) examined beliefs about personality rather than intelligence of physical fitness. Although these ideas are related, they are not identical. Their findings cannot be directly applied to assume that a growth mindset about strength or exercise will reduce anxiety or improve mental health. Further research would be needed to determine whether similar effects occur in other areas of life. Returning to the gym example, a person who struggles with a life may feel disappointed without concluding that they are incapable of becoming stronger. Viewing the experience as temporary and changeable may help them maintain perspective and return to training. However, wellbeing also depends on whether their goals are realistic, whether their training environment is supportive, and whether they can recognise progression without comparing themselves with others. A growth mindset may be one helpful resource for coping with setbacks, but it is not a guarantee of positive wellbeing. == '''CRITICAL EVALUATION''' == Overall, growth mindset theory provides a useful framework for understanding why people can respond differently to similar challenges. Research suggests that beliefs about whether abilities can develop may influence goal setting, responses to feedback, and reactions to failure. However, the evidence does not establish that a growth mindset automatically produces better achievement or psychological well-being. One limitation is that several studies discussed in this chapter involve children and adolescents in educational settings. Although these studies help explain the relationship between beliefs and behaviour, their findings cannot automatically be generalised to adults exercising in a gym. Research directly examining fitness-related mindsets is therefore important when considering whether these patterns also occur during physical activity. It is also necessary to distinguish between believing that improvement is possible and assuming that effort alone guarantees success. Progress depends on effective strategies, feedback, opportunities to practice, and individual circumstances. Encouraging someone to persist without helping them identify what needs to change may not improve their performance. A growth mindset is therefore best understood as one potential influence on motivation and responses to difficulty, rather than a universal solution to failure. == '''CONCLUSION''' == A growth mindset offers one explanation for why people respond differently to similar challenges. Believing that abilities can develop may encourage individuals to approach setbacks as opportunities to learn rather than as proof of their limitations. However, the research suggests that effects depend on the individual and the context. A growth mindset does not guarantee success, eliminate disappointment, or independently determine well-being. Effective strategies, appropriate support, and opportunities to practice remain important. == Returning to the gym scenario, struggling to lift a desired weight does not determine a person's future and strength. How they interpret the setback may influence whether they give up or use the experience to guide their next attempt. Ultimately, the value of a growth mindset lies in recognising that current performance does not necessarily define future potential, while understanding that improvement requires more than a positive attitude alone.   == <quiz display="simple"> {A person with a growth mindset believes that they cannot change their intelligence level by learning new things: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|188x188px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * [[File:Fixed_versus_growth_mindset.png|alt=Fixed_versus_growth_mindset|center|329x329px|Figure 2. Visual comparison of how a growth mindset is compared to fixed mindset]] ==Learning features== Carol Dweck when creating the concept of a growth mindset included set of 3 questions of which you answer on a 1 (strong agree) to 6 (strong disagree) to get you thinking which was your brain works. See the following:<blockquote>'''''1. You have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can't really do much to change it''''' '''''2. Your intelligence is something about you that can't change very much''''' '''''3. You can learn new things, but you can't really change your basic intelligence'''''</blockquote>''<small>1.0-3.0 - fixed mindset</small>'' ''<small>3.1-3.9 - average</small>'' ''<small>4.0-6.0 - growth mindset</small>'' ''<small>How did you do?</small>'' = References = Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. ''Child Development'', ''78''(1), 246–263. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x</nowiki> Burnette, J. L., Billingsley, J., Banks, G. C., Knouse, L. E., Hoyt, C. L., Pollack, J. M., & Simon, S. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions: For whom, how, and why might such interventions work? ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''149''(3–4), 174–205. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000368</nowiki> Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science'', ''14''(3), 481–496. PubMed Central. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166</nowiki> Dwreck, C., & Leggett, E. (2025). ''Dweck & Leggett (1988) a social-cognitive approach''. Scribd. <nowiki>https://www.scribd.com/document/260120551/Dweck-Leggett-1988-a-Social-cognitive-Approach</nowiki> Dybendal, B. H., Stokke, S. S., Haugan, J. A., Moen, F., & Stenseng, F. (2026). Development and validation of the mindset in fitness scale (MiFS): A domain-specific measure of implicit beliefs in physical activity engagement. ''Current Psychology'', ''45''(7). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09286-0</nowiki> enter for Teaching and Learning, Stanford University. (2025). ''Growth mindset''. Stanford University. Center for Teaching and Learning. <nowiki>https://ctl.stanford.edu/students/growth-mindset</nowiki> Furnham, A. (2014). Increasing your intelligence: Entity and incremental beliefs about the multiple “intelligences”. ''Learning and Individual Differences'', ''32'', 163–167. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.001</nowiki> Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''75''(1), 33–52. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33</nowiki> Orvidas, K., Burnette, J. L., & Russell, V. M. (2018). Mindsets applied to fitness: Growth beliefs predict exercise efficacy, value and frequency. ''Psychology of Sport and Exercise'', ''36''(36), 156–161. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.02.006</nowiki> Schleider, J., & Weisz, J. (2017). A single‐session growth mindset intervention for adolescent anxiety and depression: 9‐Month outcomes of a randomized trial. ''Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry'', ''59''(2), 160–170. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12811</nowiki> Sik, K., Cummins, J., & Job, V. (2024). An implicit measure of growth mindset uniquely predicts post-failure learning behavior. ''Scientific Reports'', ''14''(1), 3761. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52916-5</nowiki> Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. ''Psychological Science'', ''29''(4), 549–571. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739704</nowiki> Tao, W., Zhao, D., Yue, H., Horton, I., Tian, X., Xu, Z., & Sun, H.-J. (2022). The influence of growth mindset on the mental health and life events of college students. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''13''(1), 1–8. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.821206</nowiki> University, S., Stanford, & California 94305. (n.d.). ''Growth mindset scale | SPARQtools''. Sparqtools.Org. Retrieved 28 August 2026, from <nowiki>https://sparqtools.org/mobility-measure/growth-mindset-scale/#all-survey-questions</nowiki> (2026). Istockphoto.Com. <nowiki>https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2163114235/vector/growth-mindset-vs-fixed-mindset-vector-for-slide-presentation-or-web-banner-infographic-of.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=O7uMSHSfE7qoSfDGG_agGEhx-KjkXspgX5KbnUXrfiA=</nowiki> [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset/Growth]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Well-being]] jpe7g6d67ev9jf4z2dx256oeuo8rafh 2839794 2839793 2026-10-12T12:13:14Z ~2026-51041-43 3111383 /* Figures */ 2839794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Growth mindset:<br>How does a growth mindset influence psychological wellbeing?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Fixed versus growth mindset.png|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Two faces staring at each other. Left with a lock and right was a plant growing.]] Life rarely goes as planned. You have been struggling at the gym for a while now and you’ve finally decided you want to work out become stronger. One day, you struggle to lift your goal weight, looking around you, you find others lifting heavier with ease. Suddenly a normal gym session turned into a comparison “I can’t do this. I am not good at this.” You leave the gym feeling deflated and decide you are simply not strong enough for the gym. Alternatively, you might see others lifting heavier and you become inspired, thinking, “if I keep training and stay discipline, I will become stronger.” You are still disappointed you could not get your goal weight but it only fuels you for the next time, understanding it’s a reflection of your ability not your potential. The situation is the same, however the reaction is different. Why can the same challenge have one person feeling defeated and the other feeling motivated? Why do some people see failure as evidence, while others see it as an opportunity to learn? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == '''TABLE OF CONTENTS''' == # Overview # Understanding Growth Mindset # Growth Mindset and Motivation # Growth Mindset and Achievement # Growth Mindset and Emotional Responses # Growth Mindset and Psychological Wellbeing # Critical Evaluation # Conclusion # References == '''OVERVIEW''' == The concept of a growth mindset developed from Carol Dweck’s research into how children respond to difficulty, and it refers to the belief that abilities can be developed through effort, learning, and experience (Dweck & Leggett, 1988). At the other end of the spectrum, a fixed mindset is the belief that intelligence, abilities, and skills cannot be changed much. These beliefs are known as implicit theories. An entity theory corresponds to a fixed mindset, and an incremental theory to a growth mindset. Someone with a fixed mindset is more likely to read a struggle as proof they lack ability. Someone with a growth mindset is more likely to read the same struggle as a sign of what to work on next. Over time, these readings can become habits that shape how a person acts and feels when the next challenge arrives. Mindset carries importance, as beliefs influence how individuals respond to challenges; this affects what they do (motivation) and how they feel (emotion). Mindset is linked to effort, perseverance, and goals people pursue. People may be more likely to keep trying when they see effort as a way to improve. Mindset itself is also closely linked to how people view failure, how it feels and their response to it afterwards. A growth mindset does not abolish negative emotion; instead, it changes how the individual deals with it. Let's link this back to our earlier gym scenario: failing at a set of weights can impact confidence and future view of training. After failing, based on your mindset, you can either feel fuelled to try again in the future and keep working hard, or you can be deflated and unable to train again afterwards. Motivational and emotional patterns can add up to differences in psychological wellbeing; however, the relationship between the two is not simple, and other factors are involved. The chapter starts by defining mindset and tracing its origins. From there, it examines how mindset connects to motivation, then to emotional responses when things go wrong, and finally to psychological wellbeing. The last section asks how much of this the research actually supports.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Focus questions {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} * How does a growth mindset shape the way people respond to challenges and failure? * To what extent one can a growth mindset, contribute to motivation and psychological well-being? * What does psychological level research reveal and future and what are the benefits and limitations. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Mindset research explores why people with similar abilities can respond differently when a task becomes difficult. Dweck and Leggett (1988) proposed that people's beliefs about whether intelligence can change influence the goals they pursue and how they respond to challenges. They distinguished between an entity theory, in which intelligence is viewed as relatively fixed, and an incremental theory, in which intelligence is viewed as capable of development. These ideas underpin what are now commonly described as fixed and growth mindsets. These beliefs can shape how people interpret success and failure. Someone who views ability as fixed may be more concerned with proving their competence and avoiding situations that could expose their weaknesses. When they encounter difficulty, they may interpret it as evidence that they lack the ability to succeed. In contrast, someone who believes ability can develop may be more willing to approach challenging tasks because these provide opportunities to learn. This does not mean that people with a growth mindset always persist or that people with a fixed mindset always give up. Rather, their beliefs may influence how they interpret challenges and which responses they consider worthwhile. Dweck and Leggett (1988) linked these differences to performance goals, which emphasise demonstrating competence, and learning goals, which emphasise developing competence. A person pursuing a performance goal may focus on achieving a successful outcome or avoiding mistakes, whereas someone pursuing a learning goal may place greater value on gaining skills, even when the task is difficult. However, performance goals are not necessarily harmful. When individuals feel confident in their abilities, wanting to demonstrate competence can encourage effort and achievement. Mindset is therefore better understood as influencing how people approach goals than as determining whether a particular goal is good or bad. These ideas also highlight that mindsets are not necessarily consistent across every area of life. A person may believe that academic ability can improve through study but feel that physical strength is largely determined by natural ability. This distinction matters when applying mindset theory to exercise, because beliefs about intelligence cannot automatically be assumed to reflect beliefs about fitness. A person may need to develop a growth-oriented view of physical ability specifically before interpreting gym setbacks as opportunities to learn. The gym scenario illustrates how these beliefs might influence behaviour. Someone who struggles to lift a particular weight might interpret the experience as proof that they are not strong enough, whereas another person might see it as information about what they need to practise. The second person may be more willing to adjust their technique, seek feedback or set a more achievable short-term goal. Nevertheless, mindset does not determine behaviour on its own. Confidence, previous experience, social comparison and the training environment can also influence a person's response. Growth mindset theory therefore provides a useful framework for understanding reactions to difficulty, rather than a rule that predicts how every individual will behave. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND MOTIVATION''' == Mueller and Swrck (1998) investigated how different types of praise influenced children’s motivation and responses to failure. Their findings suggested that praising intelligence encouraged a stronger focus on demonstrating ability, while praising effort encouraged a greater focus on learning. Following a setback, children praised for intelligence showed less persistence and enjoyment than those praised for effort. These results suggest that feedback can influence how children interpret their performance and whether they view failure as a reflection of their ability or as an opportunity to improve. However, because the study involved children completing puzzle tasks, its findings cannot automatically be generalised to adults exercising in a gym. Blackwell et al. (2007) examined the relationship between beliefs about intelligence and academic achievement in adolescents. Their research included an intervention designed to teach students that intelligence can develop, providing a useful comparison with laboratory studies of praise and feedback. Together, these studies suggest that beliefs about ability may be relevant to motivation and learning, although the outcomes of an intervention depend on the population and setting in which it was delivered.   == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND ACHIEVEMENT''' == Although growth mindset theory offers a useful explanation of motivation, the relationship btween mindset and achievement is not straightforward. Blackwell et al (2007) found that students who received an intervention promoting the idea that intelligence can develop showed improvements in classroom motivation, and their declining mathematics grades were reversed compared with the control group. This suggests that changing beliefs about ability may influence how students approach learning and respond to academic difficulties. However, the intervention involved a specific group of Year 7 students. So the finding should not automatically be generalised to every age group or setting. Burnette et al. (2023) examined 113 studies involving more than 28,000 participants in a meta-analysis of mindsets and self-regulation. Their findings indicated that implicit beliefs about personal attributes were associated with processes such as goal setting and goal pursuit, which were in turn related to goal achievement. This supports the idea that mindset may influence achievement partly through the choices people make and the strategies they use, rather than directly determining whether they succeed. This distinction is important because a growth mindset does not guarantee success. Improvement also depends on factors such as access to resources, the quality of feedback, opportunities to practise, and the strategies used. In the gym, believing that strengths can improve may encourage someone to continue training, but progress will still depend on appropriate programming, recovery, nutrition and consistent practice. A growth mindset may therefore be most useful when it encourages realistic action and learning, rather than when it is treated as a substitute for the practical conditions needed to improve. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES''' == Mindset may also influence how people experience failure emotionally. When individuals interpret a setback as evidence that they lack ability, they may experience embarrassment, frustration, or helplessness; these emotions can make it harder to approach a similar challenge again. In contrast, interpreting failure as information about what needs to improve may help an individual respond with curiosity and renewed effort, This does not mean that people with a growth mindset do not experience disappointment; rather, their beliefs may influence what they do with that disappointment. Mueller and Dweck (1998) provided evidence for this distinction. In their studies, children praised for intelligence responded less positively to failure than children praised for effort. They showed lower task persistence and enjoyment and were more likely to attribute poor performance to low ability. These findings suggest that when success becomes a test of whether someone is intelligent, failure can threaten their view of themselves. When feedback instead emphasises effort, children may be more likely to understand performance as something that can change. However, effort alone is not always enough, and telling someone simply to try harder can be unhelpful when their current approach is ineffective. A more useful response combines encouragement with specific feedback and practical strategies. For example, after struggling with a lift, a person might feel disappointed but use the experience to adjust their technique, reduce the weight, or seek guidance. The setback remains unpleasant, but it can also provide information for future training. The gym example illustrates how the interpretation of failure can affect emotional responses. Someone who compares their current strength with that of a more experienced gym-goer may feel inadequate, whereas someone who compares their current performance with their own previous efforts may be better able to recognise progress. Nevertheless, their responses are not determined by mindset alone. Social comparison, previous experience, confidence, and the environment can also influence how a person feels after a setback. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING''' == The effects of mindset may extend beyond performance to psychological wellbeing. If people believe that their abilities can develop, they will be less likely to interpret a single setback as a permanent judgement of their worth or potential. This could help them respond to difficulties with greater flexibility and maintain a sense that improvement is possible. However, psychological wellbeing is influenced by many factors, and mindset should not be viewed as a complete explanation for how someone feels or copes with stress. Research by Schleider and Weisz (2017) provides some evidence that mindset-based intervention may have benefits beyond achievement. They tested a brief intervention teaching adolescents that personality can change, examining symptoms of anxiety and depression over a nine-month period. Compared with a supportive-therapy control condition, the intervention group showed greater improvements in some parent-reported and youth-reported depression outcomes, as well as perceived behaviour control. However, the results were not significant across every measure, including youth-reported anxiety. The study therefore offers promising evidence, but it does not establish that growth mindset interventions will improve wellbeing for everyone. An important limitation is that Schleider and Weisz (2018) examined beliefs about personality rather than intelligence of physical fitness. Although these ideas are related, they are not identical. Their findings cannot be directly applied to assume that a growth mindset about strength or exercise will reduce anxiety or improve mental health. Further research would be needed to determine whether similar effects occur in other areas of life. Returning to the gym example, a person who struggles with a life may feel disappointed without concluding that they are incapable of becoming stronger. Viewing the experience as temporary and changeable may help them maintain perspective and return to training. However, wellbeing also depends on whether their goals are realistic, whether their training environment is supportive, and whether they can recognise progression without comparing themselves with others. A growth mindset may be one helpful resource for coping with setbacks, but it is not a guarantee of positive wellbeing. == '''CRITICAL EVALUATION''' == Overall, growth mindset theory provides a useful framework for understanding why people can respond differently to similar challenges. Research suggests that beliefs about whether abilities can develop may influence goal setting, responses to feedback, and reactions to failure. However, the evidence does not establish that a growth mindset automatically produces better achievement or psychological well-being. One limitation is that several studies discussed in this chapter involve children and adolescents in educational settings. Although these studies help explain the relationship between beliefs and behaviour, their findings cannot automatically be generalised to adults exercising in a gym. Research directly examining fitness-related mindsets is therefore important when considering whether these patterns also occur during physical activity. It is also necessary to distinguish between believing that improvement is possible and assuming that effort alone guarantees success. Progress depends on effective strategies, feedback, opportunities to practice, and individual circumstances. Encouraging someone to persist without helping them identify what needs to change may not improve their performance. A growth mindset is therefore best understood as one potential influence on motivation and responses to difficulty, rather than a universal solution to failure. == '''CONCLUSION''' == A growth mindset offers one explanation for why people respond differently to similar challenges. Believing that abilities can develop may encourage individuals to approach setbacks as opportunities to learn rather than as proof of their limitations. However, the research suggests that effects depend on the individual and the context. A growth mindset does not guarantee success, eliminate disappointment, or independently determine well-being. Effective strategies, appropriate support, and opportunities to practice remain important. Returning to the gym scenario, struggling to lift a desired weight does not determine a person's future and strength. How they interpret the setback may influence whether they give up or use the experience to guide their next attempt. Ultimately, the value of a growth mindset lies in recognising that current performance does not necessarily define future potential, while understanding that improvement requires more than a positive attitude alone.  <quiz display="simple"> A person with a fixed mindset is more likely to believe that their abilities are relatively unchangeable. |type=“()”} -True +False </quiz> ==Figure== * [[File:Fixed_versus_growth_mindset.png|alt=Fixed_versus_growth_mindset|center|329x329px|Figure 2. Visual comparison of how a growth mindset is compared to fixed mindset]] ==Learning features== Carol Dweck when creating the concept of a growth mindset included set of 3 questions of which you answer on a 1 (strong agree) to 6 (strong disagree) to get you thinking which was your brain works. See the following:<blockquote>'''''1. You have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can't really do much to change it''''' '''''2. Your intelligence is something about you that can't change very much''''' '''''3. You can learn new things, but you can't really change your basic intelligence'''''</blockquote>''<small>1.0-3.0 - fixed mindset</small>'' ''<small>3.1-3.9 - average</small>'' ''<small>4.0-6.0 - growth mindset</small>'' ''<small>How did you do?</small>'' = References = Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. ''Child Development'', ''78''(1), 246–263. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x</nowiki> Burnette, J. L., Billingsley, J., Banks, G. C., Knouse, L. E., Hoyt, C. L., Pollack, J. M., & Simon, S. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions: For whom, how, and why might such interventions work? ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''149''(3–4), 174–205. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000368</nowiki> Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science'', ''14''(3), 481–496. PubMed Central. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166</nowiki> Dwreck, C., & Leggett, E. (2025). ''Dweck & Leggett (1988) a social-cognitive approach''. Scribd. <nowiki>https://www.scribd.com/document/260120551/Dweck-Leggett-1988-a-Social-cognitive-Approach</nowiki> Dybendal, B. H., Stokke, S. S., Haugan, J. A., Moen, F., & Stenseng, F. (2026). Development and validation of the mindset in fitness scale (MiFS): A domain-specific measure of implicit beliefs in physical activity engagement. ''Current Psychology'', ''45''(7). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09286-0</nowiki> enter for Teaching and Learning, Stanford University. (2025). ''Growth mindset''. Stanford University. Center for Teaching and Learning. <nowiki>https://ctl.stanford.edu/students/growth-mindset</nowiki> Furnham, A. (2014). Increasing your intelligence: Entity and incremental beliefs about the multiple “intelligences”. ''Learning and Individual Differences'', ''32'', 163–167. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.001</nowiki> Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''75''(1), 33–52. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33</nowiki> Orvidas, K., Burnette, J. L., & Russell, V. M. (2018). Mindsets applied to fitness: Growth beliefs predict exercise efficacy, value and frequency. ''Psychology of Sport and Exercise'', ''36''(36), 156–161. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.02.006</nowiki> Schleider, J., & Weisz, J. (2017). A single‐session growth mindset intervention for adolescent anxiety and depression: 9‐Month outcomes of a randomized trial. ''Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry'', ''59''(2), 160–170. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12811</nowiki> Sik, K., Cummins, J., & Job, V. (2024). An implicit measure of growth mindset uniquely predicts post-failure learning behavior. ''Scientific Reports'', ''14''(1), 3761. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52916-5</nowiki> Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. ''Psychological Science'', ''29''(4), 549–571. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739704</nowiki> Tao, W., Zhao, D., Yue, H., Horton, I., Tian, X., Xu, Z., & Sun, H.-J. (2022). The influence of growth mindset on the mental health and life events of college students. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''13''(1), 1–8. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.821206</nowiki> University, S., Stanford, & California 94305. (n.d.). ''Growth mindset scale | SPARQtools''. Sparqtools.Org. Retrieved 28 August 2026, from <nowiki>https://sparqtools.org/mobility-measure/growth-mindset-scale/#all-survey-questions</nowiki> (2026). Istockphoto.Com. <nowiki>https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2163114235/vector/growth-mindset-vs-fixed-mindset-vector-for-slide-presentation-or-web-banner-infographic-of.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=O7uMSHSfE7qoSfDGG_agGEhx-KjkXspgX5KbnUXrfiA=</nowiki> [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset/Growth]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Well-being]] khp04zcgp0g0wxqmwzd49wjndi0977q 2839799 2839794 2026-10-12T12:27:37Z ~2026-51041-43 3111383 2839799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Growth mindset:<br>How does a growth mindset influence psychological wellbeing?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Fixed versus growth mindset.png|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Two faces staring at each other. Left with a lock and right was a plant growing.]] Life rarely goes as planned. You have been struggling at the gym for a while now and you’ve finally decided you want to work out become stronger. One day, you struggle to lift your goal weight, looking around you, you find others lifting heavier with ease. Suddenly a normal gym session turned into a comparison “I can’t do this. I am not good at this.” You leave the gym feeling deflated and decide you are simply not strong enough for the gym. Alternatively, you might see others lifting heavier and you become inspired, thinking, “if I keep training and stay discipline, I will become stronger.” You are still disappointed you could not get your goal weight but it only fuels you for the next time, understanding it’s a reflection of your ability not your potential. The situation is the same, however the reaction is different. Why can the same challenge have one person feeling defeated and the other feeling motivated? Why do some people see failure as evidence, while others see it as an opportunity to learn? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == '''TABLE OF CONTENTS''' == # Overview # Understanding Growth Mindset # Growth Mindset and Motivation # Growth Mindset and Achievement # Growth Mindset and Emotional Responses # Growth Mindset and Psychological Wellbeing # Critical Evaluation # Conclusion # References == '''OVERVIEW''' == The concept of a growth mindset developed from Carol Dweck’s research into how children respond to difficulty, and it refers to the belief that abilities can be developed through effort, learning, and experience (Dweck & Leggett, 1988). At the other end of the spectrum, a fixed mindset is the belief that intelligence, abilities, and skills cannot be changed much. These beliefs are known as implicit theories. An entity theory corresponds to a fixed mindset, and an incremental theory to a growth mindset. Someone with a fixed mindset is more likely to read a struggle as proof they lack ability. Someone with a growth mindset is more likely to read the same struggle as a sign of what to work on next. Over time, these readings can become habits that shape how a person acts and feels when the next challenge arrives. Mindset carries importance, as beliefs influence how individuals respond to challenges; this affects what they do (motivation) and how they feel (emotion). Mindset is linked to effort, perseverance, and goals people pursue. People may be more likely to keep trying when they see effort as a way to improve. Mindset itself is also closely linked to how people view failure, how it feels and their response to it afterwards. A growth mindset does not abolish negative emotion; instead, it changes how the individual deals with it. Let's link this back to our earlier gym scenario: failing at a set of weights can impact confidence and future view of training. After failing, based on your mindset, you can either feel fuelled to try again in the future and keep working hard, or you can be deflated and unable to train again afterwards. Motivational and emotional patterns can add up to differences in psychological wellbeing; however, the relationship between the two is not simple, and other factors are involved. The chapter starts by defining mindset and tracing its origins. From there, it examines how mindset connects to motivation, then to emotional responses when things go wrong, and finally to psychological wellbeing. The last section asks how much of this the research actually supports.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Focus questions {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} * How does a growth mindset shape the way people respond to challenges and failure? * To what extent one can a growth mindset, contribute to motivation and psychological well-being? * What does psychological level research reveal and future and what are the benefits and limitations. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Mindset research explores why people with similar abilities can respond differently when a task becomes difficult. Dweck and Leggett (1988) proposed that people's beliefs about whether intelligence can change influence the goals they pursue and how they respond to challenges. They distinguished between an entity theory, in which intelligence is viewed as relatively fixed, and an incremental theory, in which intelligence is viewed as capable of development. These ideas underpin what are now commonly described as fixed and growth mindsets. These beliefs can shape how people interpret success and failure. Someone who views ability as fixed may be more concerned with proving their competence and avoiding situations that could expose their weaknesses. When they encounter difficulty, they may interpret it as evidence that they lack the ability to succeed. In contrast, someone who believes ability can develop may be more willing to approach challenging tasks because these provide opportunities to learn. This does not mean that people with a growth mindset always persist or that people with a fixed mindset always give up. Rather, their beliefs may influence how they interpret challenges and which responses they consider worthwhile. Dweck and Leggett (1988) linked these differences to performance goals, which emphasise demonstrating competence, and learning goals, which emphasise developing competence. A person pursuing a performance goal may focus on achieving a successful outcome or avoiding mistakes, whereas someone pursuing a learning goal may place greater value on gaining skills, even when the task is difficult. However, performance goals are not necessarily harmful. When individuals feel confident in their abilities, wanting to demonstrate competence can encourage effort and achievement. Mindset is therefore better understood as influencing how people approach goals than as determining whether a particular goal is good or bad. These ideas also highlight that mindsets are not necessarily consistent across every area of life. A person may believe that academic ability can improve through study but feel that physical strength is largely determined by natural ability. This distinction matters when applying mindset theory to exercise, because beliefs about intelligence cannot automatically be assumed to reflect beliefs about fitness. A person may need to develop a growth-oriented view of physical ability specifically before interpreting gym setbacks as opportunities to learn. The gym scenario illustrates how these beliefs might influence behaviour. Someone who struggles to lift a particular weight might interpret the experience as proof that they are not strong enough, whereas another person might see it as information about what they need to practise. The second person may be more willing to adjust their technique, seek feedback or set a more achievable short-term goal. Nevertheless, mindset does not determine behaviour on its own. Confidence, previous experience, social comparison and the training environment can also influence a person's response. Growth mindset theory therefore provides a useful framework for understanding reactions to difficulty, rather than a rule that predicts how every individual will behave. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND MOTIVATION''' == Mueller and Swrck (1998) investigated how different types of praise influenced children’s motivation and responses to failure. Their findings suggested that praising intelligence encouraged a stronger focus on demonstrating ability, while praising effort encouraged a greater focus on learning. Following a setback, children praised for intelligence showed less persistence and enjoyment than those praised for effort. These results suggest that feedback can influence how children interpret their performance and whether they view failure as a reflection of their ability or as an opportunity to improve. However, because the study involved children completing puzzle tasks, its findings cannot automatically be generalised to adults exercising in a gym. Blackwell et al. (2007) examined the relationship between beliefs about intelligence and academic achievement in adolescents. Their research included an intervention designed to teach students that intelligence can develop, providing a useful comparison with laboratory studies of praise and feedback. Together, these studies suggest that beliefs about ability may be relevant to motivation and learning, although the outcomes of an intervention depend on the population and setting in which it was delivered.   == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND ACHIEVEMENT''' == Although growth mindset theory offers a useful explanation of motivation, the relationship btween mindset and achievement is not straightforward. Blackwell et al (2007) found that students who received an intervention promoting the idea that intelligence can develop showed improvements in classroom motivation, and their declining mathematics grades were reversed compared with the control group. This suggests that changing beliefs about ability may influence how students approach learning and respond to academic difficulties. However, the intervention involved a specific group of Year 7 students. So the finding should not automatically be generalised to every age group or setting. Burnette et al. (2023) examined 113 studies involving more than 28,000 participants in a meta-analysis of mindsets and self-regulation. Their findings indicated that implicit beliefs about personal attributes were associated with processes such as goal setting and goal pursuit, which were in turn related to goal achievement. This supports the idea that mindset may influence achievement partly through the choices people make and the strategies they use, rather than directly determining whether they succeed. This distinction is important because a growth mindset does not guarantee success. Improvement also depends on factors such as access to resources, the quality of feedback, opportunities to practise, and the strategies used. In the gym, believing that strengths can improve may encourage someone to continue training, but progress will still depend on appropriate programming, recovery, nutrition and consistent practice. A growth mindset may therefore be most useful when it encourages realistic action and learning, rather than when it is treated as a substitute for the practical conditions needed to improve. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES''' == Mindset may also influence how people experience failure emotionally. When individuals interpret a setback as evidence that they lack ability, they may experience embarrassment, frustration, or helplessness; these emotions can make it harder to approach a similar challenge again. In contrast, interpreting failure as information about what needs to improve may help an individual respond with curiosity and renewed effort, This does not mean that people with a growth mindset do not experience disappointment; rather, their beliefs may influence what they do with that disappointment. Mueller and Dweck (1998) provided evidence for this distinction. In their studies, children praised for intelligence responded less positively to failure than children praised for effort. They showed lower task persistence and enjoyment and were more likely to attribute poor performance to low ability. These findings suggest that when success becomes a test of whether someone is intelligent, failure can threaten their view of themselves. When feedback instead emphasises effort, children may be more likely to understand performance as something that can change. However, effort alone is not always enough, and telling someone simply to try harder can be unhelpful when their current approach is ineffective. A more useful response combines encouragement with specific feedback and practical strategies. For example, after struggling with a lift, a person might feel disappointed but use the experience to adjust their technique, reduce the weight, or seek guidance. The setback remains unpleasant, but it can also provide information for future training. The gym example illustrates how the interpretation of failure can affect emotional responses. Someone who compares their current strength with that of a more experienced gym-goer may feel inadequate, whereas someone who compares their current performance with their own previous efforts may be better able to recognise progress. Nevertheless, their responses are not determined by mindset alone. Social comparison, previous experience, confidence, and the environment can also influence how a person feels after a setback. == '''GROWTH MINDSET AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING''' == The effects of mindset may extend beyond performance to psychological wellbeing. If people believe that their abilities can develop, they will be less likely to interpret a single setback as a permanent judgement of their worth or potential. This could help them respond to difficulties with greater flexibility and maintain a sense that improvement is possible. However, psychological wellbeing is influenced by many factors, and mindset should not be viewed as a complete explanation for how someone feels or copes with stress. Research by Schleider and Weisz (2017) provides some evidence that mindset-based intervention may have benefits beyond achievement. They tested a brief intervention teaching adolescents that personality can change, examining symptoms of anxiety and depression over a nine-month period. Compared with a supportive-therapy control condition, the intervention group showed greater improvements in some parent-reported and youth-reported depression outcomes, as well as perceived behaviour control. However, the results were not significant across every measure, including youth-reported anxiety. The study therefore offers promising evidence, but it does not establish that growth mindset interventions will improve wellbeing for everyone. An important limitation is that Schleider and Weisz (2018) examined beliefs about personality rather than intelligence of physical fitness. Although these ideas are related, they are not identical. Their findings cannot be directly applied to assume that a growth mindset about strength or exercise will reduce anxiety or improve mental health. Further research would be needed to determine whether similar effects occur in other areas of life. Returning to the gym example, a person who struggles with a life may feel disappointed without concluding that they are incapable of becoming stronger. Viewing the experience as temporary and changeable may help them maintain perspective and return to training. However, wellbeing also depends on whether their goals are realistic, whether their training environment is supportive, and whether they can recognise progression without comparing themselves with others. A growth mindset may be one helpful resource for coping with setbacks, but it is not a guarantee of positive wellbeing. == '''CRITICAL EVALUATION''' == Overall, growth mindset theory provides a useful framework for understanding why people can respond differently to similar challenges. Research suggests that beliefs about whether abilities can develop may influence goal setting, responses to feedback, and reactions to failure. However, the evidence does not establish that a growth mindset automatically produces better achievement or psychological well-being. One limitation is that several studies discussed in this chapter involve children and adolescents in educational settings. Although these studies help explain the relationship between beliefs and behaviour, their findings cannot automatically be generalised to adults exercising in a gym. Research directly examining fitness-related mindsets is therefore important when considering whether these patterns also occur during physical activity. It is also necessary to distinguish between believing that improvement is possible and assuming that effort alone guarantees success. Progress depends on effective strategies, feedback, opportunities to practice, and individual circumstances. Encouraging someone to persist without helping them identify what needs to change may not improve their performance. A growth mindset is therefore best understood as one potential influence on motivation and responses to difficulty, rather than a universal solution to failure. == '''CONCLUSION''' == A growth mindset offers one explanation for why people respond differently to similar challenges. Believing that abilities can develop may encourage individuals to approach setbacks as opportunities to learn rather than as proof of their limitations. However, the research suggests that effects depend on the individual and the context. A growth mindset does not guarantee success, eliminate disappointment, or independently determine well-being. Effective strategies, appropriate support, and opportunities to practice remain important. Returning to the gym scenario, struggling to lift a desired weight does not determine a person's future and strength. How they interpret the setback may influence whether they give up or use the experience to guide their next attempt. Ultimately, the value of a growth mindset lies in recognising that current performance does not necessarily define future potential, while understanding that improvement requires more than a positive attitude alone.  <quiz display="simple"> A person with a fixed mindset is more likely to believe that their abilities are relatively unchangeable. |type=“()”} -True +False </quiz> ==Figure== * [[File:Fixed_versus_growth_mindset.png|alt=Fixed_versus_growth_mindset|center|329x329px|Figure 2. Visual comparison of how a growth mindset is compared to fixed mindset]] ==Learning features== Carol Dweck when creating the concept of a growth mindset included set of 3 questions of which you answer on a 1 (strong agree) to 6 (strong disagree) to get you thinking which was your brain works. See the following:<blockquote>'''''1. You have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can't really do much to change it''''' '''''2. Your intelligence is something about you that can't change very much''''' '''''3. You can learn new things, but you can't really change your basic intelligence'''''</blockquote>''<small>1.0-3.0 - fixed mindset</small>'' ''<small>3.1-3.9 - average</small>'' ''<small>4.0-6.0 - growth mindset</small>'' ''<small>How did you do?</small>'' = References = Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. ''Child Development'', ''78''(1), 246–263. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x</nowiki> Burnette, J. L., Billingsley, J., Banks, G. C., Knouse, L. E., Hoyt, C. L., Pollack, J. M., & Simon, S. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions: For whom, how, and why might such interventions work? ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''149''(3–4), 174–205. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000368</nowiki> Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science'', ''14''(3), 481–496. PubMed Central. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166</nowiki> Dwreck, C., & Leggett, E. (2025). ''Dweck & Leggett (1988) a social-cognitive approach''. Scribd. <nowiki>https://www.scribd.com/document/260120551/Dweck-Leggett-1988-a-Social-cognitive-Approach</nowiki> Dybendal, B. H., Stokke, S. S., Haugan, J. A., Moen, F., & Stenseng, F. (2026). Development and validation of the mindset in fitness scale (MiFS): A domain-specific measure of implicit beliefs in physical activity engagement. ''Current Psychology'', ''45''(7). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09286-0</nowiki> enter for Teaching and Learning, Stanford University. (2025). ''Growth mindset''. Stanford University. Center for Teaching and Learning. <nowiki>https://ctl.stanford.edu/students/growth-mindset</nowiki> Furnham, A. (2014). Increasing your intelligence: Entity and incremental beliefs about the multiple “intelligences”. ''Learning and Individual Differences'', ''32'', 163–167. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.001</nowiki> Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''75''(1), 33–52. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33</nowiki> Orvidas, K., Burnette, J. L., & Russell, V. M. (2018). Mindsets applied to fitness: Growth beliefs predict exercise efficacy, value and frequency. ''Psychology of Sport and Exercise'', ''36''(36), 156–161. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.02.006</nowiki> Schleider, J., & Weisz, J. (2017). A single‐session growth mindset intervention for adolescent anxiety and depression: 9‐Month outcomes of a randomized trial. ''Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry'', ''59''(2), 160–170. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12811</nowiki> Sik, K., Cummins, J., & Job, V. (2024). An implicit measure of growth mindset uniquely predicts post-failure learning behavior. ''Scientific Reports'', ''14''(1), 3761. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52916-5</nowiki> Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. ''Psychological Science'', ''29''(4), 549–571. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739704</nowiki> Tao, W., Zhao, D., Yue, H., Horton, I., Tian, X., Xu, Z., & Sun, H.-J. (2022). The influence of growth mindset on the mental health and life events of college students. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''13''(1), 1–8. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.821206</nowiki> University, S., Stanford, & California 94305. (n.d.). ''Growth mindset scale | SPARQtools''. Sparqtools.Org. Retrieved 28 August 2026, from <nowiki>https://sparqtools.org/mobility-measure/growth-mindset-scale/#all-survey-questions</nowiki> (2026). Istockphoto.Com. <nowiki>https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2163114235/vector/growth-mindset-vs-fixed-mindset-vector-for-slide-presentation-or-web-banner-infographic-of.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=O7uMSHSfE7qoSfDGG_agGEhx-KjkXspgX5KbnUXrfiA=</nowiki> == Social Contributions == Feedback done on following posts: # Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Charismatic leadership and follower motivation # Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Alcohol use for emotion regulation # Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Reinforcement sensitivity theory # Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Life purpose and well-being#Feedback on research section [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset/Growth]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Well-being]] lxhqlu5qyquwesorzk96ujcsntmu54c 1 331522 2839796 2832415 2026-10-12T12:23:56Z ~2026-51041-43 3111383 /* Feedback on opening scenario */ new section 2839796 wikitext text/x-wiki == Emotional Regulation and Alcohol Use == You can completely reject this or take it however you please, but I find this topic incredibly interesting and just have a perspective that I'd like to share. a couple of potentially useful points that I have are: * People don't necessarily try to get rid of emotions; regulation can involve changing the intensity, duration or expression of an emotion. * Alcohol can become a form of maladaptive emotion regulation, where someone uses drinking to reduce unpleasant feelings rather than using healthier coping strategies. For example: * Someone experiencing stress, anxiety, sadness or social discomfort may drink because they expect alcohol to make them feel calmer or happier. I wish you luck on the rest of your writing journey! [[User:U3280843|U3280843]] ([[User talk:U3280843|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3280843|contribs]]) 01:57, 26 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Focus on emotion regulation (rather than motivation) # The Conclusion should not have sub-headings (fixed) # Check and correct grammar (e.g., missing question marks <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings |3= <!-- Overview--> <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section <!-- Description --> # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Overall, I think the focus questions offer a stronger structure than the headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Partial development # Also consider negative and positive emotion dysregulation # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is underdeveloped # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider use of more scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Quiz --> # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Basic <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages <!-- External links --> # External links ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Used effectively <!-- Description about self --> # Description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:46, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on your chapter == Hiya! Really like the Friday night scenario, the question you end on about whether people are reliant on the alcohol or the relief is a great hook. In See also, The Wiley and Frontiers articles are academic sources, so they would go better in the References section with in text citations. The introspection one might work well in your alternative strategies section since that's still just headings at the moment? Also adding a Wikipedia link to the See also section would cover the second required link type. Good luck with the rest of the chapter! [[User:U3270398|U3270398]] ([[User talk:U3270398|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3270398|contribs]]) 02:22, 2 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback about your chapter== Hello, Really interesting chapter. Just a suggestion. It is good to consider positive and negative dysregulation in the chapter. I am writing chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|positive emotion dysregulation]], so please feel free to include that in see also section. Also you can include [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation|emotion dysregulation]] book chapter that explains emotion dysregulation as whole. All the best.--[[User:P U3270518|P U3270518]] ([[User talk:P U3270518|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/P U3270518|contribs]]) 11:35, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on opening scenario == Hi, I liked how the chapter starts with an example of someone drinking after a stressful week because it makes the topic easier to relate to. One thing I noticed is that the scenario moves quite quickly from having drinks with friends to drinking every night and becoming dependent. Maybe you could add a sentence explaining that the person's drinking gradually becomes more frequent over time. I also think it would be good to clarify that this is one possible outcome and that not everyone who drinks socially will develop a problem. This would make the example feel more realistic while still showing how alcohol might be used to cope with emotions. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51041-43|~2026-51041-43]] ([[User talk:~2026-51041-43|talk]]) 12:23, 12 October 2026 (UTC) fmqdrmiy6m5r3qp4uxy5xglxwcvasi3 0 331529 2839807 2839761 2026-10-12T14:06:52Z Safiaah 3110224 added reference 2839807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Anxiety]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Depression]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Psychopathology]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Time]] {{title|Altered time perception in anxiety and depression:<br>How mood disorders shape the experience of time}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Case Study: Two people, the same ten minutes{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:My file Anxiety and the passage of time.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Figure 1. Emotional states can influence the subjective experience of time.]] Maya and Daniel are waiting for a train that will arrive in ten minutes. Maya is anxious about an important interview. She repeatedly checks her watch, imagines arriving late, and becomes increasingly restless. Every minute seems unusually long. Daniel is experiencing depression. He is not particularly worried about the train, but he feels exhausted and disconnected from his surroundings. The wait seems empty and endless. Both experience the same ten minutes of clock time, yet their subjective experiences differ. Why can emotions change the way time feels?{{RoundBoxBottom}} Time is usually understood as something objective, measured in seconds, minutes, and hours. However, psychological time is not always experienced consistently. An enjoyable afternoon may seem to disappear, while a stressful wait can feel much longer than expected. Time perception refers to the psychological processes involved in experiencing and judging duration. Emotional states can influence these processes through attention, physiological arousal, memory, and cognitive interpretation (Droit-Volet & Meck, 2007). Anxiety and depression are especially relevant because they can alter how individuals experience everyday events. Anxiety often involves anticipation of uncertain threats, whereas depression may involve persistent sadness, reduced pleasure, and changes in motivation. Although anxiety disorders are classified separately from depressive disorders, comparing them helps explain how different forms of emotional distress influence subjective time. '''Focus questions''' 1. How do anxiety and depression influence the subjective experience of time? 2. Which psychological theories explain these changes? 3. What does peer-reviewed research reveal, and why do findings sometimes disagree? 4. How can this knowledge contribute to understanding emotional wellbeing? == What is time perception? == Time perception is not a single ability. Psychologists distinguish between experiencing the passage of time and judging the duration of an interval. A person might report that an afternoon passed very slowly but still accurately estimate a ten-second interval in an experiment. This distinction is essential when investigating depression (Droit-Volet, 2013). Researchers use several tasks to investigate temporal judgements: {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |+ '''Table 1. Common tasks used to investigate time perception''' |- ! Task ! What participants do |- | Verbal estimation | State how many seconds an event lasted |- | Time production | Produce a requested interval, such as ten seconds |- | Time reproduction | Recreate an interval previously presented |- | Temporal bisection | Classify intervals as closer to a learned short or long duration |} These methods place different demands on attention, memory, and decision-making. Another distinction concerns prospective timing, when people know in advance that they must judge duration, and retrospective timing, when they estimate duration afterwards. These approaches can produce different results because they involve different cognitive processes (Block & Zakay, 1997). Time perception is also different from time perspective, which concerns how people think about their past, present, and future == Psychological theories explaining altered time perception == === Internal clock theory === One influential explanation is the internal clock model, which proposes that timing involves a hypothetical pacemaker producing pulses, a mechanism controlling their accumulation, and processes for interpreting the resulting temporal information. When more pulses accumulate, an interval may be experienced as longer. When fewer pulses accumulate, it may be judged as shorter. Emotional arousal may influence the operation of this system. For example, heightened arousal during a threatening event could increase the amount of temporal information registered, producing a longer duration judgement (Droit-Volet & Meck, 2007). However, the internal clock is a theoretical model rather than a literal clock located in one brain region. A major limitation is that behavioural results cannot always distinguish changes in pacemaker speed from changes in attention or memory. ==== Attention and the attentional gate ==== Attentional explanations propose that perceived duration depends partly on how much attention is allocated to time. When people concentrate on a clock, temporal information becomes more prominent. When they are absorbed in another activity, they may devote fewer cognitive resources to timing. This is relevant to anxiety because anxious individuals may repeatedly monitor anticipated events. However, anxiety can also redirect attention towards threatening information rather than time itself. These possibilities can produce opposite effects. Increased monitoring of time might make a wait feel prolonged, whereas attention diverted towards a threat might produce shorter laboratory duration estimates. The attentional approach therefore helps explain why anxiety does not always produce the same temporal distortion. One strength of the attentional approach is that it considers how different tasks influence the way people judge time. Block and Zakay (1997) conducted a meta-analytic review of 20 experiments comparing prospective and retrospective duration judgements. They found that prospective estimates were generally longer and less variable than retrospective estimates. This suggests that the psychological processes involved in experiencing duration are not necessarily identical to those involved in remembering it. The findings are particularly relevant when considering anxiety. For example, Maya's repeated checking of the clock may increase her awareness of passing time. However, if her attention becomes absorbed by worries about the interview, fewer resources may be available for monitoring duration. The attentional model therefore offers two possible explanations for her experience, depending on where her attention is directed. Nevertheless, the theory has limitations. Attention is difficult to isolate because emotional arousal, memory and decision-making may also influence timing performance. Furthermore, evidence from controlled laboratory tasks cannot automatically explain how individuals experience prolonged periods of anxiety in everyday life. Consequently, attentional explanations are useful but should be considered alongside other psychological mechanisms. ==== Emotional arousal and cognitive appraisal ==== Emotion involves interactions between bodily responses, thoughts, and subjective experience. Reeve (2024) provides a broader foundation for understanding these components of emotion. Cognitive appraisal concerns how an individual interprets an event in relation to personal goals and wellbeing. For example, a delayed train may be unimportant to someone travelling casually but threatening to someone attending a job interview. The same situation can therefore produce different emotional responses and attentional priorities. Droit-Volet and Gil (2009) describe an important relationship between emotional experience and temporal judgement: emotional events can influence timing through multiple processes rather than through a single mechanism. A limitation is that appraisal theory explains why situations become emotionally significant but does not independently predict the precise direction of a duration-estimation error. ==== Depression, rumination, and reduced engagement ==== Depression may influence temporal experience through changes in motivation, attention, and cognitive processing. Rumination involves repetitive negative thinking. A person experiencing depression may remain focused on distressing thoughts while finding everyday activities less rewarding. This may contribute to the experience that time is dragging. However, this explanation should not be confused with evidence that depression universally slows an internal timing mechanism. Droit-Volet (2013) emphasised that the feeling of slow time is not systematically associated with disrupted basic timing processes. '''Figure 2. Conceptual pathways linking emotion and time''' [[File:Emotipnal_expreience_ss_.png|thumb|left|450px|Figure 2. Original conceptual diagram based on the theoretical approaches reviewed by Droit-Volet and Meck (2007). Arrows represent proposed influences, not established causal pathways.]] <br clear="all" /> == What does psychological research reveal? == ==== Anxiety and time perception ==== Research demonstrates that anxiety can influence temporal judgements, but its effects are not always in the direction people might expect. Sarigiannidis et al. (2020) investigated anxiety using a threat-of-shock procedure. Participants completed a timing task while experiencing the possibility of an unpredictable electric shock. Across three experiments, anxiety was associated with underestimation of duration, with a combined effect size of d = 0.68. This is important because everyday descriptions of threatening events often suggest that time slows down. The experimental results demonstrate that anxiety does not necessarily make measured intervals seem longer. The researchers also distinguished anxiety, associated with uncertain threat, from fear, associated with more immediate threat. This distinction matters because different negative emotional states may involve different attentional and physiological responses. Liu and Li (2019) examined interactions between temporary anxiety and trait anxiety. Their findings suggested that people with different levels of trait anxiety could show different temporal responses under an anxious state. This challenges the assumption that all anxious individuals process duration in the same way. However, experimental anxiety and trait anxiety do not necessarily represent clinically diagnosed anxiety disorders. Research involving emotional expressions provides additional evidence. Droit-Volet and Meck (2007) reviewed studies showing that emotional stimuli can alter duration judgements through interactions between arousal and attention. The evidence therefore supports a conditional explanation: anxiety can distort timing, but the direction depends on individual characteristics, emotional context, and the task being performed. Sarigiannidis et al. (2020) challenged the common assumption that anxiety always makes time seem slower. Their research used a threat-of-shock procedure to create uncertainty while participants completed duration judgements. This approach provided greater experimental control than simply asking participants to remember how time felt during a stressful event. The researchers also repeated the investigation across three experiments, increasing confidence that the observed underestimation was not restricted to a single experimental procedure. However, several limitations should be considered. The anxiety experienced during a controlled experiment may differ considerably from the persistent worry associated with an anxiety disorder. Participants were also judging relatively brief intervals, rather than the longer periods of waiting that commonly occur in everyday life. Therefore, the findings should not be interpreted as evidence that anxiety always makes an entire day pass more quickly. The results also raise a theoretical question. If emotional arousal necessarily accelerated an internal clock, increased duration estimates might be expected. Instead, the observed underestimation suggests that attentional changes or other cognitive processes may sometimes have a stronger influence. This interpretation supports a more flexible account of time perception in which emotional arousal and attention interact. It also demonstrates why researchers should distinguish between experimentally induced anxiety, fear and clinically diagnosed anxiety disorders. ==== Depression and the subjective slowing of time ==== Depression is often associated with descriptions of time moving unusually slowly. One of the strongest sources is the meta-analysis by Thönes and Oberfeld (2015), which combined 16 studies involving 433 participants with depression and 485 healthy controls. The researchers found a moderate difference in the subjective passage of time (g = 0.66), indicating that participants with depression experienced time as passing more slowly. However, the meta-analysis did not find statistically significant overall differences in four commonly used laboratory timing tasks. This result is especially important because it challenges the assumption that depression necessarily damages the ability to estimate duration. Gil and Droit-Volet (2009) investigated the relationship between depressive symptoms and temporal bisection. Participants judged whether short intervals were closer to previously learned short or long durations. Higher depressive symptom scores were associated with shorter duration judgements, although temporal sensitivity was similar across groups. This suggests that depression-related timing differences may appear under specific experimental conditions without necessarily reflecting a general impairment. Oberfeld et al. (2014) compared 22 patients with depression and 22 healthy controls across several timing measures. They found no reliable overall group differences in timing accuracy. These findings challenge the idea that depression always affects the internal processes used to judge time. The findings of Thönes and Oberfeld (2015) also highlight the importance of distinguishing statistical significance from psychological importance. Although the meta-analysis found a moderate difference in the subjective passage of time, the overall results did not demonstrate consistent impairment across conventional timing tasks. This suggests that the emotional experience of time may be affected even when basic temporal judgements remain relatively accurate. One strength of the meta-analysis was its ability to combine findings from multiple studies rather than relying on a single clinical sample. This provided a broader assessment of the relationship between depression and time perception. However, combining studies also introduces difficulties because participants, timing procedures and clinical characteristics may differ. The authors identified insufficient evidence concerning medication and the role of dopamine-related processes as limitations. These factors are important because biological and cognitive changes associated with depression may influence temporal processing independently of subjective mood. The distinction between subjective experience and objective performance is also relevant to Daniel's situation in the opening case study. His experience of an endless wait does not necessarily mean that he would inaccurately reproduce a ten-second interval in an experiment. Rather, his emotional state may influence the personal meaning and felt passage of the experience. This demonstrates why depression-related changes in time should not be reduced to a single impaired timing mechanism. ==== Direct comparisons between anxiety and depression ==== Mioni et al. (2016) investigated anxious patients, depressed patients, and healthy controls using time reproduction and production tasks. The researchers used the same brief intervals 500, 1,000, and 1,500 milliseconds across groups, allowing more direct comparisons. Compared with controls, anxious patients reproduced intervals as shorter, while depressed patients produced longer intervals. The authors suggested that attentional disruption might be particularly relevant to anxiety, whereas internal timing processes might contribute to depression-related differences. However, these mechanisms were inferred from behavioural performance rather than directly observed. The findings therefore support possible explanations without proving that the same mechanisms apply to every person experiencing anxiety or depression ==== Why are the findings inconsistent? ==== The research literature contains both significant effects and null findings. Several factors may explain this variation. First, studies investigate different aspects of time. A rating of how slowly an afternoon passed is not equivalent to reproducing a one-second interval. Second, emotional states differ. Experimentally induced anxiety, high trait anxiety, and diagnosed anxiety disorders should not be treated as interchangeable. Third, timing tasks rely on different cognitive processes. Attention, memory, decision-making, and response strategies may influence performance. Fourth, studies may differ in symptom severity, medication use, age, fatigue, and other participant characteristics. Finally, many experimental tasks involve intervals lasting only milliseconds or seconds. These may not represent the extended experiences of boredom, hopelessness, or anxious anticipation encountered in daily life. The most defensible conclusion is therefore that emotional distress can influence temporal experience, but no single pattern of distortion applies across all emotions, people, and situations. === Research comparison === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Study !Method !Main Finding !Critical Consideration |- |Thönes & Oberfeld (2015) |Meta-analysis of 16 depression studies |Subjective time felt slower; no consistent overall laboratory timing differences |Studies differed in methods and clinical characteristics |- |Gil & Droit-Volet (2009) |Temporal bisection and depressive symptom measures |Higher symptoms associated with shorter duration judgements |Symptoms do not necessarily indicate clinical diagnosis |- |Oberfeld et al. (2014) |Clinical comparison, 22 participants per group |No reliable overall timing accuracy differences |Relatively small clinical sample |- |Mioni et al. (2016) |Time reproduction and production in clinical groups |Different patterns in anxiety and depression |Proposed mechanisms were inferred |- |Sarigiannidis et al. (2020) |Experimental anxiety and timing tasks |Anxiety produced temporal underestimation |Induced anxiety may not reflect chronic disorders |} Table 2. Selected research findings on anxiety, depression, and temporal judgements. == Integrating theory and research == The evidence suggests that time perception is best understood through an interaction of psychological processes rather than a single internal mechanism. Internal clock models are useful for explaining possible relationships between arousal and duration estimates. Attentional theories explain why focusing on time or threatening information can change temporal judgements. Cognitive approaches help explain why personal interpretations and emotional experiences influence how time feels. The depression meta-analysis presents a particularly important theoretical challenge. If people with depression experience time as passing slowly but generally perform similarly to controls on laboratory timing tasks, then subjective slowing cannot be explained solely by impaired interval timing. Likewise, anxiety-related underestimation in controlled experiments challenges the assumption that heightened arousal always produces longer duration judgements. An integrated explanation must therefore distinguish the emotional experience of time from the mechanisms involved in estimating brief intervals. The research also has methodological limitations. Laboratory studies provide experimental control but may lack everyday relevance. Self-report measures capture personal experience but may be influenced by memory and interpretation. Future research could combine laboratory timing tasks with repeated assessments of emotional experience in everyday environments. This would help clarify whether emotional changes precede temporal distortions, follow them, or interact with them over time. The comparison between anxiety and depression also demonstrates why different psychological theories may be useful for different circumstances. Mioni et al. (2016) found that anxious patients tended to reproduce intervals as shorter, whereas depressed patients tended to produce longer intervals. The researchers interpreted these patterns as potentially reflecting attentional differences in anxiety and changes in internal timing processes in depression. However, these explanations were inferred from behavioural results rather than directly measured psychological mechanisms. This distinction is important because similar subjective experiences do not necessarily arise from identical processes. Both Maya and Daniel may feel that their ten-minute wait is unusually long, yet their experiences could involve different combinations of attention, emotional arousal, rumination and motivation. Taken together, these studies suggest that there is no single explanation for how anxiety and depression affect time perception. Rather than assuming that a particular disorder produces one predictable temporal distortion, psychologists should consider the individual's emotional state, the duration being judged and the demands of the task. This understanding also has practical relevance. Recognising that perceived time can change with emotional experience may help explain why waiting, uncertainty and reduced engagement become especially difficult during psychological distress. However, current evidence does not establish that modifying time perception directly improves mental health outcomes. Further research is needed before specific clinical recommendations can be made. The strongest application of the existing evidence is therefore improved understanding of emotional experience rather than a new treatment for anxiety or depression. == How can this knowledge be applied? == Understanding the relationship between emotion and time may help explain common everyday experiences. For someone experiencing anxiety, waiting for an uncertain outcome can become particularly noticeable. Repeatedly checking the clock may increase attention to the passage of time, while worrying about a threat may divert attention away from timing. For someone experiencing depression, reduced motivation and diminished enjoyment may make ordinary activities feel prolonged or empty. These explanations suggest possible benefits from meaningful engagement, attention regulation, and supportive daily routines. However, the research reviewed here does not establish these approaches as specific treatments for distorted time perception. Changes in temporal experience are also not reliable diagnostic indicators of anxiety or depression. Persistent emotional distress should be assessed by a qualified professional. Ultimately, how long something feels can depend just as much on our emotional state as on the time shown by a clock. == Learning feature: Review time! == '''Test your understanding of time perception. Choose the best answer before revealing the explanations.''' '''Question 1: What is the difference between subjective passage of time and duration estimation?''' A. They describe exactly the same process. B. Subjective passage concerns how quickly time feels, while duration estimation concerns judging an interval. C. Only duration estimation is influenced by emotions. '''Question 2: What did Thönes and Oberfeld (2015) find about depression?''' A. Depression consistently causes overestimation of duration. B. Depression has no relationship with time perception. C. Depression is associated with subjective slowing, but laboratory timing differences are inconsistent. '''Question 3: Why might anxiety produce different timing results?''' A. Emotional context, individual differences, and timing methods vary. B. Anxiety affects every individual identically. C. Anxiety changes objective clock time. <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:12px; margin-top:12px;"> '''Show answers and explanations''' <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> '''Question 1: B.''' Subjective passage of time concerns how time feels, whereas duration estimation involves judging the length of an interval. '''Question 2: C.''' Depression is associated with slower subjective time, but laboratory timing performance does not consistently differ. '''Question 3: A.''' Anxiety-related timing effects depend on emotional context, individual differences, and experimental methods. </div> </div>'''Reflection activity''' Think of an occasion when time seemed to move unusually slowly or quickly. Consider whether you were anxious, sad, excited, or deeply engaged in an activity. Was your attention focused on the clock or elsewhere? Did you judge the duration while it happened or afterwards? This reflection illustrates how emotional experience, attention, and memory can interact without necessarily changing objective time. == Conclusion == Anxiety and depression can alter subjective time, but their effects are complex and not universal. Anxiety-related timing changes appear to depend on threat, attention, and individual differences. Depression is more consistently associated with the experience that time passes slowly than with impaired performance on laboratory timing tasks. Internal clock, attentional, and cognitive theories each explain part of this relationship, but no single model fully accounts for the available evidence. The central takeaway is that feeling time pass slowly is not the same as estimating duration inaccurately. Recognising this distinction improves our understanding of how emotion shapes everyday experience and highlights the importance of evaluating psychological theories against different forms of research evidence. == References == <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Bech, P. (1975). Depression: Influence on time estimation and time experience. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 51''(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00211.x </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Block, R. A., & Zakay, D. (1997). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. ''Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4''(2), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209393 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Droit-Volet, S. (2013). Time perception, emotions and mood disorders. ''Journal of Physiology-Paris, 107''(4), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.03.005 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Droit-Volet, S., & Gil, S. (2009). The time–emotion paradox. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364''(1525), 1943–1953. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0013 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Droit-Volet, S., & Meck, W. H. (2007). How emotions colour our perception of time. ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11''(12), 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.008 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Effron, D. A., Niedenthal, P. M., Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2006). Embodied temporal perception of emotion. ''Emotion, 6''(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.1 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2009). Time perception, depression and sadness. ''Behavioural Processes, 80''(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2008.11.012 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Liu, J., & Li, H. (2019). Interactive effects of trait and state anxieties on time perception. ''Acta Psychologica, 195'', 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.03.004 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Mioni, G., Stablum, F., Prunetti, E., & Grondin, S. (2016). Time perception in anxious and depressed patients: A comparison between time reproduction and time production tasks. ''Journal of Affective Disorders, 196'', 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.047 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Oberfeld, D., Thönes, S., Palayoor, B. J., & Hecht, H. (2014). Depression does not affect time perception and time-to-contact estimation. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 5'', Article 810. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00810 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Reeve, J. (2024). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (8th ed.). Wiley. </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Sarigiannidis, I., Grillon, C., Ernst, M., Roiser, J. P., & Robinson, O. J. (2020). Anxiety makes time pass quicker while fear has no effect. ''Cognition, 197'', Article 104116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104116 </div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; margin-bottom:1em;"> Thönes, S., & Oberfeld, D. (2015). Time perception in depression: A meta-analysis. ''Journal of Affective Disorders, 175'', 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.057 </div> == See also == '''Wikipedia''' * [[wikipedia:Time_perception|Time Perception]] * [[wikipedia:Anxiety disorder|Anxiety Disorder]] * [[wikipedia:Major_depressive_disorder|Major Depressive Disorder]] * [[wikipedia:Emotion|Emotion]] == External links == * [https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression National Institute of Mental Health - Depression] * [https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders National Institute of Mental Health - Anxiety disorders] * [https://www.apa.org/topics/stress American Psychological Association - Stress] edpfwijidmjqsk5iqf1jrzghopjp5ll 1 331605 2839795 2831595 2026-10-12T12:22:28Z ~2026-51041-43 3111383 /* Feedback on Chapter */ new section 2839795 wikitext text/x-wiki == feedback/social contribution == Hi, [[User:U3275984|U3275984]], you are doing great. this looks amazing and you have done so well. [[User:Anne-Lyse Iran|Anne-Lyse Iran]] ([[User talk:Anne-Lyse Iran|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Anne-Lyse Iran|contribs]]) 13:19, 27 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 1-level --> # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) <!-- 3-level --> # Overly complicated[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|3-level heading structure]] – consider simplifying # The headings focus on FL but not follower motivation <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement (e.g., to better address follower motivation) |3= <!-- Overview--> # Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Focus question 2 is awkwardly worded and doesn't directly address the topic; consider rewriting this question |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Excellent edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # This topic lends itself to providing practical examples of the pros and cons of CL for employee motivation, as well as recommendations for leadership training and practices #<!-- Theory and research --> # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a clear, appropriately detailed description that is meaningfully connected with the main text <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) to make them easier to view |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider use of more scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Quiz --> # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent |9= <!-- User page --> # Very good <!-- Description about self --> # Description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 04:28, 5 September 2026 (UTC) == Interesting real-life case study to consider incorporating == Hi there, This chapter is starting to look really interesting! An fascinating (and horrific) real case study of charismatic leadership and follower devotion is the story of the Jonestown cult. The cult leader, Jones, was a charismatic leader who exploited the vulnerabilities of hundreds of followers, which ultimately resulted in a mass suicide of Jones and his followers. I wonder what insight this case could provide into follower motivations? My understanding is that Jones motivated followers to follow him by appealing to their status as minorities and claiming he had the answers to their problems; this was then pushed to the extreme when he moved his followers to an isolated social utopia, where he was in total control of fulfilling his followers needs and remaining loyal became motivating as it was required to survive. Here are some interesting resources you may like to review to explore this topic. Rex, S. (2025). One woman’s path to Jonestown. ''JSTOR.'' https://daily.jstor.org/one-womans-path-to-jonestown/ Tourish, D. (2025). How a “socialist utopia” became the death cult of Jonestown. ''Case studies in political leadership''. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035328918.00031 [[User:U3253363|U3253363]] ([[User talk:U3253363|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3253363|contribs]]) 23:25, 5 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on Chapter == Hi, I thought this chapter was interesting, especially how it explains the influence leaders can have on their followers. One thing I think could be improved is the discussion of the political examples. It might be helpful to explain more clearly how the research on leadership relates to these examples, since research on leadership in organisations may not apply in exactly the same way to politics. I also think it would be worth mentioning that being a charismatic leader does not necessarily mean someone is a good or ethical leader. Charisma can influence people in different ways, so including this could make the discussion more balanced. Overall, I think explaining this a bit more would help readers understand the theory and its limitations, however I think this is a well written piece. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51041-43|~2026-51041-43]] ([[User talk:~2026-51041-43|talk]]) 12:22, 12 October 2026 (UTC) kwsbjx625mrqxeojwpaalgrtp90icep 0 331663 2840012 2836932 2026-10-13T10:43:49Z U3203283 3110021 /* References */ add ref 2840012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Relatedness motivation in self-determination theory:<br>How does the need for relatedness function within self-determination theory to shape motivation and behaviour?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Raise hand gesture occupy.svg|Raise_hand_gesture_occupy|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A raised hand: Lauren's tutor encouraged students to ask for help and connect with each other. {{expand}}]] ; Imagine this Lauren is a first-year university student studying psychology who recently started a demanding course. During the first few weeks, she finds the workload difficult and is unsure whether she is capable of succeeding. She chose to study psychology because she is interested in the subject, however, she feels isolated because her classmates seem to already know one another. One of Lauren’s tutors makes an effort to learn about students, encourages them to contribute to discussions, and provides feedback. The tutor also organises small-group activities where students can get to know one another and emphasises that asking for help is a normal part of learning. Lauren engages with these opportunities. Over time, Lauren begins to feel that she belongs in the course and that both her tutor and classmates value her participation. As Lauren feels increasingly connected to the people around her, she becomes more willing to attend tutorials, participate in discussions, ask questions (see Figure 1), and seek feedback when she does not understand something. She also starts studying with classmates outside class. Lauren is no longer completing the course requirements only because she feels she has to. Her growing sense of belonging helps her internalise the value of the course, so she begins to think, “Psychology is important to me, and I want to do well because I see myself as part of this community.” This shift leads to more persistent, engaged behaviour. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests people are most effectively motivated when motivation is intrinsic. SDT argues people have an innate tendency toward growth, and three distinct basic needs. Within SDT is the basic psychological needs theory (BPNT or BNT), which suggests three psychological needs related to intrinsic motivation which include autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Relatedness refers to the human desire to form strong relationships and bonds with those around them. This chapter will examine how the concept of relatedness, within self-determination theory, shapes human motivation and behaviour (Ryan & Deci, 2000) The goal contents theory (GCT) expands on the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and their impact on wellness. Extrinsic goals including financial success, fame, and physical appearance have been compared to intrinsic goals which include personal growth, forming strong, high-quality relationships, and community which are associated with higher well-being than the latter. The role of relatedness can be understood through another micro-theory of SDT; the relationship motivation theory (RMT), which suggests that closeness to others is not only preferable, but essential to wellbeing. Not only do high-quality relationships satisfy the need for relatedness, but they can also satisfy the need for autonomy and competence (Ryan & Deci, 2000). In a meta-analysis, Slempt et. al (2024), note that support from others likely facilitates people’s motivational processes, finding that interpersonal supports for basic psychological needs were small to moderately positively associated with performance. Slempt et. al (2024), {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the need for relatedness within Self-Determination Theory, and why is it important in shaping motivation? * How does relatedness satisfaction influence the development of autonomous versus controlled motivation? * How does relatedness satisfaction or frustration affect individuals’ behaviour, such as engagement, persistence, and disengagement? * How do social environments and relationships affect relatedness, and what are the implications on motivation and behaviour? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-Determination Theory== * [[w:Self determination theory|Self-determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * The relationship between extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and human needs. * Autonomy, competence, and relatedness are innate psychological needs thought to foster high-quality motivation. * SDT posits that social and cultural factors either support or damage individuals' motivation, well-being, and the quality of their involvement. (Ryan & Deci, 2000) ==Relatedness satisfaction and autonomous motivation== * Relatedness satisfaction versus relatedness frustration. * When an individual is satisfied with their relatedness, they are more likely to perceive a task as meaningful opposed to an obligation. This futher motivates that individual to engage in the task. * Relatedness frustration, characterised by rejection, loneliness and feeling excluded, was found to mediate amotivation. (Van Tuin et. al, 2020) ==Relatedness, engagement and behaviour== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Parallel mediation model with both satisfaction and frustration of basic needs (Van Tuin et al., 2020)]] * Relatedness satisfaction of students predicted identified regulation and was found to increase behavioural engagement in mathematics (Hofverberg et. al., 2022). * When relatedness is satisfied, participation has been found to feel more meaningful socially and emotionally, therefore motivating participation behaviours (Kaefer & Chiviacowsky, 2021). * Students' perception of relatedness with teachers was associated with better homework engagement and practices (Collie, 2024). ==Relatedness and well-being== * Interpersonal support of autonomy, competence, and relatedness were associated with satisfaction of those psychological needs. * Environmental support for needs were associated with greater wellbeing and improved performance. * Relatedness supports wellbeing which supports motivation. (Slemp et. al, 2024) {{anchor|Scenarios}} ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples that illustrate concepts in action * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]; can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citation(s) {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || |} * '''Interactive learning Quiz - Choose your answers and click "Submit":''' <quiz display="simple"> {Relatedness satisfaction has been shown to influence welbeing: |type="(true)"} + True - False {Relatedness is an element of self-determination theory: |type="(true)"} + True - False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Relatedness is a key psychological need within self-determination theory. When this need is satisfied, psychological well-being is more likely to increase and individuals are more likely to develop greater self-determined motivation * Both relatedness satisfaction and relatedness frustration can influence the quality of motivation, not just its strength * Relatedness satisfaction can shape behaviour by facilitating greater engagement, participation, and persistence and sustain their behaviour for longer. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== {{ic|Use alphabetical order}} * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_evaluation_theory Cognitive evaluation theory] (Wikipedia) *[[Cognitive evaluation theory|Cognitive evaluation theory]] (Wikipedia) *[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic_motivation_and_psychological_needs Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs] (Wikiversity) {{ic|Use an internal link as shown in Tutorial 2}} * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relation Relatedness] (Wikipedia) {{ic|Use an internal link as shown in Tutorial 2}} *[[w:Self determination theory|Self-determination theory]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Bureau, J. S., Howard, J. L., Chong, J. X. Y., & Guay, F. (2022). Pathways to Student Motivation: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of Autonomous and Controlled Motivations. Review of Educational Research, 92(1), 46-72. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211042426 Collie, R. J. (2024). Social-emotional need satisfaction and students’ academic engagement and social-emotional skills. Educational Psychology, 44(2), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2024.2324751 Hagger, M. S., Hankonen, N., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2020). Changing Behavior Using Self-Determination Theory. In M. S. Hagger, L. D. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The Handbook of Behaviour Change (pp. 104–119). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677318.008 Hofverberg, A., Winberg, M., Palmberg, B., Andersson, C., & Palm, T. (2022). Relationships between basic psychological need satisfaction, regulations, and behavioral engagement in mathematics. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.829958 Kaefer, A., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2021). Relatedness support enhances motivation, positive affect, and motor learning in adolescents. Human Movement Science, 79, 102864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2021.102864 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68 Slemp, G. R., Field, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Forner, V. W., Van den Broeck, A., & Lewis, K. J. (2024). Interpersonal supports for basic psychological needs and their relations with motivation, well-being, and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 127(5), 1012–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000459 Van Tuin, L., Schaufeli, W. B., & van Rhenen, W. (2020). The satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs in engaging leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 14(2), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21695 Weinstein, N. (Ed.). (2014). Human Motivation and Interpersonal Relationships : Theory, Research, and Applications (1st ed. 2014.). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8542-6 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== {{ic|Use sentence casing}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGrcets0E6I Promoting Motivation, Health, and Excellence: Ed Deci TEDX] (Youtube) * [https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/theory/ Self-determination Theory] (Center for Self-determination Theory) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Relatedness]] a5ddywi5mntvabonun2ydrvbaw5qxze 1 331725 2839978 2829788 2026-10-13T07:12:25Z Jtneill 10242 Book chapter feedback 2839978 wikitext text/x-wiki == Heading casing == {| style="float: center; background:transparent;color:inherit;" |- | [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|48px|left]] | {{#if:|Hi [[User:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]].|}} FYI, the recommended [[Wikiversity]] heading style uses [[w:Letter case#Sentence_case|sentence casing]]. For example:<br> <big><big>Self-determination theory</big></big> rather than <big><big>Self-Determination Theory</big></big> Here's an example chapter with correct heading casing: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:31, 30 August 2026 (UTC) |} <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> <!-- 1-level --> # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) # There appears to be a second-level of heading that hasn't been styled as such (see Tutorial 2 for a how-to) <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # Consider shortening or splitting the scenario <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Consider abbreviating, using plain English, and moving most or all citations into subsequent sections <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) <!-- Theory and research --> # Promising balance of theory and research <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well underway # As with the Overview, use plain English, moving most of the citations into earlier sections, and concentrating this section on the practical, take-home messages? (i.e., address each focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider use of more scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Quiz --> # Excellent use of quiz question(s) <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Basic <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## alphabetical order ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] ## Remove "doi: " ## page numbers should be separated by an en-dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use alphabetical order <!-- External links --> # External links ## OK ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) |9= <!-- User page --> # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:31, 30 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official book chapter feedback --> {{MEBF/2026 |1= <!-- Overall comments... --> # This is a reasonably good chapter that makes good use of psychological theory and research to address a real-world phenomenon or problem # There are many excellent aspects, such as the style and integration of theory and research # The main issues are the lack of direct focus on ''moodiness'' and too much focus on ''mood'' # In several places, additional citations are needed # The chapter is also over the maximum word count <!-- Overall – Word count --> # Over the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Wordcount|maximum word count]]. Content beyond 4,000 words has been ignored for marking purposes. <!-- Overall – Copyedits --> # For additional feedback, see the following comments and [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FMoodiness&diff=2839977&oldid=2836072 these copyedits] |2= <!-- Overview – Comments... --> # Reasonably good <!-- Overview – Scenario --> <!-- Overview – Scenario - Description --> # Engaging scenario or case study <!-- Overview – Scenario - Feature --> # Figure 1 is relevant to the scenario <!-- Overview – Scenario - Feature --> # Scenario uses an appropriate feature box <!-- Overview – Explains problem --> # Explains mood but not ''moodiness''; thus the problem description is misaligned with the title and sub-title # Move theoretical detail into subsequent sections <!-- Overview – Focus questions --> # The focus questions are excellent # Present the questions in 3rd person perspective (fixed) |3= <!-- Theory comments... --> <!-- Theory – Breadth --> # Reasonably good—relevant theories are selected, described, and explained, with some room for improvement # This chapter doesn't sufficiently directly explain or seek to understand ''moodiness''. It instead mostly describes its cousin, ''mood''. This is an important distinction. Mood is more clearly defined, but this topic was specifically about integrating relevant psychological theory and research to understand moodiness e.g., as persistent negative mood, frequent mood changes, heightened emotional reactivity, or difficulty regulating emotions. # Reduce general info about mood. Instead, summarise and link to related resources (i.e., other book chapters and/or Wikipedia articles). Increase emphasis on how mood theory helps to understand moodiness (i.e., address the sub-title question and focus questions as directly as possible). <!-- Theory – Builds on --> # Builds reasonably well on [[w:|Wikipedia]] articles and/or/but not related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters]] by embedding interwiki links for key terms <!-- Theory – Depth --> # Good depth is provided about key mood theory(ies); for greater depth, more clearly explain the connection with moodiness <!-- Theory – Tables/Figures/Lists --> # Insufficient use of tables, figures, and/or lists to clearly convey key theoretical information <!-- Theory – Citations --> # Key citations are well used # In some/many places, there is insufficient use of academic, peer-reviewed citations (e.g., see the {{f}} tags) <!-- Theory – Examples --> # Basic use of examples to illustrate theoretical concepts |4= <!-- Research comments... --> <!-- Research – Key findings --> # Very good review of relevant research # Greater emphasis on systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses would be ideal # In some places, there is insufficient use of academic, peer-reviewed citations (e.g., see the {{f}} tags) <!-- Research – Critical thinking --> # Reasonably good [[w:Critical thinking|critical thinking]] about relevant research is evident # [[w:Critical thinking|Critical thinking]] about research could be further evidenced by: ## considering the strength of relationships ## acknowledging limitations ## suggesting ''specific'' directions for future research |5= <!-- Integration comments... --> # Very good integration between the most relevant theory(ies) and the best research # The chapter could more clearly explain how theory and research apply to understanding moodiness (not just mood) |6= <!-- Conclusion comments... --> # Very good summary and conclusion <!-- Conclusion – Focus questions --> # The take-away messages for each focus question could be spelt out more clearly <!-- Conclusion – Word count --> # Not counted for marking purposes due to being over the maximum word count |7= <!-- Written expression – Style comments... --> <!-- Written expression – Written expression --> # Written expression ## The quality of written expression is very good <!-- Written expression – Language --> ## Use [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/first-second-and-third-person/ 3rd person perspective] (e.g., "it") instead of 1st (e.g., "we") or 2nd person (e.g., "you") in the main text. 1st or 2nd person can work well for case studies or feature boxes. <!-- Written expression – Layout --> # Layout ## The chapter is well structured, with major sections using sub-sections ## Use the default heading style (e.g., remove bold) <!-- Written expression – Grammar --> # Grammar ## The grammar for some sentences could be improved (e.g., see {{g}} tags); consider using a grammar checking tool, Studiosity, and/or peer feedback ## Check and correct use of [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=grammar+that+vs+who that vs. who] <!-- Written expression – APA style --> # APA style ## Use [[w:Serial comma|serial comma]]s[https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamdavis/the-oxford-comma-is-extremely-important-and-everyone-should][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBx8ooDupXY] <!-- Written expression – References --> ## References use basic APA style: ### Check and correct use of italicisation ### Check and correct use of capitalisation[https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization] ### Remove "Doi: " |8= <!-- Learning features comments... --> # Reasonably good use of learning features <!-- Learning features – Wikipedia embedded links --> # Basic use of embedded in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] to Wikipedia articles. Adding more interwiki links for the first mention of key words and technical concepts would make the text even more interactive. See [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Nutrition and anxiety|example]]. <!-- Learning features – Wikiversity embedded links --> # Basic use of embedded in-text links to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. Embedding in-text links to related book chapters helps to integrate this chapter into the broader book project. <!-- Learning features – Figures, tables, feature boxes, scenarios --> # Insufficient use of figure(s) # No use of table(s) # Basic use of feature box(es) # Basic use of scenarios, case studies, or examples <!-- Learning features – Quizzes --> # Very good use of quiz(zes) and/or reflection question(s) <!-- Learning features – See also --> # Basic use of the [[{{PAGENAME}}#See also|See also]] section ## Also include links to related Wikipedia articles <!-- Learning features – External links --> # Very good/ use of the [[{{PAGENAME}}#External links|External links]] section ## Use bullet points per [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02]] |9= <!-- Social contribution comments... --> # No logged contributions }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:12, 13 October 2026 (UTC) pt43enwmkcvgwgws111vxflysynwm7r 0 331914 2839898 2835244 2026-10-12T19:17:30Z The Citer 3110681 /* Phylogeny */ 2839898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Bryophyta|Bryophyte]].]] Mosses are small, non-vascular seedless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (/braɪˈɒfətə/, /ˌbraɪ.əˈfaɪtə/) sensu stricto. Bryophyta sensu lato may also refer to the parent group, bryophytes, which comprises liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. [[Image:Mose09.jpg|thumb|300px|right]] ==Information== Name Meaning: Bryum-like plant, moss plant English Common Name: Moss Major distinguishing characteristics: Persistent branched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 12,000 ===Other Facts=== ====DNA Repair==== The moss ''Physcomitrium patens'' has been used as a demonstrative organism to study how plants repair damage to their DNA, especially the repair mechanism known as homologous recombination. [[Image:RedMoss.jpg|thumb|300px|right]] ==Evolutionary History== The fossil record of moss is sparse, due to their soft-walled and fragile nature. However, unambiguous moss fossils have been recovered from as early as the Permian of Antarctica and Russia, and a case has been made for Carboniferous mosses. It has further been claimed that tube-like fossils from the Silurian are the macerated remains of moss operculum. Mosses also seem to evolve 2–3 times slower than ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. ==Classes== Andreaeobryopsida – Andreaeopsida – Bryopsida – Oedipodiopsida – Sphagnopsida – Takakiopsida – Tetraphidopsida ==Phylogeny== {{clade |1={{clade |1=Tracheophyta [[File:Cycas rumphii-IMG 9702.JPG|60px]] |label2=Atracheophyta |2={{clade |1=[[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Anthocerotophyta|Anthocerotophyta]] [[File:Hornwort (3144429129).jpg|60px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta]] [[File:Lunularia cruciata.jpg|60px]] |label2='''Bryophyta''' |2={{clade |1=Takakiopsida [[File:Takakia lepidozioides.jpg|60px]] |2=Sphagnopsida [[File:Nationaal Park Drents-Friese Wold. Locatie Fochteloërveen 01-09-2020. (actm.) 15.jpg|60px]] |3={{clade |1=Andreaeopsida [[File:Andreaea rupestris (b, 150028-481738) 3756.JPG|60px]] |2=Andreaeobryopsida [[File:Haeckel Muscinae.jpg|60px]] |label3=Neomusci |3={{clade |1=Oedipodiopsida [[File:Oedipodium griffithianum 1.jpg|60px]] |label2=Cenomusci |2={{clade |1=Polytrichopsida [[File:Polytrichum piliferum female colony.jpg|60px]] |label2=Altamusci |2={{clade |1=Tetraphidopsida [[File:Tetrodontium brownianum 2022.jpg|60px]] |2=Bryopsida [[File:Bryopsida.jpg|60px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==References== [[Wikipedia:Moss]] [[Category:Plants]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Botany]] [[Category:Biology]] ow5fnzruccliy62b7ltp4ynev1olt9h 0 332041 2839990 2834381 2026-10-13T08:30:14Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 2839990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[About Network Mapping]] Repositories: [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping current code], [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/cortext-methods full history] Previous efforts: containerization ([https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping current code]), multi (see pad) Production state: [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/cortext-methods legacy code] Method documentation: [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ at docs.cortext.net] == Journal == === September 14th === Discussed the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping/-/tree/test/init_tests tests implemented by Pierre]. Not all parameter combinations make sense. Good idea of his to generate many tests and keep those that run correctly. Another take away from Pierre's work: must refactor uses of <code>random</code> to mock during testing before converting to <code>python3</code>. Started this journal! What parts of the code not to refactor: get <code>parasite_axes</code> from [https://matplotlib.org/ matplotlib], <code>infomap</code> from [https://mapequation.org/ infomap], leave <code>sankey</code> as is, <code>library</code> is possibly dead code. t4uy5tcc35wjdu0sgyilexj8rhw4m6n 2839992 2839990 2026-10-13T08:33:35Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 2839992 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[About Network Mapping]] Repositories: [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping current code], [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/cortext-methods full history] Previous efforts: containerization ([https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping current code]), multi (see pad) Production state: [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/cortext-methods legacy code] Method documentation: [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ at docs.cortext.net] == Journal == === September 14th === Discussed the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping/-/tree/test/init_tests tests implemented by Pierre]. Not all parameter combinations make sense. Good idea of his to generate many tests and keep those that run correctly. Another take away from Pierre's work: must refactor uses of <code>random</code> to mock during testing before converting to <code>python3</code>. Started this journal! What parts of the code not to refactor: get <code>parasite_axes</code> from [https://matplotlib.org/ matplotlib], <code>infomap</code> from [https://mapequation.org/ infomap], leave <code>sankey</code> as is, <code>library</code> is possibly dead code. nqf3mxi7p5azb7m9a691xeuxmwzd852 2840015 2839992 2026-10-13T10:51:13Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 2840015 wikitext text/x-wiki This page documents the refactoring of the '''Network Mapping''' method of the Cortext platform: what the work aims to achieve, how the method's behavior is preserved, and how the impact of the changes is measured. == Context == Open Science seeks to make scientific production more transparent, accessible and reproducible, and this includes the software used at each stage of research. Publishing software under a free license, however, is not enough: code that cannot be executed, tested or understood by others remains closed in practice. Cortext is a computational document analysis environment for the humanities and social sciences, created in 2008 and used by more than a thousand researchers per year in over 50 countries. Its methods are licensed as free software, but many were written as monolithic scripts, without automated tests and without documentation, which restricts the knowledge needed to modify them to the maintainer team. This work continues the modernization of other methods of the platform and applies to Network Mapping the same protocol already consolidated in previous methods. == Objectives == * '''Apply refactorings''' that improve the internal structure of the code (readability, modularity and maintainability) without changing the results produced by the method. * '''Create automated tests''' that ensure the method's behavior is preserved during refactoring and that verify the new code units. * '''Create documentation''' at two levels: code documentation (API, installation and execution), aimed at contributors, and functional documentation of the method (purpose, parameters, usage and output files), aimed at both users and contributors. * '''Align the method with the common architecture''' of the Cortext Methods, based on the <code>cortextlib</code> library. == Methodology == === Software engineering practices === '''Tests before refactoring.''' By definition, a change is only a refactoring if behavior preservation can be demonstrated. Since the method has no tests, the first step is to write functional regression tests with <code>pytest</code>. These tests run the method as a black box on real corpora and different parameter combinations, and compare its outputs with the current results. The corpora and parameter combinations are defined together with the Cortext team, who hold the knowledge about the method's expected behavior. Besides protecting the refactoring, the tests act as an investigation tool: by specifying the behavior, they reveal silent failures and atypical behaviors in the original code. '''Iterative refactoring.''' Interventions follow Fowler's refactoring catalog and design patterns, including function and class extraction, renaming, dead code removal and logic simplification. Changes are made in short cycles, verified by the tests and reviewed through merge requests. When refactoring reveals a behavior whose intent is unclear, it is discussed with the team and, if confirmed as a defect, reported as an issue in the official repository. After decomposition, unit and integration tests are written for the new classes and functions. '''Common architecture.''' The method exposes a <code>Method</code> class that extends the abstract class <code>CortextMethod</code> from <code>cortextlib</code> (''Template Method'' pattern). The library handles the common steps (parameters, logging, corpus reading), and the method implements only its core logic. '''Standardized infrastructure and automation.''' The repository adopts the same structure as the other refactored methods: <code>Makefile</code>, <code>Dockerfile</code>, <code>pyproject.toml</code>, <code>README</code> and API documentation with docstrings (PEP 257). As a result, commands such as <code>make docker-build</code>, <code>make tests</code>, <code>make coverage</code> and <code>make docs</code> work the same way across all methods. '''Continuous integration.''' The repository includes the shared GitLab CI pipeline, which on every change runs the tests, measures coverage, collects quality metrics, comments the results on the merge request and applies automatic style fixes. === Collection and analysis of quality metrics === The impact of refactoring is measured by comparing static metrics between the initial state (''baseline'') and the final state of the method, as well as on every contribution: {| class="wikitable" ! Tool !! What it measures |- | Radon || cyclomatic complexity, Halstead metrics, lines of code (LOC, LLOC, SLOC) and maintainability index |- | Pylint || code smells, potential defects and convention violations, with an overall score |- | pytest-cov || unit and integration test coverage |} These metrics are complementary. Radon indicates whether the method became more or less complex in aggregate terms, while Pylint points to where, specifically, the problems are. Collection is performed by the <code>metrics</code> pipeline, which rebuilds the repository at a given Git reference inside a container with pinned tool versions, so any comparison can be reproduced and audited. Test files are excluded from the measured scope, to isolate the effect of refactoring on the method's code. Metrics do not directly measure functional correctness, which is the role of the tests. For this reason they are read together: the maintainability index, for instance, is sensitive to how the code is split into files and must be interpreted alongside the complexity distribution. Each intervention is also recorded in the '''refactoring catalog''', with the code before and after, the technique applied, the motivation, and links to the commit and merge request. The catalog makes it possible to compare the Network Mapping interventions with those of the other methods. == Contents == # [[/About Network Mapping/]] # [[/Pre-refactoring test cases/]] # [[/Refactoring/]] # [[/Metrics/]] [[Category:Software engineering]] [[Category:Open science]] ap7v1wkcxyk61nzobwqgwmhsm9zi05w 1 332135 2839797 2839386 2026-10-12T12:24:33Z ~2026-51041-43 3111383 /* Explaining the systems */ new section 2839797 wikitext text/x-wiki == Looking Good == Looking good, well done with all the theory used == Heading casing == {| style="float: center; background:transparent;color:inherit;" |- | [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|48px|left]] | {{#if:UU3231448|Hi [[User:UU3231448|UU3231448]].|}} FYI, the recommended [[Wikiversity]] heading style uses [[w:Letter case#Sentence_case|sentence casing]]. For example:<br> <big><big>Self-determination theory</big></big> rather than <big><big>Self-Determination Theory</big></big> Here's an example chapter with correct heading casing: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 09:28, 18 September 2026 (UTC) |} <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 1-level --> # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Reasonably good <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # Basic, relevant scenario; would benefit from further development to make it more compelling and illustrative # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest <!-- Description --> # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Focus more on the psychological theory (and evidence) that the author <!-- Focus questions --> <!-- Alignment and quality --> # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Promising development # Insufficient use of citations # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) <!-- Theory and research --> # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. <!-- Other --> # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] <!-- GenAI ---> # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure -- # Relevant figure(s) presented <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) should explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|table(s)]] to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Insufficient # Only cite sources that you have consulted <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the top peer-reviewed theory and research journal articles about this topic? # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## capitalisation |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] <!-- External links --> # External links ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Basic <!-- Description about self --> # Very brief description about self – consider expanding <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 09:28, 18 September 2026 (UTC) == Explaining the systems == Hi, I found the job interview example helpful because it shows how different people can react differently to the same situation. I think the explanations of BAS, BIS and FFFS could be made even easier to understand by adding a small table comparing the three systems. For example, the table could show what each system responds to and how it might affect someone's behaviour. This would make it easier for readers to remember the differences between them. I also noticed a couple of small wording and punctuation errors in the introductory section that could be fixed when proofreading. I think the comparison table would be a useful addition for anyone learning about the theory for the first time. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51041-43|~2026-51041-43]] ([[User talk:~2026-51041-43|talk]]) 12:24, 12 October 2026 (UTC) 3hch82gek1ackzuugkf7q0sjxkosjj0 0 332187 2839791 2838845 2026-10-12T12:04:13Z U3275873 3110137 /* How do romantic attachments develop? */ paste from word doc research answering questions 1-2. added key points for each question 2839791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Romantic rejection and emotional response<br>What emotional responses does romantic rejection evoke and how can they be regulated?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:A picture is worth a thousand words.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Use a captioned image to illustrate the scenario]] ; Introduce the topic with a scenario Begin with an engaging scenario, example, or case study that illustrates the topic and gives readers a reason to care about it. The scenario should: * Start with a lead in bold, such as '''Scenario, Case study, Imagine this ...''', or another another phrase that suits the scenario. * Describe a '''realistic problem, situation, or question''' related to the topic. * Be engaging and accessible to a reader who is new to the topic. * Provide a context that can be revisited when explaining the psychological concepts and research later in the chapter. * Avoid explaining theory or research in detail— the purpose is to illustrate the problem, not solve it. * Be presented in a [[#Feature box|feature box]]. * Include a relevant image, with a figure caption, to help illustrate the scenario. Cite the figure (e.g., see Figure 1) within the scenario. For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], the scenario can be planned using bullet-points. ;Feature box colour To change the feature-box colour: # Select Edit source # Find theme=3 # Change 3 to another theme number {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Overview section should consist of three parts: # '''Scenario''': A short, engaging case study or real-world example in a feature box, with an accompanying image (see above) # '''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic''': Brief explanation of the problem, why it is important, and an outline of how psychological science can help # '''Focus questions''': Unpack the sub-title into focus questions in a feature box Recommended length: 180 to 330 words. Key resources: * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] explains how to edit * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter guidelines]] {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * How do romantic attachments develop? * What happens when an attachment bond is threatened and/or lost? * How does romantic rejection influence emotional responses? * What are possible methods of emotional regulation, following romantic rejection?{{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Headings== Each chapter should use this standard heading structure: * [[#Overview|Overview]] * 3 to 6 major headings tailored to the topic; can have sub-headings: ** avoid sections with only one sub-heading (use 0 or 2+ sub-headings) ** provide an introductory paragraph before breaking into sub-sections * [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]] * [[#See also|See also]] * [[#References|References]] * [[#External links|External links]] ==How do romantic attachments develop?== Attachment theory outlines the  main "attachment styles", otherwise known as ways in which people perceive and respond to intimacy in relationships, and are parallel to those found in children throughout development stages (book). The theory designates three main styles: * Secure; * Anxious; and * Avoidant. People who are usually warm loving, and comfortable with intimacy tend to be ''secure.'' Whereas ''anxious'' people are often preoccupied with their relationships and crave intimacy, with constant worry about their partner's ability to love them back. Finally, people who tend to constantly try to minimise closeness and equate intimacy with a loss of their independence are considered ''avoidant'' (book). A person's attachment style can not only affect their view of intimacy, but also include affect their: * way of dealing with conflict * attitude towards sex * ability to communicate wants and needs * expectations of a partner and the relationship (book). Levine (20XX) claims all people fall, regardless of the stage at which their relationship is in, fall into one or a combination of these three categories, although a combination of anxious and avoidant is rare (book). This fourth, rare, category is termed the 'disorganised', of which only 5% of people fall into (book). '''Origins of attachments - evolutionary safety''' Adult attachment styles were initially hypothesised to be based primarily on a person's childhood and upbringing. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, building on their separate and joined research on ethology and developmental psychology, developed the initial theories on which attachment theory has evolved. They proposed that infants possess a biological or evolutionary drive to form emotional attachments with others, primarily caregivers, as a mechanism for survival (Bretherton, 1992). From the ages of as young as six months to two years, children with consistent caregivers, who become their attachment figures, develop a mental representation or an "internal working model", influencing views of themselves, expectations, and methods of interacting and building relationships with others as they get older (Bergen, 2023). As the attachments develop throughout childhood, attachment figures can become a "secure base" they can return to for comfort, support, and safety, if caregivers were sensitive, responsible, and available, in which infants develop a "secure" attachment style (Bergen, 2023; Bowlby, 1988). Alternatively, avoidant or resistant attachment styles can develop if they were distant, unresponsive, and rigid; or an anxious attachment style if they were inconsistently responsive (book; Ainsworth, 1973; Bergen, 2023). However, more recent development have found that attachment styles in adulthood are more likely influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, and life experiences, rather than being limited to the way in which parents cared for a person through infancy (book). Ultimately, attachment systems exist as a biological function of protecting a person from danger, especially during infancy, by ensuring their remain in close proximity to the care and support of others (their attachment figures), as a method of increasing the likelihood of survival and eventual reproduction (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). '''Biological basis''' “Love is a biological necessity—it’s as needed for our well-being as exercise, water, and food, […] And from a neuroscientific viewpoint, we can really say that love blossoms in the brain.” (Cacioppo, as cited in Novotney, 2023, para.3). Aside from the evolutionary basis, romantic attraction is also based in neuroendocrinology. Early-stage romantic love, or being 'lovestruck', is often attributed to a primitive part of the brain's reward system (Novotney, 2023). In these early stages a person normally experiences sympathetic nervous system reactions, such as sweaty palms or a pounding heart when they are with their loved one, and often feeling separation anxiety when apart from them (Fisher et al., 2005). The lovers tend to express emotional dependence, heightened romantic passion, extreme empathy toward the beloved, sexual desires and possessiveness, the craving for emotional union, and obsessive thinking, reaching extremes where they change their habits to impress or remain in contact, or are even willing to die for the individual (Fisher et al., 2005). In cases were the lover experiences rejection, they often will protest the rejection and work to try to win the beloved individual back, expressing rage at the abandonment and despair (Fisher et al., 2005). Fisher et al. (2005) conducted a study on courtship attraction that used functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI) to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic love, by studying 17 people intensely "in love". The study found that a photograph of the beloved was an effective stimulus for eliciting feelings of intense romantic love, producing group activation in several regions of the brain, including the right ventral tegmental area (VTA) amidst dopamine cells (Fisher et al., 2005). The VTA is a main component of the brain's "reward system",  as it is associated with focused attention, arousal, pleasure and the motivation to pursue and acquire rewards (Fisher at al., 2005). The VTA then sends projections to several brain regions, including the caudate nucleus which contributes to reward detection and expectation (Fisher at al., 2005; Schultz, 2000). This suggest romantic love may be a primary motivation system, or a fundamental human drive to mate, suggesting romantic love is the effects of a reward system as all drives are associated with the activation of dopamine (Fisher et al., 2005; Plaff, 1999). Similarly, humans have been shown to respond to monetary rewards, demonstrating the neuronal activations of financial reinforcement overlap with regions that respond to human's primary reinforcers (Elliot et al., 2003). This can be applied twice as sex is a primary biological enforcer, and even abstract rewards can be used to effectively elicit neuronal responses (Elliot et al., 2003; Jozefowiez & Staddon, 2008). Additionally, Cacioppo (2010) conducted further meta-analysis of published fMRI studies of love and their illustration of brain regions associated with the different forms of love. Cacioppo (2010) confirmed that all fMRI studies of love found the subcortical dopaminergic reward-related brain systems, which uses dopamine and oxytocin ('love hormone') receptors, responsible for motivating individuals to bond with another person. The review also further demonstrated that different types of love may involve different cerebral pathways which includes pathways associated with higher cognitive functions such as bodily self-representationand social cognition (Cacioppo, 2010). The study highlighted a total of 12 areas in the brain that work together to release dopamine, oxytocin, and adrenaline, indicating the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, which is very sensitive to pleasure-inducing behaviours, are all activated in the brain scans when talking about a loved one (Cacioppo, 2010; Novotney, 2023) ''<u>[insert section summarising answer to the focus question itself]</u>'' ==What happens when an attachment bond is threatened and/or lost?== * attachment system activation * distress and social pain/pain processing * reward systems and withdrawal responses * behavioural responses '''Behavioural responses to a threatened attachment system''' Functioning of an attachment system can be affected by the availability of one, or more, attachment figures in times of need, and their sensitivity and responsiveness to the individual's proximity-seeking behaviours (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). So, whilst nearly all children will become attached, including in situations where they experience abuse from their mothers, not all attachments are secure attachments, as attachment theory poses that the quality of the interactions with attachment figures is the main source of individual differences in the functioning of an attachment system (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Applying the theory of attachment styles to experiences of romantic rejection, when an attachment figure (the beloved) is not physically or emotionally available to the lover in times of need or distress, is not sensitive or responsive to the lover's attempts at seeking proximity, the attachment system is then disrupted (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). In that case, the feelings of distress, lack of proximity, or lack of safety are not alleviated. Instead, the initial distress felt is instead amalgamated by further doubts they can attain safety, trust, or the resources necessary for stress management (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Once this occurs, attachment theorists have determined two methods of secondary attachment strategies of either ''hyperactivation'' or ''deactivation'' of the system; where hyperactivating individuals do not give up on their attachment attempts and instead intensify them in order to coerce the attachment figure's support and love (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Alternatively, a deactivating individual gives up on their attachment attempts, attempting to deal with the dangers alone (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). This is a strategy to try and down-regulate their attachment system in an attempt to avoid the distress and pain caused by the attachment figure's unavailability (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). ==How does romantic rejection influence emotional responses?== * emotional manifestations * individual attachment styles * rejection sensitivity * effects on thinking - self-esteem, rumination, intrusive thoughts * effects of different types of relationships/rejection * individual characteristics ==What are possible methods of emotional regulation, following romantic rejection?== * mindfulness * acceptance * reducing negative thinking * managing exposure to rejection * social support, belonging, self-compassion, self-esteem improvements * new rewards/breaking reward systems * adaptive and maladaptive regulation ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== Learning features help to bring book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter. Here are some options: {{anchor|Scenarios}} ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples that illustrate concepts in action * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]; can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citation(s) {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091 Sacks, O. (1985). ''The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales''. Harper & Row. }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]] m3wgflkqhqxjgoxofunx9dz3s0d27hs 2839792 2839791 2026-10-12T12:05:00Z U3275873 3110137 /* How do romantic attachments develop? */ headings 2839792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Romantic rejection and emotional response<br>What emotional responses does romantic rejection evoke and how can they be regulated?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:A picture is worth a thousand words.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. Use a captioned image to illustrate the scenario]] ; Introduce the topic with a scenario Begin with an engaging scenario, example, or case study that illustrates the topic and gives readers a reason to care about it. The scenario should: * Start with a lead in bold, such as '''Scenario, Case study, Imagine this ...''', or another another phrase that suits the scenario. * Describe a '''realistic problem, situation, or question''' related to the topic. * Be engaging and accessible to a reader who is new to the topic. * Provide a context that can be revisited when explaining the psychological concepts and research later in the chapter. * Avoid explaining theory or research in detail— the purpose is to illustrate the problem, not solve it. * Be presented in a [[#Feature box|feature box]]. * Include a relevant image, with a figure caption, to help illustrate the scenario. Cite the figure (e.g., see Figure 1) within the scenario. For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], the scenario can be planned using bullet-points. ;Feature box colour To change the feature-box colour: # Select Edit source # Find theme=3 # Change 3 to another theme number {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Overview section should consist of three parts: # '''Scenario''': A short, engaging case study or real-world example in a feature box, with an accompanying image (see above) # '''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topic''': Brief explanation of the problem, why it is important, and an outline of how psychological science can help # '''Focus questions''': Unpack the sub-title into focus questions in a feature box Recommended length: 180 to 330 words. Key resources: * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] explains how to edit * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter guidelines]] {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * How do romantic attachments develop? * What happens when an attachment bond is threatened and/or lost? * How does romantic rejection influence emotional responses? * What are possible methods of emotional regulation, following romantic rejection?{{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Headings== Each chapter should use this standard heading structure: * [[#Overview|Overview]] * 3 to 6 major headings tailored to the topic; can have sub-headings: ** avoid sections with only one sub-heading (use 0 or 2+ sub-headings) ** provide an introductory paragraph before breaking into sub-sections * [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]] * [[#See also|See also]] * [[#References|References]] * [[#External links|External links]] ==How do romantic attachments develop?== Attachment theory outlines the  main "attachment styles", otherwise known as ways in which people perceive and respond to intimacy in relationships, and are parallel to those found in children throughout development stages (book). The theory designates three main styles: * Secure; * Anxious; and * Avoidant. People who are usually warm loving, and comfortable with intimacy tend to be ''secure.'' Whereas ''anxious'' people are often preoccupied with their relationships and crave intimacy, with constant worry about their partner's ability to love them back. Finally, people who tend to constantly try to minimise closeness and equate intimacy with a loss of their independence are considered ''avoidant'' (book). A person's attachment style can not only affect their view of intimacy, but also include affect their: * way of dealing with conflict * attitude towards sex * ability to communicate wants and needs * expectations of a partner and the relationship (book). Levine (20XX) claims all people fall, regardless of the stage at which their relationship is in, fall into one or a combination of these three categories, although a combination of anxious and avoidant is rare (book). This fourth, rare, category is termed the 'disorganised', of which only 5% of people fall into (book). === '''Origins of attachments - evolutionary safety''' === Adult attachment styles were initially hypothesised to be based primarily on a person's childhood and upbringing. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, building on their separate and joined research on ethology and developmental psychology, developed the initial theories on which attachment theory has evolved. They proposed that infants possess a biological or evolutionary drive to form emotional attachments with others, primarily caregivers, as a mechanism for survival (Bretherton, 1992). From the ages of as young as six months to two years, children with consistent caregivers, who become their attachment figures, develop a mental representation or an "internal working model", influencing views of themselves, expectations, and methods of interacting and building relationships with others as they get older (Bergen, 2023). As the attachments develop throughout childhood, attachment figures can become a "secure base" they can return to for comfort, support, and safety, if caregivers were sensitive, responsible, and available, in which infants develop a "secure" attachment style (Bergen, 2023; Bowlby, 1988). Alternatively, avoidant or resistant attachment styles can develop if they were distant, unresponsive, and rigid; or an anxious attachment style if they were inconsistently responsive (book; Ainsworth, 1973; Bergen, 2023). However, more recent development have found that attachment styles in adulthood are more likely influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, and life experiences, rather than being limited to the way in which parents cared for a person through infancy (book). Ultimately, attachment systems exist as a biological function of protecting a person from danger, especially during infancy, by ensuring their remain in close proximity to the care and support of others (their attachment figures), as a method of increasing the likelihood of survival and eventual reproduction (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). === '''Biological basis''' === “Love is a biological necessity—it’s as needed for our well-being as exercise, water, and food, […] And from a neuroscientific viewpoint, we can really say that love blossoms in the brain.” (Cacioppo, as cited in Novotney, 2023, para.3). Aside from the evolutionary basis, romantic attraction is also based in neuroendocrinology. Early-stage romantic love, or being 'lovestruck', is often attributed to a primitive part of the brain's reward system (Novotney, 2023). In these early stages a person normally experiences sympathetic nervous system reactions, such as sweaty palms or a pounding heart when they are with their loved one, and often feeling separation anxiety when apart from them (Fisher et al., 2005). The lovers tend to express emotional dependence, heightened romantic passion, extreme empathy toward the beloved, sexual desires and possessiveness, the craving for emotional union, and obsessive thinking, reaching extremes where they change their habits to impress or remain in contact, or are even willing to die for the individual (Fisher et al., 2005). In cases were the lover experiences rejection, they often will protest the rejection and work to try to win the beloved individual back, expressing rage at the abandonment and despair (Fisher et al., 2005). Fisher et al. (2005) conducted a study on courtship attraction that used functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI) to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic love, by studying 17 people intensely "in love". The study found that a photograph of the beloved was an effective stimulus for eliciting feelings of intense romantic love, producing group activation in several regions of the brain, including the right ventral tegmental area (VTA) amidst dopamine cells (Fisher et al., 2005). The VTA is a main component of the brain's "reward system",  as it is associated with focused attention, arousal, pleasure and the motivation to pursue and acquire rewards (Fisher at al., 2005). The VTA then sends projections to several brain regions, including the caudate nucleus which contributes to reward detection and expectation (Fisher at al., 2005; Schultz, 2000). This suggest romantic love may be a primary motivation system, or a fundamental human drive to mate, suggesting romantic love is the effects of a reward system as all drives are associated with the activation of dopamine (Fisher et al., 2005; Plaff, 1999). Similarly, humans have been shown to respond to monetary rewards, demonstrating the neuronal activations of financial reinforcement overlap with regions that respond to human's primary reinforcers (Elliot et al., 2003). This can be applied twice as sex is a primary biological enforcer, and even abstract rewards can be used to effectively elicit neuronal responses (Elliot et al., 2003; Jozefowiez & Staddon, 2008). Additionally, Cacioppo (2010) conducted further meta-analysis of published fMRI studies of love and their illustration of brain regions associated with the different forms of love. Cacioppo (2010) confirmed that all fMRI studies of love found the subcortical dopaminergic reward-related brain systems, which uses dopamine and oxytocin ('love hormone') receptors, responsible for motivating individuals to bond with another person. The review also further demonstrated that different types of love may involve different cerebral pathways which includes pathways associated with higher cognitive functions such as bodily self-representationand social cognition (Cacioppo, 2010). The study highlighted a total of 12 areas in the brain that work together to release dopamine, oxytocin, and adrenaline, indicating the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, which is very sensitive to pleasure-inducing behaviours, are all activated in the brain scans when talking about a loved one (Cacioppo, 2010; Novotney, 2023) ''<u>[insert section summarising answer to the focus question itself]</u>'' ==What happens when an attachment bond is threatened and/or lost?== * attachment system activation * distress and social pain/pain processing * reward systems and withdrawal responses * behavioural responses === '''Behavioural responses to a threatened attachment system''' === Functioning of an attachment system can be affected by the availability of one, or more, attachment figures in times of need, and their sensitivity and responsiveness to the individual's proximity-seeking behaviours (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). So, whilst nearly all children will become attached, including in situations where they experience abuse from their mothers, not all attachments are secure attachments, as attachment theory poses that the quality of the interactions with attachment figures is the main source of individual differences in the functioning of an attachment system (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Applying the theory of attachment styles to experiences of romantic rejection, when an attachment figure (the beloved) is not physically or emotionally available to the lover in times of need or distress, is not sensitive or responsive to the lover's attempts at seeking proximity, the attachment system is then disrupted (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). In that case, the feelings of distress, lack of proximity, or lack of safety are not alleviated. Instead, the initial distress felt is instead amalgamated by further doubts they can attain safety, trust, or the resources necessary for stress management (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Once this occurs, attachment theorists have determined two methods of secondary attachment strategies of either ''hyperactivation'' or ''deactivation'' of the system; where hyperactivating individuals do not give up on their attachment attempts and instead intensify them in order to coerce the attachment figure's support and love (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Alternatively, a deactivating individual gives up on their attachment attempts, attempting to deal with the dangers alone (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). This is a strategy to try and down-regulate their attachment system in an attempt to avoid the distress and pain caused by the attachment figure's unavailability (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). ==How does romantic rejection influence emotional responses?== * emotional manifestations * individual attachment styles * rejection sensitivity * effects on thinking - self-esteem, rumination, intrusive thoughts * effects of different types of relationships/rejection * individual characteristics ==What are possible methods of emotional regulation, following romantic rejection?== * mindfulness * acceptance * reducing negative thinking * managing exposure to rejection * social support, belonging, self-compassion, self-esteem improvements * new rewards/breaking reward systems * adaptive and maladaptive regulation ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== Learning features help to bring book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter. Here are some options: {{anchor|Scenarios}} ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples that illustrate concepts in action * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]; can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citation(s) {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091 Sacks, O. (1985). ''The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales''. Harper & Row. }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]] sqmhk730gngzgenonmr2mkmytnyqwhp 0 332412 2839923 2837492 2026-10-12T22:04:46Z Scogdill 1331941 2839923 wikitext text/x-wiki =Event= International championship boxing match between British Jem Smith and Australian Frank Slavin on 23 December 1889 in Bruges, Belgium. ==Overview== On 23 December 1889 a boxing match in Bruges did not end with integrity: British Jim Smith was losing, so his supporters entered the ring, pinned Australian Frank Slavin's arms and beat him up. The referee called it a draw to prevent Slavin from being killed, and then fled. The Cork Constitution called it "the Smith-Slavin piece of brutality."<ref>"Mr. Abington." ''Cork Constitution'' 14 January 1890, Tuesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001648%2F18900114&page=7&article=099&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same title and p.</ref> ==Logistics== * 23 December 1889, 8:00 a.m. * Stakes: £1,000 ==Related Events== * [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Pelican Club Meeting Smith-Slavin match|Pelican Club Meeting about the Smith-Slavin match]] * the "[[Social Victorians/Boxing/Fracas at the Trocadero|Fracas at the Trocadero]]" ==Who Was Present== # [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Kim Montagu, Viscount Mandeville]] # Jem Smith, British boxer # Frank Slavin, Australian boxer # Lord Rosslyn # Sir M. Sandys # Mr. G. Abington Baird, Smith's manager? and horseman (see description in Anthology) ==Entertainment== ==Anthology== This report from the ''Colonial Standard and Jamaica Despatch'' mentions fighting in the streets (at a corner in Fleet Street) and tosses in an unrelated sentence about an upcoming match between a West Indian and J. L. Sullivan:<blockquote>The disgraceful affair, called by courtesy and [sic] "International Prize Fight," which desecrated the peaceful dignity of the quaint old city of Bruges on Monday morning ought to convince people that there is nothing left to hope for in the Prize Ring. [2c–3a] At eight o'clock in the morning, Jem Smith, self-styled Champion of England, and Frank Slavin, the Australian Champion, with their seconds and parties, met in the grounds of a private gentleman to try conclusions. The "fight" lasted for twenty-five minutes, and was then brought to an abrupt conclusion by the referee declaring it drawn — he would have been killed had he given it to Slavin, who proved to be incomparably the better man. Fourteen rounds were fought in all, during the whole of which time Smith's friends and Smith's seconds worried, and at last assaulted, the Australian, who behaved quite pluckily. It is a disgrace to the name of Englishmen that this brutal scene should go forth to the world. Smith's backers knew well that he had no chance of winning, so they laid their plans to smash Slavin on their own account. It is a wonder that he was not killed — as was reported in Fleet-street at ten o'clock — for Smith's roughs struck and kicked him whenever he came near their corner. Although Lord Mandeville, Lord Rosslyn, Sir M. Sandys, and a few other members of the upper circle, were present at the fight, the bulk of the spectators were the refuse of the gambling rings of London, blackguards and ruffians of the deepest dye. The stakes were £1,000. So great an amount of indignation has been expressed on all sides at the treatment to which the Australian was exposed, that a subscription has been opened up for him. The West Indian, Jackson, is just leaving London for San Francisco, in order to get ready to meet J. L. Sullivan.<ref>"London." ''Colonial Standard and Jamaica Despatch'' 16 January 1890, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c–3a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0004059%2F18900116&page=2&article=019&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title, n.p.</ref></blockquote>Reynolds's Newspaper quotes J. L. Sullivan on the Smith-Slavin match:<blockquote>Mr. John L. Sullivan has been speaking his mind on the Smith-Slavin fight to some purpose. "I can't see how an English fighter can be beaten," he said. "This man Smith is little better than a middle-weight, and I haven't the slightest doubt that Slavin beat him fairly. Some people wonder why I did not go to England to fight Smith. Now you can understand why I insisted on meeting him in this country. In England fair play is unknown. The man with the greatest number of "heelers" always wins or saves himself from defeat. Slavin or Jackson will in all probability look for a match with me when they arrive in this country, and I am perfectly willing to meet either or both of them for a proper consideration. I went a big purse, and I am not particular where I fight so long as it is in a club-house. No more law-breaking for me."<ref>"The Recent Prize Fight." ''Reynolds's Newspaper'' 12 January 1890, Sunday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000101%2F18900112&page=6&article=053&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>About Mr G Baird (Mr. Abington) from the ''Cork Constitution'':, referring at the end to the [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Fracas at the Trocadero|Fracas at the Trocadero]] or a restaurant:<blockquote>This well-known sportsman (Mr G Baird) who is occupying an unenviable position owing to his conduct at the Smith-Slavin piece of brutality, is the largest owner of race horses in England. He has no less than 100 horses in training, and though he won £10,000 in stakes last year it is computed that he should have won £25,000 additional to even pay his way. Anent that fight which has caused such indignation in the country, a London music hall was last week the scene of a pretty disturbance. Mr Abington and Lord Mandeville occupied a box during the entertainment, and received, amongst others, Charlie Mitchell, the well-known pugilist; an angry discussion ''re'' the fight ensued, and concluded by the peer measuring himself on the floor from one Mitchell’s "lefts."<ref>"Mr. Abington." ''Cork Constitution'' 14 January 1890, Tuesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001648%2F18900114&page=7&article=099&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same title and p.</ref></blockquote>After the Pelican Club meetings, Slavin comments:<blockquote>On Weduesiay at Westminster Aquarium, F.  P. Slavin, the colonial pugilist, who received such bad treatment at the hands of roughs in his recent prize-fight with Jem Smith, the English "champion," made his first public appearance since the fight. Mr. Frank Hinde, in introducing Slavin, said he would give an exhibition with Cosnett of Birmingham, who seconded him in his fight. Slavin was the gamest man that ever  stepped into a ring, he hoped the audience would rive him a good old English welcome. On appearing on the stage Slavin met with a most enthusiastic reception, and the three rounds' sparring with Cosnett was much appreciated. At the conclusion Slavin, in response to loud calls, bowed his acknowledgments.<ref>"Slavin at the Royal Acquarium." ''Liverpool Weekly Courier'' 11 January 1890, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0003067%2F18900111&page=3&article=042&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Notes and Questions == # ==References== {{reflist}} s80rmvf9i2g0pob7obyaoa38berdx00 0 332413 2839909 2839612 2026-10-12T20:35:07Z Scogdill 1331941 2839909 wikitext text/x-wiki =Event= Meetings at the Pelican Club about the Smith-Slavin match ==Overview== Meetings at the London Pelican Club, which had members associated with boxing, to hear about the [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Smith-Slavin 1889-12-23|Smith-Slavin match]] in Bruges, Belgium, on 23 December 1890. ==Logistics== * Tuesday afternoon, when people were questioned * Wednesday ==Related Events== * The [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Smith-Slavin 1889-12-23|Smith-Slavin Fight]], 23 December 1889 * The Pelican Club Meetings * The [[Social Victorians/Boxing/Fracas at the Trocadero|Fracas at the Trocadero]] ==Who Was Present== === Tuesday Afternoon === # The Marquis of Queensberry # Sir John D. Astley, president # Captain Archibald Drummond # Kim Montagu, Viscount Mandeville # Mr. G. A. Baird ("Mr. Abington"), Smith's backer # Mr. Fleming, Smith's manager # Frank Slavin ===Wednesday=== # Sir John D. Astley, president # Marquis of Queensberry # Captain Archibald Drummond # Sir W. Gordon-Cumming # Mr. Robert Martin # Mr. John Corlett # Mr. Walter Dickson # Mr. Cecil Raleigh (Hon. Sec.) # Mr. Charles Hawtrey ==Entertainment== ==Anthology== Newspaper articles are in chronological order by date of publication in the newspaper cited. The Saturday, 11 January 1890, Liverpool Weekly Courier:<blockquote>The committee of the Pelican Club (Sir John Astley in the chair) was occupied for many hours in investigating the circumstances of the recent disgraceful prize-fight near Bruges. Among the witnesess examined were Mr. Vezey (the referee), Mr. G. Abington Baird, Lord Mandeville, and Slavin. The evidence of the latter was so favourable to Mr. Baird that this gentleman was exonerated from the charge of having aided, abetted, or paid the Birmingham roughs who assisted the contest with knuckle-dusters and blows. It would seem that their services had been requisitioned by others for the especial benefit of an obnoxious pugilist, who did not, however, put in an appearance. On Wednesday a special general meeting of the members of the Pelican Cub was held at the clubhouse, Denman-street, Piccadilly, for the purpose of considering the report of the committee of proceedings in connection with the recent prize-fight between Smith and Slavin. The meeting was private, but the following account of the proceedings was officially furnished:— John Astley, Bart., presided. The report of the committee stated that the Pelican Club, as a club, had nothing whatever to do with the prize-fight. Unfortunately, however, it appeared that in connection with the fight certain things occurred of which it became the duty of the club to take notice. To begin with, Mr. John Fleming, an official of the club, was present in the capacity of Smith's manager. The report of the fight reached London early on Monday, December 23d. No sooner was attention called to the fact that Slavin had been treated with brutality, which every member of the club and every honest Englishman could not too strongly condemn, than a special meeting of the committee was convened. The hon. secretary in the meantime wrote a letter to the papers repudiating any connection of the Pelican Club with the fight, and at a meeting of the committee Mr. Fleming was called to appear in person. He was at once informed that he was suspended from the performance of his usual duties at the club, and was requested to state in writing the nature of his association with the fight and what he knew of it. Since that day the committee had sat many times. They had been in receipt of a mass of correspondence, some very emphatic, but unfortunately anonymous. They had examined on several occasions a number of eyewitnesses of the fight, and were, they believed, in full possession of every fact of importance with regard to Mr. Fleming. His statement practically amounted to this, the preliminaries of the fight between Slavin and Smith were concluded on September 16th last, long anterior to the glove contest between Smith and Jackson, and although Mr. Fleming determined to sever his connection with Smith after the glove fight, he felt himself in duty bound to carry the fight with Slavin through to a conclusion. In this the committee did not consider him to blame. It seemed, furthermore, only fair and reasonable to assume that Mr. Fleming never contemplated the presence of the roughs when the agreement was signed. Subsequently, however, a rumour did reach Mr. Fleming that both sides had organised what is known as a "corner," and he took every possible precaution to keep the place selected a secret. Whether his efforts were intentionally thwarted could not be said, but on the morning of the fight there were present in Bruges a number of roughs, who obviously had not come all that way for their own diversion, and who could not have paid their own way thither, had they so desired. Mr. Fleming, on discovering this, informed the owner of the ground of the fact. That gentleman said he would let the fight go on, but if there was any row he would send for the police instantly. The committee had consequently arrived at the conclusion that Mr. Fleming was in no way responsible for the ruffianism that took place. The committee, however, regretted to state that in the course of their investigations the name of a member of the club, Mr. G. W. Baird, was frequently mentioned. The committee had most anxiously considered whether the conduct of Mr. Baird ought properly to come within the scope of their inquiry, but in face of the club rules they felt it necessary to proceed. The committee would feel great satisfaction if they could state explicitly that any given man had actually paid the men who behaved so disgracefully in Smith's "corner,"  but such a transaction was very difficult of absolute proof. The committee did not impute to Mr. Baird that he paid the ruffians in question. He  may not have known they were going to the fight at all. But it did appear that he made use to Slavin of language unbecoming a gentleman and a member of that club. The evidence before the committee on this point was absolutely conclusive. Sir John Ashley informed the meeting that in view of the evidence they had taken the committee had unanimously resolved that while regretting Mr. Baird's conduct at the fight, they did not find [Col. c–a] that any evidence had been brought before them to justify them in finding Mr. Baird was in any way responsible for the appearance of the roughs at the ring ride who prevented the fight from being fought to a conclusion. The Marquis of Queensberry moved an amendment to the resolution that the inquiry into Mr. Baird's conduct be continued from the point where the committee have left off[.] Mr. J. Corlett protested against the action of Lord Queensberry, who was a member of the committee which had adopted the report and resolution. Mr. Noah proposed that the conduct of Mr. Baird be referred back to the committee for further consideration, and that they be instructed to report to a general meeting to be convened one month from this date. The committee, with the  exception of Lord Queensberry, regarded this as a vote of want of confidence. On a show of hands being taken it was obvious that the majority of the members accepted the amendment of Mr. Noah. Sir John Astley then announzed [sic?] that the commmittee would resign, and the meeting was adjourned for a fortnight.<ref>"The Slavin-Smith Prize Fight. Action of the Pelican Club." ''Liverpool Weekly Courier'' 11 January 1890, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4b–5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0003067%2F18900111&page=3&article=042&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>The Sunday, 12 January 1890, ''Reynolds's Newspaper'' has a longish report on the Pelican Club meeting and the fracas at the Trocadero:<blockquote>A special general meeting of the Pelican Club, convened by the committee with reference to the Smith-Slavin fight, near Bruges, drew a very full attendance of members. Sir John Astley (the president) took the chair, and was supported by the Marquis of Queensberry, Captain Archibald Drummond, Sir W. Gordon-Cumming, Mr. Robert Martin, Mr. John Corlett, Mr. Walter Dickson, and others, including Mr. Cecil Raleigh (hon. sec.) A resolution of the committee, stating that while they censured the language used by Mr. Abington Baird at the fight, yet they could not on the evidence before them connect him with the hiring of roughs, was first read; and then the opposition was led by Mr. Charles Hawtrey, who put some most pertinent questions to the Chairman. An unexpected mine was immediately afterwards sprung by Lord Queensberry, who declared that as a member of the committee he agreed with the decision of that body, yet nevertheless as a private individual he thought further investigation desirable.<p> Some very strong remarks from Mr. John Corlett and a forcible speech by Mr. Hugh Drummond caused great excitement. Finally, Major Noah proposed, and the Marquis of Queensberry seconded, the following amendment: — "That this inquiry into Mr. Baird's conduct be referred back to the committee with instructions to report to a general meeting to be convened one month from date." Amid intense commotion this was carried by a majority of at least three to one. Some desultory speaking followed, and then Sir John Astley announced that the amendment would be taken by the committee as a vote of censure, and that, consequently, he and his colleagues, would resign there and then. This determination was adhered to, despite the vehement protests of those who had voted with the majority that they had every confidence in the committee, but only wished for further inquiry into Mr. Baird's conduct.<ref>"The Recent Prize Fight." ''Reynolds's Newspaper'' 12 January 1890, Sunday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000101%2F18900112&page=6&article=053&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>This report is from the Sunday, 12 January 1890, ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'':<blockquote>A meeting of the committee of the Pelican club was held on Tuesday afternoon, Sir John D. Astley presiding, to consider the action of certain parties in connection with the brutality displayed by some hired ruffians at the recent championship prize fight between Jem Smith and Frank Slavin at Bruges, and among the members present were the Marquis of Queensberry and Captain Hugh Drummond. Lord Mandeville, Mr. G. A. Baird ("Mr. Abington"), Mr. Fleming, Frank Slavin, and others were examined, and, after a long discussion, it was decided by the committee to exonerate "Mr. Abington" (Smith's backer) and Mr. Fleming (Smith's manager) from all blame. A special general meeting of the club, convened for Wednesday, drew a very full attendance of members. Sir John Astley (the president) took the chair, and was supported by the Marquis of Queensberry, Captain Archibald Drummond, Sir W. Gordon-Cumming, Mr. Robert Martin, Mr. John Corlett, Mr. Walter Dickson, and others, including Mr. Cecil Raleigh, the honorary secretary. A resolution of the committee, stating that while they censured the language used by Mr. Abington Baird at the fight, yet they could not on the evidence before them connect him with the hiring of roughs, was first read; and then the opposition was led by Mr. Charles Hawtrey, who put some most pertinent questions to the chairman. An unexpected mine was immediately afterwards sprung by Lord Queensberry, who declared that as a member of the committee he agreed with the decision of that body, yet nevertheless as a private individual he thought further investigation desirable.<ref>"The Pelican Club and the Fight." ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' 12 January 1890, Sunday: 1 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000079%2F18900112&page=1&article=005&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Same print title, n.p.</ref></blockquote> == Notes and Questions == # ==References== {{reflist}} 0ckifpn56zmvzc2vdzusdnchcebxhck 2 332457 2839820 2839665 2026-10-12T15:35:43Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839820 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. Polish communication law is therefore best understood by asking what legal effect each authority has and which institution applies it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The European Court of Human Rights in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. It is suggested that, the directly applicable law governing Poland now prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. Poland’s experience also shows that this categorical European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without net-neutrality protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The analogy should not be overstated. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. Net-neutrality laws are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The ITU Radio Regulations coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s GATS Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, the President of the Office of Electronic Communications (UKE) monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The Court of Justice first addressed zero rating in the Telenor Magyarország cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving Vodafone Pass and Telekom’s StreamOn. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The consequence is broader than the original draft suggested. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from Regulation 2015/2120; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 Open Internet Order did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 Restoring Internet Freedom Order. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the Sixth Circuit set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. State law partly fills that gap. California prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] Censorship and prior restraint overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a newspaper or periodical to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Legal scholarship indicates that administrative measures regulating speech are lawful only when precise, reviewable rules confine official discretion. While a nondiscretionary register is considered compatible with press freedom, systems that evaluate the truth or political acceptability of a message are generally deemed impermissible. Experts argue that online restraints require the same regulatory discipline, including formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of Kęty and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present law is much closer to the first model. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> A critic can still ask why a democracy needs registration at all. Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties, and even a formally neutral procedure can chill a small publisher. The strongest defense is limited: registration identifies the publisher and editor and prevents confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s Internal Security Agency (ABW) has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the First Deputy Prosecutor General (the National Prosecutor) the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by Regulation 2021/784, confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Legal observers note that without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders, or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == Memory laws force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Legal scholars generally argue that while legislation may legitimately penalize the deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities (particularly when such denial incites hatred) it should not penalize disputed claims regarding historical culpability or methodology. Critics contend that Poland's 2018 amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance exceeded these boundaries by criminalizing public statements that attributed Holocaust complicity to the Polish nation. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The UN Human Rights Committee has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The question is whether a court can protect truth and dignity without converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act) makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include Nazi and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on Holocaust denial. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison, statutory precision is considered particularly critical. Analysts note that while the core intent of the legislation may be legally defensible, its practical application across all scenarios remains a subject of dispute. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "Polish death camps," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. However, legal and historical analysts noted that Article 55a was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] Jedwabne illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President Aleksander Kwaśniewski later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “Eastern Lesser Poland” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The sequence shows the same problem: criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible non-governmental organization or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the State Treasury, and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski shows the proper scope of an individual claim. Their 2018 study Night Without End discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The Warsaw Regional Court ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The European Court of Human Rights draws a similar distinction. In Garaudy v. France, it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In Perinçek v. Switzerland, by contrast, the Grand Chamber held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == 01cos64spg7470ueeauum0dj6k20e1c 2839822 2839820 2026-10-12T15:46:26Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839822 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. Polish communication law is therefore best understood by asking what legal effect each authority has and which institution applies it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. It is suggested that, the directly applicable law governing Poland now prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. Poland’s experience also shows that this categorical European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without net-neutrality protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The analogy should not be overstated. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. Net-neutrality laws are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The consequence is broader than the original draft suggested. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from Regulation 2015/2120; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 Open Internet Order did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 Restoring Internet Freedom Order. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the Sixth Circuit set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. State law partly fills that gap. California prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] Censorship and prior restraint overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a newspaper or periodical to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Legal scholarship indicates that administrative measures regulating speech are lawful only when precise, reviewable rules confine official discretion. While a nondiscretionary register is considered compatible with press freedom, systems that evaluate the truth or political acceptability of a message are generally deemed impermissible. Experts argue that online restraints require the same regulatory discipline, including formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of Kęty and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present law is much closer to the first model. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> A critic can still ask why a democracy needs registration at all. Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties, and even a formally neutral procedure can chill a small publisher. The strongest defense is limited: registration identifies the publisher and editor and prevents confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s Internal Security Agency (ABW) has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the First Deputy Prosecutor General (the National Prosecutor) the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by Regulation 2021/784, confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Legal observers note that without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders, or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == Memory laws force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Legal scholars generally argue that while legislation may legitimately penalize the deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities (particularly when such denial incites hatred) it should not penalize disputed claims regarding historical culpability or methodology. Critics contend that Poland's 2018 amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance exceeded these boundaries by criminalizing public statements that attributed Holocaust complicity to the Polish nation. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The UN Human Rights Committee has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The question is whether a court can protect truth and dignity without converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act) makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include Nazi and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on Holocaust denial. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison, statutory precision is considered particularly critical. Analysts note that while the core intent of the legislation may be legally defensible, its practical application across all scenarios remains a subject of dispute. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "Polish death camps," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. However, legal and historical analysts noted that Article 55a was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] Jedwabne illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President Aleksander Kwaśniewski later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “Eastern Lesser Poland” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The sequence shows the same problem: criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible non-governmental organization or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the State Treasury, and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski shows the proper scope of an individual claim. Their 2018 study Night Without End discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The Warsaw Regional Court ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The European Court of Human Rights draws a similar distinction. In Garaudy v. France, it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In Perinçek v. Switzerland, by contrast, the Grand Chamber held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == 7b91t2vv8mhyx51a1pm2d77yodzwsjm 2839824 2839822 2026-10-12T15:49:00Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839824 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. Polish communication law is therefore best understood by asking what legal effect each authority has and which institution applies it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. It is suggested that, the directly applicable law governing Poland now prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. Poland’s experience also shows that this categorical European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without net-neutrality protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The analogy should not be overstated. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. Net-neutrality laws are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The consequence is broader than the original draft suggested. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] Censorship and prior restraint overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a newspaper or periodical to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Legal scholarship indicates that administrative measures regulating speech are lawful only when precise, reviewable rules confine official discretion. While a nondiscretionary register is considered compatible with press freedom, systems that evaluate the truth or political acceptability of a message are generally deemed impermissible. Experts argue that online restraints require the same regulatory discipline, including formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of Kęty and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present law is much closer to the first model. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> A critic can still ask why a democracy needs registration at all. Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties, and even a formally neutral procedure can chill a small publisher. The strongest defense is limited: registration identifies the publisher and editor and prevents confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s Internal Security Agency (ABW) has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the First Deputy Prosecutor General (the National Prosecutor) the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by Regulation 2021/784, confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Legal observers note that without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders, or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == Memory laws force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Legal scholars generally argue that while legislation may legitimately penalize the deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities (particularly when such denial incites hatred) it should not penalize disputed claims regarding historical culpability or methodology. Critics contend that Poland's 2018 amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance exceeded these boundaries by criminalizing public statements that attributed Holocaust complicity to the Polish nation. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The UN Human Rights Committee has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The question is whether a court can protect truth and dignity without converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act) makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include Nazi and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on Holocaust denial. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison, statutory precision is considered particularly critical. Analysts note that while the core intent of the legislation may be legally defensible, its practical application across all scenarios remains a subject of dispute. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "Polish death camps," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. However, legal and historical analysts noted that Article 55a was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] Jedwabne illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President Aleksander Kwaśniewski later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “Eastern Lesser Poland” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The sequence shows the same problem: criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible non-governmental organization or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the State Treasury, and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski shows the proper scope of an individual claim. Their 2018 study Night Without End discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The Warsaw Regional Court ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The European Court of Human Rights draws a similar distinction. In Garaudy v. France, it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In Perinçek v. Switzerland, by contrast, the Grand Chamber held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == 479p1j4imh14zzoo6mpa31e3rtorp7f 2839825 2839824 2026-10-12T15:54:41Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839825 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. Polish communication law is therefore best understood by asking what legal effect each authority has and which institution applies it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. It is suggested that, the directly applicable law governing Poland now prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. Poland’s experience also shows that this categorical European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|net-neutrality]] protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The analogy should not be overstated. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|Net-neutrality laws]] are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The consequence is broader than the original draft suggested. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] Censorship and prior restraint overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a newspaper or periodical to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Legal scholarship indicates that administrative measures regulating speech are lawful only when precise, reviewable rules confine official discretion. While a nondiscretionary register is considered compatible with press freedom, systems that evaluate the truth or political acceptability of a message are generally deemed impermissible. Experts argue that online restraints require the same regulatory discipline, including formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of Kęty and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present law is much closer to the first model. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> A critic can still ask why a democracy needs registration at all. Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties, and even a formally neutral procedure can chill a small publisher. The strongest defense is limited: registration identifies the publisher and editor and prevents confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s Internal Security Agency (ABW) has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the First Deputy Prosecutor General (the National Prosecutor) the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by Regulation 2021/784, confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Legal observers note that without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders, or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == Memory laws force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Legal scholars generally argue that while legislation may legitimately penalize the deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities (particularly when such denial incites hatred) it should not penalize disputed claims regarding historical culpability or methodology. Critics contend that Poland's 2018 amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance exceeded these boundaries by criminalizing public statements that attributed Holocaust complicity to the Polish nation. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The UN Human Rights Committee has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The question is whether a court can protect truth and dignity without converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act) makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include Nazi and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on Holocaust denial. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison, statutory precision is considered particularly critical. Analysts note that while the core intent of the legislation may be legally defensible, its practical application across all scenarios remains a subject of dispute. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "Polish death camps," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. However, legal and historical analysts noted that Article 55a was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] Jedwabne illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President Aleksander Kwaśniewski later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “Eastern Lesser Poland” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The sequence shows the same problem: criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible non-governmental organization or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the State Treasury, and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski shows the proper scope of an individual claim. Their 2018 study Night Without End discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The Warsaw Regional Court ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The European Court of Human Rights draws a similar distinction. In Garaudy v. France, it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In Perinçek v. Switzerland, by contrast, the Grand Chamber held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == azyyrx93x4iqe0gkh3f906ldtlth4rs 2839831 2839825 2026-10-12T16:09:11Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839831 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. Polish communication law is therefore best understood by asking what legal effect each authority has and which institution applies it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. It is suggested that, the directly applicable law governing Poland now prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. Poland’s experience also shows that this categorical European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|net-neutrality]] protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The analogy should not be overstated. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|Net-neutrality laws]] are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The consequence is broader than the original draft suggested. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] [[wikipedia:Censorship|Censorship]] and [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a [[wikipedia:Newspaper|newspaper]] or [[wikipedia:Periodical_literature|periodical]] to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Legal scholarship indicates that administrative measures regulating speech are lawful only when precise, reviewable rules confine official discretion. While a nondiscretionary register is considered compatible with press freedom, systems that evaluate the truth or political acceptability of a message are generally deemed impermissible. Experts argue that online restraints require the same regulatory discipline, including formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the ICCPR permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of [[wikipedia:Kęty|Kęty]] and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present law is much closer to the first model. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> A critic can still ask why a democracy needs registration at all. Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties, and even a formally neutral procedure can chill a small publisher. The strongest defense is limited: registration identifies the publisher and editor and prevents confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s [[wikipedia:Internal_Security_Agency|Internal Security Agency (Polish: Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, ABW)]] has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the [[wikipedia:Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)|First Deputy Prosecutor General (Polish: Prokurator Generalny, the National Prosecutor)]] the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by [[wikipedia:Censorship_in_the_European_Union|Regulation 2021/784]], confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the [[wikipedia:Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland|Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, NSA)]] upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Legal observers note that without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders, or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == Memory laws force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Legal scholars generally argue that while legislation may legitimately penalize the deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities (particularly when such denial incites hatred) it should not penalize disputed claims regarding historical culpability or methodology. Critics contend that Poland's 2018 amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance exceeded these boundaries by criminalizing public statements that attributed Holocaust complicity to the Polish nation. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the ICCPR permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The UN Human Rights Committee has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The question is whether a court can protect truth and dignity without converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act) makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include Nazi and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on Holocaust denial. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison, statutory precision is considered particularly critical. Analysts note that while the core intent of the legislation may be legally defensible, its practical application across all scenarios remains a subject of dispute. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "Polish death camps," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. However, legal and historical analysts noted that Article 55a was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] Jedwabne illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President Aleksander Kwaśniewski later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “Eastern Lesser Poland” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The sequence shows the same problem: criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible non-governmental organization or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the State Treasury, and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski shows the proper scope of an individual claim. Their 2018 study Night Without End discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The Warsaw Regional Court ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The European Court of Human Rights draws a similar distinction. In Garaudy v. France, it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In Perinçek v. Switzerland, by contrast, the Grand Chamber held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == oye6y5w3woqbvwdoky1zmqffpggipw1 2839840 2839831 2026-10-12T16:35:56Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839840 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. Polish communication law is therefore best understood by asking what legal effect each authority has and which institution applies it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. It is suggested that, the directly applicable law governing Poland now prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. Poland’s experience also shows that this categorical European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|net-neutrality]] protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The analogy should not be overstated. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|Net-neutrality laws]] are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The consequence is broader than the original draft suggested. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] [[wikipedia:Censorship|Censorship]] and [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a [[wikipedia:Newspaper|newspaper]] or [[wikipedia:Periodical_literature|periodical]] to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Legal scholarship indicates that administrative measures regulating speech are lawful only when precise, reviewable rules confine official discretion. While a nondiscretionary register is considered compatible with press freedom, systems that evaluate the truth or political acceptability of a message are generally deemed impermissible. Experts argue that online restraints require the same regulatory discipline, including formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the ICCPR permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of [[wikipedia:Kęty|Kęty]] and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present law is much closer to the first model. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> A critic can still ask why a democracy needs registration at all. Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties, and even a formally neutral procedure can chill a small publisher. The strongest defense is limited: registration identifies the publisher and editor and prevents confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s [[wikipedia:Internal_Security_Agency|Internal Security Agency (Polish: Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, ABW)]] has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the [[wikipedia:Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)|First Deputy Prosecutor General (Polish: Prokurator Generalny, the National Prosecutor)]] the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by [[wikipedia:Censorship_in_the_European_Union|Regulation 2021/784]], confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the [[wikipedia:Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland|Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, NSA)]] upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Legal observers note that without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders, or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == [[wikipedia:Memory_law|Memory laws]] force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Legal scholars generally argue that while legislation may legitimately penalize the deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities (particularly when such denial incites hatred) it should not penalize disputed claims regarding historical culpability or methodology. Critics contend that Poland's 2018 amendment to the [[wikipedia:Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance|Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act)]] exceeded these boundaries by criminalizing public statements that attributed Holocaust complicity to the Polish nation. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the ICCPR permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee]] has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The question is whether a court can protect truth and dignity without converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the IPN Act makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include [[wikipedia:Nazism|Nazi]] and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on [[wikipedia:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]]. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison, statutory precision is considered particularly critical. Analysts note that while the core intent of the legislation may be legally defensible, its practical application across all scenarios remains a subject of dispute. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "[[wikipedia:"Polish_death_camp"_controversy|Polish death camps]]," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. However, legal and historical analysts noted that Article 55a was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President [[wikipedia:Aleksander_Kwaśniewski|Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “[[wikipedia:Eastern_Galicia#Eastern_Lesser_Poland|Eastern Lesser Poland]]” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The sequence shows the same problem: criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible [[wikipedia:Non-governmental_organization|non-governmental organization]] or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_State_Treasury_(Poland)|Ministry of State Treasury]], and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians [[wikipedia:Barbara_Engelking|Barbara Engelking]] and [[wikipedia:Jan_Grabowski|Jan Grabowski]] shows the proper scope of an individual claim. Their 2018 study [[wikipedia:Night_Without_End_(history_book)|Night Without End]] discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The [[wikipedia:Sąd_okręgowy|Warsaw Regional Court]] ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The ECtHR draws a similar distinction. In [[wikipedia:Roger_Garaudy#Garaudy_v._France|Garaudy v. France]], it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In [[wikipedia:Perinçek_v._Switzerland|Perinçek v. Switzerland]], by contrast, the [[wikipedia:Grand_Chamber_of_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights|Grand Chamber]] held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == 12xidtfk0p7c7adg2ipiyt86t3zz8cs 2839841 2839840 2026-10-12T16:37:02Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839841 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. = Sources of Communication Law in Poland = Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. Polish communication law is therefore best understood by asking what legal effect each authority has and which institution applies it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. = Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet = Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. It is suggested that, the directly applicable law governing Poland now prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. Poland’s experience also shows that this categorical European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|net-neutrality]] protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The analogy should not be overstated. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|Net-neutrality laws]] are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The consequence is broader than the original draft suggested. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. = Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking = [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] [[wikipedia:Censorship|Censorship]] and [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a [[wikipedia:Newspaper|newspaper]] or [[wikipedia:Periodical_literature|periodical]] to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Legal scholarship indicates that administrative measures regulating speech are lawful only when precise, reviewable rules confine official discretion. While a nondiscretionary register is considered compatible with press freedom, systems that evaluate the truth or political acceptability of a message are generally deemed impermissible. Experts argue that online restraints require the same regulatory discipline, including formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the ICCPR permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of [[wikipedia:Kęty|Kęty]] and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present law is much closer to the first model. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> A critic can still ask why a democracy needs registration at all. Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties, and even a formally neutral procedure can chill a small publisher. The strongest defense is limited: registration identifies the publisher and editor and prevents confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s [[wikipedia:Internal_Security_Agency|Internal Security Agency (Polish: Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, ABW)]] has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the [[wikipedia:Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)|First Deputy Prosecutor General (Polish: Prokurator Generalny, the National Prosecutor)]] the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by [[wikipedia:Censorship_in_the_European_Union|Regulation 2021/784]], confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the [[wikipedia:Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland|Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, NSA)]] upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Legal observers note that without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders, or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether statutory limits are being respected. = Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws = [[wikipedia:Memory_law|Memory laws]] force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Legal scholars generally argue that while legislation may legitimately penalize the deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities (particularly when such denial incites hatred) it should not penalize disputed claims regarding historical culpability or methodology. Critics contend that Poland's 2018 amendment to the [[wikipedia:Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance|Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act)]] exceeded these boundaries by criminalizing public statements that attributed Holocaust complicity to the Polish nation. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the ICCPR permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee]] has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The question is whether a court can protect truth and dignity without converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the IPN Act makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include [[wikipedia:Nazism|Nazi]] and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on [[wikipedia:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]]. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison, statutory precision is considered particularly critical. Analysts note that while the core intent of the legislation may be legally defensible, its practical application across all scenarios remains a subject of dispute. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "[[wikipedia:"Polish_death_camp"_controversy|Polish death camps]]," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. However, legal and historical analysts noted that Article 55a was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President [[wikipedia:Aleksander_Kwaśniewski|Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “[[wikipedia:Eastern_Galicia#Eastern_Lesser_Poland|Eastern Lesser Poland]]” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The sequence shows the same problem: criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible [[wikipedia:Non-governmental_organization|non-governmental organization]] or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_State_Treasury_(Poland)|Ministry of State Treasury]], and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians [[wikipedia:Barbara_Engelking|Barbara Engelking]] and [[wikipedia:Jan_Grabowski|Jan Grabowski]] shows the proper scope of an individual claim. Their 2018 study [[wikipedia:Night_Without_End_(history_book)|Night Without End]] discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The [[wikipedia:Sąd_okręgowy|Warsaw Regional Court]] ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The ECtHR draws a similar distinction. In [[wikipedia:Roger_Garaudy#Garaudy_v._France|Garaudy v. France]], it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In [[wikipedia:Perinçek_v._Switzerland|Perinçek v. Switzerland]], by contrast, the [[wikipedia:Grand_Chamber_of_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights|Grand Chamber]] held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == 5cq9b7jm00vxnbw9t13zdb1sljkcgz1 2839849 2839841 2026-10-12T16:58:47Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839849 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. The legal effect of each authority depends on its form and on the institution responsible for applying it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony KonkurencjiI Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]], as interpreted by the CJEU, prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. The uniform European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented regulatory approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|net-neutrality]] protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The essential-facilities doctrine and the EU open-internet rules address related bottleneck concerns but impose different legal duties. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|Net-neutrality laws]] are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The Court’s rule extends beyond offers that favor individual applications. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] [[wikipedia:Censorship|Censorship]] and [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a [[wikipedia:Newspaper|newspaper]] or [[wikipedia:Periodical_literature|periodical]] to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Administrative restraints on speech must rest on precise, reviewable rules that confine official discretion. A nondiscretionary register may be compatible with press freedom, but a system that evaluates a message’s truth or political acceptability functions as prohibited licensing. Online restraints likewise require formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the ICCPR permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of [[wikipedia:Kęty|Kęty]] and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present Polish law limits press registration to objective, content-neutral criteria. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties without advance registration, and even a formally neutral registration procedure can chill a small publisher. Registration can identify the publisher and editor and prevent confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s [[wikipedia:Internal_Security_Agency|Internal Security Agency (Polish: Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, ABW)]] has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The system is severe in speed, yet its definition, exclusions, reasons, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the [[wikipedia:Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)|First Deputy Prosecutor General (Polish: Prokurator Generalny, the National Prosecutor)]] the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by [[wikipedia:Censorship_in_the_European_Union|Regulation 2021/784]], confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the [[wikipedia:Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland|Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, NSA)]] upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether the statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == [[wikipedia:Memory_law|Memory laws]] force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities, particularly when used to incite hatred, presents a different legal problem from disputed claims about historical culpability or methodology. Poland’s 2018 amendment to the [[wikipedia:Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance|Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act)]] crossed that boundary by criminalizing certain public statements attributing Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or State. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the ICCPR permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee]] has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> A court risks converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command when it uses the protection of truth or dignity to regulate historical debate. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the IPN Act makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include [[wikipedia:Nazism|Nazi]] and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on [[wikipedia:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]]. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years’ imprisonment, it requires particular statutory precision. The provision’s core application to deliberate denial of established atrocities may be defensible, but its breadth creates difficult cases involving disputed classifications. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "[[wikipedia:"Polish_death_camp"_controversy|Polish death camps]]," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. Article 55a, however, was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President [[wikipedia:Aleksander_Kwaśniewski|Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “[[wikipedia:Eastern_Galicia#Eastern_Lesser_Poland|Eastern Lesser Poland]]” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible [[wikipedia:Non-governmental_organization|non-governmental organization]] or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_State_Treasury_(Poland)|Ministry of State Treasury]], and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski concerned an individualized personal-rights claim rather than the collective reputation of the Polish Nation. Their 2018 study [[wikipedia:Night_Without_End_(history_book)|Night Without End]] discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The [[wikipedia:Sąd_okręgowy|Warsaw Regional Court]] ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The ECtHR draws a similar distinction. In [[wikipedia:Roger_Garaudy#Garaudy_v._France|Garaudy v. France]], it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In [[wikipedia:Perinçek_v._Switzerland|Perinçek v. Switzerland]], by contrast, the [[wikipedia:Grand_Chamber_of_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights|Grand Chamber]] held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == fpuwuz5vnx6ejzugsej6f7k6hw30fgk 2839852 2839849 2026-10-12T17:02:37Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839852 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. The legal effect of each authority depends on its form and on the institution responsible for applying it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]], as interpreted by the CJEU, prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. The uniform European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented regulatory approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|net-neutrality]] protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The essential-facilities doctrine and the EU open-internet rules address related bottleneck concerns but impose different legal duties. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|Net-neutrality laws]] are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The Court’s rule extends beyond offers that favor individual applications. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] [[wikipedia:Censorship|Censorship]] and [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a [[wikipedia:Newspaper|newspaper]] or [[wikipedia:Periodical_literature|periodical]] to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Administrative restraints on speech must rest on precise, reviewable rules that confine official discretion. A nondiscretionary register may be compatible with press freedom, but a system that evaluates a message’s truth or political acceptability functions as prohibited licensing. Online restraints likewise require formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the ICCPR permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of [[wikipedia:Kęty|Kęty]] and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present Polish law limits press registration to objective, content-neutral criteria. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties without advance registration, and even a formally neutral registration procedure can chill a small publisher. Registration can identify the publisher and editor and prevent confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s [[wikipedia:Internal_Security_Agency|Internal Security Agency (Polish: Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, ABW)]] has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The one-hour deadline is stringent, but the Regulation’s definition, exclusions, statement-of-reasons requirement, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the [[wikipedia:Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)|First Deputy Prosecutor General (Polish: Prokurator Generalny, the National Prosecutor)]] the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by [[wikipedia:Censorship_in_the_European_Union|Regulation 2021/784]], confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the [[wikipedia:Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland|Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, NSA)]] upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether the statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == [[wikipedia:Memory_law|Memory laws]] force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities, particularly when used to incite hatred, presents a different legal problem from disputed claims about historical culpability or methodology. Poland’s 2018 amendment to the [[wikipedia:Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance|Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act)]] crossed that boundary by criminalizing certain public statements attributing Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or State. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the ICCPR permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee]] has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> A court risks converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command when it uses the protection of truth or dignity to regulate historical debate. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the IPN Act makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include [[wikipedia:Nazism|Nazi]] and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on [[wikipedia:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]]. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years’ imprisonment, it requires particular statutory precision. The provision’s core application to deliberate denial of established atrocities may be defensible, but its breadth creates difficult cases involving disputed classifications. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "[[wikipedia:"Polish_death_camp"_controversy|Polish death camps]]," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. Article 55a, however, was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President [[wikipedia:Aleksander_Kwaśniewski|Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “[[wikipedia:Eastern_Galicia#Eastern_Lesser_Poland|Eastern Lesser Poland]]” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible [[wikipedia:Non-governmental_organization|non-governmental organization]] or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_State_Treasury_(Poland)|Ministry of State Treasury]], and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski concerned an individualized personal-rights claim rather than the collective reputation of the Polish Nation. Their 2018 study [[wikipedia:Night_Without_End_(history_book)|Night Without End]] discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The [[wikipedia:Sąd_okręgowy|Warsaw Regional Court]] ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The ECtHR draws a similar distinction. In [[wikipedia:Roger_Garaudy#Garaudy_v._France|Garaudy v. France]], it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In [[wikipedia:Perinçek_v._Switzerland|Perinçek v. Switzerland]], by contrast, the [[wikipedia:Grand_Chamber_of_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights|Grand Chamber]] held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == dvcipw7i7urxxx5wgiczljd0ys36ohi 2839855 2839852 2026-10-12T17:06:57Z CBPolandFall2026 3112515 2839855 wikitext text/x-wiki = Communications Law in Poland = [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|The horizontal bicolour flag of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], officially adopted in 1919.]] [[File:Poland Base Map.png|thumb|Outline map of Poland highlighting international borders along with national and [[wikipedia:Voivodeships_of_Poland|voivodeship]] (province) capital cities.]] Polish communication law is shaped by the constitutional protection of expression and information, the country’s [[wikipedia:Civil_law_(legal_system)|civil-law tradition]], and its historical experience with censorship and political control of the media. Articles 14 and 54 of the [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_Poland|Polish Constitution]] protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to acquire and disseminate information, while Article 31(3) requires restrictions to be imposed by statute and justified as necessary in a democratic state. These guarantees operate alongside protections for dignity, privacy, reputation, national security, and children. Polish law is also strongly influenced by the [[wikipedia:European_Convention_on_Human_Rights|European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)]] and [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]] rules governing audiovisual media, data protection, electronic communications, and access to the open internet. Responsibility for applying these rules is divided among specialized institutions, including the [[wikipedia:National_Broadcasting_Council|National Broadcasting Council (Polish: Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji, KRRiT)]], the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej Office of Electronic Communications (Polish: Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej, UKE)], the [[wikipedia:Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner|President of the Personal Data Protection Office (Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, PUODO)]], and the competition authority. Across subjects such as press registration, zero rating, historical memory, religious expression, surveillance, authors’ rights, and content harmful to minors, the recurring question is how far public authorities may regulate communication without controlling public debate. Polish communication law therefore reflects a continuing effort to protect open expression while responding to the individual and public harms that communication can produce. == Sources of Communication Law in Poland == Poland is a civil-law country, so its communication law is found principally in written law rather than judicial precedent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyulawglobal.org|title=An Overview of Polish Law|last1=Rakowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Rybicki|first2=Robert|publisher=GlobaLex, NYU Hauser Global Law School Program}}</ref> The relevant authorities include the Polish Constitution, statutes, ratified treaties, European Union law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and regulations issued or enforced by public institutions. These authorities do not all operate in the same way. Some apply directly, some require national legislation, and some guide interpretation without creating binding rules. The legal effect of each authority depends on its form and on the institution responsible for applying it. === Poland’s Civil-Law Framework === [[File:Egzemplarz Konstytucji podpisany przez Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego Sejm 2014 01.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Polish Constitution signed by [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski Bronisław Komorowski] and [[wikipedia:Jarosław_Kaczyński|Jarosław Kaczyński]] at the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]] in 2014.]] Article 87 of the Constitution identifies the sources of “universally binding law” as the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, regulations, and, within their territorial jurisdiction, local enactments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland|publication-date=2 April 1997}}</ref> Polish courts do not follow a general doctrine of [[wikipedia:Precedent|stare decisis]] comparable to that of the United States, although the reasoning of higher courts may be influential. Constitutional Tribunal judgments occupy a special position because Article 190 makes them “universally binding” and “final.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 190(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Rakowski & Rybicki, supra note 1.</ref> The Constitution is Poland’s “supreme law” and, unless it provides otherwise, applies directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 8|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> For communication law, Article 14 protects freedom of the press and other means of social communication, while Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and to acquire and disseminate information. These freedoms are not absolute. Article 31(3) permits restrictions imposed by statute when they are necessary in a democratic state to protect one of the listed public interests, but prohibits restrictions that violate the essence of the right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Constitutional dignity helps explain both the rights and their limits. Article 30 describes the “inherent and inalienable dignity” of the person as the source of constitutional freedoms and rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Preamble & Art. 30|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> This language reflects a natural-law understanding that certain rights belong to the person rather than being granted by the State. However, natural law itself is not included among the formal sources listed in Article 87. Its role is interpretive: dignity supports expression and access to information, while also supporting the protection of privacy, honor, and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 47, 72|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> === Ratified Treaties and International Institutions === The [[wikipedia:President_of_Poland|President]] ratifies treaties, while agreements concerning constitutional rights, freedoms, or duties require prior consent granted by statute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 89(1), 133(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Once promulgated, a ratified agreement forms part of the domestic legal order and is directly applicable unless its application requires legislation. A treaty ratified with prior statutory consent prevails over a conflicting statute, although it does not prevail over the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 8(1), 91(1)–(2), 241(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] is important to communication law because Article 19 protects freedom of expression and the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|date=16 December 1966|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee’s]] General Comment No. 34 does not have the same binding force as the Covenant, but it is an influential interpretation. It urges states to consider decriminalizing defamation and warns against blasphemy laws and prohibitions on opinions about historical facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?Lang=en&symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2FGC%2F34|title=General Comment No. 34: Article 19—Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, ¶¶ 47–49 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34)|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Other international organizations address particular parts of communication law. The [[wikipedia:International_Telecommunication_Union|International Telecommunication Union]] coordinates international spectrum use through its [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|Radio Regulations]]; the [[wikipedia:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] administers copyright treaties; the [[wikipedia:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]] regulates trade in telecommunications services; and the [[wikipedia:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] addresses cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR|title=Radio Regulations|author=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/|title=Berne Convention|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/|title=WIPO Copyright Treaty|author=World Intellectual Property Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/12-tel_e.htm|title=GATS Annex on Telecommunications|author=World Trade Organization}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/2005-convention|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|author=UNESCO|date=2005}}</ref> Their instruments vary in legal effect. A ratified treaty may become part of Polish law, while technical standards and interpretive guidance may instead influence legislation, regulation, or judicial reasoning. === The European Convention and European Union Law === Poland participates in two distinct European legal systems. It has been bound by the ECHR since 1993. The [[wikipedia:European_Court_of_Human_Rights|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)]] in [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] reviews whether restrictions on expression under Article 10, or measures protecting private life under Article 8, satisfy the Convention’s requirement of necessity in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Arts. 8, 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}} ; {{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005 (showing entry into force for Poland on Jan. 19, 1993)|publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office}}</ref> Poland must comply with final judgments in cases to which it is a party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 46(1)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> The ECHR is therefore a ratified treaty applied within Polish law, supplemented by an international court whose decisions shape the interpretation of communication rights. European Union law operates differently. Article 91(3) of the Constitution recognizes the direct application and statutory priority of law made by an international organization when the constitutive treaty so provides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 91(3)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> The Court of Justice of the European Union developed the principles of [[wikipedia:Direct_effect_of_European_Union_law|direct effect]] in [[wikipedia:Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen|Van Gend en Loos]] and [[wikipedia:Primacy_of_European_Union_law|primacy]] in [[wikipedia:Costa_v_ENEL|Costa v. ENEL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The legal form of an EU measure determines how it takes effect in Poland. Under Article 288 of the [[wikipedia:Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], [[wikipedia:Regulation_(European_Union)|regulations]] are directly applicable. The [[wikipedia:General_Data_Protection_Regulation|General Data Protection Regulation]], the [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Net Neutrality Regulation]], and the [[wikipedia:Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union#European_Media_Freedom_Act|European Media Freedom Act]] therefore apply without being recreated in a Polish statute. [[wikipedia:Directive_(European_Union)|Directives]], by contrast, bind [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|Member States]] as to the result and ordinarily require implementation. Poland implemented the revised [[wikipedia:Audiovisual_Media_Services_Directive_2010|Audiovisual Media Services Directive]] through a 2021 amendment to the Broadcasting Act and the European Electronic Communications Code through its 2024 Electronic Communications Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 (European Media Freedom Act), 2024 O.J. (L 2024/1083)|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2021/1676/ogl|title=Act of 11 August 2021 Amending the Act on Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Act on Cinematography, Dz.U. 2021, item 1676|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2024/1221/ogl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The EU Charter also protects freedom of expression and “the freedom and pluralism of the media,” but it binds Polish authorities only when they act within the scope of EU law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Arts. 11, 51(1), 2012 O.J. (C 326) 391|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The relationship between Polish constitutional law and EU law remains contested. In [[wikipedia:Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Case_K_3/21|case K 3/21]], the Constitutional Tribunal held that provisions of the Treaty on European Union, as interpreted by the [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)]], were incompatible with the Polish Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/hearings/judgments/art/11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> In [[wikipedia:Polish_constitutional_crisis|Commission v. Poland]], the CJEU later held that Poland had breached EU law through that and a related judgment. It also found that appointment irregularities affecting members of the Constitutional Tribunal prevented the Tribunal from satisfying the EU-law requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-448/23, Commission v. Republic of Poland, ECLI:EU:C:2025:975, ¶¶ 87–89, 136–150, 222|date=18 December 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The dispute matters to communication law because Polish courts and regulators must apply constitutional guarantees and EU rules even when the two legal orders make conflicting claims of authority. === Polish Legislation and Regulatory Institutions === National legislation supplies the detailed rules governing broadcasting, electronic communications, data protection, competition, and the press. Those rules are administered by several specialized institutions rather than by a single regulator comparable to the [[wikipedia:Federal_Communications_Commission|Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]] in the United States. The KRRiT is the closest counterpart to the FCC’s broadcasting function. Article 213 of the Constitution directs it to safeguard freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in broadcasting. Its five members (two selected by the [[wikipedia:Sejm|Sejm]], one by the [[wikipedia:Senate_of_Poland|Senate]], and two by the President) serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 213(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}} ; Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting, supra note 21, art. 7(1), (4).</ref> In 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal held that legislation was unconstitutional to the extent that it completely excluded the KRRiT from appointing and dismissing public-media management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/9508-ustawa-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-radiofonii-i-telewizji|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 13 December 2016, Case K 13/16 (Official Summary)|date=13 December 2016|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Each sectoral regulator also participates in European coordination. The KRRiT participates in the European Board for Media Services, UKE in [[wikipedia:Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications|Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)]], PUODO in the [[wikipedia:European_Data_Protection_Board|European Data Protection Board]], and the [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urząd_Ochrony_Konkurencji_i_Konsumentów Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Polish: Urząd Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów, UOKiK)] in the [[wikipedia:European_Competition_Network|European Competition Network]].<ref>Regulation (EU) 2024/1083, supra note 17, arts. 8–12 (European Board for Media Services); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 (BEREC Regulation), 2018 O.J. (L 321) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; Regulation (EU) 2016/679, supra note 17, arts. 68–76 (European Data Protection Board); {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 (European Competition Network framework), 2003 O.J. (L 1) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> These arrangements allow Polish institutions to enforce national legislation while coordinating the application of common European rules. == Principles of Communication Law and the Media in Poland: Zero Rating and the Open Internet == Communication law becomes especially important when a speaker or user must pass through a controlled gateway. Mobile internet access creates such a gateway because, whatever competition exists among networks, each subscriber’s traffic passes through the subscriber’s chosen operator. “[[wikipedia:Zero-rating|Zero rating]]” occurs when traffic associated with a selected application or category of applications does not count against the subscriber’s data allowance. [[wikipedia:Net_Neutrality_Regulation_2015|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]], as interpreted by the CJEU, prohibits zero-rating offers that distinguish among applications for commercial reasons. The uniform European rule protects end-user choice more consistently than the fragmented regulatory approach in the United States. === A Bottleneck Analogy === A bottleneck is a point in a communications network through which messages must pass and which one entity, or a small number of entities, controls. Radio spectrum, cable ducts, and a network’s final connection to a user are familiar examples. U.S. antitrust law supplies a useful analogy through the [[wikipedia:Essential_facilities_doctrine|essential-facilities doctrine]]. In [[wikipedia:MCI_Telecommunications_Corp._v._AT&T_Co.|MCI Communications v. AT&T]], the Seventh Circuit described liability where a monopolist controlled an essential facility that competitors could not reasonably duplicate, denied access, and could feasibly provide it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjurist.org|title=MCI Communications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)|publisher=OpenJurist}}</ref> [[File:Net_Neutrality.png|alt=Diagram comparing neutral internet access with preferential treatment|thumb|244x244px|A simplified comparison of internet access with and without [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|net-neutrality]] protections. In Poland, unequal treatment of internet traffic is governed by [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]].]] The essential-facilities doctrine and the EU open-internet rules address related bottleneck concerns but impose different legal duties. The [[wikipedia:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States|Supreme Court of the United States]] later observed in [[wikipedia:Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko,_LLP|Verizon v. Trinko]] that it had never recognized the essential-facilities doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justia.com|title=Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 410–11 (2004)|publisher=Justia U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref> Moreover, the EU’s open-internet rules neither require proof that an operator is a monopolist nor compel access to its physical network. They instead regulate how an internet-access provider treats traffic after a customer has purchased access. Zero rating can influence user choice by changing the relative price of applications even when no traffic is blocked or slowed. [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality|Net-neutrality laws]] are designed to regulate tech giants and internet providers beforehand, instead of relying on traditional rules that handle essential utilities. === The Legal Framework for Zero Rating === Several legal sources bear on zero rating, but they perform different functions. Human dignity is the normative foundation, while Articles 14 and 54 of the Polish Constitution protect the media and the freedom to acquire and disseminate information.<ref name="Constitution_Main">{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483, arts. 14, 30, 54(1)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR separately protects the freedom to receive and impart information.<ref name="ECHR_Main">{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> These guarantees explain the importance of user choice, but they do not themselves create the specific prohibition on zero rating. International telecommunications law is also relevant but not decisive. The [[wikipedia:ITU_Radio_Regulations|ITU Radio Regulations]] coordinate use of the spectrum on which mobile networks operate. The WTO’s [[wikipedia:General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services|General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)]] Annex on Telecommunications requires access to public telecommunications networks on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms for service suppliers covered by a Member’s commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itu.int|title=Radio Regulations, 2024 ed.|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}} ; {{cite web|url=https://wto.org|title=General Agreement on Trade in Services, Annex on Telecommunications, ¶¶ 2(a), 5(a)|publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref> Neither instrument directly determines whether a Polish consumer’s mobile plan may favor selected applications. The controlling rule comes from the EU. [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation (EU) 2015/2120]] applies directly in Poland and does not require transposition, although Polish law supplies the regulator and enforcement procedures.<ref name="Doc2_Footnote6">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 288, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 (Open Internet Regulation), 2015 O.J. (L 310) 1|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Act of 12 July 2024—Electronic Communications Law, arts. 413, 419, Dz.U. 2024, item 1221|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Article 3 creates three connected protections. End users may access and distribute lawful information and use applications of their choice. Agreements concerning price, speed, or data volume may not limit those rights. Providers must also treat all traffic equally, without discrimination based on sender, receiver, content, application, service, or device. Traffic management is permitted only when it is transparent, nondiscriminatory, proportionate, and based on objectively different technical requirements rather than commercial considerations. Additional measures are allowed only to comply with law, protect network integrity or security, or manage exceptional or temporary congestion.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 3(1)–(3).</ref> BEREC’s 2022 Guidelines guide national regulators and must be given the “utmost account,” although they are not legislation.<ref name="BEREC_Main">{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation of the Open Internet Regulation, ¶ 1, BoR (22) 81|date=9 June 2022|publisher=Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications}}</ref> In Poland, UKE monitors and enforces compliance.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, supra note 29, art. 5; Electronic Communications Law, supra note 29, arts. 413, 419.</ref> === How the Court of Justice Drew the Line === The [[wikipedia:Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union|Court of Justice]] first addressed zero rating in the [[wikipedia:Yettel_Hungary|Telenor Magyarország]] cases. Telenor offered packages in which selected applications did not count against a data cap and remained usable after the cap was exhausted, while other traffic was blocked or slowed. The Court held that agreements and commercial practices may violate Article 3(2) when their scale limits end-user rights. The blocking and slowing measures also violated Article 3(3) because the unequal treatment arose from commercial choices rather than objective technical differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Joined Cases C-807/18 & C-39/19, Telenor Magyarország Zrt. v. Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság Elnöke, ECLI:EU:C:2020:708, ¶¶ 35–49|date=15 September 2020|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> In 2021, the Court adopted a categorical rule in three German cases involving [[wikipedia:Vodafone_UK|Vodafone Pass]] and Telekom’s [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/StreamOn StreamOn]. The zero-rated partner applications did not count toward the general allowance, but the benefit was restricted when roaming or tethering, or was accompanied by reduced video bandwidth. The Court held that the underlying zero-tariff options themselves distinguished traffic on commercial grounds and therefore violated Article 3(3); the attached restrictions were unlawful for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-854/19, Vodafone GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:675|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-5/20, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v. Vodafone GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2021:676|publisher=EUR-Lex}} ; {{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-34/20, Telekom Deutschland GmbH v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2021:677|date=2 September 2021|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> The Court’s rule extends beyond offers that favor individual applications. Zero rating is not saved merely because an operator includes every application within a chosen category. Treating music, video, or social-media traffic differently from all other traffic remains application-specific. Therefore, BEREC does not allow differentiated pricing unless it treats all applications equally. Permissible alternatives include larger general data allowances or off-peak offers that apply equally to all traffic.<ref>BEREC Guidelines, supra note 31, ¶¶ 34a, 35, 40b–40c, 49, 54a.</ref> In 2025, the Court reaffirmed this reasoning in Telekom România, rejecting a no-cost unlimited-video option that exempted video from the data allowance while reducing its bandwidth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Case C-367/24, Telekom România Mobile Communications SA v. Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații|date=10 July 2025|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> === Enforcement in Poland === UKE’s reports show the transition from legal rule to market practice. Its 2023-2024 inspection found that every audited major mobile operator offered selected services or content under a zero-rating model. UKE issued post-inspection recommendations requiring those operators to change their practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2023–April 2024|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The following report confirmed the audit findings and recorded that the recommendations had been issued in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2024–April 2025|date=1 July 2025|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The newest report, covering May 2025 through April 2026, states that operators no longer offer services billed under a zero-rating model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=President of UKE, Report on Open Internet Access, May 2025–April 2026|date=29 June 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> UKE later clarified that its recommendations did not create the obligation. The obligation arose directly from [[wikipedia:European_Union_roaming_regulations|Regulation 2015/2120]]; the recommendations followed UKE’s findings of noncompliance and explained how operators should conform their conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uke.gov.pl|title=Not UKE Recommendations, but EU Regulations: We Explain the Rules on “Zero-Rating” Services|date=4 August 2026|publisher=Office of Electronic Communications (UKE)}}</ref> The reports do not establish that every former Polish plan had identical terms, but they show that the CJEU’s rule ultimately displaced commercially selected zero rating across the audited market. === Comparison with the United States === The United States has followed a less stable path. The FCC’s 2015 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Open Internet Order]] did not prohibit zero rating categorically and instead placed sponsored-data practices under a case-by-case general-conduct standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, 30 FCC Rcd. 5601, 5666–69 ¶¶ 151–53 (FCC 15-24)|date=2015|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> The FCC repealed those conduct rules in its 2017 [[wikipedia:Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States|Restoring Internet Freedom Order]]. It attempted to restore federal net-neutrality regulation in 2024, but the [[wikipedia:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit|Sixth Circuit]] set that order aside in In re MCP No. 185, holding that broadband internet access is an “information service” and that the FCC lacked authority to impose the rules through Title II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcc.gov|title=Restoring Internet Freedom, 33 FCC Rcd. 311 (2018) (FCC 17-166)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://federalregister.gov|title=Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 89 Fed. Reg. 45,404 (FCC 24-52)|date=22 May 2024}} ; {{cite web|url=https://uscourts.gov|title=In re MCP No. 185, 124 F.4th 993 (6th Cir. 2025)}}</ref> There is therefore no generally applicable federal net-neutrality rule governing zero rating. [[wikipedia:State_law_(United_States)|State law]] partly fills that gap. [[wikipedia:California|California]] prohibits zero rating provided in exchange for third-party consideration and forbids favoring only some services within a category. Its statute expressly permits application-agnostic zero rating and does not expressly prohibit favoring an entire category, although the general unreasonable-interference standard still applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.gov|title=California Civil Code § 3101(a)(5)–(7), (b)|publisher=California Legislative Information}}</ref> EU law is stricter because the provider may not select an application or category for preferential pricing. The comparison is therefore not simply between categorical and case-by-case regulation; it is between a uniform EU rule and a U.S. system divided between absent federal regulation and differing state protections. == Censorship and Violent Content in Poland: Press Registration and Online Blocking == [[File:Niedziela_(tygodnik),_4.07.1982_r.,_nr_16,_str._2_-_ingerencja_cenzury.jpg|alt=Page from a 1982 Polish periodical showing a censorship intervention|thumb|320x320px|A 1982 page of the Polish weekly ''[https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedziela_(czasopismo) Niedziela]'' showing an intervention by the communist-era censorship system.]] [[wikipedia:Censorship|Censorship]] and [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] overlap, but prior restraint focuses on timing: the State prevents a message from reaching the public rather than imposing liability afterward. Poland’s experience makes that distinction concrete. A state censorship office operated under legislation first adopted in 1946, and the 1981 censorship statute required specified materials to be submitted before dissemination. It also allowed a censor’s intervention and legal basis to be marked in the publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Dekret z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacyj i Widowisk|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, arts. 12, 14(1)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref>
 The Sejm abolished the censorship institutions and repealed the statute in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 1990 r. o uchyleniu ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, zniesieniu organów tej kontroli oraz o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, arts. 2–4|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> Yet Polish law still requires a [[wikipedia:Newspaper|newspaper]] or [[wikipedia:Periodical_literature|periodical]] to be registered before publication and permits some online content to be removed or blocked. Administrative restraints on speech must rest on precise, reviewable rules that confine official discretion. A nondiscretionary register may be compatible with press freedom, but a system that evaluates a message’s truth or political acceptability functions as prohibited licensing. Online restraints likewise require formal notice, effective review, and retrospective transparency. === The Constitutional Rule Against Prior Restraint === Article 54(2) of the Polish Constitution expressly prohibits both “preventive censorship of the means of social communication” and “licensing of the press,” while permitting a statute to require a license for a radio or television station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sejm.gov.pl|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 54(2)|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Article 14 guarantees freedom of the press, Article 54(1) protects the acquisition and dissemination of information, and Article 31(3) permits statutory restrictions only when necessary to protect an enumerated interest and never when they violate the essence of a right.<ref>The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 46, arts. 14, 31(3), 54(1).</ref> Article 19(3) of the ICCPR permits only restrictions that are provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19(3)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}}</ref> Article 10 of the ECHR similarly requires a restriction to be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 10(2)|publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Unlike Article 54(2), Article 10 does not categorically prohibit prior restraints. Strasbourg nevertheless treats them as especially dangerous because delay or refusal can suppress speech before public debate occurs. Calling a procedure “registration” or “security” is therefore not enough; its permissible decisions and safeguards matter. === Gawęda and the Limits of Registration === That functional approach controlled in Gawęda v. Poland. In 1993, Józef Gawęda sought to register “The Social and Political Monthly – A European Moral Tribunal.” The Polish courts refused because the title could suggest that a European institution existed in the town of [[wikipedia:Kęty|Kęty]] and was therefore inconsistent with the “real state of affairs.” A later application for “Germany – A thousand-year-old enemy of Poland” was refused because the title was said to conflict with Polish-German reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coe.int|title=Gawęda v. Poland, App. No. 26229/95, ¶¶ 6–16, ECHR 2002-II|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The Strasbourg Court held that the refusals violated Article 10 because they were not “prescribed by law.” It accepted that Article 10 does not expressly forbid prior restraints, but emphasized that a law authorizing complete suppression before publication must define its conditions with particular precision. The courts had transformed an ambiguous regulation into authority to decide whether a title was true. That interpretation was not foreseeable, and a judicial decision was not a sufficient safeguard when the rule being applied was itself vague.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶¶ 35, 39–48.</ref> A court can determine objectively whether an application is complete or a title conflicts with an existing registered title. It cannot decide whether Germany is Poland’s historic enemy without evaluating a contested opinion. Gawęda therefore did not declare every press register unlawful. It established that registration becomes licensing when officials assess a proposed message’s truth, reasonableness or acceptability. === Current Registration Law === Present Polish law limits press registration to objective, content-neutral criteria. Articles 20 and 21 of the Press Law require a newspaper or periodical to be registered in the regional court for the publisher’s seat. The application identifies the title, publisher, editor-in-chief, address, and publication frequency. A court may refuse registration only if required information is missing or the proposed title would infringe the protected name of an existing press title. If the court does not decide within thirty days, publication may begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe, arts. 20–21, Dz. U. 2018, item 1914, consolidated text|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The vague “real state of affairs” provision used against Gawęda was deleted in 1997.<ref>Gawęda v. Poland, supra note 50, ¶ 16.</ref> The Constitutional Tribunal added an important domestic limit in 2011. It held that the registration duty itself was compatible with Articles 54(1) and 31(3), but that the then-existing penal provision was disproportionate insofar as it imposed criminal liability for publishing an unregistered printed periodical. The Tribunal treated registration as an organizational device that identifies responsible actors and protects existing titles, not as permission to approve content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 14 December 2011, Case SK 42/09|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Parliament later replaced the former sanction with a fine adjudicated under petty-offense procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy – Prawo prasowe, art. 1|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; Prawo prasowe, supra note 52, arts. 45, 54c.</ref> Ordinary disclosure rules could identify responsible parties without advance registration, and even a formally neutral registration procedure can chill a small publisher. Registration can identify the publisher and editor and prevent confusing duplication of titles, but only if refusal remains mechanical and prompt. Protection of an existing title should mean a genuine conflict or likelihood of confusion, not a power to suppress parody or criticism. === Two Regimes for Terrorist Content Online === The prior-restraint problem now extends beyond print, but Polish law uses two distinct online regimes. The first implements Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on terrorist content online. The Regulation narrowly defines terrorist content and excludes material disseminated for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes, or to prevent or counter terrorism. Controversial or provocative opinions in public debate do not qualify as terrorist content just because they are controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu|title=Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, arts. 1(3), 2(7)|publisher=EUR-Lex}}</ref> A competent authority may issue a reasoned removal order, and a hosting-service provider must remove or disable the identified content as soon as possible and in any event within one hour. The Regulation also requires an effective remedy and, subject to limited exceptions, information to the content provider.<ref>Regulation (EU) 2021/784, supra note 56, arts. 3(3)–(5), 9, 11.</ref> Since December 2024, the Head of Poland’s [[wikipedia:Internal_Security_Agency|Internal Security Agency (Polish: Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, ABW)]] has been the competent authority. A removal order is immediately enforceable, but both the hosting provider and the content provider may seek administrative-court review within thirty days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych, arts. 26a, 26d (as added by Ustawa z dnia 18 października 2024 r., Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The one-hour deadline is stringent, but the Regulation’s definition, exclusions, statement-of-reasons requirement, and review rights make the restraint more visible and contestable than an unreasoned block. Article 32c of the ABW Act creates a separate procedure. With the written consent of the [[wikipedia:Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)|First Deputy Prosecutor General (Polish: Prokurator Generalny, the National Prosecutor)]], the Head of the ABW may ask the Regional Court in Warsaw to order an intermediary to remove or block specified data or services connected with a terrorist incident or probable espionage. In an urgent case, the ABW may block first, but must simultaneously seek approval; the measure lapses unless the court approves it within five days. An order may last up to thirty days and be extended once for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, art. 32c(1)–(3), (6)–(7) (as amended by Dz. U. 2024, item 1684)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The statute excludes hosting providers and terrorist content governed by [[wikipedia:Censorship_in_the_European_Union|Regulation 2021/784]], confirming that the procedures are separate.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(4).</ref> Article 32c includes independent authorization and time limits, but weaker transparency protections. Proceedings and records are classified, participation is restricted, and the statute expressly gives appellate rights to the ABW, prosecutor and intermediary, not to the person who posted the content.<ref>Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. [ABW Act], supra note 59, art. 32c(5), (8)–(11).</ref> In 2019, before the current amendments, the [[wikipedia:Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland|Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, NSA)]] upheld the ABW’s refusal to disclose the number and addresses of blocked websites on national-security grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.gov.pl|title=Supreme Administrative Court, Judgment of 23 May 2019, Case I OSK 1790/17|publisher=Central Database of Administrative Court Decisions}} ; {{cite web|url=https://brpo.gov.pl|title=NSA: ABW nie musi udostępniać informacji o zablokowanych treściach w sieci (Official Case Summary)|publisher=Commissioner for Human Rights (RPO)}}</ref> The judgment does not determine that any specific block was unlawful; rather, it highlights a deficit in systemic accountability. Without a mechanism for speakers to challenge blocking orders or subsequent public disclosure of those orders, third parties cannot verify whether the statutory limits are being respected. == Truth, Honor, and Tolerance in Poland: Memory Laws == [[wikipedia:Memory_law|Memory laws]] force courts to distinguish denial from interpretation. A rule against denying a documented atrocity may protect victims and public truth. A rule protecting a nation’s reputation does something different: it authorizes the State to decide which accounts of responsibility may be expressed. Poland has used both forms. Deliberate denial of clearly established atrocities, particularly when used to incite hatred, presents a different legal problem from disputed claims about historical culpability or methodology. Poland’s 2018 amendment to the [[wikipedia:Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance|Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Act)]] crossed that boundary by criminalizing certain public statements attributing Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or State. === The Constitutional Conflict === Polish law protects both sides. Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes inherent human dignity, and Article 47 protects honor, reputation and private life. Conversely, Article 54 protects the freedom to express opinions and acquire and disseminate information, while Article 73 protects scientific research and publication of its results. Any restriction must satisfy Article 31(3), which requires a necessary and proportionate statutory measure that preserves the essence of the freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Arts. 30, 31(3), 47, 54, 73|publisher=Sejm of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> International law is more skeptical of official historical truth. Article 19 of the ICCPR permits only restrictions provided by law and necessary to protect specified interests. The [[wikipedia:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee|UN Human Rights Committee]] has stated that laws penalizing opinions about historical facts are incompatible with the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohchr.org|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 19|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf|title=General Comment No. 34, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, ¶ 49|author=U.N. Human Rights Committee|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> A court risks converting a disputed historical proposition into a legal command when it uses the protection of truth or dignity to regulate historical debate. === Article 55: Denial of Crimes === Article 55 of the IPN Act makes it a crime, punishable by a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment, to publicly and contrary to the facts deny crimes listed in Article 1(1). Those crimes include [[wikipedia:Nazism|Nazi]] and communist crimes, crimes committed by members of specified Ukrainian formations, and other crimes against peace, humanity or the laws of war committed against Polish nationals or Polish citizens of other nationalities during the statutory period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2023/102/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (IPN Act), consolidated text, Dz. U. 2023, item 102, arts. 1(1), 55|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The provision reaches farther than a conventional prohibition on [[wikipedia:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]]. Its strongest application concerns atrocities whose occurrence and legal character are beyond serious dispute, where denial may renew the injury to victims and operate as antisemitic or totalitarian propaganda. However, Article 55 does not require incitement, identify a hateful purpose, or distinguish systematic falsification from a disputed classification. Because the provision carries a maximum penalty of three years’ imprisonment, it requires particular statutory precision. The provision’s core application to deliberate denial of established atrocities may be defensible, but its breadth creates difficult cases involving disputed classifications. === The 2018 Expansion === In January 2018, Parliament added Article 55a to the IPN Act. The provision punished a person who publicly and contrary to the facts attributed responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes to the Polish Nation or the Polish State, or grossly diminished the responsibility of the true perpetrators. Intentional conduct carried a fine or up to three years’ imprisonment; negligent conduct carried a fine or restriction of liberty. Scientific and artistic activity was exempt. Article 55b extended the prohibition to Polish citizens and foreigners regardless of the law where the conduct occurred. The amendment also created civil claims to protect the “good name” of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/369/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 369, art. 1(5)–(6) (adding IPN Act arts. 53o–53q, 55a–55b)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> The legislation aimed to address concerns regarding the historically inaccurate phrase "[[wikipedia:"Polish_death_camp"_controversy|Polish death camps]]," which can falsely imply that Poland created or operated German Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland. Article 55a, however, was not limited to correcting this specific error. By regulating the broader attribution of historical responsibility, the provision directly intersected with a central focus of academic historical research. [[File:A-438_Mogiła-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_żydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg|alt=Grave-monument surrounded by trees in the Jewish cemetery in Jedwabne|thumb|320x320px|The monument in the Jewish cemetery in [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] commemorating victims of the 1941 massacre.]] [[wikipedia:Jedwabne_pogrom|Jedwabne]] illustrates the difficulty. The IPN concluded that at least 340 Polish Jewish citizens were murdered there in July 1941 and that Polish inhabitants participated directly in killings committed in the interest of German state authority. President [[wikipedia:Aleksander_Kwaśniewski|Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] later acknowledged that Polish citizens had died at the hands of other Polish citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10057|title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-aleksandra-kwasniewskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2001/prezydent-rp-wzial-udzial-w-uroczystosciach-zalobnych-w-jedwabnem,31941,archive|title=Prezydent RP wziął udział w uroczystościach żałobnych w Jedwabnem|date=10 July 2001|publisher=President of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Describing individual perpetrators does not necessarily attribute responsibility to the Polish Nation or State, but Article 55a supplied no clear boundary. Historians and journalists could not confidently know where criminal exposure began. Parliament repealed Articles 55a and 55b in June 2018 but left the civil provisions in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2018/1277/ogl|title=Ustawa z dnia 27 czerwca 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, Dz. U. 2018, item 1277, art. 1(2)|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}}</ref> In January 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal separately struck imprecise references to “Ukrainian nationalists” and “[[wikipedia:Eastern_Galicia#Eastern_Lesser_Poland|Eastern Lesser Poland]]” from other parts of the Act. It did not decide Article 55a’s constitutionality; that part of the proceeding ended after repeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/10462-nowelizacja-ustawy-o-instytucie-pamieci-narodowej|title=Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 17 January 2019, Case K 1/18, Dz. U. 2019, item 131|publisher=Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland}}</ref> Criminal liability cannot turn on historical or geographic terms whose legal boundaries are unpredictable. === Civil Honor and Historical Research === Articles 53o-53q still apply the Civil Code’s personal-rights remedies to the good name of the Republic and the Polish Nation. An eligible [[wikipedia:Non-governmental_organization|non-governmental organization]] or the IPN may sue, any monetary award goes to the [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_State_Treasury_(Poland)|Ministry of State Treasury]], and the provisions apply regardless of the otherwise governing law.<ref>IPN Act, supra note 65, arts. 53o–53q.</ref> A civil remedy is less severe than imprisonment but still burdens publication, and a nation’s abstract reputation is harder to define than an individual’s honor. The case against historians Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski concerned an individualized personal-rights claim rather than the collective reputation of the Polish Nation. Their 2018 study [[wikipedia:Night_Without_End_(history_book)|Night Without End]] discussed village head Edward Malinowski and a Jewish survivor. Malinowski’s niece sued under Civil Code Articles 23 and 24, alleging injury to her right to venerate her uncle’s memory. This was an ordinary personal-rights case, not an action protecting the Nation’s good name. The [[wikipedia:Sąd_okręgowy|Warsaw Regional Court]] ordered an apology in February 2021; the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the claim that August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eli.gov.pl|title=Kodeks cywilny, Dz. U. 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, arts. 23–24|publisher=Dziennik Ustaw (ELI)}} ; {{cite web|url=https://www.ijl.org/grabowski_engelking-full/|title=Court of Appeal in Warsaw, Judgment of 16 August 2021, Case I ACa 300/21 (reversing Regional Court in Warsaw, Judgment of 9 February 2021, Case III C 657/19), English translation|publisher=International Journal of Legal Information}}</ref> The appellate court did not make historians immune from liability. It recognized that an obvious falsehood produced by bad faith and distorted sources may justify intervention, and it did not declare every disputed detail correct. Its narrower holding was that courts should not settle historical disputes, rank competing sources or prescribe a research method. That would become an “unacceptable form of censorship” and interference with scientific freedom.<ref>Court of Appeal in Warsaw, supra note 71 ; see also The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, supra note 63, art. 73.</ref> The court also explained that ordinary personal rights are individualized and do not include a collective right to national pride. This permits a remedy for a fabricated accusation against a person without protecting a national narrative from offense. === The European Line === The ECtHR draws a similar distinction. In [[wikipedia:Roger_Garaudy#Garaudy_v._France|Garaudy v. France]], it held that systematic denial of clearly established Holocaust facts, pursued for racist and antisemitic purposes, could not claim Article 10 protection because Article 17 prohibits using Convention rights to destroy the rights of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23829|title=Garaudy v. France (dec.), App. No. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX|date=24 June 2003|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> The decision was not a general license to criminalize every historical disagreement. In [[wikipedia:Perinçek_v._Switzerland|Perinçek v. Switzerland]], by contrast, the [[wikipedia:Grand_Chamber_of_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights|Grand Chamber]] held that a criminal conviction for denying the legal characterization of the 1915 massacres of Armenians as genocide violated Article 10. Without deciding historical truth, the Court examined context, the absence of a call for hatred, the public interest and the seriousness of criminal punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-158235|title=Perinçek v. Switzerland [GC], App. No. 27510/08, ¶¶ 226–28, 239–80|date=15 October 2015|publisher=HUDOC}}</ref> Applied to Poland, these cases make Article 55 dependent on context. Systematic Holocaust denial joined to antisemitic propaganda may fall within Garaudy. A contested account of responsibility, methodology or legal classification requires the fuller Article 10 analysis used in Perinçek. The surviving civil protection of Poland’s good name is even harder to justify when it seeks to protect an abstract collective reputation rather than the rights of identifiable victims. == References == g34q58tprfgl90fxihpgm039yutw0kc 1 332463 2839821 2026-10-12T15:45:34Z Johnwick098iuoyi8 3112549 /* Dog bed */ new section 2839821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dog bed == I want to buy a comfortable pet bed. Any suggestions from experienced pet owners? [[User:Johnwick098iuoyi8|Johnwick098iuoyi8]] ([[User talk:Johnwick098iuoyi8|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Johnwick098iuoyi8|contribs]]) 15:45, 12 October 2026 (UTC) kyu0j52hjghoz30lv7a7wa935m90pot 0 332464 2839893 2026-10-12T18:51:41Z Howie2024 2995240 Generate subpage:PDT, Fisher--Rao Geometry, and Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Holes 2839893 wikitext text/x-wiki = PDT, Fisher--Rao Geometry, and Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Holes = '''Research status: Exploratory mathematical investigation''' This page investigates a possible relationship between the Fisher--Rao geometry of probability distributions, as used in Probability Dilation Theory (PDT), and the Ruppeiner geometry used in black-hole thermodynamics. The purpose is to formulate a precise mathematical research question, establish the relevant definitions, and identify conditions under which a meaningful relationship between these geometries might exist. No equivalence between the two metrics is assumed. == 1. Research Question == '''Central question:''' Can the Fisher--Rao metric of a suitably defined probability distribution reproduce or relate mathematically to the Ruppeiner metric of a black hole? The investigation begins with two established geometric constructions: # The Fisher--Rao metric on a statistical manifold of probability distributions. # The Ruppeiner metric on a thermodynamic state space. The research question is whether a suitably defined probability model associated with a black-hole thermodynamic system can provide a mathematically justified relationship between these two metrics. Possible outcomes include an exact correspondence under specified assumptions, a proportionality or other transformation between the metrics, a relationship limited to a particular black-hole model, or a demonstration that no useful correspondence exists under the proposed assumptions. The investigation does not presume a positive result. == 2. Scope and Research Strategy == The investigation proceeds in stages. # Define the Fisher--Rao metric for a parameterized probability distribution. # Define the Ruppeiner metric for a thermodynamic state space. # Identify a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. # Construct, if possible, a probability distribution associated with that model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of the proposed distribution. # Calculate or obtain the corresponding Ruppeiner metric. # Determine whether a well-defined mathematical relationship exists between the two metrics. # Examine whether PDT dilation contributes a useful additional result beyond the established geometry. The initial investigation concerns black-hole thermodynamics, not the full Lorentzian geometry of black-hole spacetime. These are distinct mathematical settings and must not be identified without an explicit mapping and supporting argument. == 3. Fisher--Rao Geometry == === 3.1 Statistical manifolds === A statistical manifold is a smooth family of probability distributions parameterized by coordinates <math display="block"> \theta=(\theta^1,\theta^2,\ldots,\theta^m). </math> Let the probability distribution be written as <math display="block"> p(x;\theta). </math> For a discrete state space, the probabilities satisfy <math display="block"> p_i(\theta)>0, \qquad \sum_i p_i(\theta)=1. </math> The parameters <math>\theta^a</math> identify points in the statistical model. Under suitable regularity conditions, the Fisher information matrix defines a Riemannian metric on this parameterized family. === 3.2 Fisher--Rao metric === For a discrete probability model, the Fisher--Rao metric is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i(\theta)} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> Equivalently, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i p_i(\theta) \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The metric describes the local statistical distinguishability of nearby probability distributions. It depends on the chosen probability model and its parameterization, although the metric transforms appropriately under regular changes of coordinates. For a continuous probability density <math>p(x;\theta)</math>, the corresponding expression is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \int p(x;\theta) \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^b} \,dx, </math> provided the integral and the relevant derivatives are well defined. The Fisher--Rao metric is an established construction in information geometry. == 4. Ruppeiner Geometry == === 4.1 Thermodynamic state space === In thermodynamic geometry, a thermodynamic state can be represented by coordinates such as entropy, energy, volume, particle number, angular momentum, or electric charge, depending on the physical system and thermodynamic representation. A family of equilibrium states can be treated as a manifold. The Ruppeiner metric is a thermodynamic metric associated with entropy fluctuations. In a common entropy representation using suitable extensive coordinates <math>X^i</math>, its components are written as <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Here <math>S</math> is the thermodynamic entropy. The exact variables, signs, and thermodynamic interpretation depend on the chosen representation and conventions. The Ruppeiner metric is used to investigate thermodynamic fluctuations, stability, and geometric properties of thermodynamic state spaces. === 4.2 Ruppeiner geometry in black-hole thermodynamics === Black holes possess thermodynamic properties, including entropy and temperature. Depending on the black-hole model, additional thermodynamic variables may include angular momentum, electric charge, or a cosmological-pressure variable. Researchers have applied thermodynamic geometry to different black-hole families. The resulting geometries are model-dependent. For example, published studies report different curvature behavior for Reissner--Nordström and Kerr black holes. These established results provide a starting point for selecting a concrete model against which a proposed PDT relationship can be tested. They do not, by themselves, establish a connection to PDT. == 5. The Two Geometric Structures == The Fisher--Rao metric and the Ruppeiner metric arise from different constructions. The Fisher--Rao metric is obtained from a probability model: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab} = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The Ruppeiner metric is obtained from a thermodynamic entropy function in an appropriate thermodynamic representation: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Although both are metric tensors associated with information or thermodynamic structure, their definitions alone do not establish that they are equal. The Fisher--Rao metric depends on a specified statistical model. The Ruppeiner metric depends on a specified thermodynamic state space and entropy representation. A relationship between them therefore requires additional mathematical structure. == 6. Introducing Probability Dilation Theory == PDT studies transformations of probability distributions through positive reweighting followed by normalization. For a discrete probability vector <math display="block"> P=(p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_n), \qquad \sum_i p_i=1, </math> a diagonal dilation with positive factors <math>d_i</math> is <math display="block"> p_i' = \frac{d_i p_i} {\sum_j d_j p_j}. </math> For a continuous probability density <math>\rho(x)</math>, the corresponding transformation is <math display="block"> \rho'(x) = \frac{D(x)\rho(x)} {\int D(y)\rho(y)\,dy}, </math> provided the denominator is finite and strictly positive. These transformations define new probability distributions. If the distributions belong to a suitable smooth parameterized family, their Fisher--Rao metric can be calculated. This provides the mathematical point of entry for investigating PDT in relation to thermodynamic geometry. However, PDT normalization alone does not determine a black-hole probability model, a thermodynamic entropy function, or a relationship between the resulting metrics. Those elements must be specified independently. == 7. A Possible Mathematical Correspondence == Suppose a black-hole thermodynamic model has a state space <math>\mathcal{T}</math> with Ruppeiner metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}. </math> Suppose a probability model associated with that system defines a statistical manifold <math>\mathcal{P}</math> with Fisher--Rao metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A proposed relationship would require a well-defined mapping <math display="block"> F:\mathcal{T}\longrightarrow\mathcal{P} </math> or a mapping in the opposite direction, depending on how the probability model is constructed. If <math>F</math> maps thermodynamic states to probability distributions, it may be possible to compare the Ruppeiner metric with the pullback of the Fisher--Rao metric. The pullback metric is written <math display="block"> F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A candidate exact correspondence would take the form <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> This equation is a proposed research criterion, not an established result. Other possible relationships could include <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=cF^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}, </math> where <math>c</math> is a constant, or a more general coordinate-dependent relation. Any such relationship would need to be derived and checked for mathematical consistency. The dimensions of the manifolds, the rank of the metrics, the coordinate transformations, and the physical meaning of the probability model would all need to be examined. == 8. Research Questions == The investigation raises several specific questions. # What probability distribution, if any, naturally represents the thermodynamic states of a selected black-hole model? # Is that probability distribution derived from an established statistical-mechanical ensemble, or is it an additional modeling assumption? # Can its Fisher--Rao metric be calculated explicitly? # Which thermodynamic variables define the Ruppeiner metric for the same model? # Do the two metrics have the same dimension and compatible domains? # Can a mapping between the two spaces be defined without arbitrary choices? # Do the metrics agree, differ by a constant factor, or have some other invariant relationship? # Does PDT dilation produce a meaningful geometric property not already implied by the underlying probability model? # Are any resulting conclusions robust under legitimate changes of coordinates or parameterization? These questions should be investigated in sequence rather than assuming that the desired correspondence exists. == 9. Important Distinctions and Limitations == === 9.1 Thermodynamic geometry is not spacetime geometry === The Ruppeiner metric describes a thermodynamic state space. The spacetime metric of general relativity describes the geometry of spacetime. They are different geometric objects, even when both are used to study the same black hole. A relationship between Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry would not automatically establish a relationship between PDT and the Lorentzian spacetime metric. === 9.2 A probability model must be justified === A probability distribution cannot be selected solely because its Fisher--Rao metric resembles a desired thermodynamic metric. The probability model must have a defensible interpretation, and its assumptions must be stated. Where several probability models are possible, the dependence of the result on the model choice must be investigated. === 9.3 Similar formulas do not establish equivalence === Both Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry involve derivatives of functions associated with probability or entropy. This formal similarity is a reason to investigate a connection, but it is not proof that the metrics are equivalent. A valid result requires an explicit mapping and a derivation of the proposed relationship. === 9.4 Research status === The definitions of Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry are established mathematical constructions. PDT provides a normalized probability-transformation framework. The proposed relationship between PDT-based Fisher--Rao geometry and black-hole Ruppeiner geometry remains an open research question within this investigation. No new physical law, black-hole mechanism, or equivalence of geometries is claimed. == 10. Proposed Research Sequence == The next stage should focus on a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. A possible sequence is: # Select a model with a well-defined thermodynamic state space and established Ruppeiner metric. # Record its thermodynamic variables, entropy function, and metric conventions. # Identify a physically justified probability distribution associated with the model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of that distribution. # Compare the two metrics using explicit coordinate mappings and invariant properties. # Determine whether PDT dilation contributes a new result or simply reproduces an established statistical construction. The simplest model is not necessarily the most physically rich, but a model with fewer independent thermodynamic parameters may make the initial calculations easier to verify. The choice of model should be made before attempting to establish a metric correspondence. == 11. Preliminary Conclusion == This page formulates an exploratory research program connecting three mathematical structures: <math display="block"> \text{PDT probability transformations} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Fisher--Rao information geometry} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Ruppeiner thermodynamic geometry}. </math> The central question is whether a suitably justified probability model for a black-hole thermodynamic system can induce a Fisher--Rao metric that is related in a precise mathematical way to its Ruppeiner metric. The first two geometric constructions are established in their respective fields. Their relationship through a PDT probability model has not been demonstrated here. The next task is to choose a specific black-hole model and carry out the comparison explicitly. == References and Further Reading == * Aman, J. E., and Pidokrajt, N. (2008). ''Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0016 arXiv:0801.0016]. * Aman, J., Bengtsson, I., and Pidokrajt, N. (2003). ''Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0304015 arXiv:gr-qc/0304015]. * Ruppeiner, G. (2013). ''Thermodynamic Curvature and Black Holes.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.0901 arXiv:1309.0901]. * Rao, C. R. (2009). ''Fisher--Rao Metric.'' Scholarpedia, 4(2):7085. [https://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Fisher-Rao_metric Scholarpedia article]. * Probability Dilation Theory. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory Wikiversity project]. * Probability Dilation Theory: Normalized Probability Dilation Paper. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory/Normalized_Probability_Dilation_Paper Main manuscript]. == Research Status == This page is an exploratory research notebook associated with Probability Dilation Theory. The proposed relationship between Fisher--Rao geometry and Ruppeiner geometry is a research question, not an established result of PDT. Any future claim of equivalence or novelty will require explicit mathematical derivation, comparison with existing literature, and independent scrutiny. rggl4si5srhcw3fv4a9whmk3nunjwfl 2839894 2839893 2026-10-12T19:04:40Z Howie2024 2995240 4.3 First worked model: Reissner--Nordstrom black hole 2839894 wikitext text/x-wiki = PDT, Fisher--Rao Geometry, and Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Holes = '''Research status: Exploratory mathematical investigation''' This page investigates a possible relationship between the Fisher--Rao geometry of probability distributions, as used in Probability Dilation Theory (PDT), and the Ruppeiner geometry used in black-hole thermodynamics. The purpose is to formulate a precise mathematical research question, establish the relevant definitions, and identify conditions under which a meaningful relationship between these geometries might exist. No equivalence between the two metrics is assumed. == 1. Research Question == '''Central question:''' Can the Fisher--Rao metric of a suitably defined probability distribution reproduce or relate mathematically to the Ruppeiner metric of a black hole? The investigation begins with two established geometric constructions: # The Fisher--Rao metric on a statistical manifold of probability distributions. # The Ruppeiner metric on a thermodynamic state space. The research question is whether a suitably defined probability model associated with a black-hole thermodynamic system can provide a mathematically justified relationship between these two metrics. Possible outcomes include an exact correspondence under specified assumptions, a proportionality or other transformation between the metrics, a relationship limited to a particular black-hole model, or a demonstration that no useful correspondence exists under the proposed assumptions. The investigation does not presume a positive result. == 2. Scope and Research Strategy == The investigation proceeds in stages. # Define the Fisher--Rao metric for a parameterized probability distribution. # Define the Ruppeiner metric for a thermodynamic state space. # Identify a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. # Construct, if possible, a probability distribution associated with that model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of the proposed distribution. # Calculate or obtain the corresponding Ruppeiner metric. # Determine whether a well-defined mathematical relationship exists between the two metrics. # Examine whether PDT dilation contributes a useful additional result beyond the established geometry. The initial investigation concerns black-hole thermodynamics, not the full Lorentzian geometry of black-hole spacetime. These are distinct mathematical settings and must not be identified without an explicit mapping and supporting argument. == 3. Fisher--Rao Geometry == === 3.1 Statistical manifolds === A statistical manifold is a smooth family of probability distributions parameterized by coordinates <math display="block"> \theta=(\theta^1,\theta^2,\ldots,\theta^m). </math> Let the probability distribution be written as <math display="block"> p(x;\theta). </math> For a discrete state space, the probabilities satisfy <math display="block"> p_i(\theta)>0, \qquad \sum_i p_i(\theta)=1. </math> The parameters <math>\theta^a</math> identify points in the statistical model. Under suitable regularity conditions, the Fisher information matrix defines a Riemannian metric on this parameterized family. === 3.2 Fisher--Rao metric === For a discrete probability model, the Fisher--Rao metric is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i(\theta)} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> Equivalently, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i p_i(\theta) \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The metric describes the local statistical distinguishability of nearby probability distributions. It depends on the chosen probability model and its parameterization, although the metric transforms appropriately under regular changes of coordinates. For a continuous probability density <math>p(x;\theta)</math>, the corresponding expression is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \int p(x;\theta) \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^b} \,dx, </math> provided the integral and the relevant derivatives are well defined. The Fisher--Rao metric is an established construction in information geometry. == 4. Ruppeiner Geometry == === 4.1 Thermodynamic state space === In thermodynamic geometry, a thermodynamic state can be represented by coordinates such as entropy, energy, volume, particle number, angular momentum, or electric charge, depending on the physical system and thermodynamic representation. A family of equilibrium states can be treated as a manifold. The Ruppeiner metric is a thermodynamic metric associated with entropy fluctuations. In a common entropy representation using suitable extensive coordinates <math>X^i</math>, its components are written as <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Here <math>S</math> is the thermodynamic entropy. The exact variables, signs, and thermodynamic interpretation depend on the chosen representation and conventions. The Ruppeiner metric is used to investigate thermodynamic fluctuations, stability, and geometric properties of thermodynamic state spaces. === 4.2 Ruppeiner geometry in black-hole thermodynamics === Black holes possess thermodynamic properties, including entropy and temperature. Depending on the black-hole model, additional thermodynamic variables may include angular momentum, electric charge, or a cosmological-pressure variable. Researchers have applied thermodynamic geometry to different black-hole families. The resulting geometries are model-dependent. For example, published studies report different curvature behavior for Reissner--Nordström and Kerr black holes. These established results provide a starting point for selecting a concrete model against which a proposed PDT relationship can be tested. They do not, by themselves, establish a connection to PDT. === 4.3. First worked model: Reissner--Nordström black hole === The first worked model is the Reissner--Nordström black hole, a non-rotating black hole characterized by mass <math>M</math> and electric charge <math>Q</math>. This model is useful because its thermodynamic geometry has been studied explicitly in the literature. The calculation below follows the thermodynamic conventions and coordinate transformations used by Aman and Pidokrajt. ==== 4.3.1. Entropy and fundamental thermodynamic relation ==== We use natural units in which <math>G=c=\hbar=k_B=1</math>. The outer horizon radius is <math display="block"> r_+=M+\sqrt{M^2-Q^2}. </math> To match the entropy convention used in the reference calculation, define <math display="block"> S=r_+^2. </math> This variable differs by a constant factor of <math>\pi</math> from the usual Bekenstein--Hawking entropy <math>S_{\mathrm{BH}}=\pi r_+^2</math> in these units. Solving for the mass gives the fundamental thermodynamic relation <math display="block"> M(S,Q)=\frac{\sqrt S}{2} \left(1+\frac{Q^2}{S}\right). </math> Equivalently, <math display="block"> M(S,Q)=\frac12 \left(\sqrt S+\frac{Q^2}{\sqrt S}\right). </math> We consider the non-extremal region <math display="block"> S>Q^2. </math> ==== 4.3.2. Temperature ==== The temperature is obtained by differentiating the mass with respect to entropy while holding charge fixed: <math display="block"> T=\left(\frac{\partial M}{\partial S}\right)_Q. </math> Differentiation yields <math display="block"> T=\frac{1}{4\sqrt S} \left(1-\frac{Q^2}{S}\right). </math> For <math>S>Q^2</math>, the temperature is positive. ==== 4.3.3. Weinhold metric ==== The Weinhold metric is the Hessian of the mass function in the coordinates <math>(S,Q)</math>: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{ij} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial X^i\partial X^j}, \qquad (X^1,X^2)=(S,Q). </math> The first diagonal component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{SS} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial S^2} = -\frac{1}{8S^{3/2}} \left(1-\frac{3Q^2}{S}\right). </math> The mixed component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{SQ} = g^{\mathrm W}_{QS} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial S\partial Q} = -\frac{Q}{2S^{3/2}}. </math> The second diagonal component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{QQ} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial Q^2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt S}. </math> Thus, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W} = \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{1-3Q^2/S}{8S^{3/2}} & -\dfrac{Q}{2S^{3/2}} \\ -\dfrac{Q}{2S^{3/2}} & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt S} \end{pmatrix}. </math> The corresponding line element is <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm W}^2 = -\frac{1-3Q^2/S}{8S^{3/2}}\,dS^2 -\frac{Q}{S^{3/2}}\,dS\,dQ +\frac{1}{\sqrt S}\,dQ^2. </math> This agrees with the Weinhold metric obtained from the fundamental relation in the published Reissner--Nordström calculation. ==== 4.3.4. Ruppeiner metric ==== The Ruppeiner and Weinhold metrics are conformally related. In the thermodynamic coordinates used here, the relation is <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = \frac{1}{T}ds_{\mathrm W}^2. </math> Introduce the dimensionless coordinate <math display="block"> u=\frac{Q}{\sqrt S}. </math> The Ruppeiner line element becomes <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = -\frac{dS^2}{2S} + \frac{4S}{1-u^2}\,du^2. </math> This expression is the Ruppeiner metric in the transformed coordinates <math>(S,u)</math>. ==== 4.3.5. Demonstrating flatness ==== Introduce the coordinate <math display="block"> \tau=\sqrt{2S}. </math> Also define <math>\chi</math> by <math display="block"> \sin\left(\frac{\chi}{\sqrt2}\right)=u. </math> Using these transformations, the Ruppeiner line element becomes <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = -d\tau^2+\tau^2d\chi^2. </math> This is the flat two-dimensional metric in Rindler-type coordinates. Consequently, the scalar curvature vanishes throughout the regular non-extremal region: <math display="block"> \mathcal R_{\mathrm R}=0. </math> The result agrees with the published analysis by Aman and Pidokrajt, which finds flat Ruppeiner geometry for Reissner--Nordström black holes. ==== 4.3.6. Interpretation and research boundary ==== The calculation establishes the thermodynamic geometry of the selected black-hole model using a published thermodynamic convention. The result concerns the geometry of the black hole's thermodynamic state space. It does not imply that the spacetime surrounding the black hole is flat. It also does not yet establish a relationship with PDT or Fisher--Rao geometry. The next research step is to identify a justified probability distribution associated with this thermodynamic model, calculate its Fisher--Rao metric, and compare the resulting metric with the Ruppeiner metric. Any proposed correspondence must be derived explicitly rather than inferred from the fact that both constructions involve geometric descriptions of thermodynamic or statistical information. ==== Reference for this calculation ==== Aman, J. E., and Pidokrajt, N. (2008). ''Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0016 arXiv:0801.0016]. == 5. The Two Geometric Structures == The Fisher--Rao metric and the Ruppeiner metric arise from different constructions. The Fisher--Rao metric is obtained from a probability model: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab} = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The Ruppeiner metric is obtained from a thermodynamic entropy function in an appropriate thermodynamic representation: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Although both are metric tensors associated with information or thermodynamic structure, their definitions alone do not establish that they are equal. The Fisher--Rao metric depends on a specified statistical model. The Ruppeiner metric depends on a specified thermodynamic state space and entropy representation. A relationship between them therefore requires additional mathematical structure. == 6. Introducing Probability Dilation Theory == PDT studies transformations of probability distributions through positive reweighting followed by normalization. For a discrete probability vector <math display="block"> P=(p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_n), \qquad \sum_i p_i=1, </math> a diagonal dilation with positive factors <math>d_i</math> is <math display="block"> p_i' = \frac{d_i p_i} {\sum_j d_j p_j}. </math> For a continuous probability density <math>\rho(x)</math>, the corresponding transformation is <math display="block"> \rho'(x) = \frac{D(x)\rho(x)} {\int D(y)\rho(y)\,dy}, </math> provided the denominator is finite and strictly positive. These transformations define new probability distributions. If the distributions belong to a suitable smooth parameterized family, their Fisher--Rao metric can be calculated. This provides the mathematical point of entry for investigating PDT in relation to thermodynamic geometry. However, PDT normalization alone does not determine a black-hole probability model, a thermodynamic entropy function, or a relationship between the resulting metrics. Those elements must be specified independently. == 7. A Possible Mathematical Correspondence == Suppose a black-hole thermodynamic model has a state space <math>\mathcal{T}</math> with Ruppeiner metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}. </math> Suppose a probability model associated with that system defines a statistical manifold <math>\mathcal{P}</math> with Fisher--Rao metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A proposed relationship would require a well-defined mapping <math display="block"> F:\mathcal{T}\longrightarrow\mathcal{P} </math> or a mapping in the opposite direction, depending on how the probability model is constructed. If <math>F</math> maps thermodynamic states to probability distributions, it may be possible to compare the Ruppeiner metric with the pullback of the Fisher--Rao metric. The pullback metric is written <math display="block"> F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A candidate exact correspondence would take the form <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> This equation is a proposed research criterion, not an established result. Other possible relationships could include <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=cF^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}, </math> where <math>c</math> is a constant, or a more general coordinate-dependent relation. Any such relationship would need to be derived and checked for mathematical consistency. The dimensions of the manifolds, the rank of the metrics, the coordinate transformations, and the physical meaning of the probability model would all need to be examined. == 8. Research Questions == The investigation raises several specific questions. # What probability distribution, if any, naturally represents the thermodynamic states of a selected black-hole model? # Is that probability distribution derived from an established statistical-mechanical ensemble, or is it an additional modeling assumption? # Can its Fisher--Rao metric be calculated explicitly? # Which thermodynamic variables define the Ruppeiner metric for the same model? # Do the two metrics have the same dimension and compatible domains? # Can a mapping between the two spaces be defined without arbitrary choices? # Do the metrics agree, differ by a constant factor, or have some other invariant relationship? # Does PDT dilation produce a meaningful geometric property not already implied by the underlying probability model? # Are any resulting conclusions robust under legitimate changes of coordinates or parameterization? These questions should be investigated in sequence rather than assuming that the desired correspondence exists. == 9. Important Distinctions and Limitations == === 9.1 Thermodynamic geometry is not spacetime geometry === The Ruppeiner metric describes a thermodynamic state space. The spacetime metric of general relativity describes the geometry of spacetime. They are different geometric objects, even when both are used to study the same black hole. A relationship between Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry would not automatically establish a relationship between PDT and the Lorentzian spacetime metric. === 9.2 A probability model must be justified === A probability distribution cannot be selected solely because its Fisher--Rao metric resembles a desired thermodynamic metric. The probability model must have a defensible interpretation, and its assumptions must be stated. Where several probability models are possible, the dependence of the result on the model choice must be investigated. === 9.3 Similar formulas do not establish equivalence === Both Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry involve derivatives of functions associated with probability or entropy. This formal similarity is a reason to investigate a connection, but it is not proof that the metrics are equivalent. A valid result requires an explicit mapping and a derivation of the proposed relationship. === 9.4 Research status === The definitions of Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry are established mathematical constructions. PDT provides a normalized probability-transformation framework. The proposed relationship between PDT-based Fisher--Rao geometry and black-hole Ruppeiner geometry remains an open research question within this investigation. No new physical law, black-hole mechanism, or equivalence of geometries is claimed. == 10. Proposed Research Sequence == The next stage should focus on a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. A possible sequence is: # Select a model with a well-defined thermodynamic state space and established Ruppeiner metric. # Record its thermodynamic variables, entropy function, and metric conventions. # Identify a physically justified probability distribution associated with the model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of that distribution. # Compare the two metrics using explicit coordinate mappings and invariant properties. # Determine whether PDT dilation contributes a new result or simply reproduces an established statistical construction. The simplest model is not necessarily the most physically rich, but a model with fewer independent thermodynamic parameters may make the initial calculations easier to verify. The choice of model should be made before attempting to establish a metric correspondence. == 11. Preliminary Conclusion == This page formulates an exploratory research program connecting three mathematical structures: <math display="block"> \text{PDT probability transformations} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Fisher--Rao information geometry} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Ruppeiner thermodynamic geometry}. </math> The central question is whether a suitably justified probability model for a black-hole thermodynamic system can induce a Fisher--Rao metric that is related in a precise mathematical way to its Ruppeiner metric. The first two geometric constructions are established in their respective fields. Their relationship through a PDT probability model has not been demonstrated here. The next task is to choose a specific black-hole model and carry out the comparison explicitly. == References and Further Reading == * Aman, J. E., and Pidokrajt, N. (2008). ''Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0016 arXiv:0801.0016]. * Aman, J., Bengtsson, I., and Pidokrajt, N. (2003). ''Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0304015 arXiv:gr-qc/0304015]. * Ruppeiner, G. (2013). ''Thermodynamic Curvature and Black Holes.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.0901 arXiv:1309.0901]. * Rao, C. R. (2009). ''Fisher--Rao Metric.'' Scholarpedia, 4(2):7085. [https://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Fisher-Rao_metric Scholarpedia article]. * Probability Dilation Theory. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory Wikiversity project]. * Probability Dilation Theory: Normalized Probability Dilation Paper. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory/Normalized_Probability_Dilation_Paper Main manuscript]. == Research Status == This page is an exploratory research notebook associated with Probability Dilation Theory. The proposed relationship between Fisher--Rao geometry and Ruppeiner geometry is a research question, not an established result of PDT. Any future claim of equivalence or novelty will require explicit mathematical derivation, comparison with existing literature, and independent scrutiny. g8hrzyu2c1rjxrtvl2awfk9elnysgq9 2839896 2839894 2026-10-12T19:10:31Z Howie2024 2995240 7.0 Candidate Probability Model 2839896 wikitext text/x-wiki = PDT, Fisher--Rao Geometry, and Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Holes = '''Research status: Exploratory mathematical investigation''' This page investigates a possible relationship between the Fisher--Rao geometry of probability distributions, as used in Probability Dilation Theory (PDT), and the Ruppeiner geometry used in black-hole thermodynamics. The purpose is to formulate a precise mathematical research question, establish the relevant definitions, and identify conditions under which a meaningful relationship between these geometries might exist. No equivalence between the two metrics is assumed. == 1. Research Question == '''Central question:''' Can the Fisher--Rao metric of a suitably defined probability distribution reproduce or relate mathematically to the Ruppeiner metric of a black hole? The investigation begins with two established geometric constructions: # The Fisher--Rao metric on a statistical manifold of probability distributions. # The Ruppeiner metric on a thermodynamic state space. The research question is whether a suitably defined probability model associated with a black-hole thermodynamic system can provide a mathematically justified relationship between these two metrics. Possible outcomes include an exact correspondence under specified assumptions, a proportionality or other transformation between the metrics, a relationship limited to a particular black-hole model, or a demonstration that no useful correspondence exists under the proposed assumptions. The investigation does not presume a positive result. == 2. Scope and Research Strategy == The investigation proceeds in stages. # Define the Fisher--Rao metric for a parameterized probability distribution. # Define the Ruppeiner metric for a thermodynamic state space. # Identify a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. # Construct, if possible, a probability distribution associated with that model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of the proposed distribution. # Calculate or obtain the corresponding Ruppeiner metric. # Determine whether a well-defined mathematical relationship exists between the two metrics. # Examine whether PDT dilation contributes a useful additional result beyond the established geometry. The initial investigation concerns black-hole thermodynamics, not the full Lorentzian geometry of black-hole spacetime. These are distinct mathematical settings and must not be identified without an explicit mapping and supporting argument. == 3. Fisher--Rao Geometry == === 3.1 Statistical manifolds === A statistical manifold is a smooth family of probability distributions parameterized by coordinates <math display="block"> \theta=(\theta^1,\theta^2,\ldots,\theta^m). </math> Let the probability distribution be written as <math display="block"> p(x;\theta). </math> For a discrete state space, the probabilities satisfy <math display="block"> p_i(\theta)>0, \qquad \sum_i p_i(\theta)=1. </math> The parameters <math>\theta^a</math> identify points in the statistical model. Under suitable regularity conditions, the Fisher information matrix defines a Riemannian metric on this parameterized family. === 3.2 Fisher--Rao metric === For a discrete probability model, the Fisher--Rao metric is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i(\theta)} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> Equivalently, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i p_i(\theta) \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The metric describes the local statistical distinguishability of nearby probability distributions. It depends on the chosen probability model and its parameterization, although the metric transforms appropriately under regular changes of coordinates. For a continuous probability density <math>p(x;\theta)</math>, the corresponding expression is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \int p(x;\theta) \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^b} \,dx, </math> provided the integral and the relevant derivatives are well defined. The Fisher--Rao metric is an established construction in information geometry. == 4. Ruppeiner Geometry == === 4.1 Thermodynamic state space === In thermodynamic geometry, a thermodynamic state can be represented by coordinates such as entropy, energy, volume, particle number, angular momentum, or electric charge, depending on the physical system and thermodynamic representation. A family of equilibrium states can be treated as a manifold. The Ruppeiner metric is a thermodynamic metric associated with entropy fluctuations. In a common entropy representation using suitable extensive coordinates <math>X^i</math>, its components are written as <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Here <math>S</math> is the thermodynamic entropy. The exact variables, signs, and thermodynamic interpretation depend on the chosen representation and conventions. The Ruppeiner metric is used to investigate thermodynamic fluctuations, stability, and geometric properties of thermodynamic state spaces. === 4.2 Ruppeiner geometry in black-hole thermodynamics === Black holes possess thermodynamic properties, including entropy and temperature. Depending on the black-hole model, additional thermodynamic variables may include angular momentum, electric charge, or a cosmological-pressure variable. Researchers have applied thermodynamic geometry to different black-hole families. The resulting geometries are model-dependent. For example, published studies report different curvature behavior for Reissner--Nordström and Kerr black holes. These established results provide a starting point for selecting a concrete model against which a proposed PDT relationship can be tested. They do not, by themselves, establish a connection to PDT. === 4.3. First worked model: Reissner--Nordström black hole === The first worked model is the Reissner--Nordström black hole, a non-rotating black hole characterized by mass <math>M</math> and electric charge <math>Q</math>. This model is useful because its thermodynamic geometry has been studied explicitly in the literature. The calculation below follows the thermodynamic conventions and coordinate transformations used by Aman and Pidokrajt. ==== 4.3.1. Entropy and fundamental thermodynamic relation ==== We use natural units in which <math>G=c=\hbar=k_B=1</math>. The outer horizon radius is <math display="block"> r_+=M+\sqrt{M^2-Q^2}. </math> To match the entropy convention used in the reference calculation, define <math display="block"> S=r_+^2. </math> This variable differs by a constant factor of <math>\pi</math> from the usual Bekenstein--Hawking entropy <math>S_{\mathrm{BH}}=\pi r_+^2</math> in these units. Solving for the mass gives the fundamental thermodynamic relation <math display="block"> M(S,Q)=\frac{\sqrt S}{2} \left(1+\frac{Q^2}{S}\right). </math> Equivalently, <math display="block"> M(S,Q)=\frac12 \left(\sqrt S+\frac{Q^2}{\sqrt S}\right). </math> We consider the non-extremal region <math display="block"> S>Q^2. </math> ==== 4.3.2. Temperature ==== The temperature is obtained by differentiating the mass with respect to entropy while holding charge fixed: <math display="block"> T=\left(\frac{\partial M}{\partial S}\right)_Q. </math> Differentiation yields <math display="block"> T=\frac{1}{4\sqrt S} \left(1-\frac{Q^2}{S}\right). </math> For <math>S>Q^2</math>, the temperature is positive. ==== 4.3.3. Weinhold metric ==== The Weinhold metric is the Hessian of the mass function in the coordinates <math>(S,Q)</math>: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{ij} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial X^i\partial X^j}, \qquad (X^1,X^2)=(S,Q). </math> The first diagonal component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{SS} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial S^2} = -\frac{1}{8S^{3/2}} \left(1-\frac{3Q^2}{S}\right). </math> The mixed component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{SQ} = g^{\mathrm W}_{QS} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial S\partial Q} = -\frac{Q}{2S^{3/2}}. </math> The second diagonal component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{QQ} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial Q^2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt S}. </math> Thus, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W} = \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{1-3Q^2/S}{8S^{3/2}} & -\dfrac{Q}{2S^{3/2}} \\ -\dfrac{Q}{2S^{3/2}} & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt S} \end{pmatrix}. </math> The corresponding line element is <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm W}^2 = -\frac{1-3Q^2/S}{8S^{3/2}}\,dS^2 -\frac{Q}{S^{3/2}}\,dS\,dQ +\frac{1}{\sqrt S}\,dQ^2. </math> This agrees with the Weinhold metric obtained from the fundamental relation in the published Reissner--Nordström calculation. ==== 4.3.4. Ruppeiner metric ==== The Ruppeiner and Weinhold metrics are conformally related. In the thermodynamic coordinates used here, the relation is <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = \frac{1}{T}ds_{\mathrm W}^2. </math> Introduce the dimensionless coordinate <math display="block"> u=\frac{Q}{\sqrt S}. </math> The Ruppeiner line element becomes <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = -\frac{dS^2}{2S} + \frac{4S}{1-u^2}\,du^2. </math> This expression is the Ruppeiner metric in the transformed coordinates <math>(S,u)</math>. ==== 4.3.5. Demonstrating flatness ==== Introduce the coordinate <math display="block"> \tau=\sqrt{2S}. </math> Also define <math>\chi</math> by <math display="block"> \sin\left(\frac{\chi}{\sqrt2}\right)=u. </math> Using these transformations, the Ruppeiner line element becomes <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = -d\tau^2+\tau^2d\chi^2. </math> This is the flat two-dimensional metric in Rindler-type coordinates. Consequently, the scalar curvature vanishes throughout the regular non-extremal region: <math display="block"> \mathcal R_{\mathrm R}=0. </math> The result agrees with the published analysis by Aman and Pidokrajt, which finds flat Ruppeiner geometry for Reissner--Nordström black holes. ==== 4.3.6. Interpretation and research boundary ==== The calculation establishes the thermodynamic geometry of the selected black-hole model using a published thermodynamic convention. The result concerns the geometry of the black hole's thermodynamic state space. It does not imply that the spacetime surrounding the black hole is flat. It also does not yet establish a relationship with PDT or Fisher--Rao geometry. The next research step is to identify a justified probability distribution associated with this thermodynamic model, calculate its Fisher--Rao metric, and compare the resulting metric with the Ruppeiner metric. Any proposed correspondence must be derived explicitly rather than inferred from the fact that both constructions involve geometric descriptions of thermodynamic or statistical information. ==== Reference for this calculation ==== Aman, J. E., and Pidokrajt, N. (2008). ''Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0016 arXiv:0801.0016]. == 5. The Two Geometric Structures == The Fisher--Rao metric and the Ruppeiner metric arise from different constructions. The Fisher--Rao metric is obtained from a probability model: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab} = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The Ruppeiner metric is obtained from a thermodynamic entropy function in an appropriate thermodynamic representation: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Although both are metric tensors associated with information or thermodynamic structure, their definitions alone do not establish that they are equal. The Fisher--Rao metric depends on a specified statistical model. The Ruppeiner metric depends on a specified thermodynamic state space and entropy representation. A relationship between them therefore requires additional mathematical structure. == 6. Introducing Probability Dilation Theory == PDT studies transformations of probability distributions through positive reweighting followed by normalization. For a discrete probability vector <math display="block"> P=(p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_n), \qquad \sum_i p_i=1, </math> a diagonal dilation with positive factors <math>d_i</math> is <math display="block"> p_i' = \frac{d_i p_i} {\sum_j d_j p_j}. </math> For a continuous probability density <math>\rho(x)</math>, the corresponding transformation is <math display="block"> \rho'(x) = \frac{D(x)\rho(x)} {\int D(y)\rho(y)\,dy}, </math> provided the denominator is finite and strictly positive. These transformations define new probability distributions. If the distributions belong to a suitable smooth parameterized family, their Fisher--Rao metric can be calculated. This provides the mathematical point of entry for investigating PDT in relation to thermodynamic geometry. However, PDT normalization alone does not determine a black-hole probability model, a thermodynamic entropy function, or a relationship between the resulting metrics. Those elements must be specified independently. == 7. Candidate Probability Model: Thermodynamic Fluctuations == === 7.1. Motivation === A probability distribution used to investigate the relationship between Fisher--Rao geometry and Ruppeiner geometry should have a defensible physical interpretation. One possible starting point is the statistical description of thermodynamic fluctuations around an equilibrium state. Ruppeiner's work on thermodynamic black holes develops a fluctuation framework in which a black hole exchanges conserved quantities, such as energy and charge, with an environment. This provides a potential starting point for the present investigation. === 7.2. Fluctuations of mass and charge === For a Reissner--Nordström black hole, consider the thermodynamic variables <math display="block"> X=(M,Q). </math> Let the equilibrium state be <math display="block"> X_0=(M_0,Q_0). </math> Small deviations from equilibrium are <math display="block"> \Delta M=M-M_0, </math> <math display="block"> \Delta Q=Q-Q_0. </math> If the black hole exchanges energy and charge with its environment, these quantities may fluctuate around equilibrium. The probability of a fluctuation is related to the change in the total entropy of the system and its environment: <math display="block"> P(\Delta M,\Delta Q) \propto \exp\left( \frac{\Delta S_{\mathrm{tot}}}{k_B} \right). </math> Near a stable equilibrium, the first-order variation of the total entropy vanishes. A second-order expansion may then yield a local Gaussian approximation. === 7.3. Local Gaussian approximation === Write the second-order approximation as <math display="block"> \Delta S_{\mathrm{tot}} \simeq -\frac{k_B}{2} G_{ij}\Delta X^i\Delta X^j, </math> where <math>G_{ij}</math> is determined by the entropy Hessian and the chosen thermodynamic ensemble. The corresponding local fluctuation distribution is <math display="block"> P(\Delta X) \propto \exp\left( -\frac12 G_{ij}\Delta X^i\Delta X^j \right). </math> For this expression to define a normalizable Gaussian distribution over the allowed fluctuation directions, the quadratic form must be positive definite on those directions. This condition must be checked for the selected ensemble and equilibrium state. It cannot be assumed from the existence of a Ruppeiner metric alone. === 7.4. The role of the environment === The fluctuation distribution depends on the physical constraints imposed by the environment. For example, the environment may allow energy and charge to fluctuate, or it may constrain one of these quantities. Different constraints can produce different allowed fluctuation directions and different stability conditions. Therefore, the probability model must specify which variables fluctuate and which are held fixed. The choice of ensemble is part of the physical model, not an arbitrary mathematical convenience. === 7.5. Fisher--Rao geometry of the fluctuation model === If a normalizable probability distribution has been established, its Fisher--Rao metric can be calculated. For a parameterized probability density <math>p(x;\theta)</math>, the metric is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab} = \int p(x;\theta) \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^b} \,dx. </math> The parameters <math>\theta</math> must be specified explicitly. They might describe the equilibrium state, the environment, or other parameters of the probability model. The Fisher--Rao metric describes the statistical distinguishability of nearby probability distributions in this family. Its relationship to the Ruppeiner metric must be calculated rather than assumed. === 7.6. A signature constraint === The Ruppeiner metric obtained for the Reissner--Nordström black hole in the formulation used above has Lorentzian signature. An ordinary Fisher--Rao metric for a regular, identifiable probability model is positive definite. Consequently, the two metrics cannot be identified directly on the full two-dimensional state space without addressing this signature difference. Possible research directions include restricting the comparison to appropriate stable fluctuation directions, studying a lower-dimensional statistical model, or investigating a different construction. Each possibility requires an explicit mathematical derivation. === 7.7. Introducing PDT === Once a physically justified probability model has been specified, PDT may be applied through normalized reweighting. For a discrete distribution, <math display="block"> p_i'= \frac{d_i p_i}{\sum_jd_jp_j}, \qquad d_i>0. </math> For a continuous density, <math display="block"> \rho'(x)= \frac{D(x)\rho(x)} {\int D(y)\rho(y)\,dy}, </math> provided the denominator is finite and strictly positive. The research task is to calculate the Fisher--Rao geometry before and after this transformation and compare the resulting structures with the appropriate thermodynamic metric. The investigation must determine whether PDT contributes a meaningful mathematical result beyond the geometry already implied by the selected probability model. === 7.8. Research status === The fluctuation framework is an established approach in thermodynamic information geometry. The probability model proposed here is a candidate for further investigation, not yet a completed model for the Reissner--Nordström black hole. A valid Fisher--Rao calculation requires a specified ensemble, a normalizable probability distribution, and clearly defined parameters. No equivalence between PDT, Fisher--Rao geometry, and the full Ruppeiner geometry is claimed at this stage. == 7. A Possible Mathematical Correspondence == Suppose a black-hole thermodynamic model has a state space <math>\mathcal{T}</math> with Ruppeiner metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}. </math> Suppose a probability model associated with that system defines a statistical manifold <math>\mathcal{P}</math> with Fisher--Rao metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A proposed relationship would require a well-defined mapping <math display="block"> F:\mathcal{T}\longrightarrow\mathcal{P} </math> or a mapping in the opposite direction, depending on how the probability model is constructed. If <math>F</math> maps thermodynamic states to probability distributions, it may be possible to compare the Ruppeiner metric with the pullback of the Fisher--Rao metric. The pullback metric is written <math display="block"> F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A candidate exact correspondence would take the form <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> This equation is a proposed research criterion, not an established result. Other possible relationships could include <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=cF^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}, </math> where <math>c</math> is a constant, or a more general coordinate-dependent relation. Any such relationship would need to be derived and checked for mathematical consistency. The dimensions of the manifolds, the rank of the metrics, the coordinate transformations, and the physical meaning of the probability model would all need to be examined. == 8. Research Questions == The investigation raises several specific questions. # What probability distribution, if any, naturally represents the thermodynamic states of a selected black-hole model? # Is that probability distribution derived from an established statistical-mechanical ensemble, or is it an additional modeling assumption? # Can its Fisher--Rao metric be calculated explicitly? # Which thermodynamic variables define the Ruppeiner metric for the same model? # Do the two metrics have the same dimension and compatible domains? # Can a mapping between the two spaces be defined without arbitrary choices? # Do the metrics agree, differ by a constant factor, or have some other invariant relationship? # Does PDT dilation produce a meaningful geometric property not already implied by the underlying probability model? # Are any resulting conclusions robust under legitimate changes of coordinates or parameterization? These questions should be investigated in sequence rather than assuming that the desired correspondence exists. == 9. Important Distinctions and Limitations == === 9.1 Thermodynamic geometry is not spacetime geometry === The Ruppeiner metric describes a thermodynamic state space. The spacetime metric of general relativity describes the geometry of spacetime. They are different geometric objects, even when both are used to study the same black hole. A relationship between Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry would not automatically establish a relationship between PDT and the Lorentzian spacetime metric. === 9.2 A probability model must be justified === A probability distribution cannot be selected solely because its Fisher--Rao metric resembles a desired thermodynamic metric. The probability model must have a defensible interpretation, and its assumptions must be stated. Where several probability models are possible, the dependence of the result on the model choice must be investigated. === 9.3 Similar formulas do not establish equivalence === Both Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry involve derivatives of functions associated with probability or entropy. This formal similarity is a reason to investigate a connection, but it is not proof that the metrics are equivalent. A valid result requires an explicit mapping and a derivation of the proposed relationship. === 9.4 Research status === The definitions of Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry are established mathematical constructions. PDT provides a normalized probability-transformation framework. The proposed relationship between PDT-based Fisher--Rao geometry and black-hole Ruppeiner geometry remains an open research question within this investigation. No new physical law, black-hole mechanism, or equivalence of geometries is claimed. == 10. Proposed Research Sequence == The next stage should focus on a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. A possible sequence is: # Select a model with a well-defined thermodynamic state space and established Ruppeiner metric. # Record its thermodynamic variables, entropy function, and metric conventions. # Identify a physically justified probability distribution associated with the model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of that distribution. # Compare the two metrics using explicit coordinate mappings and invariant properties. # Determine whether PDT dilation contributes a new result or simply reproduces an established statistical construction. The simplest model is not necessarily the most physically rich, but a model with fewer independent thermodynamic parameters may make the initial calculations easier to verify. The choice of model should be made before attempting to establish a metric correspondence. == 11. Preliminary Conclusion == This page formulates an exploratory research program connecting three mathematical structures: <math display="block"> \text{PDT probability transformations} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Fisher--Rao information geometry} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Ruppeiner thermodynamic geometry}. </math> The central question is whether a suitably justified probability model for a black-hole thermodynamic system can induce a Fisher--Rao metric that is related in a precise mathematical way to its Ruppeiner metric. The first two geometric constructions are established in their respective fields. Their relationship through a PDT probability model has not been demonstrated here. The next task is to choose a specific black-hole model and carry out the comparison explicitly. == References and Further Reading == * Aman, J. E., and Pidokrajt, N. (2008). ''Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0016 arXiv:0801.0016]. * Aman, J., Bengtsson, I., and Pidokrajt, N. (2003). ''Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0304015 arXiv:gr-qc/0304015]. * Ruppeiner, G. (2013). ''Thermodynamic Curvature and Black Holes.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.0901 arXiv:1309.0901]. * Rao, C. R. (2009). ''Fisher--Rao Metric.'' Scholarpedia, 4(2):7085. [https://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Fisher-Rao_metric Scholarpedia article]. * Probability Dilation Theory. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory Wikiversity project]. * Probability Dilation Theory: Normalized Probability Dilation Paper. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory/Normalized_Probability_Dilation_Paper Main manuscript]. == Research Status == This page is an exploratory research notebook associated with Probability Dilation Theory. The proposed relationship between Fisher--Rao geometry and Ruppeiner geometry is a research question, not an established result of PDT. Any future claim of equivalence or novelty will require explicit mathematical derivation, comparison with existing literature, and independent scrutiny. 2qhws81jdq37nihb0ely5r72tu6324q 2839899 2839896 2026-10-12T19:18:03Z Howie2024 2995240 7.9. Canonical ensemble and Fisher--Rao metric 2839899 wikitext text/x-wiki = PDT, Fisher--Rao Geometry, and Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Holes = '''Research status: Exploratory mathematical investigation''' This page investigates a possible relationship between the Fisher--Rao geometry of probability distributions, as used in Probability Dilation Theory (PDT), and the Ruppeiner geometry used in black-hole thermodynamics. The purpose is to formulate a precise mathematical research question, establish the relevant definitions, and identify conditions under which a meaningful relationship between these geometries might exist. No equivalence between the two metrics is assumed. == 1. Research Question == '''Central question:''' Can the Fisher--Rao metric of a suitably defined probability distribution reproduce or relate mathematically to the Ruppeiner metric of a black hole? The investigation begins with two established geometric constructions: # The Fisher--Rao metric on a statistical manifold of probability distributions. # The Ruppeiner metric on a thermodynamic state space. The research question is whether a suitably defined probability model associated with a black-hole thermodynamic system can provide a mathematically justified relationship between these two metrics. Possible outcomes include an exact correspondence under specified assumptions, a proportionality or other transformation between the metrics, a relationship limited to a particular black-hole model, or a demonstration that no useful correspondence exists under the proposed assumptions. The investigation does not presume a positive result. == 2. Scope and Research Strategy == The investigation proceeds in stages. # Define the Fisher--Rao metric for a parameterized probability distribution. # Define the Ruppeiner metric for a thermodynamic state space. # Identify a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. # Construct, if possible, a probability distribution associated with that model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of the proposed distribution. # Calculate or obtain the corresponding Ruppeiner metric. # Determine whether a well-defined mathematical relationship exists between the two metrics. # Examine whether PDT dilation contributes a useful additional result beyond the established geometry. The initial investigation concerns black-hole thermodynamics, not the full Lorentzian geometry of black-hole spacetime. These are distinct mathematical settings and must not be identified without an explicit mapping and supporting argument. == 3. Fisher--Rao Geometry == === 3.1 Statistical manifolds === A statistical manifold is a smooth family of probability distributions parameterized by coordinates <math display="block"> \theta=(\theta^1,\theta^2,\ldots,\theta^m). </math> Let the probability distribution be written as <math display="block"> p(x;\theta). </math> For a discrete state space, the probabilities satisfy <math display="block"> p_i(\theta)>0, \qquad \sum_i p_i(\theta)=1. </math> The parameters <math>\theta^a</math> identify points in the statistical model. Under suitable regularity conditions, the Fisher information matrix defines a Riemannian metric on this parameterized family. === 3.2 Fisher--Rao metric === For a discrete probability model, the Fisher--Rao metric is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i(\theta)} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> Equivalently, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \sum_i p_i(\theta) \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p_i(\theta)}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The metric describes the local statistical distinguishability of nearby probability distributions. It depends on the chosen probability model and its parameterization, although the metric transforms appropriately under regular changes of coordinates. For a continuous probability density <math>p(x;\theta)</math>, the corresponding expression is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab}(\theta) = \int p(x;\theta) \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^b} \,dx, </math> provided the integral and the relevant derivatives are well defined. The Fisher--Rao metric is an established construction in information geometry. == 4. Ruppeiner Geometry == === 4.1 Thermodynamic state space === In thermodynamic geometry, a thermodynamic state can be represented by coordinates such as entropy, energy, volume, particle number, angular momentum, or electric charge, depending on the physical system and thermodynamic representation. A family of equilibrium states can be treated as a manifold. The Ruppeiner metric is a thermodynamic metric associated with entropy fluctuations. In a common entropy representation using suitable extensive coordinates <math>X^i</math>, its components are written as <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Here <math>S</math> is the thermodynamic entropy. The exact variables, signs, and thermodynamic interpretation depend on the chosen representation and conventions. The Ruppeiner metric is used to investigate thermodynamic fluctuations, stability, and geometric properties of thermodynamic state spaces. === 4.2 Ruppeiner geometry in black-hole thermodynamics === Black holes possess thermodynamic properties, including entropy and temperature. Depending on the black-hole model, additional thermodynamic variables may include angular momentum, electric charge, or a cosmological-pressure variable. Researchers have applied thermodynamic geometry to different black-hole families. The resulting geometries are model-dependent. For example, published studies report different curvature behavior for Reissner--Nordström and Kerr black holes. These established results provide a starting point for selecting a concrete model against which a proposed PDT relationship can be tested. They do not, by themselves, establish a connection to PDT. === 4.3. First worked model: Reissner--Nordström black hole === The first worked model is the Reissner--Nordström black hole, a non-rotating black hole characterized by mass <math>M</math> and electric charge <math>Q</math>. This model is useful because its thermodynamic geometry has been studied explicitly in the literature. The calculation below follows the thermodynamic conventions and coordinate transformations used by Aman and Pidokrajt. ==== 4.3.1. Entropy and fundamental thermodynamic relation ==== We use natural units in which <math>G=c=\hbar=k_B=1</math>. The outer horizon radius is <math display="block"> r_+=M+\sqrt{M^2-Q^2}. </math> To match the entropy convention used in the reference calculation, define <math display="block"> S=r_+^2. </math> This variable differs by a constant factor of <math>\pi</math> from the usual Bekenstein--Hawking entropy <math>S_{\mathrm{BH}}=\pi r_+^2</math> in these units. Solving for the mass gives the fundamental thermodynamic relation <math display="block"> M(S,Q)=\frac{\sqrt S}{2} \left(1+\frac{Q^2}{S}\right). </math> Equivalently, <math display="block"> M(S,Q)=\frac12 \left(\sqrt S+\frac{Q^2}{\sqrt S}\right). </math> We consider the non-extremal region <math display="block"> S>Q^2. </math> ==== 4.3.2. Temperature ==== The temperature is obtained by differentiating the mass with respect to entropy while holding charge fixed: <math display="block"> T=\left(\frac{\partial M}{\partial S}\right)_Q. </math> Differentiation yields <math display="block"> T=\frac{1}{4\sqrt S} \left(1-\frac{Q^2}{S}\right). </math> For <math>S>Q^2</math>, the temperature is positive. ==== 4.3.3. Weinhold metric ==== The Weinhold metric is the Hessian of the mass function in the coordinates <math>(S,Q)</math>: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{ij} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial X^i\partial X^j}, \qquad (X^1,X^2)=(S,Q). </math> The first diagonal component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{SS} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial S^2} = -\frac{1}{8S^{3/2}} \left(1-\frac{3Q^2}{S}\right). </math> The mixed component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{SQ} = g^{\mathrm W}_{QS} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial S\partial Q} = -\frac{Q}{2S^{3/2}}. </math> The second diagonal component is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W}_{QQ} = \frac{\partial^2 M}{\partial Q^2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt S}. </math> Thus, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm W} = \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{1-3Q^2/S}{8S^{3/2}} & -\dfrac{Q}{2S^{3/2}} \\ -\dfrac{Q}{2S^{3/2}} & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt S} \end{pmatrix}. </math> The corresponding line element is <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm W}^2 = -\frac{1-3Q^2/S}{8S^{3/2}}\,dS^2 -\frac{Q}{S^{3/2}}\,dS\,dQ +\frac{1}{\sqrt S}\,dQ^2. </math> This agrees with the Weinhold metric obtained from the fundamental relation in the published Reissner--Nordström calculation. ==== 4.3.4. Ruppeiner metric ==== The Ruppeiner and Weinhold metrics are conformally related. In the thermodynamic coordinates used here, the relation is <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = \frac{1}{T}ds_{\mathrm W}^2. </math> Introduce the dimensionless coordinate <math display="block"> u=\frac{Q}{\sqrt S}. </math> The Ruppeiner line element becomes <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = -\frac{dS^2}{2S} + \frac{4S}{1-u^2}\,du^2. </math> This expression is the Ruppeiner metric in the transformed coordinates <math>(S,u)</math>. ==== 4.3.5. Demonstrating flatness ==== Introduce the coordinate <math display="block"> \tau=\sqrt{2S}. </math> Also define <math>\chi</math> by <math display="block"> \sin\left(\frac{\chi}{\sqrt2}\right)=u. </math> Using these transformations, the Ruppeiner line element becomes <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm R}^2 = -d\tau^2+\tau^2d\chi^2. </math> This is the flat two-dimensional metric in Rindler-type coordinates. Consequently, the scalar curvature vanishes throughout the regular non-extremal region: <math display="block"> \mathcal R_{\mathrm R}=0. </math> The result agrees with the published analysis by Aman and Pidokrajt, which finds flat Ruppeiner geometry for Reissner--Nordström black holes. ==== 4.3.6. Interpretation and research boundary ==== The calculation establishes the thermodynamic geometry of the selected black-hole model using a published thermodynamic convention. The result concerns the geometry of the black hole's thermodynamic state space. It does not imply that the spacetime surrounding the black hole is flat. It also does not yet establish a relationship with PDT or Fisher--Rao geometry. The next research step is to identify a justified probability distribution associated with this thermodynamic model, calculate its Fisher--Rao metric, and compare the resulting metric with the Ruppeiner metric. Any proposed correspondence must be derived explicitly rather than inferred from the fact that both constructions involve geometric descriptions of thermodynamic or statistical information. ==== Reference for this calculation ==== Aman, J. E., and Pidokrajt, N. (2008). ''Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0016 arXiv:0801.0016]. == 5. The Two Geometric Structures == The Fisher--Rao metric and the Ruppeiner metric arise from different constructions. The Fisher--Rao metric is obtained from a probability model: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab} = \sum_i \frac{1}{p_i} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial p_i}{\partial\theta^b}. </math> The Ruppeiner metric is obtained from a thermodynamic entropy function in an appropriate thermodynamic representation: <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}_{ij} = -\frac{\partial^2 S} {\partial X^i\partial X^j}. </math> Although both are metric tensors associated with information or thermodynamic structure, their definitions alone do not establish that they are equal. The Fisher--Rao metric depends on a specified statistical model. The Ruppeiner metric depends on a specified thermodynamic state space and entropy representation. A relationship between them therefore requires additional mathematical structure. == 6. Introducing Probability Dilation Theory == PDT studies transformations of probability distributions through positive reweighting followed by normalization. For a discrete probability vector <math display="block"> P=(p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_n), \qquad \sum_i p_i=1, </math> a diagonal dilation with positive factors <math>d_i</math> is <math display="block"> p_i' = \frac{d_i p_i} {\sum_j d_j p_j}. </math> For a continuous probability density <math>\rho(x)</math>, the corresponding transformation is <math display="block"> \rho'(x) = \frac{D(x)\rho(x)} {\int D(y)\rho(y)\,dy}, </math> provided the denominator is finite and strictly positive. These transformations define new probability distributions. If the distributions belong to a suitable smooth parameterized family, their Fisher--Rao metric can be calculated. This provides the mathematical point of entry for investigating PDT in relation to thermodynamic geometry. However, PDT normalization alone does not determine a black-hole probability model, a thermodynamic entropy function, or a relationship between the resulting metrics. Those elements must be specified independently. == 7. Candidate Probability Model: Thermodynamic Fluctuations == === 7.1. Motivation === A probability distribution used to investigate the relationship between Fisher--Rao geometry and Ruppeiner geometry should have a defensible physical interpretation. One possible starting point is the statistical description of thermodynamic fluctuations around an equilibrium state. Ruppeiner's work on thermodynamic black holes develops a fluctuation framework in which a black hole exchanges conserved quantities, such as energy and charge, with an environment. This provides a potential starting point for the present investigation. === 7.2. Fluctuations of mass and charge === For a Reissner--Nordström black hole, consider the thermodynamic variables <math display="block"> X=(M,Q). </math> Let the equilibrium state be <math display="block"> X_0=(M_0,Q_0). </math> Small deviations from equilibrium are <math display="block"> \Delta M=M-M_0, </math> <math display="block"> \Delta Q=Q-Q_0. </math> If the black hole exchanges energy and charge with its environment, these quantities may fluctuate around equilibrium. The probability of a fluctuation is related to the change in the total entropy of the system and its environment: <math display="block"> P(\Delta M,\Delta Q) \propto \exp\left( \frac{\Delta S_{\mathrm{tot}}}{k_B} \right). </math> Near a stable equilibrium, the first-order variation of the total entropy vanishes. A second-order expansion may then yield a local Gaussian approximation. === 7.3. Local Gaussian approximation === Write the second-order approximation as <math display="block"> \Delta S_{\mathrm{tot}} \simeq -\frac{k_B}{2} G_{ij}\Delta X^i\Delta X^j, </math> where <math>G_{ij}</math> is determined by the entropy Hessian and the chosen thermodynamic ensemble. The corresponding local fluctuation distribution is <math display="block"> P(\Delta X) \propto \exp\left( -\frac12 G_{ij}\Delta X^i\Delta X^j \right). </math> For this expression to define a normalizable Gaussian distribution over the allowed fluctuation directions, the quadratic form must be positive definite on those directions. This condition must be checked for the selected ensemble and equilibrium state. It cannot be assumed from the existence of a Ruppeiner metric alone. === 7.4. The role of the environment === The fluctuation distribution depends on the physical constraints imposed by the environment. For example, the environment may allow energy and charge to fluctuate, or it may constrain one of these quantities. Different constraints can produce different allowed fluctuation directions and different stability conditions. Therefore, the probability model must specify which variables fluctuate and which are held fixed. The choice of ensemble is part of the physical model, not an arbitrary mathematical convenience. === 7.5. Fisher--Rao geometry of the fluctuation model === If a normalizable probability distribution has been established, its Fisher--Rao metric can be calculated. For a parameterized probability density <math>p(x;\theta)</math>, the metric is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{ab} = \int p(x;\theta) \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^a} \frac{\partial\log p(x;\theta)}{\partial\theta^b} \,dx. </math> The parameters <math>\theta</math> must be specified explicitly. They might describe the equilibrium state, the environment, or other parameters of the probability model. The Fisher--Rao metric describes the statistical distinguishability of nearby probability distributions in this family. Its relationship to the Ruppeiner metric must be calculated rather than assumed. === 7.6. A signature constraint === The Ruppeiner metric obtained for the Reissner--Nordström black hole in the formulation used above has Lorentzian signature. An ordinary Fisher--Rao metric for a regular, identifiable probability model is positive definite. Consequently, the two metrics cannot be identified directly on the full two-dimensional state space without addressing this signature difference. Possible research directions include restricting the comparison to appropriate stable fluctuation directions, studying a lower-dimensional statistical model, or investigating a different construction. Each possibility requires an explicit mathematical derivation. === 7.7. Introducing PDT === Once a physically justified probability model has been specified, PDT may be applied through normalized reweighting. For a discrete distribution, <math display="block"> p_i'= \frac{d_i p_i}{\sum_jd_jp_j}, \qquad d_i>0. </math> For a continuous density, <math display="block"> \rho'(x)= \frac{D(x)\rho(x)} {\int D(y)\rho(y)\,dy}, </math> provided the denominator is finite and strictly positive. The research task is to calculate the Fisher--Rao geometry before and after this transformation and compare the resulting structures with the appropriate thermodynamic metric. The investigation must determine whether PDT contributes a meaningful mathematical result beyond the geometry already implied by the selected probability model. === 7.8. Research status === The fluctuation framework is an established approach in thermodynamic information geometry. The probability model proposed here is a candidate for further investigation, not yet a completed model for the Reissner--Nordström black hole. A valid Fisher--Rao calculation requires a specified ensemble, a normalizable probability distribution, and clearly defined parameters. No equivalence between PDT, Fisher--Rao geometry, and the full Ruppeiner geometry is claimed at this stage. === 7.9. Canonical ensemble and Fisher--Rao metric === ==== 7.9.1. Ensemble specification ==== Consider a Reissner--Nordström black hole inside a finite spherical cavity of fixed radius <math>R</math>. The electric charge <math>Q</math>, cavity radius <math>R</math>, and boundary temperature <math>T</math> are fixed, while the energy is allowed to fluctuate. Define the inverse temperature by <math display="block"> \beta=\frac{1}{k_B T}. </math> A canonical ensemble in a finite cavity provides a framework for investigating equilibrium and thermodynamic stability. The stability conditions must be checked for the particular parameters and thermodynamic branch being studied. ==== 7.9.2. Canonical probability distribution ==== Let <math>\Omega(E;Q,R)</math> denote a density of states for the specified system. The canonical partition function is <math display="block"> Z(\beta,Q,R) = \int \Omega(E;Q,R)e^{-\beta E}\,dE. </math> The normalized energy probability density is <math display="block"> p(E\mid\beta,Q,R) = \frac{\Omega(E;Q,R)e^{-\beta E}} {Z(\beta,Q,R)}. </math> This distribution is defined when the partition function is finite and positive. For a concrete black-hole calculation, the density of states or an appropriate semiclassical partition function must be specified. The classical Reissner--Nordström solution alone does not provide a complete microscopic density of states. ==== 7.9.3. Fisher--Rao metric ==== Hold <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math> fixed and use <math>\beta</math> as the statistical parameter. The one-dimensional Fisher--Rao metric is <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{\beta\beta} = \int p(E\mid\beta) \left( \frac{\partial\ln p(E\mid\beta)} {\partial\beta} \right)^2dE. </math> From the canonical distribution, <math display="block"> \frac{\partial\ln p}{\partial\beta} = -E+\langle E\rangle. </math> Consequently, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{\beta\beta} = \langle E^2\rangle-\langle E\rangle^2. </math> Therefore, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{\beta\beta} = \operatorname{Var}_{\beta}(E). </math> This is an exact identity for a regular canonical probability model with finite energy variance. The local statistical line element is <math display="block"> ds_{\mathrm{FR}}^2 = \operatorname{Var}_{\beta}(E)\,d\beta^2. </math> ==== 7.9.4. Relation to heat capacity ==== For the same canonical ensemble, <math display="block"> \frac{\partial\langle E\rangle}{\partial\beta} = -\operatorname{Var}_{\beta}(E). </math> The heat capacity at fixed charge and cavity radius is <math display="block"> C_{Q,R} = \frac{\partial\langle E\rangle}{\partial T} = \frac{\operatorname{Var}_{\beta}(E)}{k_B T^2}. </math> Thus, <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}_{\beta\beta} = k_B T^2 C_{Q,R}. </math> The energy in these expressions must be the energy appropriate to the chosen cavity ensemble. This relationship connects the Fisher information about inverse temperature to the energy fluctuations and heat capacity of the canonical system. ==== 7.9.5. A candidate PDT transformation ==== A positive PDT weighting function <math>D(E)</math> transforms the canonical distribution according to <math display="block"> p_D(E) = \frac{D(E)p(E)} {\int D(E')p(E')\,dE'}. </math> As a mathematical example, consider <math display="block"> D_{\lambda}(E)=e^{\lambda E}. </math> When the required partition functions exist, the transformed density is <math display="block"> p_{\lambda}(E) = \frac{\Omega(E)e^{-(\beta-\lambda)E}} {Z(\beta-\lambda)}. </math> This is another member of the canonical family, with inverse-temperature parameter <math>\beta-\lambda</math>. Consequently, this particular transformation is a reparameterization of the canonical distribution rather than evidence of a new physical effect. Further investigation must determine whether other justified PDT transformations yield additional mathematical or physical consequences. ==== 7.9.6. Research limitations ==== The Fisher--Rao identity derived here is standard statistical mechanics and information geometry. A numerical metric for a specific Reissner--Nordström black hole requires an explicit partition function, a specified energy convention, and a selected stable thermodynamic branch. The calculation is one-dimensional because only inverse temperature varies while charge and cavity radius remain fixed. It does not establish equivalence with the full two-dimensional Ruppeiner metric. A relationship between the resulting Fisher--Rao metric and the Ruppeiner metric must be derived separately. No new physical law or equivalence between PDT and black-hole thermodynamic geometry is claimed. == 7. A Possible Mathematical Correspondence == Suppose a black-hole thermodynamic model has a state space <math>\mathcal{T}</math> with Ruppeiner metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}. </math> Suppose a probability model associated with that system defines a statistical manifold <math>\mathcal{P}</math> with Fisher--Rao metric <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A proposed relationship would require a well-defined mapping <math display="block"> F:\mathcal{T}\longrightarrow\mathcal{P} </math> or a mapping in the opposite direction, depending on how the probability model is constructed. If <math>F</math> maps thermodynamic states to probability distributions, it may be possible to compare the Ruppeiner metric with the pullback of the Fisher--Rao metric. The pullback metric is written <math display="block"> F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> A candidate exact correspondence would take the form <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=F^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}. </math> This equation is a proposed research criterion, not an established result. Other possible relationships could include <math display="block"> g^{\mathrm{R}}=cF^*g^{\mathrm{FR}}, </math> where <math>c</math> is a constant, or a more general coordinate-dependent relation. Any such relationship would need to be derived and checked for mathematical consistency. The dimensions of the manifolds, the rank of the metrics, the coordinate transformations, and the physical meaning of the probability model would all need to be examined. == 8. Research Questions == The investigation raises several specific questions. # What probability distribution, if any, naturally represents the thermodynamic states of a selected black-hole model? # Is that probability distribution derived from an established statistical-mechanical ensemble, or is it an additional modeling assumption? # Can its Fisher--Rao metric be calculated explicitly? # Which thermodynamic variables define the Ruppeiner metric for the same model? # Do the two metrics have the same dimension and compatible domains? # Can a mapping between the two spaces be defined without arbitrary choices? # Do the metrics agree, differ by a constant factor, or have some other invariant relationship? # Does PDT dilation produce a meaningful geometric property not already implied by the underlying probability model? # Are any resulting conclusions robust under legitimate changes of coordinates or parameterization? These questions should be investigated in sequence rather than assuming that the desired correspondence exists. == 9. Important Distinctions and Limitations == === 9.1 Thermodynamic geometry is not spacetime geometry === The Ruppeiner metric describes a thermodynamic state space. The spacetime metric of general relativity describes the geometry of spacetime. They are different geometric objects, even when both are used to study the same black hole. A relationship between Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry would not automatically establish a relationship between PDT and the Lorentzian spacetime metric. === 9.2 A probability model must be justified === A probability distribution cannot be selected solely because its Fisher--Rao metric resembles a desired thermodynamic metric. The probability model must have a defensible interpretation, and its assumptions must be stated. Where several probability models are possible, the dependence of the result on the model choice must be investigated. === 9.3 Similar formulas do not establish equivalence === Both Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry involve derivatives of functions associated with probability or entropy. This formal similarity is a reason to investigate a connection, but it is not proof that the metrics are equivalent. A valid result requires an explicit mapping and a derivation of the proposed relationship. === 9.4 Research status === The definitions of Fisher--Rao and Ruppeiner geometry are established mathematical constructions. PDT provides a normalized probability-transformation framework. The proposed relationship between PDT-based Fisher--Rao geometry and black-hole Ruppeiner geometry remains an open research question within this investigation. No new physical law, black-hole mechanism, or equivalence of geometries is claimed. == 10. Proposed Research Sequence == The next stage should focus on a specific black-hole thermodynamic model. A possible sequence is: # Select a model with a well-defined thermodynamic state space and established Ruppeiner metric. # Record its thermodynamic variables, entropy function, and metric conventions. # Identify a physically justified probability distribution associated with the model. # Calculate the Fisher--Rao metric of that distribution. # Compare the two metrics using explicit coordinate mappings and invariant properties. # Determine whether PDT dilation contributes a new result or simply reproduces an established statistical construction. The simplest model is not necessarily the most physically rich, but a model with fewer independent thermodynamic parameters may make the initial calculations easier to verify. The choice of model should be made before attempting to establish a metric correspondence. == 11. Preliminary Conclusion == This page formulates an exploratory research program connecting three mathematical structures: <math display="block"> \text{PDT probability transformations} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Fisher--Rao information geometry} </math> <math display="block"> \text{Ruppeiner thermodynamic geometry}. </math> The central question is whether a suitably justified probability model for a black-hole thermodynamic system can induce a Fisher--Rao metric that is related in a precise mathematical way to its Ruppeiner metric. The first two geometric constructions are established in their respective fields. Their relationship through a PDT probability model has not been demonstrated here. The next task is to choose a specific black-hole model and carry out the comparison explicitly. == References and Further Reading == * Aman, J. E., and Pidokrajt, N. (2008). ''Ruppeiner Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0016 arXiv:0801.0016]. * Aman, J., Bengtsson, I., and Pidokrajt, N. (2003). ''Geometry of Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0304015 arXiv:gr-qc/0304015]. * Ruppeiner, G. (2013). ''Thermodynamic Curvature and Black Holes.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.0901 arXiv:1309.0901]. * Rao, C. R. (2009). ''Fisher--Rao Metric.'' Scholarpedia, 4(2):7085. [https://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Fisher-Rao_metric Scholarpedia article]. * Probability Dilation Theory. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory Wikiversity project]. * Probability Dilation Theory: Normalized Probability Dilation Paper. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Probability_Dilation_Theory/Normalized_Probability_Dilation_Paper Main manuscript]. == Research Status == This page is an exploratory research notebook associated with Probability Dilation Theory. The proposed relationship between Fisher--Rao geometry and Ruppeiner geometry is a research question, not an established result of PDT. Any future claim of equivalence or novelty will require explicit mathematical derivation, comparison with existing literature, and independent scrutiny. j9o1hr7n9yto5y1te27gcii3v85iw1j 2 332465 2839895 2026-10-12T19:10:07Z SamLaxarox 3112542 created page. 2839895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boxboxtop|STEM|left}} {{User knowledge| |knowledge-code=NEUR |knowledge-name=Neuroscience |level=3 }} {{User knowledge| |knowledge-code=PSYC |knowledge-name=Psychology |level=3 }} {{User knowledge| |knowledge-code=MED |knowledge-name=Medicine |level=1 }} {{Boxboxbottom}} {{Boxboxtop|HUMANITIES|Right}} {{User knowledge| |knowledge-code=PSCI |knowledge-name=Political Science |level=3 }} {{User knowledge| |knowledge-code=IR |knowledge-name=International Relations |level=3 }} {{User knowledge| |knowledge-code=PolT |knowledge-name=Political Theory |level=2 }} {{Boxboxbottom}} {{user en}} {{User Wikipedia}} gvezxsdoj4lpqqp5gh3bpstubpipu14 0 332466 2839904 2026-10-12T19:56:06Z EOA bdargham 3111769 Created page with "{{Research project |status = active |topic = Symbolic dynamics, combinatorics on words, discrete mathematics }} = The Alphabet Code: What Happens When You Run a Simple Rule on the Letter “a” = '''Bahaa BuDargham''' · ''Engineering of Alphabets project'' · Here is a string of letters: <pre> gzhlvzggjzyihjgheqvzgzhlvzhlvbjzgyhzizygjzbjzhlvgjzehjdzzgheqv... </pre> It looks like a cat walked across a keyboard. It isn't. It's the start of a sequence that runs to th..." 2839904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project |status = active |topic = Symbolic dynamics, combinatorics on words, discrete mathematics }} = The Alphabet Code: What Happens When You Run a Simple Rule on the Letter “a” = '''Bahaa BuDargham''' · ''Engineering of Alphabets project'' · Here is a string of letters: <pre> gzhlvzggjzyihjgheqvzgzhlvzhlvbjzgyhzizygjzbjzhlvgjzehjdzzgheqv... </pre> It looks like a cat walked across a keyboard. It isn't. It's the start of a sequence that runs to thousands of characters, and every letter is fixed in advance by one rule applied to the letter “a.” No randomness, no guessing, no training data. Run the same rule again tomorrow, or on another computer, and you get exactly the same string. [[File:Panel1-symbolic-turtle-rendering-eoa-program-budargham.png|thumb|center|500px|Figure 1. The sequence for the letter “a” drawn as a path: each letter tells a virtual pen how to turn and move, so a fixed rule produces this shape.]] That simple question, “what happens when one fixed rule is applied to “a” again and again?” led me into years of studying sequences like this one. I want to show you what I’ve found, what I still haven’t figured out, and why I think a curious person might care. == The idea in one minute == Start with the letter “a” and apply the same fixed rule to it repeatedly. Each round replaces the existing letters with new strings of letters, so the sequence grows. At the same time, the earlier rounds remain embedded within the later ones. The first seven rounds have 1, 4, 14, 43, 138, 429, and 1361 letters. Mathematicians call this a substitution system. The unusual feature of the '''Engineering of Alphabets''' project is that the rule is applied to the alphabet itself. When I say "alphabet" here, I mean the 26 English letters together with their spoken names. A different language, or a different naming convention, would give a different sequence. I wanted to see whether the letters we use for writing, treated as a mathematical system, produce structures that are interesting, unexpected, or perhaps useful. '''How I did it.''' I wrote a short computer program that applies the rule and records the output. For the results below, I generated several thousand letters, enough to count blocks up to length 30 and to estimate the growth factor. I used the same program to compute the growth factor for each of the 26 starting letters. The degree-13 equation came from fitting the term lengths to a linear recurrence, then factoring the resulting polynomial. A colleague or reader can rerun the program on the public data; the exact rule itself is withheld for now. == What I found == Three observations stand out. I'll be careful to say how solid each one is. * '''The sequence never settles into a loop, but it isn't chaotic either.''' Imagine a text that never repeats itself, but in which the number of distinct short phrases grows slowly instead of exploding. In the range I’ve checked, that count grows roughly in a straight line. This is a measured result over a finite range, not a proof that it continues forever. * '''The strings grow by a number very close to <math>\pi</math>.''' Each round, the sequence gets longer by a factor that converges to about 3.14159322. That is within a few millionths of <math>\pi</math> (3.14159265…). It cannot actually equal <math>\pi</math>, because it is the root of a degree-13 equation with whole number coefficients and <math>\pi</math> is known not to be algebraic. So this may be a coincidence, or a hint of something deeper. I don’t know yet, and I’d be wary of anyone who claimed to. * '''It's a family, not a one-off.''' Letter “a” is one of 26 starting letters in the project. For 13 of them, the growth factor obeys the same degree-13 equation. Whether that grouping reflects something deep about the alphabet, or just the way the rule was set up, is still open. [[File:Panel8-factor-complexity-pk-vs-k-engineering-of-alphabets.png|thumb|center|500px|Figure 2. Distinct blocks p(k) by block length up to 30, shown on a logarithmic vertical axis. Dashed orange is a linear reference; dashed blue is the Sturmian minimum (k+1).]] == What I am not claiming == I think this matters as much as the findings, so here it is plainly: * I am not claiming the growth rate is <math>\pi</math>. It isn't. * I am not claiming the sequence is fully understood. Its straight-line behavior is observed, not proven. * I am not claiming this beats any existing tool for compression, language processing, or character recognition. No such experiment has been run. If you work in those fields, treat any connection as a question, not a result. == Open Questions == Here is my challenge to you. See whether you can answer any of these. If you crack one, or show that I've got it wrong, I want to hear about it. # '''What is the equation?''' The growth factor is the dominant root of a degree-13 polynomial with integer coefficients. What does that polynomial mean? Is it new, or does it match something already known? # '''Is there a simpler rule hiding inside?''' Certain short stretches keep coming back. Do those recurring pieces follow a smaller, simpler rule of their own? # '''Does the straight line hold?''' The number of distinct blocks grows roughly in a straight line over the lengths I've checked. Does it keep going, or does it bend at longer lengths? Only deeper computation can say. # '''Why 13 of 26?''' Thirteen starting letters: a, d, e, g, h, i, k, l, q, u, w, y, z, have the same degree-13 minimal polynomial:<br /><br /><math>4x^{13} - 21x^{12} + 45x^{11} - 74x^{10} + 98x^9 - 34x^8 - 116x^7 + 210x^6 - 152x^5 + 26x^4 + 38x^3 - 30x^2 + 9x - 1</math><br />The rest of the letters have a degree-14 polynomial, which is exactly this one multiplied by <math>(x - 1)</math>. So all 26 share a common structure. The 13 listed above are the ones where the extra factor cancels out. Why? Does that split mean something about the alphabet, or is it an artifact of how the rule was set up? # '''Why is the growth factor so close to <math>\pi</math>?''' The closeness is striking, but the number is algebraic and cannot be <math>\pi</math>. Is there a mathematical reason for the resemblance, or is it a coincidence? == Why This Might Matter Beyond Pure Math == These are possible directions, not demonstrated applications. None has been tested yet. You might be thinking: this is interesting, but what does it have to do with anything? Here are the directions I think are worth exploring. * '''Language compression.''' If sequences generated from letter names have low-complexity structure, that structure might be exploitable for compression. Whether it actually helps would need a real benchmark. * '''Natural language research.''' The alphabet is the foundation of written language. If deterministic structure underlies how letters relate to each other, it could say something about the mathematics of language itself. * '''Training-free representation.''' The encoding is purely algebraic: no training data, no loss function, no randomness. The output is fixed and reproducible for anyone who runs it, which makes it auditable. It handled noisy input well in a separate study, but it's still unclear whether that matters for other tasks. * '''OCR and character recognition.''' Could truncated EOA vectors outperform the full vector on character recognition tasks? This is an open question, not a result. Standard OCR relies on trained networks and labeled data; whether a training-free encoding adds anything is untested. * '''Low-resource languages.''' Where no tagged text exists, you can't train a model. If an alphabet can be encoded deterministically, it might support tokenization and compression tools without training data. * '''Speech and phonetics.''' The encoding is phonetic. Could it connect to phoneme-level representations, or help with unseen words? That is a question, not a claim. * '''Memory.''' Low factor complexity suggests the number of distinct patterns stays small, which might mean lower storage needs. * '''Research into alphabets.''' Most alphabet research is historical or linguistic. This treats the alphabet as a formal system rather than a cultural artifact, and the early results are surprising enough to keep going. ''No compression, OCR, speech, or language-modeling experiment is reported here.'' == The Bigger Picture == The Engineering of Alphabets is a research program that studies what happens when you apply deterministic rules to alphabets. The letter 'a' is just the beginning. The project includes 13 main sequence families, plus several related cases. Each one has its own structure, properties, and open questions. The alphabet can be treated as a mathematical object, not only as a tool for writing. Whether that view leads anywhere is what the open questions are for. == Try to break it == Science works when people try to prove each other wrong, so here is what I’d ask of you. * '''If you’re curious:''' download the first 6,260 letters of the sequence and look for patterns I missed: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23019059 Zenodo Record 23019059]. * '''If you’re a mathematician or computer scientist:''' check my numbers. Even “your count is wrong” would help me a lot. * '''If you work with language, speech, or text:''' tell me where, if anywhere, you’d test something like this. The data and part of the code are public. The code that generated the sequence is not public, but the code that counted the blocks and computed the growth factor is. The exact letter-by-letter table behind the rule is shared under a short written agreement, because a first formal paper is still in preparation. That is a timing decision, not a permanent lock, and the open questions can be worked from the public data alone. You can reach me at '''Bahaa Budargham'''. * ORCID: [https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2955-3703 0009-0005-2955-3703] * Zenodo: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23019059 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23019059] * GitHub: [https://github.com/bahaa-budargham GitHub Profile] * Research Portal: [https://research.neurolabs.space research.neurolabs.space] [[Category:Research:Mathematics]] [[Category:Symbolic dynamics]] [[Category:Combinatorics on words]] [[Category:Formal languages]] of20j0r2gc1oknj6vp7713eobgno4bk 2 332467 2839905 2026-10-12T20:17:28Z SamLaxarox 3112542 Created page with "<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | last2 = | first2 = . | title = | publisher = | date = | url = | doi = | accessdate = </ref> {{1}}" 2839905 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | last2 = | first2 = . | title = | publisher = | date = | url = | doi = | accessdate = </ref> {{1}} 9j9dzr8owku6u9o794qach9pw64nmez 2839933 2839905 2026-10-12T23:12:20Z SamLaxarox 3112542 2839933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | pretitle= This article is part of [[Medical Imaging|a series]] on | name = Neuroscience | bodyclass = vcard | wraplinks = true | headingstyle = padding-bottom :0.5em; padding-top: 0; text-align: left; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} | liststyle = padding-top: 0; text-align: left; | listtitlestyle = text-align:left; background:lavender; | title = Neuroscience subtitle | image = [[File:CT Brain Scan.jpg|thumb]] | size = 125px | title = [[Medical Imaging]] | list1name = Techniques | list1title = [[Techniques]] | list1 = {{Bulleted list}} {{Center|'''[[Imaging]]'''}} * [[Computed Tomography scan (CT scan)]] * [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)]] * [[Photoacoustic imaging]] * [[Radiography]] * [[Ultrasound imaging]] {{Center|'''[[Functional Imaging]]'''}} * [[Electroencephalogram (EEG)]] * [[Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)]] * [[Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)]] * [[Positron Emission Tomography (PET)]] ---- }} frrl2mqcfoj4jrbibkt89m1iryqsd0z 2839936 2839933 2026-10-12T23:28:35Z SamLaxarox 3112542 2839936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Projectbox|Theme=9|icon=Human Brain Symbol.svg|text=[[Help:Resources by subject|Subject Classification:]] this is a [[Topic:Neuroscience|neuroscience]] resource.}} {{tertiary education}} =Magnetoencephalography (MEG)= {{Medical Imaging}} Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a [[functional neuroimaging]] technique that registers brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's naturally occurring [[current|current-induced]] [[electromagnetic field]]. <ref>{{cite web | last = Vrba | first = J | last2 = Robinson| first2 = S.E. | title = SQUID sensor array configurations for magnetoencephalography applications | publisher = Superconductor Science and Technology | date = August 13, 2002 | doi = 10.1088/0953-2048/15/9/201 | accessdate = October 12, 2026}}</ref> {{1}} Traditional MEG machines tend to use cryogenic systems that incorporate superconducting quantum interference devices ([[SQUIDs]]) and pick-up coils--in order to measure changes in the brain's electromagnetic field. ==Cryogenic vs. Non-cryogenic== ==Comparison to Other Functional Neuroimaging Techniques== [[File:Functional Imaging comparison 26.pdf|thumb|left||A spreadsheet table breaking down key characteristics of functional neuroimaging techniques.]] =Contemporary Uses in Research= ===2000s=== <gallery> File:MEG UCHSC.jpg|MEG UCHSC|MEG machine from the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center(2009). </gallery> ===2010s=== ===2020s=== =References= {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further Reading== ==External Links== =Also See= * [[School:Neuroscience|Neuroscience Overview]] * [[Neuroimaging]] * [[Functional Neuroimaging]] {{contrib-creator|[[User:SamLaxarox|SamLaxarox]] ([[User talk:SamLaxarox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SamLaxarox|contribs]])}} m99eqyf5yvv3fsx9zib2h2fh87ulad8 3 332468 2839906 2026-10-12T20:25:33Z Koavf 147 Created page with "{{subst:welcome}} ~~~~" 2839906 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], SamLaxarox!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Koavf|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. 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See you around Wikiversity! --―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:25, 12 October 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:25, 12 October 2026 (UTC) s9yo66u6d6jc1k9aoe3fbbu029f2p8k 10 332469 2839907 2026-10-12T20:31:03Z SamLaxarox 3112542 created template. 2839907 wikitext text/x-wiki Text here. <ref> {{cite web | last = | first = | last2 = | first2 = | title = | publisher = | date = | url = | doi = | accessdate = </ref> {{1}} e5pdx2kwb08g2mzc9vcivjkipf1kmk2 2839911 2839907 2026-10-12T20:39:06Z SamLaxarox 3112542 2839911 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Documentation|content= == Usage == ...text here. {{cite web | last = | first = | last2 = | first2 = | title = | publisher = | date = | url = | doi = | accessdate = }} == More example headings == ...text here. <ref>{{cite web | last = Vrba | first = J | last2 = Robinson| first2 = S.E. | title = SQUID sensor array configurations for magnetoencephalography applications | publisher = Superconductor Science and Technology | date = August 13, 2002 | url =https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/15/9/201 | doi = 10.1088/0953-2048/15/9/201 | accessdate = October 12, 2026}}</ref> {{1}} }} </noinclude> mwa40jtekb7fv7d475gfzxp6kq2t2vh 0 332470 2839925 2026-10-12T22:14:35Z The Citer 3110681 Created page with "Fungi are opisthokonts, which is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. These organisms are classified in the biological kingdom, '''Fungi'''. <br> This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics..." 2839925 wikitext text/x-wiki Fungi are opisthokonts, which is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. These organisms are classified in the biological kingdom, '''Fungi'''. <br> This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of fungi within the Division/phylum *An approximate number of species described within that Division.<br > Since mycology does not stand still, this number can change. You can also see [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. ==Ascomycota== [[File:Scarlet_elf_cap_cadnant_dingle.jpg|thumb|100px|right]] [[/Ascomycota/]] Name Meaning: Bladder fungus English Common Name: Ascomycetes, sac fungi Major distinguishing characteristics: Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp). Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually. Approximate number of species described: 30,000 ==References== [[Wikipedia:Phylum]]<br> [[Wikipedia:Fungus]] [[Category:Fungi]] [[Category:Mycology]] [[Category:Fungus phyla]] [[Category:Biology]] i02z0rzicce1dntsinajgshs8cbqo7i 2839929 2839925 2026-10-12T22:25:37Z The Citer 3110681 2839929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fungi_collage.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Diversity of fungi.]] Fungi are opisthokonts, which is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. These organisms are classified in the biological kingdom, '''Fungi'''. <br> The fungi kingdom has 61515+ species. This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of fungi within the Division/phylum *An approximate number of species described within that Division.<br > Since mycology does not stand still, this number can change. You can also see [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. ==Ascomycota== [[File:Scarlet_elf_cap_cadnant_dingle.jpg|thumb|100px|right]] [[/Ascomycota/]] Name Meaning: Bladder fungus English Common Name: Ascomycetes, sac fungi Major distinguishing characteristics: Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp). Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually. Approximate number of species described: 30,000 ==Basidiomycota== [[File:Haeckel_Basimycetes.jpg|thumb|100px|right]] [[/Basidiomycota/]] Name Meaning: Small base fungus English Common Name: Basidiomycetes, club fungi Major distinguishing characteristics: Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction. Approximate number of species described: 31,515 ==References== [[Wikipedia:Phylum]]<br> [[Wikipedia:Fungus]] [[Category:Fungi]] [[Category:Mycology]] [[Category:Fungus phyla]] [[Category:Biology]] b6ttu3msr0qbyvssjj7kboszuu9kefx 14 332471 2839926 2026-10-12T22:16:16Z The Citer 3110681 Created page with "{{main|Fungi}} {{commons category}} {{Cat main|Fungi}} [[Category:Biology]]" 2839926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main|Fungi}} {{commons category}} {{Cat main|Fungi}} [[Category:Biology]] 0tgycbowkjij8k3pneutbaqqfdj95k2 14 332472 2839928 2026-10-12T22:18:53Z The Citer 3110681 Created page with "{{main|Mycology}} {{commons category}} {{Cat main|Mycology}} [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Fungi]]" 2839928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main|Mycology}} {{commons category}} {{Cat main|Mycology}} [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Fungi]] 3onig4f03bkazpq40sev5ip8l53jdhv 10 332473 2839934 2026-10-12T23:14:53Z SamLaxarox 3112542 Created template. nine (9) imaging techniques included (five (5) imaging, four (4) functional). 2839934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | pretitle= This article is part of [[Medical Imaging|a series]] on | name = Neuroscience | bodyclass = vcard | wraplinks = true | headingstyle = padding-bottom :0.5em; padding-top: 0; text-align: left; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} | liststyle = padding-top: 0; text-align: left; | listtitlestyle = text-align:left; background:lavender; | title = Neuroscience subtitle | image = [[File:CT Brain Scan.jpg|thumb]] | size = 125px | title = [[Medical Imaging]] | list1name = Techniques | list1title = [[Techniques]] | list1 = {{Bulleted list}} {{Center|'''[[Imaging]]'''}} * [[Computed Tomography scan (CT scan)]] * [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)]] * [[Photoacoustic imaging]] * [[Radiography]] * [[Ultrasound imaging]] {{Center|'''[[Functional Imaging]]'''}} * [[Electroencephalogram (EEG)]] * [[Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)]] * [[Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)]] * [[Positron Emission Tomography (PET)]] ---- }} frrl2mqcfoj4jrbibkt89m1iryqsd0z 2 332474 2839956 2026-10-13T03:40:33Z Theologiministry89 3112580 /* */ Theological aspects of the ministry and the organization in the real life by faith and practice as communion of 3 into 1 2839956 wikitext text/x-wiki Theologia ministry organization TMO is the project of theologia for theological studies and theological ministry as the theological organization for advanced studies, projects, teaching, learning, publications globally for open source, open studies, open knowledge, open access, open science, open education, open culture, open school, STEM education, STEM science applications in the real world problems concerning the theological aspects of life and faith in the global theological communities for faith and practice in real life and the role of ministry in the life of an organized systematic community and organization for development r3zwqk0x5715d0uoity7zue6pzske12 6 332475 2839969 2026-10-13T05:16:01Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Block CLA 2B Single Level (20261012 - 20261010) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-10-13 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2839969 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Block CLA 2B Single Level (20261012 - 20261010) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-10-13 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 2m636pz9c7movubp4a1qij7w61ydeh6 6 332476 2839970 2026-10-13T05:17:14Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information ||Description=Block CLA 2C Multi Level (20261012 - 20261010) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-10-13 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2839970 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information ||Description=Block CLA 2C Multi Level (20261012 - 20261010) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-10-13 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} nmjz6fhxhj15a0f3ad4buzy52gvfa7o 2 332477 2839982 2026-10-13T07:42:50Z LokiZhan 3112588 Created page with "== About Me == My name is '''Luo Zhan''', and I also go by '''Loki'''. I was born in 1997 in Meizhou, Guangdong, China, and grew up in Shenzhen, where I still live today. I graduated from Guangdong Ocean University in 2017 with a degree in Public Affairs Management. My professional journey took a different direction from my academic background. In 2021, I entered the field of search engine optimization (SEO), gradually developing an interest in how search engines organ..." 2839982 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == My name is '''Luo Zhan''', and I also go by '''Loki'''. I was born in 1997 in Meizhou, Guangdong, China, and grew up in Shenzhen, where I still live today. I graduated from Guangdong Ocean University in 2017 with a degree in Public Affairs Management. My professional journey took a different direction from my academic background. In 2021, I entered the field of search engine optimization (SEO), gradually developing an interest in how search engines organize information and how websites connect with people looking for specific products, services, or answers. Over the years, I have worked with websites in several industries, including adult products, printed circuit boards (PCBs), and home furnishings. Each industry has its own audience, terminology, competitive environment, and content requirements. Moving between these fields has given me a broader understanding of how SEO differs across consumer and business markets. Much of my work revolves around keyword research, website structure, technical SEO, content development, and organic search performance. I am particularly interested in the relationship between useful content and search visibility. A page should not simply attract visitors; it should provide information that answers their questions and helps them understand the subject. I see SEO as a field that requires continuous learning. Search engines change, industries evolve, and methods that work for one website may not work for another. My approach is to understand the website and its audience before deciding how to improve its organic search presence. == Interests == My professional interests include search engine technology, website optimization, digital publishing, and the ways technical information can be presented clearly to different audiences. Having worked with both consumer products and industrial subjects, I enjoy learning about unfamiliar industries and turning complex information into content that readers can understand and use. == Personal Background == Although I have spent most of my life in Shenzhen, Meizhou remains an important part of my background. The two cities represent different aspects of where I come from: Meizhou, with its mountains and Hakka heritage, and Shenzhen, where I grew up and built my professional life. k7eoe8pv6qkqwkruuodc0aogw1qpej8 0 332478 2839993 2026-10-13T08:34:46Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 Created page with "'''# Cortext Method - Network Mapping''' > Documentation page for the ['''**Network Mapping**'''](<nowiki>https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping</nowiki>) method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [`cortext-usp`](<nowiki>https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping</nowiki>) fork). > > Sources: the official [Cortext Manager](<nowiki>https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/</nowiki>..." 2839993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''# Cortext Method - Network Mapping''' > Documentation page for the ['''**Network Mapping**'''](<nowiki>https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping</nowiki>) method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [`cortext-usp`](<nowiki>https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping</nowiki>) fork). > > Sources: the official [Cortext Manager](<nowiki>https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/</nowiki>) documentation (the ''*Node selection*'', ''*Edges definition*'', ''*Edges: metrics definitions*'', ''*Dynamical settings*'' and ''*Network analysis & layout*'' pages, plus the description of the output files shared by a member of the Cortext team), a reading of the code (`network_mapping/analysis.py` and the internal library [`librarypy`](<nowiki>https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/librarypy</nowiki>)) and the runs performed to build the tests. '''## Table of contents''' - [Part I: the method](#part-i-the-method) 1. What it is for 2. Basic concepts 3. Preparing the corpus 4. How the method works, step by step 5. Parameters and how they affect the result 6. Combinations to avoid 7. Output files --- '''# Part I: the method''' '''## 1. What it is for''' Network Mapping builds '''**network maps**''' from a corpus of documents (for example, scientific articles, newspaper articles, posts). The central idea is '''**co-occurrence**''': two items that appear in the '''**same document**''' are related in some way. By counting how many times this happens across the whole corpus and turning those counts into a proximity measure, the method builds a network. It then finds the groups of items most strongly linked to each other (the '''**clusters**''') and, if there are several time periods, tracks how these groups emerge, merge, split and disappear. Items do not have to be words only: any corpus field can become a node, such as terms extracted from the text, authors, keywords, journals, cited references and countries. '''**Research questions the method helps answer:**''' - What are the main themes of a corpus, and which terms make up each theme? (terms × terms network) - Who collaborates with whom? (co-authorship: authors × authors) - Which works are cited together, that is, what are the intellectual foundations of a field? (co-citation: references × references) - Which authors, journals or countries are associated with which themes? (heterogeneous networks, for example authors × terms) - How do themes evolve over time? (several periods and the tube diagram) '''**Background.**''' The proximity measures come from statistics and corpus linguistics (chi-square, mutual information, cosine, distributional measures). Community detection uses classic algorithms (Louvain, Infomap, clique percolation). The temporal analysis follows Rule, Cointet and Bearman (2015). The automatic choice of the proximity threshold is a heuristic discussed in Jean-Philippe Cointet's HDR (2017). Full references are at the end of the page. '''## 2. Basic concepts''' | Concept | What it is | Example | |---|---|---| | '''**Corpus**''' | the set of documents analyzed, stored in an SQLite database in which each field (author, term, date...) is a table | 394 Web of Science articles; 821 articles from French newspapers | | '''**Field**''' | a type of information in the documents; the method takes two: `field1` and `field2` | `Terms`, `Author`, `Journal`, `Cited References` | | '''**Co-occurrence**''' | two items present in the same document; the count becomes the raw weight of the link | the terms "depression" and "loneliness" appear together in 12 documents | | '''**Homogeneous network**''' | `field1 = field2`: all nodes are of the same type | terms × terms (semantic network), authors × authors (co-authorship) | | '''**Heterogeneous network**''' | `field1 ≠ field2`: two node types, linked when they appear in the same documents | authors × terms: an author is close to the terms they use | | '''**Affiliation network**''' | with the `_het` measures, two different fields produce a network '''**with only the nodes of the first field**''', close when they have similar profiles in the second | authors linked because they share the same themes | | '''**Proximity measure**''' | turns the raw count into an edge weight that takes the frequency of each item into account | chi-square, mutual information, cosine | | '''**Cluster**''' (community) | group of nodes more strongly linked to each other than to the rest of the network; it is a '''**mesoscopic**''' reading of the corpus (the themes) | a cluster with "vaccine", "immunity", "dose" | | '''**Period**''' | time slice of the corpus; each period has its own network and its own clusters | 1982–2005, 2006–2016, 2017–2023 | | '''**Phylogeny / tubes**''' | links between clusters of consecutive periods, showing the continuity of themes | the 2020 "vaccine" theme descends from two 2019 themes | | '''**Projection**''' | each document is associated with the clusters whose content is most similar to its own | article X belongs to the "vaccine" theme | '''**Proximity and clustering are different things.**''' The proximity measure is '''**local**''': it tells how strongly two items are linked by looking at their co-occurrences. It is an arithmetic, deterministic computation made from the database. Clustering is '''**structural**''': it looks at the whole network and searches for dense regions, revealing how sets of items are organized. That is why the same network can produce different partitions with different algorithms or resolutions. With the form's default algorithm (`louvain resolution`), the partition may even change between two runs with the same parameters. '''## 3. Preparing the corpus''' The method reads the corpus from SQLite: each field is a table with the document id (`id`), the position of the item in the document (`rank`, `parserank`) and the value (`data`). A few precautions determine whether the analysis makes sense: - '''**Extracted terms.**''' To analyze textual content, the corpus needs a terms table (for example `Terms`), produced beforehand by a term extraction and indexing method such as [''*Terms Extraction*''](<nowiki>https://docs.cortext.net/lexical-extraction/</nowiki>). Without it, only metadata (authors, journals, keywords) can become nodes. The quality of the terms defines the quality of the semantic network. - '''**Sentence position.**''' The "short-range" co-occurrence option (`localcooc`) needs to know which sentence each term is in (`parserank`). Only terms indexed with this information support this option. - '''**Dates.**''' The temporal analysis uses the corpus date table (`ISIpubdate`) or a table of custom periods. Monthly (format `202001`) and yearly dates both work. - '''**Fields with one value per document.**''' Fields such as `Journal` have a single value per document. In a homogeneous network (`Journal × Journal`), two journals never appear in the same document, and the network is empty. These fields make sense in heterogeneous networks (`Journal × Terms`). - '''**The method modifies the corpus.**''' It creates new tables in the database itself (`clusters`, `phylogeny`, `projection`, `cluster` and `PC_<field1>_<field2>`). The `PC_*` table works as a new field and can be used by other methods, for example to cross the clusters with another variable. This makes it a '''**public contract**''' of the method. '''## 4. How the method works, step by step''' ``` corpus (SQLite) │ 1. node selection: the N most frequent items of each field, per period │ 2. co-occurrence counting (with optional sentence window and weighting) │ 3. proximity measure: co-occurrence → edge weight │ 4. edge filtering: optimal or fixed threshold, top edges, top neighbors │ 5. split into periods (one network per period) │ 6. community detection in each period │ 7. phylogeny: linking clusters across periods (tubes) │ 8. projection of documents onto clusters (tables in the database) │ 9. drawing and export: PDF/SVG/PNG, GEXF, JSON, tubes HTML ▼ maps, new tables in the corpus, network files and log ``` | Step | Deterministic? | Note | |---|---|---| | 1 to 4: selection, co-occurrence, measure, filter | '''**yes**''' | the network structure (nodes, edges and weights) is always the same for the same input | | 5: periods | '''**yes**''' with the `regular` cut; '''**no**''' with the `homogeneous` cut and more than one period | the homogeneous cut draws the period boundaries at random (''*simulated annealing*'' without a seed), and this changes even the network | | 6: communities | '''**yes**''' with `louvain` and `clique percolation`; '''**no**''' with `louvain resolution` (the form's default) and with `weighted_graph` | Louvain with resolution shuffles the nodes with an unseeded random generator | | 7 and 8: phylogeny and projection | follow step 6 | if the partition varies, they vary too | | 9: drawing | '''**no**''' | layouts use random draws; the shape of the image may change | This split is the basis of the whole strategy for creating the [test cases](). '''## 5. Parameters and how they affect the result''' The form has about 70 parameters in four sections. This section does not describe them one by one: it explains '''**what each group changes in the result**'''. '''### 5.1 Section 1: node selection''' Defines '''**which items exist in the network**''' and the '''**weight**''' of each one. - '''**Fields**''' (`field1`, `field2`): the most important decision, because they define the research question and whether the network is homogeneous or heterogeneous. - '''**Number of nodes**''' (`top`, up to 500): the N most frequent items '''**in each period**'''. Few nodes give a readable network that only shows the "core" of the corpus; many nodes reveal smaller themes, at the cost of dense maps. `top2` allows a different N for the second field. - '''**Same nodes in all periods**''' (`fixed`): without this option, each period has its own top N, and the maps only partially overlap. With it, the N most frequent items in the whole corpus appear in every period, which makes periods easier to compare. - '''**Node weight**''' (`size_node`): sum of co-occurrences (default) or frequency. Changes the size of the nodes and the weight used in the projection. - '''**Lowercase**''' (`lowering`): merges labels that differ only in case, useful for cited journals. '''### 5.2 Section 2: edges''' Defines '''**how co-occurrences become links**''' and '''**which links survive**'''. - '''**Proximity measure.**''' This is the numerical core of the method: | Type | Measures | Purpose | Range | |---|---|---|---| | Direct | `raw`, `chi2`, `mutual information`, `cramer` | only look at the co-occurrence between the two items; recommended for '''**heterogeneous**''' networks (the automatic default is `chi2`); `raw` keeps the counts, useful in collaboration networks | ≥ 0, no upper bound (`cramer` ≤ 1) | | Indirect | `cosine`, `distributional`, `distributional (l-l r)` | two items are close when they co-occur with the '''**same other items**''', even if they do not co-occur with each other; only for '''**homogeneous**''' networks (the automatic default is `distributional`) | between 0 and 1 | | Affiliation | `cosine_het`, `dot_product_het` (the `bipartweighting` option reduces the weight of very frequent items of the 2nd field) | network with only the nodes of the 1st field, compared by their profile in the 2nd; require different fields | `cosine_het` between 0 and 1; `dot_product_het` no upper bound | - '''**Filtering.**''' Without a filter, the network has too many links to be read. There are three strategies, which can be combined: - '''**optimal threshold**''' (default): the method searches for the threshold at which the network is about to break into pieces and stays just below it. The result has the smallest number of links that still keeps the clusters connected to each other; - '''**fixed threshold**''' (`distance_thres`): requires knowing the range of the chosen measure; - '''**top edges**''' (`top_edges`) and '''**top neighbors**''' (`k_nearest`): the documentation suggests top neighbors with indirect measures, and a threshold or top edges with direct measures. - '''**Heterogeneous edges**''' (`type_biparti`): in a heterogeneous network, also links items of the same field. - '''**Short-range co-occurrence**''' (`localcooc`, `localcoocrange`, `contextdecay`): only counts co-occurrences up to N sentences apart, with a weight that can decay with distance. It matters in long documents, where "appearing in the same document" says little. - '''**Democratic**''' (`democratic`, experimental): each document contributes equally, no matter how many items it has. It prevents an article with 200 authors from dominating a co-authorship network. '''### 5.3 Section 3: dynamics''' Defines '''**how time is sliced**'''. Each period has its own network and its own clusters. - '''**Number of periods**''' (`nb_period`): with more than one, the phylogeny and the tubes appear. - '''**Distribution**''' (`time_cut_type`): `regular` (slices with the same number of years) or `homogeneous` (slices with similar numbers of documents). '''**Warning:**''' the homogeneous cut is random, so two identical runs may produce different periods. - '''**Overlap**''' (`overlap`): neighboring periods share half of their time span or documents, which smooths the evolution and strengthens the links between periods. - '''**Sequence**''' (`sequence_type`): `snapshot` (successive periods) or `growing` (each period starts at the beginning of the corpus and grows). '''### 5.4 Section 4: network analysis and layout''' Defines '''**the partition**''', '''**the temporal evolution**''', '''**the projection**''' and '''**the drawing**'''. - '''**Community algorithm:**''' - `louvain resolution` (default and recommended by the documentation): the `resolution` parameter controls cluster size (a smaller value yields more, smaller clusters); - `louvain`: the classic version; - `infomap`: tends to produce finer clusters; - `clique percolation`: overlapping clusters that exclude poorly connected nodes. - '''**Minimum cluster size**''' (`size_community_threshold`): discards small, "noisy" clusters. - '''**Inter-temporal threshold**''' (automatic, minimum and maximum): only links between clusters of neighboring periods with a similarity (''*strength*'', derived from the Hellinger distance) above the threshold become tubes. Values close to 1 indicate strong continuity; close to 0, a break. - '''**Projection**''' (`compute_projection`, `univoque_mapping`, `projectionalias`, `oldschool`): associates each document with the most similar clusters (TF-IDF similarity). With `univoque_mapping`, each document gets at most one cluster. The result is the `PC_*` table (or `projection_cluster_<alias>`). - '''**Tagging and heatmap:**''' label the clusters with a third field (for example, the most specific journals of each theme) or color the map according to a value of that field. In the tests, they changed only the drawings and the file names, not the tables or the exported networks. - '''**Historical map:**''' fixes the horizontal position of each node by its date (or by the moment it reaches 20% of its frequency). It is a way of '''**drawing**''': it does not change the network. - '''**Drawing-only options:**''' labels, alpha-shapes, label overlap, crossing minimization in the tubes, font. They change the PDF and the positions, not the data. '''## 6. Combinations to avoid''' Combinations the form accepts but that produce an empty or misleading result, or an error. Those marked with a finding identifier (for example, B13) were found by the tests. | Combination | What happens | Recommendation | |---|---|---| | Indirect measure (`cosine`, `distributional`) with different fields | the documentation states they were designed only for homogeneous networks | use `chi2` or `mutual information` in heterogeneous networks | | `_het` measure with identical fields | there is no "second field" to compare profiles | use only with `field1 ≠ field2` | | Single-value field in a homogeneous network (`Journal × Journal`) or very small `top` | empty network, and the script crashes at the end (B13) | use the field in a heterogeneous network; `top` ≥ 10 | | `democratic` with different fields and no heterogeneous edges | division by zero when a document has a single item in the 2nd field (B9) | use with homogeneous networks | | `keep_scaled` without projection | `int(None)` error (B12) | enable the projection | | `dot_product_het` without normalization and with the optimal threshold | the threshold search finds no cut-off point, runs about 10 thousand steps and returns the upper bound (99.98); it can take tens of minutes (B26) | use a fixed threshold or `bipartweighting` | | `clique percolation` with several periods | may break the phylogeny, depending on the data (B25) | prefer Louvain for temporal analyses | | `homogeneous` cut or `louvain resolution` when reproducibility matters | periods or partition change between runs (B17) | for reproducible results: `regular` cut and `louvain` | | `robustness` | crashes during drawing (B10) and is overridden by multiprocessing (B5) | avoid | | `infomap` outside the production server | the binary is not found and the result has 0 clusters, with no warning (B14) | check the log | '''## 7. Output files''' | File or table | What it represents | What it is for | |---|---|---| | `maps/` (PDF, SVG or PNG) | the maps of each period, with colored clusters | visual reading; the SVG can be edited in the ''*Label editor*'' | | `maps_output.zip` → `gexf/*hn*.gexf` | the '''**node**''' network: nodes with weight, degrees and betweenness; edges with source, target and weight | open in Gephi or Retina; per-node metrics | | `gexf/*hhn*.gexf` | the '''**cluster**''' network: each cluster becomes a node (weight, density), and the links add up the links between their nodes | macro reading: central and peripheral clusters | | `json/*.json` | the same graphs in JSON, with the effective parameters (`meta`) | programmatic use | | `clusters` (table and `clusters.csv`) | each node in its cluster, with normalized weight (sums to 1 within the cluster), density, ''*stream*'' and supertheme | composition and cohesion of each cluster | | `PC_<field1>_<field2>` or `projection_cluster_<alias>` | cluster(s) of each document | '''**new corpus field**''', used by other methods | | `projection` | similarity of each document to each cluster | choosing the most representative documents of each cluster | | `cluster`, `phylogeny` | cluster label per document; links between clusters of neighboring periods | support for the tubes | | `tubes/` (interactive HTML, `energy.json`) | the alluvial diagram of cluster evolution | reading the emergence, merging, splitting and death of themes | | `.user.log` | measure used, items per period, optimal and final threshold, nodes and edges of each network, modularity | checking what the method decided on its own (for example, the threshold) | '''**Two node metrics deserve attention:**''' - '''**degrees**''' (`in-degree`, `out-degree`): sum of link weights; they point to highly connected nodes; - '''**betweenness**''': fraction of shortest paths that go through the node; it points to nodes that act as '''**bridges**''' between regions and clusters. --- '''## References''' - Blondel, V. D.; Guillaume, J.-L.; Lambiotte, R.; Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. ''*J. Stat. Mech.*'', 2008. - Cohen, M. B.; Gibbons, P. B.; Mugridge, W. B.; Colbourn, C. J. Constructing test suites for interaction testing. ''*ICSE*'', 2003. - Cointet, J.-P. ''*La cartographie des traces textuelles comme méthodologie d'enquête en sciences sociales*''. HDR, École normale supérieure, 2017. - Cortext Manager Documentation: ''*Node selection*'', ''*Edges definition*'', ''*Edges: metrics definitions*'', ''*Dynamical settings*'', ''*Network analysis & layout*''. <nowiki>https://docs.cortext.net/</nowiki> - Palla, G.; Derényi, I.; Farkas, I.; Vicsek, T. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. ''*Nature*'', 435, 2005. - Rosvall, M.; Bergstrom, C. T. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. ''*PNAS*'', 105(4), 2008. - Rule, A.; Cointet, J.-P.; Bearman, P. S. Lexical shifts, substantive changes, and continuity in State of the Union discourse, 1790–2014. ''*PNAS*'', 112(35), 2015. 0qu4pzjvngffem4bvlcp6sd0wcorwzi 2839995 2839993 2026-10-13T08:48:24Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 2839995 wikitext text/x-wiki = Cortext Method - Network Mapping = <blockquote>Documentation page for the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping '''Network Mapping'''] method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping <code>cortext-usp</code>] fork). Sources: the official [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager] documentation (the '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''' and '''Network analysis & layout''' pages, plus the description of the output files shared by a member of the Cortext team), a reading of the code (<code>network_mapping/analysis.py</code> and the internal library [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/librarypy <code>librarypy</code>]) and the runs performed to build the tests.</blockquote> == Table of contents == # [[About Network Mapping#1. What it is for|What it is for]] # [[About Network Mapping#2. Basic concepts|Basic concepts]] # [[About Network Mapping#3. Preparing the corpus|Preparing the corpus]] # [[About Network Mapping#4. How the method works, step by step|How the method works, step by step]] # [[About Network Mapping#5. Parameters and how they affect the result|Parameters and how they affect the result]] # [[About Network Mapping#6. Combinations to avoid|Combinations to avoid]] # [[About Network Mapping#7. Output files|Output files]] ---- == 1. What it is for == Network Mapping builds '''network maps''' from a corpus of documents (for example, scientific articles, newspaper articles, posts). The central idea is '''co-occurrence''': two items that appear in the '''same document''' are related in some way. By counting how many times this happens across the whole corpus and turning those counts into a proximity measure, the method builds a network. It then finds the groups of items most strongly linked to each other (the '''clusters''') and, if there are several time periods, tracks how these groups emerge, merge, split and disappear. Items do not have to be words only: any corpus field can become a node, such as terms extracted from the text, authors, keywords, journals, cited references and countries. '''Research questions the method helps answer:''' * What are the main themes of a corpus, and which terms make up each theme? (terms × terms network) * Who collaborates with whom? (co-authorship: authors × authors) * Which works are cited together, that is, what are the intellectual foundations of a field? (co-citation: references × references) * Which authors, journals or countries are associated with which themes? (heterogeneous networks, for example authors × terms) * How do themes evolve over time? (several periods and the tube diagram) '''Background.''' The proximity measures come from statistics and corpus linguistics (chi-square, mutual information, cosine, distributional measures). Community detection uses classic algorithms (Louvain, Infomap, clique percolation). The temporal analysis follows Rule, Cointet and Bearman (2015). The automatic choice of the proximity threshold is a heuristic discussed in Jean-Philippe Cointet's HDR (2017). Full references are at the end of the page. == 2. Basic concepts == {| class="wikitable" !Concept !What it is !Example |- |'''Corpus''' |the set of documents analyzed, stored in an SQLite database in which each field (author, term, date...) is a table |394 Web of Science articles; 821 articles from French newspapers |- |'''Field''' |a type of information in the documents; the method takes two: <code>field1</code> and <code>field2</code> |<code>Terms</code>, <code>Author</code>, <code>Journal</code>, <code>Cited References</code> |- |'''Co-occurrence''' |two items present in the same document; the count becomes the raw weight of the link |the terms "depression" and "loneliness" appear together in 12 documents |- |'''Homogeneous network''' |<code>field1 = field2</code>: all nodes are of the same type |terms × terms (semantic network), authors × authors (co-authorship) |- |'''Heterogeneous network''' |<code>field1 ≠ field2</code>: two node types, linked when they appear in the same documents |authors × terms: an author is close to the terms they use |- |'''Affiliation network''' |with the <code>\_het</code> measures, two different fields produce a network '''with only the nodes of the first field''', close when they have similar profiles in the second |authors linked because they share the same themes |- |'''Proximity measure''' |turns the raw count into an edge weight that takes the frequency of each item into account |chi-square, mutual information, cosine |- |'''Cluster''' (community) |group of nodes more strongly linked to each other than to the rest of the network; it is a '''mesoscopic''' reading of the corpus (the themes) |a cluster with "vaccine", "immunity", "dose" |- |'''Period''' |time slice of the corpus; each period has its own network and its own clusters |1982–2005, 2006–2016, 2017–2023 |- |'''Phylogeny / tubes''' |links between clusters of consecutive periods, showing the continuity of themes |the 2020 "vaccine" theme descends from two 2019 themes |- |'''Projection''' |each document is associated with the clusters whose content is most similar to its own |article X belongs to the "vaccine" theme |} '''Proximity and clustering are different things.''' The proximity measure is '''local''': it tells how strongly two items are linked by looking at their co-occurrences. It is an arithmetic, deterministic computation made from the database. Clustering is '''structural''': it looks at the whole network and searches for dense regions, revealing how sets of items are organized. That is why the same network can produce different partitions with different algorithms or resolutions. With the form's default algorithm (<code>louvain resolution</code>), the partition may even change between two runs with the same parameters. == 3. Preparing the corpus == The method reads the corpus from SQLite: each field is a table with the document id (<code>id</code>), the position of the item in the document (<code>rank</code>, <code>parserank</code>) and the value (<code>data</code>). A few precautions determine whether the analysis makes sense: * '''Extracted terms.''' To analyze textual content, the corpus needs a terms table (for example <code>Terms</code>), produced beforehand by a term extraction and indexing method such as [https://docs.cortext.net/lexical-extraction/ '''Terms Extraction''']. Without it, only metadata (authors, journals, keywords) can become nodes. The quality of the terms defines the quality of the semantic network. * '''Sentence position.''' The "short-range" co-occurrence option (<code>localcooc</code>) needs to know which sentence each term is in (<code>parserank</code>). Only terms indexed with this information support this option. * '''Dates.''' The temporal analysis uses the corpus date table (<code>ISIpubdate</code>) or a table of custom periods. Monthly (format <code>202001</code>) and yearly dates both work. * '''Fields with one value per document.''' Fields such as <code>Journal</code> have a single value per document. In a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>), two journals never appear in the same document, and the network is empty. These fields make sense in heterogeneous networks (<code>Journal × Terms</code>). * '''The method modifies the corpus.''' It creates new tables in the database itself (<code>clusters</code>, <code>phylogeny</code>, <code>projection</code>, <code>cluster</code> and <code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code>). The <code>PC\_*</code> table works as a new field and can be used by other methods, for example to cross the clusters with another variable. This makes it a '''public contract''' of the method. == 4. How the method works, step by step == <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> corpus (SQLite) │ 1. node selection: the N most frequent items of each field, per period │ 2. co-occurrence counting (with optional sentence window and weighting) │ 3. proximity measure: co-occurrence → edge weight │ 4. edge filtering: optimal or fixed threshold, top edges, top neighbors │ 5. split into periods (one network per period) │ 6. community detection in each period │ 7. phylogeny: linking clusters across periods (tubes) │ 8. projection of documents onto clusters (tables in the database) │ 9. drawing and export: PDF/SVG/PNG, GEXF, JSON, tubes HTML ▼ maps, new tables in the corpus, network files and log </syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable" !Step !Deterministic? !Note |- |1 to 4: selection, co-occurrence, measure, filter |'''yes''' |the network structure (nodes, edges and weights) is always the same for the same input |- |5: periods |'''yes''' with the <code>regular</code> cut; '''no''' with the <code>homogeneous</code> cut and more than one period |the homogeneous cut draws the period boundaries at random ('''simulated annealing''' without a seed), and this changes even the network |- |6: communities |'''yes''' with <code>louvain</code> and <code>clique percolation</code>; '''no''' with <code>louvain resolution</code> (the form's default) and with <code>weighted_graph</code> |Louvain with resolution shuffles the nodes with an unseeded random generator |- |7 and 8: phylogeny and projection |follow step 6 |if the partition varies, they vary too |- |9: drawing |'''no''' |layouts use random draws; the shape of the image may change |} This split is the basis of the whole strategy for creating the [test cases](). == 5. Parameters and how they affect the result == The form has about 70 parameters in four sections. This section does not describe them one by one: it explains '''what each group changes in the result'''. === 5.1 Section 1: node selection === Defines '''which items exist in the network''' and the '''weight''' of each one. * '''Fields''' (<code>field1</code>, <code>field2</code>): the most important decision, because they define the research question and whether the network is homogeneous or heterogeneous. * '''Number of nodes''' (<code>top</code>, up to 500): the N most frequent items '''in each period'''. Few nodes give a readable network that only shows the "core" of the corpus; many nodes reveal smaller themes, at the cost of dense maps. <code>top2</code> allows a different N for the second field. * '''Same nodes in all periods''' (<code>fixed</code>): without this option, each period has its own top N, and the maps only partially overlap. With it, the N most frequent items in the whole corpus appear in every period, which makes periods easier to compare. * '''Node weight''' (<code>size_node</code>): sum of co-occurrences (default) or frequency. Changes the size of the nodes and the weight used in the projection. * '''Lowercase''' (<code>lowering</code>): merges labels that differ only in case, useful for cited journals. === 5.2 Section 2: edges === Defines '''how co-occurrences become links''' and '''which links survive'''. * '''Proximity measure.''' This is the numerical core of the method: {| class="wikitable" !Type !Measures !Purpose !Range |- |Direct |<code>raw</code>, <code>chi2</code>, <code>mutual information</code>, <code>cramer</code> |only look at the co-occurrence between the two items; recommended for '''heterogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>chi2</code>); <code>raw</code> keeps the counts, useful in collaboration networks |≥ 0, no upper bound (<code>cramer</code> ≤ 1) |- |Indirect |<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>, <code>distributional (l-l r)</code> |two items are close when they co-occur with the '''same other items''', even if they do not co-occur with each other; only for '''homogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>distributional</code>) |between 0 and 1 |- |Affiliation |<code>cosine_het</code>, <code>dot_product_het</code> (the <code>bipartweighting</code> option reduces the weight of very frequent items of the 2nd field) |network with only the nodes of the 1st field, compared by their profile in the 2nd; require different fields |<code>cosine_het</code> between 0 and 1; <code>dot_product_het</code> no upper bound |} * '''Filtering.''' Without a filter, the network has too many links to be read. There are three strategies, which can be combined: * '''optimal threshold''' (default): the method searches for the threshold at which the network is about to break into pieces and stays just below it. The result has the smallest number of links that still keeps the clusters connected to each other; * '''fixed threshold''' (<code>distance_thres</code>): requires knowing the range of the chosen measure; * '''top edges''' (<code>top_edges</code>) and '''top neighbors''' (<code>k_nearest</code>): the documentation suggests top neighbors with indirect measures, and a threshold or top edges with direct measures. * '''Heterogeneous edges''' (<code>type_biparti</code>): in a heterogeneous network, also links items of the same field. * '''Short-range co-occurrence''' (<code>localcooc</code>, <code>localcoocrange</code>, <code>contextdecay</code>): only counts co-occurrences up to N sentences apart, with a weight that can decay with distance. It matters in long documents, where "appearing in the same document" says little. * '''Democratic''' (<code>democratic</code>, experimental): each document contributes equally, no matter how many items it has. It prevents an article with 200 authors from dominating a co-authorship network. === 5.3 Section 3: dynamics === Defines '''how time is sliced'''. Each period has its own network and its own clusters. * '''Number of periods''' (<code>nb_period</code>): with more than one, the phylogeny and the tubes appear. * '''Distribution''' (<code>time_cut_type</code>): <code>regular</code> (slices with the same number of years) or <code>homogeneous</code> (slices with similar numbers of documents). '''Warning:''' the homogeneous cut is random, so two identical runs may produce different periods. * '''Overlap''' (<code>overlap</code>): neighboring periods share half of their time span or documents, which smooths the evolution and strengthens the links between periods. * '''Sequence''' (<code>sequence_type</code>): <code>snapshot</code> (successive periods) or <code>growing</code> (each period starts at the beginning of the corpus and grows). === 5.4 Section 4: network analysis and layout === Defines '''the partition''', '''the temporal evolution''', '''the projection''' and '''the drawing'''. * '''Community algorithm:''' * <code>louvain resolution</code> (default and recommended by the documentation): the <code>resolution</code> parameter controls cluster size (a smaller value yields more, smaller clusters); * <code>louvain</code>: the classic version; * <code>infomap</code>: tends to produce finer clusters; * <code>clique percolation</code>: overlapping clusters that exclude poorly connected nodes. * '''Minimum cluster size''' (<code>size_community_threshold</code>): discards small, "noisy" clusters. * '''Inter-temporal threshold''' (automatic, minimum and maximum): only links between clusters of neighboring periods with a similarity ('''strength''', derived from the Hellinger distance) above the threshold become tubes. Values close to 1 indicate strong continuity; close to 0, a break. * '''Projection''' (<code>compute_projection</code>, <code>univoque_mapping</code>, <code>projectionalias</code>, <code>oldschool</code>): associates each document with the most similar clusters (TF-IDF similarity). With <code>univoque_mapping</code>, each document gets at most one cluster. The result is the <code>PC\_*</code> table (or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code>). * '''Tagging and heatmap:''' label the clusters with a third field (for example, the most specific journals of each theme) or color the map according to a value of that field. In the tests, they changed only the drawings and the file names, not the tables or the exported networks. * '''Historical map:''' fixes the horizontal position of each node by its date (or by the moment it reaches 20% of its frequency). It is a way of '''drawing''': it does not change the network. * '''Drawing-only options:''' labels, alpha-shapes, label overlap, crossing minimization in the tubes, font. They change the PDF and the positions, not the data. == 6. Combinations to avoid == Combinations the form accepts but that produce an empty or misleading result, or an error. Those marked with a finding identifier (for example, B13) were found by the tests. {| class="wikitable" !Combination !What happens !Recommendation |- |Indirect measure (<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>) with different fields |the documentation states they were designed only for homogeneous networks |use <code>chi2</code> or <code>mutual information</code> in heterogeneous networks |- |<code>\_het</code> measure with identical fields |there is no "second field" to compare profiles |use only with <code>field1 ≠ field2</code> |- |Single-value field in a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>) or very small <code>top</code> |empty network, and the script crashes at the end (B13) |use the field in a heterogeneous network; <code>top</code> ≥ 10 |- |<code>democratic</code> with different fields and no heterogeneous edges |division by zero when a document has a single item in the 2nd field (B9) |use with homogeneous networks |- |<code>keep_scaled</code> without projection |<code>int(None)</code> error (B12) |enable the projection |- |<code>dot_product_het</code> without normalization and with the optimal threshold |the threshold search finds no cut-off point, runs about 10 thousand steps and returns the upper bound (99.98); it can take tens of minutes (B26) |use a fixed threshold or <code>bipartweighting</code> |- |<code>clique percolation</code> with several periods |may break the phylogeny, depending on the data (B25) |prefer Louvain for temporal analyses |- |<code>homogeneous</code> cut or <code>louvain resolution</code> when reproducibility matters |periods or partition change between runs (B17) |for reproducible results: <code>regular</code> cut and <code>louvain</code> |- |<code>robustness</code> |crashes during drawing (B10) and is overridden by multiprocessing (B5) |avoid |- |<code>infomap</code> outside the production server |the binary is not found and the result has 0 clusters, with no warning (B14) |check the log |} == 7. Output files == {| class="wikitable" !File or table !What it represents !What it is for |- |<code>maps/</code> (PDF, SVG or PNG) |the maps of each period, with colored clusters |visual reading; the SVG can be edited in the '''Label editor''' |- |<code>maps_output.zip</code> → <code>gexf/''hn''.gexf</code> |the '''node''' network: nodes with weight, degrees and betweenness; edges with source, target and weight |open in Gephi or Retina; per-node metrics |- |<code>gexf/''hhn''.gexf</code> |the '''cluster''' network: each cluster becomes a node (weight, density), and the links add up the links between their nodes |macro reading: central and peripheral clusters |- |<code>json/*.json</code> |the same graphs in JSON, with the effective parameters (<code>meta</code>) |programmatic use |- |<code>clusters</code> (table and <code>clusters.csv</code>) |each node in its cluster, with normalized weight (sums to 1 within the cluster), density, '''stream''' and supertheme |composition and cohesion of each cluster |- |<code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code> or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code> |cluster(s) of each document |'''new corpus field''', used by other methods |- |<code>projection</code> |similarity of each document to each cluster |choosing the most representative documents of each cluster |- |<code>cluster</code>, <code>phylogeny</code> |cluster label per document; links between clusters of neighboring periods |support for the tubes |- |<code>tubes/</code> (interactive HTML, <code>energy.json</code>) |the alluvial diagram of cluster evolution |reading the emergence, merging, splitting and death of themes |- |<code>.user.log</code> |measure used, items per period, optimal and final threshold, nodes and edges of each network, modularity |checking what the method decided on its own (for example, the threshold) |} '''Two node metrics deserve attention:''' * '''degrees''' (<code>in-degree</code>, <code>out-degree</code>): sum of link weights; they point to highly connected nodes; * '''betweenness''': fraction of shortest paths that go through the node; it points to nodes that act as '''bridges''' between regions and clusters. == References == * Blondel, V. D.; Guillaume, J.-L.; Lambiotte, R.; Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. '''J. Stat. Mech.''', 2008. * Cohen, M. B.; Gibbons, P. B.; Mugridge, W. B.; Colbourn, C. J. Constructing test suites for interaction testing. '''ICSE''', 2003. * Cointet, J.-P. '''La cartographie des traces textuelles comme méthodologie d'enquête en sciences sociales'''. HDR, École normale supérieure, 2017. * Cortext Manager Documentation: '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''', '''Network analysis & layout'''. https://docs.cortext.net/ * Palla, G.; Derényi, I.; Farkas, I.; Vicsek, T. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. '''Nature''', 435, 2005. * Rosvall, M.; Bergstrom, C. T. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. '''PNAS''', 105(4), 2008. * Rule, A.; Cointet, J.-P.; Bearman, P. S. Lexical shifts, substantive changes, and continuity in State of the Union discourse, 1790–2014. '''PNAS''', 112(35), 2015. 53tzp8qshcae2j7m10r0pc9hmq5nr7z 2840001 2839995 2026-10-13T09:25:35Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 2840001 wikitext text/x-wiki = Cortext Method - Network Mapping = <blockquote>Documentation page for the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping '''Network Mapping'''] method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping <code>cortext-usp</code>] fork). Sources: the official [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager] documentation (the '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''' and '''Network analysis & layout''' pages, plus the description of the output files shared by a member of the Cortext team), a reading of the code (<code>network_mapping/analysis.py</code> and the internal library [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/librarypy <code>librarypy</code>]) and the runs performed to build the tests.</blockquote> == Table of contents == # [[About Network Mapping#1. What it is for|What it is for]] # [[About Network Mapping#2. Basic concepts|Basic concepts]] # [[About Network Mapping#3. Preparing the corpus|Preparing the corpus]] # [[About Network Mapping#4. How the method works, step by step|How the method works, step by step]] # [[About Network Mapping#5. Parameters and how they affect the result|Parameters and how they affect the result]] # [[About Network Mapping#6. Combinations to avoid|Combinations to avoid]] # [[About Network Mapping#7. Output files|Output files]] ---- == 1. What it is for == Network Mapping builds '''network maps''' from a corpus of documents (for example, scientific articles, newspaper articles, posts). The central idea is '''co-occurrence''': two items that appear in the '''same document''' are related in some way. By counting how many times this happens across the whole corpus and turning those counts into a proximity measure, the method builds a network. It then finds the groups of items most strongly linked to each other (the '''clusters''') and, if there are several time periods, tracks how these groups emerge, merge, split and disappear. Items do not have to be words only: any corpus field can become a node, such as terms extracted from the text, authors, keywords, journals, cited references and countries. '''Research questions the method helps answer:''' * What are the main themes of a corpus, and which terms make up each theme? (terms × terms network) * Who collaborates with whom? (co-authorship: authors × authors) * Which works are cited together, that is, what are the intellectual foundations of a field? (co-citation: references × references) * Which authors, journals or countries are associated with which themes? (heterogeneous networks, for example authors × terms) * How do themes evolve over time? (several periods and the tube diagram) '''Background.''' The proximity measures come from statistics and corpus linguistics (chi-square, mutual information, cosine, distributional measures). Community detection uses classic algorithms (Louvain, Infomap, clique percolation). The temporal analysis follows Rule, Cointet and Bearman (2015). The automatic choice of the proximity threshold is a heuristic discussed in Jean-Philippe Cointet's HDR (2017). Full references are at the end of the page. == 2. Basic concepts == {| class="wikitable" !Concept !What it is !Example |- |'''Corpus''' |the set of documents analyzed, stored in an SQLite database in which each field (author, term, date...) is a table |394 Web of Science articles; 821 articles from French newspapers |- |'''Field''' |a type of information in the documents; the method takes two: <code>field1</code> and <code>field2</code> |<code>Terms</code>, <code>Author</code>, <code>Journal</code>, <code>Cited References</code> |- |'''Co-occurrence''' |two items present in the same document; the count becomes the raw weight of the link |the terms "depression" and "loneliness" appear together in 12 documents |- |'''Homogeneous network''' |<code>field1 = field2</code>: all nodes are of the same type |terms × terms (semantic network), authors × authors (co-authorship) |- |'''Heterogeneous network''' |<code>field1 ≠ field2</code>: two node types, linked when they appear in the same documents |authors × terms: an author is close to the terms they use |- |'''Affiliation network''' |with the <code>\_het</code> measures, two different fields produce a network '''with only the nodes of the first field''', close when they have similar profiles in the second |authors linked because they share the same themes |- |'''Proximity measure''' |turns the raw count into an edge weight that takes the frequency of each item into account |chi-square, mutual information, cosine |- |'''Cluster''' (community) |group of nodes more strongly linked to each other than to the rest of the network; it is a '''mesoscopic''' reading of the corpus (the themes) |a cluster with "vaccine", "immunity", "dose" |- |'''Period''' |time slice of the corpus; each period has its own network and its own clusters |1982–2005, 2006–2016, 2017–2023 |- |'''Phylogeny / tubes''' |links between clusters of consecutive periods, showing the continuity of themes |the 2020 "vaccine" theme descends from two 2019 themes |- |'''Projection''' |each document is associated with the clusters whose content is most similar to its own |article X belongs to the "vaccine" theme |} '''Proximity and clustering are different things.''' The proximity measure is '''local''': it tells how strongly two items are linked by looking at their co-occurrences. It is an arithmetic, deterministic computation made from the database. Clustering is '''structural''': it looks at the whole network and searches for dense regions, revealing how sets of items are organized. That is why the same network can produce different partitions with different algorithms or resolutions. With the form's default algorithm (<code>louvain resolution</code>), the partition may even change between two runs with the same parameters. == 3. Preparing the corpus == The method reads the corpus from SQLite: each field is a table with the document id (<code>id</code>), the position of the item in the document (<code>rank</code>, <code>parserank</code>) and the value (<code>data</code>). A few precautions determine whether the analysis makes sense: * '''Extracted terms.''' To analyze textual content, the corpus needs a terms table (for example <code>Terms</code>), produced beforehand by a term extraction and indexing method such as [https://docs.cortext.net/lexical-extraction/ '''Terms Extraction''']. Without it, only metadata (authors, journals, keywords) can become nodes. The quality of the terms defines the quality of the semantic network. * '''Sentence position.''' The "short-range" co-occurrence option (<code>localcooc</code>) needs to know which sentence each term is in (<code>parserank</code>). Only terms indexed with this information support this option. * '''Dates.''' The temporal analysis uses the corpus date table (<code>ISIpubdate</code>) or a table of custom periods. Monthly (format <code>202001</code>) and yearly dates both work. * '''Fields with one value per document.''' Fields such as <code>Journal</code> have a single value per document. In a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>), two journals never appear in the same document, and the network is empty. These fields make sense in heterogeneous networks (<code>Journal × Terms</code>). * '''The method modifies the corpus.''' It creates new tables in the database itself (<code>clusters</code>, <code>phylogeny</code>, <code>projection</code>, <code>cluster</code> and <code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code>). The <code>PC\_*</code> table works as a new field and can be used by other methods, for example to cross the clusters with another variable. This makes it a '''public contract''' of the method. == 4. How the method works, step by step == <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> corpus (SQLite) │ 1. node selection: the N most frequent items of each field, per period │ 2. co-occurrence counting (with optional sentence window and weighting) │ 3. proximity measure: co-occurrence → edge weight │ 4. edge filtering: optimal or fixed threshold, top edges, top neighbors │ 5. split into periods (one network per period) │ 6. community detection in each period │ 7. phylogeny: linking clusters across periods (tubes) │ 8. projection of documents onto clusters (tables in the database) │ 9. drawing and export: PDF/SVG/PNG, GEXF, JSON, tubes HTML ▼ maps, new tables in the corpus, network files and log </syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable" !Step !Deterministic? !Note |- |1 to 4: selection, co-occurrence, measure, filter |'''yes''' |the network structure (nodes, edges and weights) is always the same for the same input |- |5: periods |'''yes''' with the <code>regular</code> cut; '''no''' with the <code>homogeneous</code> cut and more than one period |the homogeneous cut draws the period boundaries at random ('''simulated annealing''' without a seed), and this changes even the network |- |6: communities |'''yes''' with <code>louvain</code> and <code>clique percolation</code>; '''no''' with <code>louvain resolution</code> (the form's default) and with <code>weighted_graph</code> |Louvain with resolution shuffles the nodes with an unseeded random generator |- |7 and 8: phylogeny and projection |follow step 6 |if the partition varies, they vary too |- |9: drawing |'''no''' |layouts use random draws; the shape of the image may change |} This split is the basis of the whole strategy for creating the [test cases](). == 5. Parameters and how they affect the result == The form has about 70 parameters in four sections. This section does not describe them one by one: it explains '''what each group changes in the result'''. === 5.1 Section 1: node selection === Defines '''which items exist in the network''' and the '''weight''' of each one. * '''Fields''' (<code>field1</code>, <code>field2</code>): the most important decision, because they define the research question and whether the network is homogeneous or heterogeneous. * '''Number of nodes''' (<code>top</code>, up to 500): the N most frequent items '''in each period'''. Few nodes give a readable network that only shows the "core" of the corpus; many nodes reveal smaller themes, at the cost of dense maps. <code>top2</code> allows a different N for the second field. * '''Same nodes in all periods''' (<code>fixed</code>): without this option, each period has its own top N, and the maps only partially overlap. With it, the N most frequent items in the whole corpus appear in every period, which makes periods easier to compare. * '''Node weight''' (<code>size_node</code>): sum of co-occurrences (default) or frequency. Changes the size of the nodes and the weight used in the projection. * '''Lowercase''' (<code>lowering</code>): merges labels that differ only in case, useful for cited journals. === 5.2 Section 2: edges === Defines '''how co-occurrences become links''' and '''which links survive'''. * '''Proximity measure.''' This is the numerical core of the method: {| class="wikitable" !Type !Measures !Purpose !Range |- |Direct |<code>raw</code>, <code>chi2</code>, <code>mutual information</code>, <code>cramer</code> |only look at the co-occurrence between the two items; recommended for '''heterogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>chi2</code>); <code>raw</code> keeps the counts, useful in collaboration networks |≥ 0, no upper bound (<code>cramer</code> ≤ 1) |- |Indirect |<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>, <code>distributional (l-l r)</code> |two items are close when they co-occur with the '''same other items''', even if they do not co-occur with each other; only for '''homogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>distributional</code>) |between 0 and 1 |- |Affiliation |<code>cosine_het</code>, <code>dot_product_het</code> (the <code>bipartweighting</code> option reduces the weight of very frequent items of the 2nd field) |network with only the nodes of the 1st field, compared by their profile in the 2nd; require different fields |<code>cosine_het</code> between 0 and 1; <code>dot_product_het</code> no upper bound |} * '''Filtering.''' Without a filter, the network has too many links to be read. There are three strategies, which can be combined: * '''optimal threshold''' (default): the method searches for the threshold at which the network is about to break into pieces and stays just below it. The result has the smallest number of links that still keeps the clusters connected to each other; * '''fixed threshold''' (<code>distance_thres</code>): requires knowing the range of the chosen measure; * '''top edges''' (<code>top_edges</code>) and '''top neighbors''' (<code>k_nearest</code>): the documentation suggests top neighbors with indirect measures, and a threshold or top edges with direct measures. * '''Heterogeneous edges''' (<code>type_biparti</code>): in a heterogeneous network, also links items of the same field. * '''Short-range co-occurrence''' (<code>localcooc</code>, <code>localcoocrange</code>, <code>contextdecay</code>): only counts co-occurrences up to N sentences apart, with a weight that can decay with distance. It matters in long documents, where "appearing in the same document" says little. * '''Democratic''' (<code>democratic</code>, experimental): each document contributes equally, no matter how many items it has. It prevents an article with 200 authors from dominating a co-authorship network. === 5.3 Section 3: dynamics === Defines '''how time is sliced'''. Each period has its own network and its own clusters. * '''Number of periods''' (<code>nb_period</code>): with more than one, the phylogeny and the tubes appear. * '''Distribution''' (<code>time_cut_type</code>): <code>regular</code> (slices with the same number of years) or <code>homogeneous</code> (slices with similar numbers of documents). '''Warning:''' the homogeneous cut is random, so two identical runs may produce different periods. * '''Overlap''' (<code>overlap</code>): neighboring periods share half of their time span or documents, which smooths the evolution and strengthens the links between periods. * '''Sequence''' (<code>sequence_type</code>): <code>snapshot</code> (successive periods) or <code>growing</code> (each period starts at the beginning of the corpus and grows). === 5.4 Section 4: network analysis and layout === Defines '''the partition''', '''the temporal evolution''', '''the projection''' and '''the drawing'''. * '''Community algorithm:''' * <code>louvain resolution</code> (default and recommended by the documentation): the <code>resolution</code> parameter controls cluster size (a smaller value yields more, smaller clusters); * <code>louvain</code>: the classic version; * <code>infomap</code>: tends to produce finer clusters; * <code>clique percolation</code>: overlapping clusters that exclude poorly connected nodes. * '''Minimum cluster size''' (<code>size_community_threshold</code>): discards small, "noisy" clusters. * '''Inter-temporal threshold''' (automatic, minimum and maximum): only links between clusters of neighboring periods with a similarity ('''strength''', derived from the Hellinger distance) above the threshold become tubes. Values close to 1 indicate strong continuity; close to 0, a break. * '''Projection''' (<code>compute_projection</code>, <code>univoque_mapping</code>, <code>projectionalias</code>, <code>oldschool</code>): associates each document with the most similar clusters (TF-IDF similarity). With <code>univoque_mapping</code>, each document gets at most one cluster. The result is the <code>PC\_*</code> table (or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code>). * '''Tagging and heatmap:''' label the clusters with a third field (for example, the most specific journals of each theme) or color the map according to a value of that field. In the tests, they changed only the drawings and the file names, not the tables or the exported networks. * '''Historical map:''' fixes the horizontal position of each node by its date (or by the moment it reaches 20% of its frequency). It is a way of '''drawing''': it does not change the network. * '''Drawing-only options:''' labels, alpha-shapes, label overlap, crossing minimization in the tubes, font. They change the PDF and the positions, not the data. == 6. Combinations to avoid == Combinations the form accepts but that produce an empty or misleading result, or an error. Those marked with a finding identifier (for example, B13) were found by the tests. {| class="wikitable" !Combination !What happens !Recommendation |- |Indirect measure (<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>) with different fields |the documentation states they were designed only for homogeneous networks |use <code>chi2</code> or <code>mutual information</code> in heterogeneous networks |- |<code>\_het</code> measure with identical fields |there is no "second field" to compare profiles |use only with <code>field1 ≠ field2</code> |- |Single-value field in a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>) or very small <code>top</code> |empty network, and the script crashes at the end (B13) |use the field in a heterogeneous network; <code>top</code> ≥ 10 |- |<code>democratic</code> with different fields and no heterogeneous edges |division by zero when a document has a single item in the 2nd field (B9) |use with homogeneous networks |- |<code>keep_scaled</code> without projection |<code>int(None)</code> error (B12) |enable the projection |- |<code>dot_product_het</code> without normalization and with the optimal threshold |the threshold search finds no cut-off point, runs about 10 thousand steps and returns the upper bound (99.98); it can take tens of minutes (B26) |use a fixed threshold or <code>bipartweighting</code> |- |<code>clique percolation</code> with several periods |may break the phylogeny, depending on the data (B25) |prefer Louvain for temporal analyses |- |<code>homogeneous</code> cut or <code>louvain resolution</code> when reproducibility matters |periods or partition change between runs (B17) |for reproducible results: <code>regular</code> cut and <code>louvain</code> |- |<code>robustness</code> |crashes during drawing (B10) and is overridden by multiprocessing (B5) |avoid |- |<code>infomap</code> outside the production server |the binary is not found and the result has 0 clusters, with no warning (B14) |check the log |} == 7. Output files == {| class="wikitable" !File or table !What it represents !What it is for |- |<code>maps/</code> (PDF, SVG or PNG) |the maps of each period, with colored clusters |visual reading; the SVG can be edited in the '''Label editor''' |- |<code>maps_output.zip</code> → <code>gexf/''hn''.gexf</code> |the '''node''' network: nodes with weight, degrees and betweenness; edges with source, target and weight |open in Gephi or Retina; per-node metrics |- |<code>gexf/''hhn''.gexf</code> |the '''cluster''' network: each cluster becomes a node (weight, density), and the links add up the links between their nodes |macro reading: central and peripheral clusters |- |<code>json/*.json</code> |the same graphs in JSON, with the effective parameters (<code>meta</code>) |programmatic use |- |<code>clusters</code> (table and <code>clusters.csv</code>) |each node in its cluster, with normalized weight (sums to 1 within the cluster), density, '''stream''' and supertheme |composition and cohesion of each cluster |- |<code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code> or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code> |cluster(s) of each document |'''new corpus field''', used by other methods |- |<code>projection</code> |similarity of each document to each cluster |choosing the most representative documents of each cluster |- |<code>cluster</code>, <code>phylogeny</code> |cluster label per document; links between clusters of neighboring periods |support for the tubes |- |<code>tubes/</code> (interactive HTML, <code>energy.json</code>) |the alluvial diagram of cluster evolution |reading the emergence, merging, splitting and death of themes |- |<code>.user.log</code> |measure used, items per period, optimal and final threshold, nodes and edges of each network, modularity |checking what the method decided on its own (for example, the threshold) |} '''Two node metrics deserve attention:''' * '''degrees''' (<code>in-degree</code>, <code>out-degree</code>): sum of link weights; they point to highly connected nodes; * '''betweenness''': fraction of shortest paths that go through the node; it points to nodes that act as '''bridges''' between regions and clusters. == Notes == This initial functional documentation was proposed and developed by contributor <nowiki>[[User:Calixto Rosa|Júlia Calixto Rosa]]</nowiki> as part of the refactoring of the Network Mapping method. The initiative builds on her previous contributions to the refactoring of other Cortext methods and the development of supporting artifacts, within a broader effort to modernize legacy research software and align it with the principles of Free Software and Open Science. When beginning work on Network Mapping, a method with a more complex implementation and a larger number of parameters and methodological details, the contributor identified the need for an initial, functional overview of the method, complementing the existing user-oriented documentation in <nowiki>[https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager]</nowiki>. Although the existing documentation describes how to use the method, some of its particularities and implementation-related details were not sufficiently explicit, and knowledge about its behavior remained concentrated among a small number of maintainers. This situation creates barriers not only for contributors seeking to understand, refactor, or extend the code, but also for users who need to understand the methodological assumptions, parameter choices, limitations, and outputs of their analyses. Making this knowledge explicit and accessible is consistent with the principles of Open Science: understanding how a method works should not depend exclusively on access to the people who maintain it. The documentation was developed from the available Cortext Manager documentation, a document describing the output files, an examination of the existing code, and discussions with the method's maintainers. It therefore represents an initial overview rather than an exhaustive or definitive specification. Some information may be incomplete or require correction, and the documentation is intended to be reviewed and improved by the maintaining team. Beyond documenting Network Mapping, this initiative is intended to provide an initial model for the documentation of other Cortext methods that still require refactoring and remain in a legacy state. Establishing a minimum functional understanding of these methods can support future refactoring work, facilitate knowledge transfer, lower barriers to contribution, and improve the accessibility and reproducibility of the research conducted using the platform. == References == * Blondel, V. D.; Guillaume, J.-L.; Lambiotte, R.; Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. '''J. Stat. Mech.''', 2008. * Cohen, M. B.; Gibbons, P. B.; Mugridge, W. B.; Colbourn, C. J. Constructing test suites for interaction testing. '''ICSE''', 2003. * Cointet, J.-P. '''La cartographie des traces textuelles comme méthodologie d'enquête en sciences sociales'''. HDR, École normale supérieure, 2017. * Cortext Manager Documentation: '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''', '''Network analysis & layout'''. https://docs.cortext.net/ * Palla, G.; Derényi, I.; Farkas, I.; Vicsek, T. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. '''Nature''', 435, 2005. * Rosvall, M.; Bergstrom, C. T. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. '''PNAS''', 105(4), 2008. * Rule, A.; Cointet, J.-P.; Bearman, P. S. Lexical shifts, substantive changes, and continuity in State of the Union discourse, 1790–2014. '''PNAS''', 112(35), 2015. nwumvegcowe3ig9hwjieyjilu3pfssb 2840002 2840001 2026-10-13T09:31:01Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 2840002 wikitext text/x-wiki = Cortext Method - Network Mapping = <blockquote>Documentation page for the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping '''Network Mapping'''] method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping <code>cortext-usp</code>] fork). Sources: the official [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager] documentation (the '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''' and '''Network analysis & layout''' pages, plus the description of the output files shared by a member of the Cortext team), a reading of the code (<code>network_mapping/analysis.py</code> and the internal library [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/librarypy <code>librarypy</code>]) and the runs performed to build the tests.</blockquote> == Table of contents == # [[About Network Mapping#1. What it is for|What it is for]] # [[About Network Mapping#2. Basic concepts|Basic concepts]] # [[About Network Mapping#3. Preparing the corpus|Preparing the corpus]] # [[About Network Mapping#4. How the method works, step by step|How the method works, step by step]] # [[About Network Mapping#5. Parameters and how they affect the result|Parameters and how they affect the result]] # [[About Network Mapping#6. Combinations to avoid|Combinations to avoid]] # [[About Network Mapping#7. Output files|Output files]] ---- == 1. What it is for == Network Mapping builds '''network maps''' from a corpus of documents (for example, scientific articles, newspaper articles, posts). The central idea is '''co-occurrence''': two items that appear in the '''same document''' are related in some way. By counting how many times this happens across the whole corpus and turning those counts into a proximity measure, the method builds a network. It then finds the groups of items most strongly linked to each other (the '''clusters''') and, if there are several time periods, tracks how these groups emerge, merge, split and disappear. Items do not have to be words only: any corpus field can become a node, such as terms extracted from the text, authors, keywords, journals, cited references and countries. '''Research questions the method helps answer:''' * What are the main themes of a corpus, and which terms make up each theme? (terms × terms network) * Who collaborates with whom? (co-authorship: authors × authors) * Which works are cited together, that is, what are the intellectual foundations of a field? (co-citation: references × references) * Which authors, journals or countries are associated with which themes? (heterogeneous networks, for example authors × terms) * How do themes evolve over time? (several periods and the tube diagram) '''Background.''' The proximity measures come from statistics and corpus linguistics (chi-square, mutual information, cosine, distributional measures). Community detection uses classic algorithms (Louvain, Infomap, clique percolation). The temporal analysis follows Rule, Cointet and Bearman (2015). The automatic choice of the proximity threshold is a heuristic discussed in Jean-Philippe Cointet's HDR (2017). Full references are at the end of the page. == 2. Basic concepts == {| class="wikitable" !Concept !What it is !Example |- |'''Corpus''' |the set of documents analyzed, stored in an SQLite database in which each field (author, term, date...) is a table |394 Web of Science articles; 821 articles from French newspapers |- |'''Field''' |a type of information in the documents; the method takes two: <code>field1</code> and <code>field2</code> |<code>Terms</code>, <code>Author</code>, <code>Journal</code>, <code>Cited References</code> |- |'''Co-occurrence''' |two items present in the same document; the count becomes the raw weight of the link |the terms "depression" and "loneliness" appear together in 12 documents |- |'''Homogeneous network''' |<code>field1 = field2</code>: all nodes are of the same type |terms × terms (semantic network), authors × authors (co-authorship) |- |'''Heterogeneous network''' |<code>field1 ≠ field2</code>: two node types, linked when they appear in the same documents |authors × terms: an author is close to the terms they use |- |'''Affiliation network''' |with the <code>\_het</code> measures, two different fields produce a network '''with only the nodes of the first field''', close when they have similar profiles in the second |authors linked because they share the same themes |- |'''Proximity measure''' |turns the raw count into an edge weight that takes the frequency of each item into account |chi-square, mutual information, cosine |- |'''Cluster''' (community) |group of nodes more strongly linked to each other than to the rest of the network; it is a '''mesoscopic''' reading of the corpus (the themes) |a cluster with "vaccine", "immunity", "dose" |- |'''Period''' |time slice of the corpus; each period has its own network and its own clusters |1982–2005, 2006–2016, 2017–2023 |- |'''Phylogeny / tubes''' |links between clusters of consecutive periods, showing the continuity of themes |the 2020 "vaccine" theme descends from two 2019 themes |- |'''Projection''' |each document is associated with the clusters whose content is most similar to its own |article X belongs to the "vaccine" theme |} '''Proximity and clustering are different things.''' The proximity measure is '''local''': it tells how strongly two items are linked by looking at their co-occurrences. It is an arithmetic, deterministic computation made from the database. Clustering is '''structural''': it looks at the whole network and searches for dense regions, revealing how sets of items are organized. That is why the same network can produce different partitions with different algorithms or resolutions. With the form's default algorithm (<code>louvain resolution</code>), the partition may even change between two runs with the same parameters. == 3. Preparing the corpus == The method reads the corpus from SQLite: each field is a table with the document id (<code>id</code>), the position of the item in the document (<code>rank</code>, <code>parserank</code>) and the value (<code>data</code>). A few precautions determine whether the analysis makes sense: * '''Extracted terms.''' To analyze textual content, the corpus needs a terms table (for example <code>Terms</code>), produced beforehand by a term extraction and indexing method such as [https://docs.cortext.net/lexical-extraction/ '''Terms Extraction''']. Without it, only metadata (authors, journals, keywords) can become nodes. The quality of the terms defines the quality of the semantic network. * '''Sentence position.''' The "short-range" co-occurrence option (<code>localcooc</code>) needs to know which sentence each term is in (<code>parserank</code>). Only terms indexed with this information support this option. * '''Dates.''' The temporal analysis uses the corpus date table (<code>ISIpubdate</code>) or a table of custom periods. Monthly (format <code>202001</code>) and yearly dates both work. * '''Fields with one value per document.''' Fields such as <code>Journal</code> have a single value per document. In a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>), two journals never appear in the same document, and the network is empty. These fields make sense in heterogeneous networks (<code>Journal × Terms</code>). * '''The method modifies the corpus.''' It creates new tables in the database itself (<code>clusters</code>, <code>phylogeny</code>, <code>projection</code>, <code>cluster</code> and <code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code>). The <code>PC\_*</code> table works as a new field and can be used by other methods, for example to cross the clusters with another variable. This makes it a '''public contract''' of the method. == 4. How the method works, step by step == <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> corpus (SQLite) │ 1. node selection: the N most frequent items of each field, per period │ 2. co-occurrence counting (with optional sentence window and weighting) │ 3. proximity measure: co-occurrence → edge weight │ 4. edge filtering: optimal or fixed threshold, top edges, top neighbors │ 5. split into periods (one network per period) │ 6. community detection in each period │ 7. phylogeny: linking clusters across periods (tubes) │ 8. projection of documents onto clusters (tables in the database) │ 9. drawing and export: PDF/SVG/PNG, GEXF, JSON, tubes HTML ▼ maps, new tables in the corpus, network files and log </syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable" !Step !Deterministic? !Note |- |1 to 4: selection, co-occurrence, measure, filter |'''yes''' |the network structure (nodes, edges and weights) is always the same for the same input |- |5: periods |'''yes''' with the <code>regular</code> cut; '''no''' with the <code>homogeneous</code> cut and more than one period |the homogeneous cut draws the period boundaries at random ('''simulated annealing''' without a seed), and this changes even the network |- |6: communities |'''yes''' with <code>louvain</code> and <code>clique percolation</code>; '''no''' with <code>louvain resolution</code> (the form's default) and with <code>weighted_graph</code> |Louvain with resolution shuffles the nodes with an unseeded random generator |- |7 and 8: phylogeny and projection |follow step 6 |if the partition varies, they vary too |- |9: drawing |'''no''' |layouts use random draws; the shape of the image may change |} This split is the basis of the whole strategy for creating the [test cases](). == 5. Parameters and how they affect the result == The form has about 70 parameters in four sections. This section does not describe them one by one: it explains '''what each group changes in the result'''. === 5.1 Section 1: node selection === Defines '''which items exist in the network''' and the '''weight''' of each one. * '''Fields''' (<code>field1</code>, <code>field2</code>): the most important decision, because they define the research question and whether the network is homogeneous or heterogeneous. * '''Number of nodes''' (<code>top</code>, up to 500): the N most frequent items '''in each period'''. Few nodes give a readable network that only shows the "core" of the corpus; many nodes reveal smaller themes, at the cost of dense maps. <code>top2</code> allows a different N for the second field. * '''Same nodes in all periods''' (<code>fixed</code>): without this option, each period has its own top N, and the maps only partially overlap. With it, the N most frequent items in the whole corpus appear in every period, which makes periods easier to compare. * '''Node weight''' (<code>size_node</code>): sum of co-occurrences (default) or frequency. Changes the size of the nodes and the weight used in the projection. * '''Lowercase''' (<code>lowering</code>): merges labels that differ only in case, useful for cited journals. === 5.2 Section 2: edges === Defines '''how co-occurrences become links''' and '''which links survive'''. * '''Proximity measure.''' This is the numerical core of the method: {| class="wikitable" !Type !Measures !Purpose !Range |- |Direct |<code>raw</code>, <code>chi2</code>, <code>mutual information</code>, <code>cramer</code> |only look at the co-occurrence between the two items; recommended for '''heterogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>chi2</code>); <code>raw</code> keeps the counts, useful in collaboration networks |≥ 0, no upper bound (<code>cramer</code> ≤ 1) |- |Indirect |<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>, <code>distributional (l-l r)</code> |two items are close when they co-occur with the '''same other items''', even if they do not co-occur with each other; only for '''homogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>distributional</code>) |between 0 and 1 |- |Affiliation |<code>cosine_het</code>, <code>dot_product_het</code> (the <code>bipartweighting</code> option reduces the weight of very frequent items of the 2nd field) |network with only the nodes of the 1st field, compared by their profile in the 2nd; require different fields |<code>cosine_het</code> between 0 and 1; <code>dot_product_het</code> no upper bound |} * '''Filtering.''' Without a filter, the network has too many links to be read. There are three strategies, which can be combined: * '''optimal threshold''' (default): the method searches for the threshold at which the network is about to break into pieces and stays just below it. The result has the smallest number of links that still keeps the clusters connected to each other; * '''fixed threshold''' (<code>distance_thres</code>): requires knowing the range of the chosen measure; * '''top edges''' (<code>top_edges</code>) and '''top neighbors''' (<code>k_nearest</code>): the documentation suggests top neighbors with indirect measures, and a threshold or top edges with direct measures. * '''Heterogeneous edges''' (<code>type_biparti</code>): in a heterogeneous network, also links items of the same field. * '''Short-range co-occurrence''' (<code>localcooc</code>, <code>localcoocrange</code>, <code>contextdecay</code>): only counts co-occurrences up to N sentences apart, with a weight that can decay with distance. It matters in long documents, where "appearing in the same document" says little. * '''Democratic''' (<code>democratic</code>, experimental): each document contributes equally, no matter how many items it has. It prevents an article with 200 authors from dominating a co-authorship network. === 5.3 Section 3: dynamics === Defines '''how time is sliced'''. Each period has its own network and its own clusters. * '''Number of periods''' (<code>nb_period</code>): with more than one, the phylogeny and the tubes appear. * '''Distribution''' (<code>time_cut_type</code>): <code>regular</code> (slices with the same number of years) or <code>homogeneous</code> (slices with similar numbers of documents). '''Warning:''' the homogeneous cut is random, so two identical runs may produce different periods. * '''Overlap''' (<code>overlap</code>): neighboring periods share half of their time span or documents, which smooths the evolution and strengthens the links between periods. * '''Sequence''' (<code>sequence_type</code>): <code>snapshot</code> (successive periods) or <code>growing</code> (each period starts at the beginning of the corpus and grows). === 5.4 Section 4: network analysis and layout === Defines '''the partition''', '''the temporal evolution''', '''the projection''' and '''the drawing'''. * '''Community algorithm:''' * <code>louvain resolution</code> (default and recommended by the documentation): the <code>resolution</code> parameter controls cluster size (a smaller value yields more, smaller clusters); * <code>louvain</code>: the classic version; * <code>infomap</code>: tends to produce finer clusters; * <code>clique percolation</code>: overlapping clusters that exclude poorly connected nodes. * '''Minimum cluster size''' (<code>size_community_threshold</code>): discards small, "noisy" clusters. * '''Inter-temporal threshold''' (automatic, minimum and maximum): only links between clusters of neighboring periods with a similarity ('''strength''', derived from the Hellinger distance) above the threshold become tubes. Values close to 1 indicate strong continuity; close to 0, a break. * '''Projection''' (<code>compute_projection</code>, <code>univoque_mapping</code>, <code>projectionalias</code>, <code>oldschool</code>): associates each document with the most similar clusters (TF-IDF similarity). With <code>univoque_mapping</code>, each document gets at most one cluster. The result is the <code>PC\_*</code> table (or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code>). * '''Tagging and heatmap:''' label the clusters with a third field (for example, the most specific journals of each theme) or color the map according to a value of that field. In the tests, they changed only the drawings and the file names, not the tables or the exported networks. * '''Historical map:''' fixes the horizontal position of each node by its date (or by the moment it reaches 20% of its frequency). It is a way of '''drawing''': it does not change the network. * '''Drawing-only options:''' labels, alpha-shapes, label overlap, crossing minimization in the tubes, font. They change the PDF and the positions, not the data. == 6. Combinations to avoid == Combinations the form accepts but that produce an empty or misleading result, or an error. Those marked with a finding identifier (for example, B13) were found by the tests. {| class="wikitable" !Combination !What happens !Recommendation |- |Indirect measure (<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>) with different fields |the documentation states they were designed only for homogeneous networks |use <code>chi2</code> or <code>mutual information</code> in heterogeneous networks |- |<code>\_het</code> measure with identical fields |there is no "second field" to compare profiles |use only with <code>field1 ≠ field2</code> |- |Single-value field in a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>) or very small <code>top</code> |empty network, and the script crashes at the end (B13) |use the field in a heterogeneous network; <code>top</code> ≥ 10 |- |<code>democratic</code> with different fields and no heterogeneous edges |division by zero when a document has a single item in the 2nd field (B9) |use with homogeneous networks |- |<code>keep_scaled</code> without projection |<code>int(None)</code> error (B12) |enable the projection |- |<code>dot_product_het</code> without normalization and with the optimal threshold |the threshold search finds no cut-off point, runs about 10 thousand steps and returns the upper bound (99.98); it can take tens of minutes (B26) |use a fixed threshold or <code>bipartweighting</code> |- |<code>clique percolation</code> with several periods |may break the phylogeny, depending on the data (B25) |prefer Louvain for temporal analyses |- |<code>homogeneous</code> cut or <code>louvain resolution</code> when reproducibility matters |periods or partition change between runs (B17) |for reproducible results: <code>regular</code> cut and <code>louvain</code> |- |<code>robustness</code> |crashes during drawing (B10) and is overridden by multiprocessing (B5) |avoid |- |<code>infomap</code> outside the production server |the binary is not found and the result has 0 clusters, with no warning (B14) |check the log |} == 7. Output files == {| class="wikitable" !File or table !What it represents !What it is for |- |<code>maps/</code> (PDF, SVG or PNG) |the maps of each period, with colored clusters |visual reading; the SVG can be edited in the '''Label editor''' |- |<code>maps_output.zip</code> → <code>gexf/''hn''.gexf</code> |the '''node''' network: nodes with weight, degrees and betweenness; edges with source, target and weight |open in Gephi or Retina; per-node metrics |- |<code>gexf/''hhn''.gexf</code> |the '''cluster''' network: each cluster becomes a node (weight, density), and the links add up the links between their nodes |macro reading: central and peripheral clusters |- |<code>json/*.json</code> |the same graphs in JSON, with the effective parameters (<code>meta</code>) |programmatic use |- |<code>clusters</code> (table and <code>clusters.csv</code>) |each node in its cluster, with normalized weight (sums to 1 within the cluster), density, '''stream''' and supertheme |composition and cohesion of each cluster |- |<code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code> or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code> |cluster(s) of each document |'''new corpus field''', used by other methods |- |<code>projection</code> |similarity of each document to each cluster |choosing the most representative documents of each cluster |- |<code>cluster</code>, <code>phylogeny</code> |cluster label per document; links between clusters of neighboring periods |support for the tubes |- |<code>tubes/</code> (interactive HTML, <code>energy.json</code>) |the alluvial diagram of cluster evolution |reading the emergence, merging, splitting and death of themes |- |<code>.user.log</code> |measure used, items per period, optimal and final threshold, nodes and edges of each network, modularity |checking what the method decided on its own (for example, the threshold) |} '''Two node metrics deserve attention:''' * '''degrees''' (<code>in-degree</code>, <code>out-degree</code>): sum of link weights; they point to highly connected nodes; * '''betweenness''': fraction of shortest paths that go through the node; it points to nodes that act as '''bridges''' between regions and clusters. == Notes == This initial functional documentation was proposed and developed by contributor [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Calixto_Rosa Júlia Calixto] as part of the refactoring of the Network Mapping method. The initiative builds on her previous contributions to the refactoring of other Cortext methods and the development of supporting artifacts, within a broader effort to modernize legacy research software and align it with the principles of Free Software and Open Science. When beginning work on Network Mapping, a method with a more complex implementation and a larger number of parameters and methodological details, the contributor identified the need for an initial, functional overview of the method, complementing the existing user-oriented documentation in [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager]. Although the existing documentation describes how to use the method, some of its particularities and implementation-related details were not sufficiently explicit, and knowledge about its behavior remained concentrated among a small number of maintainers. This situation creates barriers not only for contributors seeking to understand, refactor, or extend the code, but also for users who need to understand the methodological assumptions, parameter choices, limitations, and outputs of their analyses. Making this knowledge explicit and accessible is consistent with the principles of Open Science: understanding how a method works should not depend exclusively on access to the people who maintain it. The documentation was developed from the available Cortext Manager documentation, a document describing the output files, an examination of the existing code, and discussions with the method's maintainers. It therefore represents an initial overview rather than an exhaustive or definitive specification. Some information may be incomplete or require correction, and the documentation is intended to be reviewed and improved by the maintaining team. Beyond documenting Network Mapping, this initiative is intended to provide an initial model for the documentation of other Cortext methods that still require refactoring and remain in a legacy state. Establishing a minimum functional understanding of these methods can support future refactoring work, facilitate knowledge transfer, lower barriers to contribution, and improve the accessibility and reproducibility of the research conducted using the platform. == References == * Blondel, V. D.; Guillaume, J.-L.; Lambiotte, R.; Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. '''J. Stat. Mech.''', 2008. * Cohen, M. B.; Gibbons, P. B.; Mugridge, W. B.; Colbourn, C. J. Constructing test suites for interaction testing. '''ICSE''', 2003. * Cointet, J.-P. '''La cartographie des traces textuelles comme méthodologie d'enquête en sciences sociales'''. HDR, École normale supérieure, 2017. * Cortext Manager Documentation: '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''', '''Network analysis & layout'''. https://docs.cortext.net/ * Palla, G.; Derényi, I.; Farkas, I.; Vicsek, T. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. '''Nature''', 435, 2005. * Rosvall, M.; Bergstrom, C. T. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. '''PNAS''', 105(4), 2008. * Rule, A.; Cointet, J.-P.; Bearman, P. S. Lexical shifts, substantive changes, and continuity in State of the Union discourse, 1790–2014. '''PNAS''', 112(35), 2015. baynv9og7bbdanm95q0elretztc5m4p 2840003 2840002 2026-10-13T09:31:40Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 /* Cortext Method - Network Mapping */ 2840003 wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote>Documentation page for the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping '''Network Mapping'''] method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping <code>cortext-usp</code>] fork). Sources: the official [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager] documentation (the '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''' and '''Network analysis & layout''' pages, plus the description of the output files shared by a member of the Cortext team), a reading of the code (<code>network_mapping/analysis.py</code> and the internal library [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/librarypy <code>librarypy</code>]) and the runs performed to build the tests.</blockquote> == Table of contents == # [[About Network Mapping#1. What it is for|What it is for]] # [[About Network Mapping#2. Basic concepts|Basic concepts]] # [[About Network Mapping#3. Preparing the corpus|Preparing the corpus]] # [[About Network Mapping#4. How the method works, step by step|How the method works, step by step]] # [[About Network Mapping#5. Parameters and how they affect the result|Parameters and how they affect the result]] # [[About Network Mapping#6. Combinations to avoid|Combinations to avoid]] # [[About Network Mapping#7. Output files|Output files]] ---- == 1. What it is for == Network Mapping builds '''network maps''' from a corpus of documents (for example, scientific articles, newspaper articles, posts). The central idea is '''co-occurrence''': two items that appear in the '''same document''' are related in some way. By counting how many times this happens across the whole corpus and turning those counts into a proximity measure, the method builds a network. It then finds the groups of items most strongly linked to each other (the '''clusters''') and, if there are several time periods, tracks how these groups emerge, merge, split and disappear. Items do not have to be words only: any corpus field can become a node, such as terms extracted from the text, authors, keywords, journals, cited references and countries. '''Research questions the method helps answer:''' * What are the main themes of a corpus, and which terms make up each theme? (terms × terms network) * Who collaborates with whom? (co-authorship: authors × authors) * Which works are cited together, that is, what are the intellectual foundations of a field? (co-citation: references × references) * Which authors, journals or countries are associated with which themes? (heterogeneous networks, for example authors × terms) * How do themes evolve over time? (several periods and the tube diagram) '''Background.''' The proximity measures come from statistics and corpus linguistics (chi-square, mutual information, cosine, distributional measures). Community detection uses classic algorithms (Louvain, Infomap, clique percolation). The temporal analysis follows Rule, Cointet and Bearman (2015). The automatic choice of the proximity threshold is a heuristic discussed in Jean-Philippe Cointet's HDR (2017). Full references are at the end of the page. == 2. Basic concepts == {| class="wikitable" !Concept !What it is !Example |- |'''Corpus''' |the set of documents analyzed, stored in an SQLite database in which each field (author, term, date...) is a table |394 Web of Science articles; 821 articles from French newspapers |- |'''Field''' |a type of information in the documents; the method takes two: <code>field1</code> and <code>field2</code> |<code>Terms</code>, <code>Author</code>, <code>Journal</code>, <code>Cited References</code> |- |'''Co-occurrence''' |two items present in the same document; the count becomes the raw weight of the link |the terms "depression" and "loneliness" appear together in 12 documents |- |'''Homogeneous network''' |<code>field1 = field2</code>: all nodes are of the same type |terms × terms (semantic network), authors × authors (co-authorship) |- |'''Heterogeneous network''' |<code>field1 ≠ field2</code>: two node types, linked when they appear in the same documents |authors × terms: an author is close to the terms they use |- |'''Affiliation network''' |with the <code>\_het</code> measures, two different fields produce a network '''with only the nodes of the first field''', close when they have similar profiles in the second |authors linked because they share the same themes |- |'''Proximity measure''' |turns the raw count into an edge weight that takes the frequency of each item into account |chi-square, mutual information, cosine |- |'''Cluster''' (community) |group of nodes more strongly linked to each other than to the rest of the network; it is a '''mesoscopic''' reading of the corpus (the themes) |a cluster with "vaccine", "immunity", "dose" |- |'''Period''' |time slice of the corpus; each period has its own network and its own clusters |1982–2005, 2006–2016, 2017–2023 |- |'''Phylogeny / tubes''' |links between clusters of consecutive periods, showing the continuity of themes |the 2020 "vaccine" theme descends from two 2019 themes |- |'''Projection''' |each document is associated with the clusters whose content is most similar to its own |article X belongs to the "vaccine" theme |} '''Proximity and clustering are different things.''' The proximity measure is '''local''': it tells how strongly two items are linked by looking at their co-occurrences. It is an arithmetic, deterministic computation made from the database. Clustering is '''structural''': it looks at the whole network and searches for dense regions, revealing how sets of items are organized. That is why the same network can produce different partitions with different algorithms or resolutions. With the form's default algorithm (<code>louvain resolution</code>), the partition may even change between two runs with the same parameters. == 3. Preparing the corpus == The method reads the corpus from SQLite: each field is a table with the document id (<code>id</code>), the position of the item in the document (<code>rank</code>, <code>parserank</code>) and the value (<code>data</code>). A few precautions determine whether the analysis makes sense: * '''Extracted terms.''' To analyze textual content, the corpus needs a terms table (for example <code>Terms</code>), produced beforehand by a term extraction and indexing method such as [https://docs.cortext.net/lexical-extraction/ '''Terms Extraction''']. Without it, only metadata (authors, journals, keywords) can become nodes. The quality of the terms defines the quality of the semantic network. * '''Sentence position.''' The "short-range" co-occurrence option (<code>localcooc</code>) needs to know which sentence each term is in (<code>parserank</code>). Only terms indexed with this information support this option. * '''Dates.''' The temporal analysis uses the corpus date table (<code>ISIpubdate</code>) or a table of custom periods. Monthly (format <code>202001</code>) and yearly dates both work. * '''Fields with one value per document.''' Fields such as <code>Journal</code> have a single value per document. In a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>), two journals never appear in the same document, and the network is empty. These fields make sense in heterogeneous networks (<code>Journal × Terms</code>). * '''The method modifies the corpus.''' It creates new tables in the database itself (<code>clusters</code>, <code>phylogeny</code>, <code>projection</code>, <code>cluster</code> and <code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code>). The <code>PC\_*</code> table works as a new field and can be used by other methods, for example to cross the clusters with another variable. This makes it a '''public contract''' of the method. == 4. How the method works, step by step == <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> corpus (SQLite) │ 1. node selection: the N most frequent items of each field, per period │ 2. co-occurrence counting (with optional sentence window and weighting) │ 3. proximity measure: co-occurrence → edge weight │ 4. edge filtering: optimal or fixed threshold, top edges, top neighbors │ 5. split into periods (one network per period) │ 6. community detection in each period │ 7. phylogeny: linking clusters across periods (tubes) │ 8. projection of documents onto clusters (tables in the database) │ 9. drawing and export: PDF/SVG/PNG, GEXF, JSON, tubes HTML ▼ maps, new tables in the corpus, network files and log </syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable" !Step !Deterministic? !Note |- |1 to 4: selection, co-occurrence, measure, filter |'''yes''' |the network structure (nodes, edges and weights) is always the same for the same input |- |5: periods |'''yes''' with the <code>regular</code> cut; '''no''' with the <code>homogeneous</code> cut and more than one period |the homogeneous cut draws the period boundaries at random ('''simulated annealing''' without a seed), and this changes even the network |- |6: communities |'''yes''' with <code>louvain</code> and <code>clique percolation</code>; '''no''' with <code>louvain resolution</code> (the form's default) and with <code>weighted_graph</code> |Louvain with resolution shuffles the nodes with an unseeded random generator |- |7 and 8: phylogeny and projection |follow step 6 |if the partition varies, they vary too |- |9: drawing |'''no''' |layouts use random draws; the shape of the image may change |} This split is the basis of the whole strategy for creating the [test cases](). == 5. Parameters and how they affect the result == The form has about 70 parameters in four sections. This section does not describe them one by one: it explains '''what each group changes in the result'''. === 5.1 Section 1: node selection === Defines '''which items exist in the network''' and the '''weight''' of each one. * '''Fields''' (<code>field1</code>, <code>field2</code>): the most important decision, because they define the research question and whether the network is homogeneous or heterogeneous. * '''Number of nodes''' (<code>top</code>, up to 500): the N most frequent items '''in each period'''. Few nodes give a readable network that only shows the "core" of the corpus; many nodes reveal smaller themes, at the cost of dense maps. <code>top2</code> allows a different N for the second field. * '''Same nodes in all periods''' (<code>fixed</code>): without this option, each period has its own top N, and the maps only partially overlap. With it, the N most frequent items in the whole corpus appear in every period, which makes periods easier to compare. * '''Node weight''' (<code>size_node</code>): sum of co-occurrences (default) or frequency. Changes the size of the nodes and the weight used in the projection. * '''Lowercase''' (<code>lowering</code>): merges labels that differ only in case, useful for cited journals. === 5.2 Section 2: edges === Defines '''how co-occurrences become links''' and '''which links survive'''. * '''Proximity measure.''' This is the numerical core of the method: {| class="wikitable" !Type !Measures !Purpose !Range |- |Direct |<code>raw</code>, <code>chi2</code>, <code>mutual information</code>, <code>cramer</code> |only look at the co-occurrence between the two items; recommended for '''heterogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>chi2</code>); <code>raw</code> keeps the counts, useful in collaboration networks |≥ 0, no upper bound (<code>cramer</code> ≤ 1) |- |Indirect |<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>, <code>distributional (l-l r)</code> |two items are close when they co-occur with the '''same other items''', even if they do not co-occur with each other; only for '''homogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>distributional</code>) |between 0 and 1 |- |Affiliation |<code>cosine_het</code>, <code>dot_product_het</code> (the <code>bipartweighting</code> option reduces the weight of very frequent items of the 2nd field) |network with only the nodes of the 1st field, compared by their profile in the 2nd; require different fields |<code>cosine_het</code> between 0 and 1; <code>dot_product_het</code> no upper bound |} * '''Filtering.''' Without a filter, the network has too many links to be read. There are three strategies, which can be combined: * '''optimal threshold''' (default): the method searches for the threshold at which the network is about to break into pieces and stays just below it. The result has the smallest number of links that still keeps the clusters connected to each other; * '''fixed threshold''' (<code>distance_thres</code>): requires knowing the range of the chosen measure; * '''top edges''' (<code>top_edges</code>) and '''top neighbors''' (<code>k_nearest</code>): the documentation suggests top neighbors with indirect measures, and a threshold or top edges with direct measures. * '''Heterogeneous edges''' (<code>type_biparti</code>): in a heterogeneous network, also links items of the same field. * '''Short-range co-occurrence''' (<code>localcooc</code>, <code>localcoocrange</code>, <code>contextdecay</code>): only counts co-occurrences up to N sentences apart, with a weight that can decay with distance. It matters in long documents, where "appearing in the same document" says little. * '''Democratic''' (<code>democratic</code>, experimental): each document contributes equally, no matter how many items it has. It prevents an article with 200 authors from dominating a co-authorship network. === 5.3 Section 3: dynamics === Defines '''how time is sliced'''. Each period has its own network and its own clusters. * '''Number of periods''' (<code>nb_period</code>): with more than one, the phylogeny and the tubes appear. * '''Distribution''' (<code>time_cut_type</code>): <code>regular</code> (slices with the same number of years) or <code>homogeneous</code> (slices with similar numbers of documents). '''Warning:''' the homogeneous cut is random, so two identical runs may produce different periods. * '''Overlap''' (<code>overlap</code>): neighboring periods share half of their time span or documents, which smooths the evolution and strengthens the links between periods. * '''Sequence''' (<code>sequence_type</code>): <code>snapshot</code> (successive periods) or <code>growing</code> (each period starts at the beginning of the corpus and grows). === 5.4 Section 4: network analysis and layout === Defines '''the partition''', '''the temporal evolution''', '''the projection''' and '''the drawing'''. * '''Community algorithm:''' * <code>louvain resolution</code> (default and recommended by the documentation): the <code>resolution</code> parameter controls cluster size (a smaller value yields more, smaller clusters); * <code>louvain</code>: the classic version; * <code>infomap</code>: tends to produce finer clusters; * <code>clique percolation</code>: overlapping clusters that exclude poorly connected nodes. * '''Minimum cluster size''' (<code>size_community_threshold</code>): discards small, "noisy" clusters. * '''Inter-temporal threshold''' (automatic, minimum and maximum): only links between clusters of neighboring periods with a similarity ('''strength''', derived from the Hellinger distance) above the threshold become tubes. Values close to 1 indicate strong continuity; close to 0, a break. * '''Projection''' (<code>compute_projection</code>, <code>univoque_mapping</code>, <code>projectionalias</code>, <code>oldschool</code>): associates each document with the most similar clusters (TF-IDF similarity). With <code>univoque_mapping</code>, each document gets at most one cluster. The result is the <code>PC\_*</code> table (or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code>). * '''Tagging and heatmap:''' label the clusters with a third field (for example, the most specific journals of each theme) or color the map according to a value of that field. In the tests, they changed only the drawings and the file names, not the tables or the exported networks. * '''Historical map:''' fixes the horizontal position of each node by its date (or by the moment it reaches 20% of its frequency). It is a way of '''drawing''': it does not change the network. * '''Drawing-only options:''' labels, alpha-shapes, label overlap, crossing minimization in the tubes, font. They change the PDF and the positions, not the data. == 6. Combinations to avoid == Combinations the form accepts but that produce an empty or misleading result, or an error. Those marked with a finding identifier (for example, B13) were found by the tests. {| class="wikitable" !Combination !What happens !Recommendation |- |Indirect measure (<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>) with different fields |the documentation states they were designed only for homogeneous networks |use <code>chi2</code> or <code>mutual information</code> in heterogeneous networks |- |<code>\_het</code> measure with identical fields |there is no "second field" to compare profiles |use only with <code>field1 ≠ field2</code> |- |Single-value field in a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>) or very small <code>top</code> |empty network, and the script crashes at the end (B13) |use the field in a heterogeneous network; <code>top</code> ≥ 10 |- |<code>democratic</code> with different fields and no heterogeneous edges |division by zero when a document has a single item in the 2nd field (B9) |use with homogeneous networks |- |<code>keep_scaled</code> without projection |<code>int(None)</code> error (B12) |enable the projection |- |<code>dot_product_het</code> without normalization and with the optimal threshold |the threshold search finds no cut-off point, runs about 10 thousand steps and returns the upper bound (99.98); it can take tens of minutes (B26) |use a fixed threshold or <code>bipartweighting</code> |- |<code>clique percolation</code> with several periods |may break the phylogeny, depending on the data (B25) |prefer Louvain for temporal analyses |- |<code>homogeneous</code> cut or <code>louvain resolution</code> when reproducibility matters |periods or partition change between runs (B17) |for reproducible results: <code>regular</code> cut and <code>louvain</code> |- |<code>robustness</code> |crashes during drawing (B10) and is overridden by multiprocessing (B5) |avoid |- |<code>infomap</code> outside the production server |the binary is not found and the result has 0 clusters, with no warning (B14) |check the log |} == 7. Output files == {| class="wikitable" !File or table !What it represents !What it is for |- |<code>maps/</code> (PDF, SVG or PNG) |the maps of each period, with colored clusters |visual reading; the SVG can be edited in the '''Label editor''' |- |<code>maps_output.zip</code> → <code>gexf/''hn''.gexf</code> |the '''node''' network: nodes with weight, degrees and betweenness; edges with source, target and weight |open in Gephi or Retina; per-node metrics |- |<code>gexf/''hhn''.gexf</code> |the '''cluster''' network: each cluster becomes a node (weight, density), and the links add up the links between their nodes |macro reading: central and peripheral clusters |- |<code>json/*.json</code> |the same graphs in JSON, with the effective parameters (<code>meta</code>) |programmatic use |- |<code>clusters</code> (table and <code>clusters.csv</code>) |each node in its cluster, with normalized weight (sums to 1 within the cluster), density, '''stream''' and supertheme |composition and cohesion of each cluster |- |<code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code> or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code> |cluster(s) of each document |'''new corpus field''', used by other methods |- |<code>projection</code> |similarity of each document to each cluster |choosing the most representative documents of each cluster |- |<code>cluster</code>, <code>phylogeny</code> |cluster label per document; links between clusters of neighboring periods |support for the tubes |- |<code>tubes/</code> (interactive HTML, <code>energy.json</code>) |the alluvial diagram of cluster evolution |reading the emergence, merging, splitting and death of themes |- |<code>.user.log</code> |measure used, items per period, optimal and final threshold, nodes and edges of each network, modularity |checking what the method decided on its own (for example, the threshold) |} '''Two node metrics deserve attention:''' * '''degrees''' (<code>in-degree</code>, <code>out-degree</code>): sum of link weights; they point to highly connected nodes; * '''betweenness''': fraction of shortest paths that go through the node; it points to nodes that act as '''bridges''' between regions and clusters. == Notes == This initial functional documentation was proposed and developed by contributor [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Calixto_Rosa Júlia Calixto] as part of the refactoring of the Network Mapping method. The initiative builds on her previous contributions to the refactoring of other Cortext methods and the development of supporting artifacts, within a broader effort to modernize legacy research software and align it with the principles of Free Software and Open Science. When beginning work on Network Mapping, a method with a more complex implementation and a larger number of parameters and methodological details, the contributor identified the need for an initial, functional overview of the method, complementing the existing user-oriented documentation in [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager]. Although the existing documentation describes how to use the method, some of its particularities and implementation-related details were not sufficiently explicit, and knowledge about its behavior remained concentrated among a small number of maintainers. This situation creates barriers not only for contributors seeking to understand, refactor, or extend the code, but also for users who need to understand the methodological assumptions, parameter choices, limitations, and outputs of their analyses. Making this knowledge explicit and accessible is consistent with the principles of Open Science: understanding how a method works should not depend exclusively on access to the people who maintain it. The documentation was developed from the available Cortext Manager documentation, a document describing the output files, an examination of the existing code, and discussions with the method's maintainers. It therefore represents an initial overview rather than an exhaustive or definitive specification. Some information may be incomplete or require correction, and the documentation is intended to be reviewed and improved by the maintaining team. Beyond documenting Network Mapping, this initiative is intended to provide an initial model for the documentation of other Cortext methods that still require refactoring and remain in a legacy state. Establishing a minimum functional understanding of these methods can support future refactoring work, facilitate knowledge transfer, lower barriers to contribution, and improve the accessibility and reproducibility of the research conducted using the platform. == References == * Blondel, V. D.; Guillaume, J.-L.; Lambiotte, R.; Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. '''J. Stat. Mech.''', 2008. * Cohen, M. B.; Gibbons, P. B.; Mugridge, W. B.; Colbourn, C. J. Constructing test suites for interaction testing. '''ICSE''', 2003. * Cointet, J.-P. '''La cartographie des traces textuelles comme méthodologie d'enquête en sciences sociales'''. HDR, École normale supérieure, 2017. * Cortext Manager Documentation: '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''', '''Network analysis & layout'''. https://docs.cortext.net/ * Palla, G.; Derényi, I.; Farkas, I.; Vicsek, T. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. '''Nature''', 435, 2005. * Rosvall, M.; Bergstrom, C. T. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. '''PNAS''', 105(4), 2008. * Rule, A.; Cointet, J.-P.; Bearman, P. S. Lexical shifts, substantive changes, and continuity in State of the Union discourse, 1790–2014. '''PNAS''', 112(35), 2015. 7kscrg6empqk6j0okh2v8emt7q1qj7u 0 332479 2840016 2026-10-13T10:52:07Z Calixto Rosa 3111607 Created page with " <blockquote>Documentation page for the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping '''Network Mapping'''] method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping <code>cortext-usp</code>] fork). Sources: the official [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager] documentation (the '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metric..." 2840016 wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote>Documentation page for the [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/network-mapping '''Network Mapping'''] method, written during the refactoring of the legacy code (work carried out in the [https://gitlab.com/cortext-usp/network-mapping <code>cortext-usp</code>] fork). Sources: the official [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager] documentation (the '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''' and '''Network analysis & layout''' pages, plus the description of the output files shared by a member of the Cortext team), a reading of the code (<code>network_mapping/analysis.py</code> and the internal library [https://gitlab.com/cortext/cortext-methods/librarypy <code>librarypy</code>]) and the runs performed to build the tests.</blockquote> == Table of contents == # [[About Network Mapping#1. What it is for|What it is for]] # [[About Network Mapping#2. Basic concepts|Basic concepts]] # [[About Network Mapping#3. Preparing the corpus|Preparing the corpus]] # [[About Network Mapping#4. How the method works, step by step|How the method works, step by step]] # [[About Network Mapping#5. Parameters and how they affect the result|Parameters and how they affect the result]] # [[About Network Mapping#6. Combinations to avoid|Combinations to avoid]] # [[About Network Mapping#7. Output files|Output files]] ---- == 1. What it is for == Network Mapping builds '''network maps''' from a corpus of documents (for example, scientific articles, newspaper articles, posts). The central idea is '''co-occurrence''': two items that appear in the '''same document''' are related in some way. By counting how many times this happens across the whole corpus and turning those counts into a proximity measure, the method builds a network. It then finds the groups of items most strongly linked to each other (the '''clusters''') and, if there are several time periods, tracks how these groups emerge, merge, split and disappear. Items do not have to be words only: any corpus field can become a node, such as terms extracted from the text, authors, keywords, journals, cited references and countries. '''Research questions the method helps answer:''' * What are the main themes of a corpus, and which terms make up each theme? (terms × terms network) * Who collaborates with whom? (co-authorship: authors × authors) * Which works are cited together, that is, what are the intellectual foundations of a field? (co-citation: references × references) * Which authors, journals or countries are associated with which themes? (heterogeneous networks, for example authors × terms) * How do themes evolve over time? (several periods and the tube diagram) '''Background.''' The proximity measures come from statistics and corpus linguistics (chi-square, mutual information, cosine, distributional measures). Community detection uses classic algorithms (Louvain, Infomap, clique percolation). The temporal analysis follows Rule, Cointet and Bearman (2015). The automatic choice of the proximity threshold is a heuristic discussed in Jean-Philippe Cointet's HDR (2017). Full references are at the end of the page. == 2. Basic concepts == {| class="wikitable" !Concept !What it is !Example |- |'''Corpus''' |the set of documents analyzed, stored in an SQLite database in which each field (author, term, date...) is a table |394 Web of Science articles; 821 articles from French newspapers |- |'''Field''' |a type of information in the documents; the method takes two: <code>field1</code> and <code>field2</code> |<code>Terms</code>, <code>Author</code>, <code>Journal</code>, <code>Cited References</code> |- |'''Co-occurrence''' |two items present in the same document; the count becomes the raw weight of the link |the terms "depression" and "loneliness" appear together in 12 documents |- |'''Homogeneous network''' |<code>field1 = field2</code>: all nodes are of the same type |terms × terms (semantic network), authors × authors (co-authorship) |- |'''Heterogeneous network''' |<code>field1 ≠ field2</code>: two node types, linked when they appear in the same documents |authors × terms: an author is close to the terms they use |- |'''Affiliation network''' |with the <code>\_het</code> measures, two different fields produce a network '''with only the nodes of the first field''', close when they have similar profiles in the second |authors linked because they share the same themes |- |'''Proximity measure''' |turns the raw count into an edge weight that takes the frequency of each item into account |chi-square, mutual information, cosine |- |'''Cluster''' (community) |group of nodes more strongly linked to each other than to the rest of the network; it is a '''mesoscopic''' reading of the corpus (the themes) |a cluster with "vaccine", "immunity", "dose" |- |'''Period''' |time slice of the corpus; each period has its own network and its own clusters |1982–2005, 2006–2016, 2017–2023 |- |'''Phylogeny / tubes''' |links between clusters of consecutive periods, showing the continuity of themes |the 2020 "vaccine" theme descends from two 2019 themes |- |'''Projection''' |each document is associated with the clusters whose content is most similar to its own |article X belongs to the "vaccine" theme |} '''Proximity and clustering are different things.''' The proximity measure is '''local''': it tells how strongly two items are linked by looking at their co-occurrences. It is an arithmetic, deterministic computation made from the database. Clustering is '''structural''': it looks at the whole network and searches for dense regions, revealing how sets of items are organized. That is why the same network can produce different partitions with different algorithms or resolutions. With the form's default algorithm (<code>louvain resolution</code>), the partition may even change between two runs with the same parameters. == 3. Preparing the corpus == The method reads the corpus from SQLite: each field is a table with the document id (<code>id</code>), the position of the item in the document (<code>rank</code>, <code>parserank</code>) and the value (<code>data</code>). A few precautions determine whether the analysis makes sense: * '''Extracted terms.''' To analyze textual content, the corpus needs a terms table (for example <code>Terms</code>), produced beforehand by a term extraction and indexing method such as [https://docs.cortext.net/lexical-extraction/ '''Terms Extraction''']. Without it, only metadata (authors, journals, keywords) can become nodes. The quality of the terms defines the quality of the semantic network. * '''Sentence position.''' The "short-range" co-occurrence option (<code>localcooc</code>) needs to know which sentence each term is in (<code>parserank</code>). Only terms indexed with this information support this option. * '''Dates.''' The temporal analysis uses the corpus date table (<code>ISIpubdate</code>) or a table of custom periods. Monthly (format <code>202001</code>) and yearly dates both work. * '''Fields with one value per document.''' Fields such as <code>Journal</code> have a single value per document. In a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>), two journals never appear in the same document, and the network is empty. These fields make sense in heterogeneous networks (<code>Journal × Terms</code>). * '''The method modifies the corpus.''' It creates new tables in the database itself (<code>clusters</code>, <code>phylogeny</code>, <code>projection</code>, <code>cluster</code> and <code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code>). The <code>PC\_*</code> table works as a new field and can be used by other methods, for example to cross the clusters with another variable. This makes it a '''public contract''' of the method. == 4. How the method works, step by step == <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> corpus (SQLite) │ 1. node selection: the N most frequent items of each field, per period │ 2. co-occurrence counting (with optional sentence window and weighting) │ 3. proximity measure: co-occurrence → edge weight │ 4. edge filtering: optimal or fixed threshold, top edges, top neighbors │ 5. split into periods (one network per period) │ 6. community detection in each period │ 7. phylogeny: linking clusters across periods (tubes) │ 8. projection of documents onto clusters (tables in the database) │ 9. drawing and export: PDF/SVG/PNG, GEXF, JSON, tubes HTML ▼ maps, new tables in the corpus, network files and log </syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable" !Step !Deterministic? !Note |- |1 to 4: selection, co-occurrence, measure, filter |'''yes''' |the network structure (nodes, edges and weights) is always the same for the same input |- |5: periods |'''yes''' with the <code>regular</code> cut; '''no''' with the <code>homogeneous</code> cut and more than one period |the homogeneous cut draws the period boundaries at random ('''simulated annealing''' without a seed), and this changes even the network |- |6: communities |'''yes''' with <code>louvain</code> and <code>clique percolation</code>; '''no''' with <code>louvain resolution</code> (the form's default) and with <code>weighted_graph</code> |Louvain with resolution shuffles the nodes with an unseeded random generator |- |7 and 8: phylogeny and projection |follow step 6 |if the partition varies, they vary too |- |9: drawing |'''no''' |layouts use random draws; the shape of the image may change |} This split is the basis of the whole strategy for creating the [test cases](). == 5. Parameters and how they affect the result == The form has about 70 parameters in four sections. This section does not describe them one by one: it explains '''what each group changes in the result'''. === 5.1 Section 1: node selection === Defines '''which items exist in the network''' and the '''weight''' of each one. * '''Fields''' (<code>field1</code>, <code>field2</code>): the most important decision, because they define the research question and whether the network is homogeneous or heterogeneous. * '''Number of nodes''' (<code>top</code>, up to 500): the N most frequent items '''in each period'''. Few nodes give a readable network that only shows the "core" of the corpus; many nodes reveal smaller themes, at the cost of dense maps. <code>top2</code> allows a different N for the second field. * '''Same nodes in all periods''' (<code>fixed</code>): without this option, each period has its own top N, and the maps only partially overlap. With it, the N most frequent items in the whole corpus appear in every period, which makes periods easier to compare. * '''Node weight''' (<code>size_node</code>): sum of co-occurrences (default) or frequency. Changes the size of the nodes and the weight used in the projection. * '''Lowercase''' (<code>lowering</code>): merges labels that differ only in case, useful for cited journals. === 5.2 Section 2: edges === Defines '''how co-occurrences become links''' and '''which links survive'''. * '''Proximity measure.''' This is the numerical core of the method: {| class="wikitable" !Type !Measures !Purpose !Range |- |Direct |<code>raw</code>, <code>chi2</code>, <code>mutual information</code>, <code>cramer</code> |only look at the co-occurrence between the two items; recommended for '''heterogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>chi2</code>); <code>raw</code> keeps the counts, useful in collaboration networks |≥ 0, no upper bound (<code>cramer</code> ≤ 1) |- |Indirect |<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>, <code>distributional (l-l r)</code> |two items are close when they co-occur with the '''same other items''', even if they do not co-occur with each other; only for '''homogeneous''' networks (the automatic default is <code>distributional</code>) |between 0 and 1 |- |Affiliation |<code>cosine_het</code>, <code>dot_product_het</code> (the <code>bipartweighting</code> option reduces the weight of very frequent items of the 2nd field) |network with only the nodes of the 1st field, compared by their profile in the 2nd; require different fields |<code>cosine_het</code> between 0 and 1; <code>dot_product_het</code> no upper bound |} * '''Filtering.''' Without a filter, the network has too many links to be read. There are three strategies, which can be combined: * '''optimal threshold''' (default): the method searches for the threshold at which the network is about to break into pieces and stays just below it. The result has the smallest number of links that still keeps the clusters connected to each other; * '''fixed threshold''' (<code>distance_thres</code>): requires knowing the range of the chosen measure; * '''top edges''' (<code>top_edges</code>) and '''top neighbors''' (<code>k_nearest</code>): the documentation suggests top neighbors with indirect measures, and a threshold or top edges with direct measures. * '''Heterogeneous edges''' (<code>type_biparti</code>): in a heterogeneous network, also links items of the same field. * '''Short-range co-occurrence''' (<code>localcooc</code>, <code>localcoocrange</code>, <code>contextdecay</code>): only counts co-occurrences up to N sentences apart, with a weight that can decay with distance. It matters in long documents, where "appearing in the same document" says little. * '''Democratic''' (<code>democratic</code>, experimental): each document contributes equally, no matter how many items it has. It prevents an article with 200 authors from dominating a co-authorship network. === 5.3 Section 3: dynamics === Defines '''how time is sliced'''. Each period has its own network and its own clusters. * '''Number of periods''' (<code>nb_period</code>): with more than one, the phylogeny and the tubes appear. * '''Distribution''' (<code>time_cut_type</code>): <code>regular</code> (slices with the same number of years) or <code>homogeneous</code> (slices with similar numbers of documents). '''Warning:''' the homogeneous cut is random, so two identical runs may produce different periods. * '''Overlap''' (<code>overlap</code>): neighboring periods share half of their time span or documents, which smooths the evolution and strengthens the links between periods. * '''Sequence''' (<code>sequence_type</code>): <code>snapshot</code> (successive periods) or <code>growing</code> (each period starts at the beginning of the corpus and grows). === 5.4 Section 4: network analysis and layout === Defines '''the partition''', '''the temporal evolution''', '''the projection''' and '''the drawing'''. * '''Community algorithm:''' * <code>louvain resolution</code> (default and recommended by the documentation): the <code>resolution</code> parameter controls cluster size (a smaller value yields more, smaller clusters); * <code>louvain</code>: the classic version; * <code>infomap</code>: tends to produce finer clusters; * <code>clique percolation</code>: overlapping clusters that exclude poorly connected nodes. * '''Minimum cluster size''' (<code>size_community_threshold</code>): discards small, "noisy" clusters. * '''Inter-temporal threshold''' (automatic, minimum and maximum): only links between clusters of neighboring periods with a similarity ('''strength''', derived from the Hellinger distance) above the threshold become tubes. Values close to 1 indicate strong continuity; close to 0, a break. * '''Projection''' (<code>compute_projection</code>, <code>univoque_mapping</code>, <code>projectionalias</code>, <code>oldschool</code>): associates each document with the most similar clusters (TF-IDF similarity). With <code>univoque_mapping</code>, each document gets at most one cluster. The result is the <code>PC\_*</code> table (or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code>). * '''Tagging and heatmap:''' label the clusters with a third field (for example, the most specific journals of each theme) or color the map according to a value of that field. In the tests, they changed only the drawings and the file names, not the tables or the exported networks. * '''Historical map:''' fixes the horizontal position of each node by its date (or by the moment it reaches 20% of its frequency). It is a way of '''drawing''': it does not change the network. * '''Drawing-only options:''' labels, alpha-shapes, label overlap, crossing minimization in the tubes, font. They change the PDF and the positions, not the data. == 6. Combinations to avoid == Combinations the form accepts but that produce an empty or misleading result, or an error. Those marked with a finding identifier (for example, B13) were found by the tests. {| class="wikitable" !Combination !What happens !Recommendation |- |Indirect measure (<code>cosine</code>, <code>distributional</code>) with different fields |the documentation states they were designed only for homogeneous networks |use <code>chi2</code> or <code>mutual information</code> in heterogeneous networks |- |<code>\_het</code> measure with identical fields |there is no "second field" to compare profiles |use only with <code>field1 ≠ field2</code> |- |Single-value field in a homogeneous network (<code>Journal × Journal</code>) or very small <code>top</code> |empty network, and the script crashes at the end (B13) |use the field in a heterogeneous network; <code>top</code> ≥ 10 |- |<code>democratic</code> with different fields and no heterogeneous edges |division by zero when a document has a single item in the 2nd field (B9) |use with homogeneous networks |- |<code>keep_scaled</code> without projection |<code>int(None)</code> error (B12) |enable the projection |- |<code>dot_product_het</code> without normalization and with the optimal threshold |the threshold search finds no cut-off point, runs about 10 thousand steps and returns the upper bound (99.98); it can take tens of minutes (B26) |use a fixed threshold or <code>bipartweighting</code> |- |<code>clique percolation</code> with several periods |may break the phylogeny, depending on the data (B25) |prefer Louvain for temporal analyses |- |<code>homogeneous</code> cut or <code>louvain resolution</code> when reproducibility matters |periods or partition change between runs (B17) |for reproducible results: <code>regular</code> cut and <code>louvain</code> |- |<code>robustness</code> |crashes during drawing (B10) and is overridden by multiprocessing (B5) |avoid |- |<code>infomap</code> outside the production server |the binary is not found and the result has 0 clusters, with no warning (B14) |check the log |} == 7. Output files == {| class="wikitable" !File or table !What it represents !What it is for |- |<code>maps/</code> (PDF, SVG or PNG) |the maps of each period, with colored clusters |visual reading; the SVG can be edited in the '''Label editor''' |- |<code>maps_output.zip</code> → <code>gexf/''hn''.gexf</code> |the '''node''' network: nodes with weight, degrees and betweenness; edges with source, target and weight |open in Gephi or Retina; per-node metrics |- |<code>gexf/''hhn''.gexf</code> |the '''cluster''' network: each cluster becomes a node (weight, density), and the links add up the links between their nodes |macro reading: central and peripheral clusters |- |<code>json/*.json</code> |the same graphs in JSON, with the effective parameters (<code>meta</code>) |programmatic use |- |<code>clusters</code> (table and <code>clusters.csv</code>) |each node in its cluster, with normalized weight (sums to 1 within the cluster), density, '''stream''' and supertheme |composition and cohesion of each cluster |- |<code>PC\_<field1>\_<field2></code> or <code>projection_cluster\_<alias></code> |cluster(s) of each document |'''new corpus field''', used by other methods |- |<code>projection</code> |similarity of each document to each cluster |choosing the most representative documents of each cluster |- |<code>cluster</code>, <code>phylogeny</code> |cluster label per document; links between clusters of neighboring periods |support for the tubes |- |<code>tubes/</code> (interactive HTML, <code>energy.json</code>) |the alluvial diagram of cluster evolution |reading the emergence, merging, splitting and death of themes |- |<code>.user.log</code> |measure used, items per period, optimal and final threshold, nodes and edges of each network, modularity |checking what the method decided on its own (for example, the threshold) |} '''Two node metrics deserve attention:''' * '''degrees''' (<code>in-degree</code>, <code>out-degree</code>): sum of link weights; they point to highly connected nodes; * '''betweenness''': fraction of shortest paths that go through the node; it points to nodes that act as '''bridges''' between regions and clusters. == Notes == This initial functional documentation was proposed and developed by contributor [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Calixto_Rosa Júlia Calixto] as part of the refactoring of the Network Mapping method. The initiative builds on her previous contributions to the refactoring of other Cortext methods and the development of supporting artifacts, within a broader effort to modernize legacy research software and align it with the principles of Free Software and Open Science. When beginning work on Network Mapping, a method with a more complex implementation and a larger number of parameters and methodological details, the contributor identified the need for an initial, functional overview of the method, complementing the existing user-oriented documentation in [https://docs.cortext.net/analysis-mapping-heterogeneous-networks/ Cortext Manager]. Although the existing documentation describes how to use the method, some of its particularities and implementation-related details were not sufficiently explicit, and knowledge about its behavior remained concentrated among a small number of maintainers. This situation creates barriers not only for contributors seeking to understand, refactor, or extend the code, but also for users who need to understand the methodological assumptions, parameter choices, limitations, and outputs of their analyses. Making this knowledge explicit and accessible is consistent with the principles of Open Science: understanding how a method works should not depend exclusively on access to the people who maintain it. The documentation was developed from the available Cortext Manager documentation, a document describing the output files, an examination of the existing code, and discussions with the method's maintainers. It therefore represents an initial overview rather than an exhaustive or definitive specification. Some information may be incomplete or require correction, and the documentation is intended to be reviewed and improved by the maintaining team. Beyond documenting Network Mapping, this initiative is intended to provide an initial model for the documentation of other Cortext methods that still require refactoring and remain in a legacy state. Establishing a minimum functional understanding of these methods can support future refactoring work, facilitate knowledge transfer, lower barriers to contribution, and improve the accessibility and reproducibility of the research conducted using the platform. == References == * Blondel, V. D.; Guillaume, J.-L.; Lambiotte, R.; Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. '''J. Stat. Mech.''', 2008. * Cohen, M. B.; Gibbons, P. B.; Mugridge, W. B.; Colbourn, C. J. Constructing test suites for interaction testing. '''ICSE''', 2003. * Cointet, J.-P. '''La cartographie des traces textuelles comme méthodologie d'enquête en sciences sociales'''. HDR, École normale supérieure, 2017. * Cortext Manager Documentation: '''Node selection''', '''Edges definition''', '''Edges: metrics definitions''', '''Dynamical settings''', '''Network analysis & layout'''. https://docs.cortext.net/ * Palla, G.; Derényi, I.; Farkas, I.; Vicsek, T. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. '''Nature''', 435, 2005. * Rosvall, M.; Bergstrom, C. T. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. '''PNAS''', 105(4), 2008. * Rule, A.; Cointet, J.-P.; Bearman, P. S. Lexical shifts, substantive changes, and continuity in State of the Union discourse, 1790–2014. '''PNAS''', 112(35), 2015. 7kscrg6empqk6j0okh2v8emt7q1qj7u