維基百科 ganwiki https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter 媒體 特別 談詑 用戶 用戶・談詑 Wikipedia Wikipedia・談詑 檔案 檔案・談詑 MediaWiki MediaWiki・談詑 模板 模板・談詑 幫助 幫助・談詑 分類 分類・談詑 TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 Event Event talk 0 221 403554 403134 2026-08-05T16:25:46Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sisterlinks|英國}} '''大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國'''（[[英文]]：United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland<ref>別嗰地方語言嗰英國國名係： * 威爾斯語：Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawra Gogledd Iwerddon； * 蘇格蘭蓋爾語：An Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn mu Thuath； * 愛爾蘭語：Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann； * 蘇格蘭語： Unitit Kingdom o Great Britain an Norlin Airlann。</ref>），有時間拕叫做'''聯合王國'''（United Kingdom或UK）或'''不列顛'''（Britain）係位到[[歐洲]][[大陸]]嗰西北海岸對首嗰一隻主權國家。佢係一隻由大不列顛島同得愛爾蘭島嗰東北部份、別嗰滴子島嶼組成嗰島國。<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615557/United-Kingdom Encyclopaedia Britannica]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080916063427/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 www.number-10.gov.uk]</ref>[[北愛爾蘭]]係英國唯一有陸地國際交界嗰一隻地方，佢同[[愛爾蘭|愛爾蘭共和國]]交界。<ref>[http://www.ukinvest.gov.uk/Northern-Ireland/en-GB-list.html www.ukinvest.gov.uk]</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2455710/Border-checks-between-Britain-and-Ireland-proposed.html www.telegraph.co.uk]</ref>除吥箇部份，英國拕[[大西洋]]、北海、英吉利海峽同得愛爾蘭海圍得。佢最大嗰島，大不列顛島拕根海底隧道連得[[法國]]。 英國係隻君主立憲國，佢由四隻國（country）聯合組成：[[英格蘭]]、[[北愛爾蘭]]、[[蘇格蘭]]、[[威爾士]]。<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20020329130655/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/uk_countries.asp www.statistics.gov.uk]</ref>佢實行議會政治，議會位到國家嗰首都——[[倫敦]]，但到北愛爾蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭嗰首府也有自簡嗰議會。 英國有14隻海外領地，<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080331091058/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/fco-in-action/global-network/ Foreign and Commonwealth Office]</ref>佢俚係[[大英帝國]]嗰歷史遺留。大英帝國到[[1922年]]達到佢嗰頂峰時期，箇時間佢幾乎佔得[[地球]]陸地面積嗰四分之一，係歷史上最大嗰帝國。箇下，哈可以到佢先頭嗰殖民地嗰語言、文化、法律等方面相到英國嗰影響。 英國係隻發達國家，佢係世界第六大嗰經濟體，揸得人均購買力算嗰話就係第七大。<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=19&sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=112&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= International Monetary Fund]</ref>佢係世界頭隻[[工業大革命|工業化]]嗰國家，<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080427080826/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_warming/older/Industrial_Revolution.html Industrial Revolution]</ref>故係到[[19世紀]]-[[20世紀]]嗰早期佢都係世界嗰頭號霸主，<ref>{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first= Niall|year=2004 |title=Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power|url=https://archive.org/details/empirerisedemise0000ferg_p9m6|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=0465023282}}</ref>但因為兩回世界大戰嗰緣故同得20世紀後半期大英帝國嗰勢力嗰衰弱，英國箇時間到全球事務裡頭嗰影響力幾經冇早以許輝煌嘍。話係𠵹話，英國憑得佢殺火嗰經濟、文化、軍事、科學、政治影響力，啷都係世界頭上嗰一隻辣腳。 英國擁有核武器，佢嗰軍事花銷排得世界嗰第4位。佢係[[歐洲聯盟]]嗰成員國，到[[聯合國]]嗰安全理事會擁有永久席位，佢也係英聯邦（Commonwealth of Nations）、八國集團（G8）、北約（NATO）、世貿組織（WTO）嗰成員。 == 註腳 == {{reflist}} == 相片集 == <gallery showfilename="yes"> 文檔:Charles, Prince of Wales at COP21.jpg|英國嗰國王 文檔:Westminster palace.jpg|英國嗰議會 文檔:UK~.PNG|英國嗰組成 文檔:Uk topo en.jpg|英國嗰地勢 文檔:KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg|劍橋大學 文檔:Shakespeare.jpg|英國文學嗰代表——[[莎士比亞]] 文檔:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|英國科學嗰代表——[[牛頓]] 文檔:The Beatles members at New York City in 1964.jpg|英國音樂嗰代表——[[披頭士]] </gallery> {{歐洲}} <!--Interwikis--> [[分類:英國| ]] 5m3pz67a0yey2zfkndvwvso8tyruhgj 0 12757 403556 399773 2026-08-05T16:28:02Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''意大利語'''（Italiano）係[[歐洲]]嗰一隻語言，話佢嗰人主要住到[[意大利]]，別嗰29隻國家也有話意大利語嗰人<ref>[[#berloco2018|Berloco 2018]]</ref> {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|[[意大利語]][[羅馬字母|字母]] |- lang="it" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|A |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|a |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|B |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|b |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|C |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|c |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|D |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|d |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|E |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|e |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|(È |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|è) |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|(É |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|é) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|F |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|f |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|G |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|g |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|H |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|h |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|I |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|i |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|J |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|j |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|K |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|k |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|L |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|l |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|M |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|m |- lang="it" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|N |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|n |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|O |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|o |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|(Ò |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|ò) |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|(Ó |style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|ó) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|P |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|p |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|Q |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|q |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|R |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|r |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|S |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|s |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|T |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|t |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|U |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|u |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|V |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|v |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|W |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|w |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|X |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|x |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|Y |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|y |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|Z |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|z |} == 參考資料 == {{reflist}} * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=9788894034813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=9788815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} [[Category:語言]] [[Category:意大利]] dq3fpnm7r7mti6fsyri0f8ulq2hn6qw 0 13852 403557 391888 2026-08-05T16:29:41Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Euclid statue, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, UK - 20080315.jpg|thumb|200px|歐几里得嗰相]] [[File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|thumb|《幾何原本》嗰殘本]] '''歐几里得'''（[[希臘語]]：Εὐκλείδης），公元前300喇年出世，係隻[[希臘]]嗰數學家，佢通常拕認為係「幾何學之父」（幾何學嗰爺）。佢活嘚陀勒梅一世（Πτολεμαίος ο Σωτηρ）嗰統治時期。 歐几里得嗰著作《幾何原本》（Στοιχεῖα）係最成功嗰教科書，也係[[數學]]嗰歷史上頭最有影響嗰著作之一，從箇本書刊印嗰許時間起，一徑到十九、二十世紀，佢都拕當做教數學（特別係叫幾何學）嗰重要書籍。<ref>{{cite book | last = Ball | first = W.W. Rouse | authorlink = W. W. Rouse Ball | title = A Short Account of the History of Mathematics | origyear = | url = https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball | edition = 4th | year = 1960 | publisher = Dover Publications | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-20630-0 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/50 50]–62 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Carl B. | last=Boyer | authorlink=Carl Benjamin Boyer | title=A History of Mathematics | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye | edition=2nd | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=1991 | isbn=0471543977 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/100 100]–19 }}</ref><ref>Macardle, et al. (2008). ''Scientists: Extraordinary People Who Altered the Course of History.'' New York: Metro Books. g. 12.</ref> == 註腳 == {{reflist}} [[Category:希臘人]] g2hqnwprdktkvbvdeyo69rda7z4lpi8 0 15061 403558 388281 2026-08-05T16:30:06Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|thumb|200px|漢謨拉比法典]] '''漢謨拉比'''（ˤAmmurāpi），約公元前1795年出世，約公元前1750年過身，係隻[[巴比倫]]嗰國王，係佢帶得巴比倫人打贏同團近國家嗰仗，晏後搦得完隻[[兩河流域]]嗰統治權。<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | authorlink = | coauthors = Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | date = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-395-87274-X | oclc = 39762695 }}</ref>漢謨拉比最得名嗰係佢制定嗰《[[漢謨拉比法典]]》，箇係人類歷史上上早嗰一套法律規定。 == 參考資料 == {{reflist}} [[Category:巴比倫]] eamco9eix7ch00ljgbbw2jdz6xjf740 0 16606 403552 397787 2026-08-05T16:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|250px|thumb|[[瓦特蒸汽機]]——工業革命裡頭起嘚巨大推動力嗰發明]] '''工業革命'''（[[英文]]：Industrial Revolution），係18到19世紀到[[英國]]開始嗰農業、製造業、礦業、運輸業嗰大革新。到箇隻時期裡頭，英國嗰社會、經濟同得文化都有很大的變動。箇滴子變化也末後影響到[[歐洲]]、[[北美洲|北美]]乃至[[世界|全世界]]。工業革命嗰發生係人類歷史上嗰隻重大轉折點，生活上嗰各方面都或多或少拕佢影響到嘍。 [[18世紀]]嗰督尾，英國嗰早先嗰人力、畜力為主嗰經濟開始轉為機器製造。佢起始自紡織業嗰機械化、冶鐵技術嗰發展同得精質煤嗰廣泛使用。<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck B. | first = Roger | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | date = 1999 | location = Evanston, Illinois | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>運河嗰開鑿、交通系統（公路、鐵路）嗰改良也舞得貿易交流快速擴張。蒸汽動力嗰引入、水車設備同得高能機器嗰推廣都保證嘍生產力嗰快速提高。<ref>Business and Economics. ''Leading Issues in Economic Development'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511589-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0195115899&id=CX9kBaVx4JkC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&sig=V0eO27c7koD8rrIV2EKv6-guB5s Read it]</ref>19世紀頭二十年，全金屬打造嗰機器工具拕廣泛應用，箇也舞得別嗰產生引進更多嗰機器以供生產。箇滴子變革到[[19世紀]]嗰時間已經發展到西歐、北美，末後最終影響到大部份嗰國家。佢對社會嗰影響都係好大嗰。<ref>Russell Brown, Lester. ''Eco-Economy'', James & James / Earthscan. ISBN 1-85383-904-3 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN1853839043&id=5aCyfUsHM6kC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&sig=1dsUat9P_-9dWWVRMpPt1udT8DQ Read it]</ref> == 詞源 == 揸得歷史學家大衛·蘭德（David Landes）嗰研究，''Industrial Revolution''箇隻詞係[[法國|法國人]]路易季約姆·屋鐸（Louis-Guillaume Otto）到[[1799年]][[7月6號]]嗰一封信裡頭至早使用嗰。<ref>{{cite book | last = Mokyr | first = Joel | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective | publisher = Westview Press | date = 1999 | location = | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/britishindustria0000unse_l8f2| doi = | id = | isbn = 081333389X}}</ref>專話技術變革的''Industrial Revolution''係到1830年代開始普遍使用嗰，好似路易屋古斯拖·布朗基（Louis-Auguste Blanqui）到[[1837年]]的''la révolution industrielle''提及的。胡利帝什·恩格斯（Friedrich Engels）到《1844年英格蘭嗰工人階級的條件》（The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844）裡頭話到「一隻工業革命，係話一隻同一時間改變正完隻文明社會嗰變革。」<ref>「An industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society.」</ref> == 誘因 == [[File:World GDP Capita 1-2003 A.D.png|300px|thumb|工業革命之前嗰人類GDP增長速度相當嗰慢]] 工業革命嗰誘因蠻複雜嗰，一徑係爭論嗰焦點，有滴子歷史學家覺得17世紀嗰英國內戰舞得全國嗰封建制度正式結束，𠵹工業革命就係許時間社會、體制變化嗰自然產物。國家嗰邊境拕更有效嗰管理，故係傳染病拕控制嘚，避免出現早先時常性嗰流行病。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/voices/voices_salisbury.shtml |title=BBC – Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date= }}</ref>活過[[毛伢子|幼年期]]嗰細人嗰百分比顯著提高，箇就提供正更大嗰勞動力。[[圈地運動]]同得英國農業改革也舞得糧食嗰生產更高校，冇必要許多嗰人工，𠵹盈下來嗰人到農業生產裡頭尋不到事做，就拕逼得進入棉紡工業，好似紡織業，之後就進城或新開嗰工廠。<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England]</ref>17世紀嗰[[殖民主義|殖民擴張]]帶動國際貿易嗰發展，金融市場嗰產生、資本嗰大量積累、17世紀嗰科學革命就拕認為係工業革命嗰誘因。<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028110638/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html Scientific Revolution]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 2009-10-31.</ref> 一徑到1980年代，學院歷史學家普遍認為技術創新係工業革命嗰主心骨，佢最關鍵嗰技術系蒸汽機嗰發明同得改進。<ref>Hudson, Pat. ''The Industrial Revolution'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-7131-6531-6</ref>但箇下進入市場時代嗰研究對傳統搦供給為導向嗰觀點做出新嗰挑戰。<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fullerton | first = Ronald A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era" | journal = The Journal of Marketing | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 108–125 | publisher = American Marketing Association | location = New York City, NY | date = January 1988 | url = | doi = 10.2307/1251689 | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> Lewis Mumford提議工業革命嗰起因源自[[中世紀]]嗰早期，箇要早過大多數嗰估計。<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/015688254X/ref=sib_fs_top?ie=UTF8&p=S00Q&checkSum=udoW5CVmUdy3Y45ns0wtGk7Wesh6yWx220dcukbd7VE%3D#reader-link |title=Technics & Civilization |publisher=Lewis Mumford |accessdate=}}</ref>佢話大量生產嗰標準模式係印刷行，工業時代嗰原型模式就係鐘錶。佢哈話到修道院對紀律、守時嗰強調、中世紀城市固定時間會搉市中心教堂嗰樓鐘等因素。 一隻巨大嗰國內市場嗰出現也係工業革命嗰一隻重要驅動力，尤其解釋得正啷會發生嘚英國。別嗰國家，好似[[法國]]，市場拕地方政府分頭控制，佢俚互相來往嗰貨物貿易經常要擐零零硁硁嗰稅。<ref>Deane, Phyllis. ''The First Industrial Revolution'', Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29609-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0521296099&id=eMBG_soDdNoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&sig=xzXl17mm0GYiH80TH-V0lR7JVAk Read it]</ref> 哈有一隻影響深遠嗰因素係政府部門一下保障發明者嗰專利體系同得限制佢嗰壟斷權力。專利嗰影響有好有壞，蒸汽機嗰歷史進程係工業化發展嗰重中之重。為得補還公開透露發明嗰發明者，專利體系准許發明者（好似[[瓦特]]）龍轉第一批蒸汽機嗰生產，箇就獎賞哩發明者也加快哩技術發展嗰速度。不過技術嗰壟斷也會損傷發明者嗰創造力。<ref>Eric Schiff, ''Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869-1912; Switzerland, 1850-1907'', [[Princeton University]] Press, 1971.</ref>好似，瓦特嗰龍特舞得別嗰發明者（好似Richard Trevithick、William Murdoch、Jonathan Hornblower）改善不正蒸汽機，箇都舞晏哩工業革命達20年。<ref>Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, [http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/againstnew.htm Economic and Game Theory Against Intellectual Monopoly], {{PDFlink|[http://www.dklevine.com/papers/ip.ch.1.m1004.pdf Chapter 1, 11 November 2005 revision]|143&nbsp;KB}}, page 3.</ref> === 歐洲嗰誘發因素 === [[File:Vereinigte Ostindische Compagnie bond - Middelburg - Amsterdam - 1622.jpg|thumb|一張1623年[[荷蘭]]東印度公司嗰債券。</br>歐洲到17世界嗰殖民擴張、跨國貿易、資本市場嗰開發產生一隻全新嗰合法懂理嗰環境，箇也支持、保證嘍18世紀嗰工業增長。]] 有隻歷史學家非常感興趣嗰問題係，工業革命啷會產生嘚歐洲而不係18世紀世界嗰別嗰地方，好似[[中國]]、[[印度]]、[[中東]]，或者別嗰時間，好似古典時期<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042849/http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? ] J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 September 2002.</ref>、中世紀<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England] | The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 October 2006 – Accessed January 2007</ref>。蠻多嗰印度都拕提出來，佢俚有教育、「現代」政府、「現代」工作態度、生態、文化<ref>[http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html The Industrial Revolution – Causes]</ref>。[[啓蒙時期]]不光係話產生嘍一大批嗰受教育人群，哈產生嘍對工作嗰現代意識。 === 英國嗰誘發因素 === 工業革命啷會起自[[英國]]、舞得英國超吥別嗰國家一大莝，到今下哈有好多學者爭論嘚。有人強調英國到佢嗰海外殖民地獲得嗰自然、經濟資源嗰重要性，同得佢到[[非洲]]、[[加勒比海]]之間做嗰奴隸貿易裡頭賺到嗰利潤都係工業投資嗰原始資金。但也有人指出，奴隸貿易跟到西[[印度]]嗰獲利單係工業革命許幾年子嗰英國全國收入嗰5%。<ref>[http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm Was slavery the engine of economic growth? Digital History]</ref>即便話奴隸制係工業革命時期英國嗰經濟獲益嗰小頭，但基於加勒比海嗰市場需求也係英國工業輸出嗰12%。<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Bh7HVl92bVMC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=Industrial+Revolution,+slavery&source=bl&ots=zBje8eBxGe&sig=vEZVgz3EL-kzaYWVZAkmRqenBho&hl=en&ei=lTIxSoTdMoOyNP6h1LcH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=12#PPA198,M1 The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson, pg. 198]</ref> 別嗰來話，一隻具有更大嗰自由度嗰大型商業平臺舞得英國能夠更有效嗰生產、使用時時湧現嗰科學、技術發展，不像有滴子君主制國家，好似[[俄羅斯]]同得[[中國]]。英國係拿破崙戰爭以來唯一一隻冇拕金融掠奪、經濟破壞嗰歐洲國家，佢也係唯一一直擁有有效規模嗰商業艦隊嗰（歐洲別嗰國家嗰商業艦隊都拕英國皇家海軍到戰爭裡頭摧毀吥嘍。）。英國大量嗰出口棉產業也保證嘍早期形式嗰手工產品嗰市場。𠵹也就舞得英國嗰戰爭開銷花費嘚海外貿易上頭，不像歐洲別嗰國家樣為得領土日日打仗，箇也得利於英國嗰地理條件——同得歐洲大陸隔開嗰一隻島。 另一隻理論話英國得到工業革命時期取得巨大成功係因為佢擁有嗰重要資源。佢滴子大嗰地理面積住嘚大量人口。圈地運動同得相關嗰農業革命舞得充沛嗰勞動力去供給產業所需。[[英格蘭]]北部、中部、南[[威爾士]]、[[蘇格蘭]]低地嗰當地自然資源提供嘚煤、鐵、鉛、銅、錫、石灰、水力，各滴子優良資源都保證嘍工業嗰發展、擴大。英格蘭西北部嗰潮濕、熱和嗰氣候也為得紡織產業嗰壯大提供嘍完美嗰條件。 [[1688年]]以來英國穩定嗰政治局面同等群眾求變嗰心態也拕話成係誘發工業革命嗰因素。因為圈地運動嗰展開，耕田傳統拕工業化進程摧毀圓，𠵹有地嗰上層階級開始做佢理嗰資本生意，冇再有過任何阻礙。<ref>Barrington Moore, Jr., ''Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World'', pp. 29-30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966.</ref> == 參考資料 == {{reflist}} [[Category:英國嗰歷史]] s46cpeha4tfya90z4ptl869ap9r27vb 0 17008 403555 400255 2026-08-05T16:27:45Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[文檔:Karl Marx.jpg|thumb|175px|馬克思（[[1875年]]）]] '''馬克思主義'''（[[英文]]：Marxism）係一套政治理論兼政治運動同哲學。馬克思主義即係話追隨以[[馬克思]]（1818年-1883年）思想所發展正嗰一套[[哲學]]理念，但馬克思自家話過不係馬克思主義者。 === 分類 === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro|last={{Smallcaps|Bourne, Peter G.}}|year=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|location=New York|ref=Bou86}} * {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last={{Smallcaps|Alex Callinicos|Callinicos, Alex}}|year=2010 [1983]|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}} * {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|last={{Smallcaps|Castro, Fidel}}|coauthors={{Smallcaps|Ramonet, Ignacio (interviewer)}}|year=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}} * {{cite book |title=The Real Fidel Castro|last={{Smallcaps|Coltman, Leycester}}|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10760-9|ref=Col03}} * {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last={{Smallcaps|Green, Sally}}|year=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}} * {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last={{Smallcaps|Lenin, Vladimir}}|year=1967 [1913]|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|nopp=|ref=Len67}} * {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last={{Smallcaps|Karl Marx}}|year=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|nopp=|ref=Mar49}} * {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought ''(Second Edition)''|last={{Smallcaps|Trigger, Bruce G.}}|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}} {{Refend}} * {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|year=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli00dahr|year=1959|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press}} * Jon Elster, ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986. * Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975. * {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|year=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|url=https://archive.org/details/marxismautopsy00park|year=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}} * Robinson, Cedric J.: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000 * [[魯道夫·拉梅爾]] (1977) ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM Conflict In Perspective]'' Chap. 5 ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix]'' * {{cite book |last=Screpanti|first=E|coauthors=S. Zamagna|year=1993|title=An Outline of the History of Economic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory0000scre}} * Shenfield, Stephen D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101246/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-204.cfm ''Vladislav Bugera: Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker''] * {{cite book |author=McLellan, David|title=Marxism After Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/alf.3540.355.430.9.mcl|year=2007|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}} == 參考資料 == {{reflist}} [[分類:哲學]] nrfwpync12tzs3mq2793wkazuhuz6oc 0 18050 403559 397308 2026-08-05T16:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sonar Principle EN.svg|thumb|200px|聲納原理]] '''聲納'''係種利用[[聲氣|聲波]]到[[水]]下底嗰傳播特性，通過電聲轉換同得信息處理，扤正水里探測同得通訊任務嗰[[電子]]設備。<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/245 245]}}</ref> {{reflist}} [[Category:技術]] ahph4ehsznxoqtfdgq5omfks79bpvmb 0 18194 403553 401678 2026-08-05T16:25:01Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{不係|天然衛星}} [[File:ConstellationGPS.gif|thumb|right|240px|位嘚地球中軌道嗰[[GPS]]衛星示意圖]] '''衛星'''係話[[人類]]做嗰，用[[火箭]]或者[[太空船]]射進[[太空]]，好似[[天然衛星]]𠵹兜得[[地球]]或者別嗰[[行星]]躂绕嗰裝置。<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/234 234]}}</ref> [[Category:太空]] dcinze6mc6033bxybcetxve06wdz4r9 0 19336 403551 375612 2026-08-05T16:23:38Z InternetArchiveBot 35965 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260805)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 403551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Phan Thanh Gian.jpg|thumb|160px|潘淸簡]] [[File:Ptgian.jpg|thumb|150px|潘淸簡]] '''潘淸簡'''（'''Phan Thanh Giản'''，'''Phan Thanh Jan'''， [[1796年]][[11月11號]]－[[1867年]][[8月4號]]），又名'''靖伯'''，字'''淡如'''，號'''梁溪'''，'''梅川'''。[[福建]][[漳州府]][[海澄縣]]（今下嗰[[福建]]龍海縣）人，佢係[[越南]][[阮朝]]後期的政治家，儒家，作家，歷史學者。 == 相關著作 == {{wikisource}} * 『欽定越史通鑑綱目』 * {{cite book|title= The Last Emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai |url= https://archive.org/details/lastemperorsofvi0000chap |first=Oscar |last=Chapuis |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] | year=2000 |isbn=0-313-31170-6}} * Choi, Byung Wook, ''Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response'', SEAP Publications, 2004, ISBN 0-87727-138-0 * {{cite book|title=Understanding Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingvie00jami |first=Neil L. |last=Jamieson |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=0520201574}} * Nguyẽn, Phút Tán, ''A Modern History of Viet-nam (1802–1954)'', Nhà sách Khai-Trí, 1964 * {{cite book |title=Việt Nam: borderless histories |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamborderles0000unse |author=Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2006 |isbn=0299217744}} {{stub}} [[Category:越南人]] [[Category:福建人]] [[Category:自決者]] iuhtb0htgxjsrhfkelrx37qrwg1biro