Vicipéid:Recentchanges

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        <username>Guliolopez</username>
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      <comment>Redirect. As ATD.</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Dáil Éireann</title>
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        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bosca sonraí: Aistriúchán ó theideal an ailt</comment>
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      <text bytes="5421" sha1="t6hm4gitgiw0oemzut86knf4efofowu" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Reachtas

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| legislatura = 34ú Dáil
| coa_pic = Oireachtas_logo.svg
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| cambra_sessio = Inside the Dáil - The Irish Parliament Chamber.jpg
| tipus_cambra = Teach íochtair
| lider1_tipus = [[Ceann Comhairle]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''President'')&lt;/small&gt;
| lider1 = [[Verona Murphy]]
| partit1 = ([[Neamhspleách]])
| eleccio1 = 18 Nollaig 2024
| membres = 174
| estructura1 = Current Dáil Éireann composition.svg
| estructura1_res = 250px
| grups_politics1 = '''Rialtas (90)'''
* {{colorbox|{{Fianna Fáil/meta/color}}}} '''[[Fianna Fáil]]''' (48)
* {{colorbox|#6699FF}} '''[[Fine Gael]]''' (37)
* {{colorbox|#C0C0C0}} '''Neamhspleáigh''' (5)
'''Tacaíocht ó (4)'''
* {{colorbox|#C0C0C0}} '''Neamhspleáigh''' (4)
'''Freasúra (78)'''
* {{colorbox|{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}}}} '''[[Sinn Féin]]''' (39)
* {{colorbox|{{Labour Party (Ireland)/meta/color}}}} '''[[Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)|Páirtí an Lucht Oibre]]''' (11)
* {{colorbox|#752F8B}} '''[[Na Daonlathaithe Sóisialta (Éire)|Daonlathaithe Sóisialta]]''' (11)
* {{colorbox|#41FF31}} '''[[Independent Ireland]]''' (4)
* {{colorbox|#8E2420}} '''[[Comhghuaillíocht an Phobail roimh Bhrabús|Phobail Roimh Bhrabús]]''' (3)
* {{colorbox|#44532A}} '''[[Aontú]]''' (2)
* {{colorbox|#99CC33}} '''[[Comhaontas Glas]]''' (1)
* {{colorbox|#FF3300}} '''[[Cúiteamh 100%]]''' (1)
* {{colorbox|#C0C0C0}} '''Neamhspleáigh''' (5)

'''Uachtarán an Dlísheomra'''
* {{colorbox|#000000}} '''[[Ceann Comhairle]]''' (1)

'''Folamh (2)'''
*{{colorbox|#FFFFFF}} '''Folamh''' (2)
| sistema_votacio1 = [[Aonvóta inaistrithe]]
| ultima_eleccio1 = 29 Samhain 2024
| lloc_reunio = [[Teach Laighean]]
| lloc_web = [http://oireachtas.ie oireachtas.ie]
|cos=Oireachtas
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}}

Is í '''Dáil Éireann''' teach íochtarach an [[Oireachtas|Oireachtais]], an pharlaimint i b[[Poblacht na hÉireann]].  Is í an chraobh is treise san [[Oireachtas]] í, agus i bhfad níos mó cumhachta aici ná mar atá ag an teach uachtarach, [[Seanad Éireann]]. In éineacht leis an tSeanad, ritheann sí dlíthe a thagann i bhfeidhm má chuireann an tUachtarán a lámh leo, ach is féidir leis an Dáil neamhthoil an tSeanaid a shárú, agus ní mór don Uachtarán glacadh le Bille atá rite ag an Oireachtas ach amháin má fheictear dó gur sárú ar an Bhunreacht atá ann. Is í an Dáil a ainmníonn Taoiseach lena cheapadh ag an Uachtarán.  
[[Íomhá:Firstdail.jpg|mion|Baill na céad Dála|clé]]
== Stair ==
Cruinníonn an Dáil i d[[Teach Laighean]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]] ó [[1922]]. Ach bunaíodh [[an Chéad Dáil]] sa bhliain [[1919]]. Ba Dháil réabhlóideach í, a bunaíodh an lá ar bhris [[Cogadh na Saoirse (Éire)|Cogadh na Saoirse]] amach sa tír. 

B'é an Dara Dáil (in 1922) a bhí i bhfeidhm nuair a vótáil an Dáil ar son an [[Conradh Angla-Éireannach|Chonradh Angla-Éireannach]] i [[1922]], B'é an Tríú Dáil an chéad Dáil a toghadh faoi chóras an chonartha sin, i 1922 chomh maith. Mar gheall ar a n-easaontú leis an gConradh, staon na frith-chonraitheoirí ón Tríú Dáil (1922-1923) agus ón gCeathrú Dáil (1923-1927), ach scar páirtí nua, [[Fianna Fáil]], ó na frithchonraitheoirí eile i Sinn Féin sa bhliain [[1926]] ionas go mbeidís in ann páirt a ghlacadh sa Dáil faoi chóras an chonartha, agus ghlac an páirtí sin suíocháin i nDáil Éireann sa Chúigiú Dáil (1927) agus i ngach Dáil ina diaidh.

Leagadh amach ról bunreachtúil na Dála mar atá faoi láthair don chéad uair i [[1937]], nuair a cuireadh [[Poblacht na hÉireann]] ar bun mar stát, agus [[Bunreacht na hÉireann|bunreacht nua]] ag baint léi.

==Aistriúchán==
Ón gcéad lá cuireadh seirbhís aistriúcháin chomhuainigh (nó seirbhís ateangaireachta) ar fáil le linn shuíonna na Dála. Soláthraíodh an tseirbhís sin i Seomra na Dála i dtosach ach, ón mbliain 1991 i leith, déantar é a sholáthar ó stiúideo seachtrach a bhfuil nasc físe agus fuaime aige leis an Seomra.

== Rialacha ==
Toghtar go díreach í ar a laghad uair amháin gach cúig bliana leis an gcóras [[ionadaíocht chionmhar]] agus an t-''Aonvóta Inaistrithe''.

De réir rialacha Dháil Éireann, is féidir le cúigear Teachtaí Dála, nó níos mó, teacht le chéile mar ghrúpa teicniúil, mar a thugtar air, a fhad is gur sa fhreasúra atá siad. Tugann stádas mar ghrúpa teicniúil cead dóibh siúd atá páirteach ann rúin a chur os comhair na Dála agus dúshlán an Taoisigh a thabhairt le linn Cheisteanna na gCeannairí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Neamhspleáigh ón nGrúpa Réigiúnach ag iarraidh cearta freasúra|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0117/1491394-neamhspleaigh-on-ngrupa-reigiunach-ag-iarraidh-cearta-freasura/|date=2025-01-17|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Córas an Dá Sheomra Parlaiminte in Éirinn]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [http://www.dail.ie/ViewDoc.asp?UserLang=GA&amp;fn=/home.asp Dail.ie, suíomh oifigiúil as Gaeilge.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190019/http://www.dail.ie/ViewDoc.asp?UserLang=GA&amp;fn=%2Fhome.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Dáil Éireann| ]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Sráid Chill Dara, Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Tionóil náisiúnta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>An Caisleán Riabhach</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Darren J. Prior</username>
        <id>877</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ag nuashonrú tagairt</comment>
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      <text bytes="2918" sha1="53o7gfcvqdgm1jrsu80cyi9evbm7fa1" xml:space="preserve">{{Logainmneacha|An Caisleán Riabhach|An Caisleán Riabhach (idirdhealú)}}
{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}

Baile in iarthar [[Contae Ros Comáin|Chontae Ros Comáin]] is ea '''an Caisleán Riabhach'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/43498|title=An Caisleán Riabhach/Castlerea {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Castlerea'' as [[An Béarla|Béarla]]). Rugadh [[Dubhghlas de hÍde]] anseo sa bhliain [[1860]]. Is as an Fheisire Eorpach neamhspleách [[Luke 'Ming' Flanagan]] agus an scríbhneoir agus iaririseoir [[John Waters]] ón mbaile freisin. Bhí 2,344 duine ina gcónaí sa bhaile nó cóngarach dó sa bhliain 2022.&lt;ref&gt;https://www-cloud.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp1/censusofpopulation2022profile1-populationdistributionandmovements/backgroundnotes/?utm_source=chatgpt.com]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Daoine ==

* John F. Cryan
* Thomas Finnegan
* [[Luke 'Ming' Flanagan]]
* Gerry Gannon
* Aidan Heavey 
* [[Douglas Hyde|Dr. Douglas Hyde]]
* Michael McGovern 
* Andrew McDermot
* Stephen Rochford
* John Waters
* Matthew Young 


== Grianghraif eile ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Castlerea train station sign (2024).jpg|Comhartha dátheangach ag an stáisiún traenach
File:Castlerea train station (2019).jpg|Stáisiún traenach Chaisleán Riabhach
File:St. Kevin&amp;#039;s GAA club Castlerea, Club CLG Naomh Caoimhín Chaisleán Riabhach (2020).jpg|Club CLG Naomh Caoimhín Chaisleán Riabhach
File:Bilingual Castlerea Prison sign (2024).jpg|Príosún an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh
File:Plaque at former Hells Kitchen pub Castlerea (2018).jpg|Plaic ar iartheach tábhairne Hells Kitchen sa Chaisleán Riabach
Plaque in honour of John F. Cryan, Castlerea (2018).jpg|Plaic in ómós do John F. Cryan, An Caisleán Riabhach
The Suck Valley Way Castlerea bilingual sign (2021).jpg|Comhartha dátheangach pointe eolais An [[Bealach Ghleann na Suca]], An Caisleán Riabhach
File:Suckvalleyway.jpg|Comhartha An [[Bealach Ghleann na Suca]], An Caisleán Riabhach
File:Castlerea St. Kevin's GAA flag &amp; Roscommon GAA flag.jpg|thumb|Bratacha Naomh Caoimhín agus Contae Ros Comáin CLG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Comhchathracha ==

Tá an Caisleán Riabhach nascadh le:

*{{bratach|United States}} [[Newark, New Jersey]], Na Stáit Aontaithe.
*{{bratach|France}} Soulac-sur-Mer, An Fhrainc.


==Féach freisin==

* [[Contae Ros Comáin]]
* [[Comhairle Contae Ros Comáin]]
* [[Club CLG Naomh Caoimhín Chaisleán Riabhach]]
* [[Ospidéal Ollscoile Ros Comáin]]
* [[Ros Comáin–Gaillimh (Dáilcheantar)]]
* [[Stáisiún an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh]]
* [[Bealach Ghleann na Suca]]
* [[N60 | An N60]]


== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Contae Ros Comáin}}{{Síol-tír-ie}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Caisleán Riabhach, An}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Ros Comáin|Caislean Riabhach]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imtharraingt</title>
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        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lúibíní</comment>
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      <text bytes="835" sha1="9ete8e2p99l4ajnts8wc749kkli53mw" xml:space="preserve">Dlí dobhriste nádúir is ea an '''imtharraingt''' (nó '''domhantarraingthe'''). Déileálann sé leis an [[luasghéarú]] chuig a chéile idir dhá rud, ar bhonn an fhad eatarthu.

[[Dlí na himtharraingthe|Dlí imtharraingthe Newton]]:
:&lt;math&gt;F = G \cdot \frac{m_1 \cdot m_2}{r^2}&lt;/math&gt;

San gcás seo, G = tairiseach na himtharraingthe: 
:&lt;math&gt;G = 6.6742 \cdot 10^{-11} \frac{\mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{m}^2}{\mathrm{kg}^2}&lt;/math&gt;
[[File:Apollo 15 feather and hammer drop.ogv|right|thumb|250|Titim an chasúir agus an chleite: an [[spásaire]] [[David Scott]] (ón mhisean [[Apollo 15]]) ar [[an Ghealach]], ag athléiriú finscéil thurgnamh domhantarraingthe [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]. (1.38 [[Megabyte|MB]], [[ogg]]/[[Theora]] format).]]
{{Vicífhoclóir}}

{{Síol-fisic}}

[[Catagóir:Fisic]]
[[Catagóir:Meicnic neamhaí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicipéid:Teagmháil</title>
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      <id>1326701</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-24T12:23:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Guliolopez</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>See separate deletion proposal here: https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicip%C3%A9id:Halla_baile&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1323439 (this page does appear strangely misplaced....)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1217" sha1="5ab3k32lpwww6llx96uzug4oclwrqhj" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios|1=Féach: https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicip%C3%A9id:Halla_baile&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1323439 }}
==18 Aibreán 2006 ==

Dia dhíobh a chairde Ghaeil,
Gearòid anseo atá im'chonaì anseo san Astráil le fada on lá.Sean-mhúinteoir mè atá ar phisean anois ach na blianta fada ò shin mhúin mé i scoileanna éagsùla i mBaile Átha Cliath.Tháinig mé ar an leathanach seo le déanaí agus ní nach ionadh chuir mé an-spéis ann.
Sé an fáth go bhfuil mé ag scríobh anseo ná go dtabharfaidh sé seans dom teangamháil a dhéanamh le gaeilgeóirí eile a bheadh toilteanach scríobh chugam anois agus arís ar an idirlíon.Is cuma cén aois tú a fhad is atá spéis agat sa Gaeilge.Scríobh chugam má tá fonn ort. Is cuma liom an caighdeán Gaeilge atá agat. 

Le meas
Gearóid {{unsigned|203.91.75.114}}


:[[Úsáideoir:Éóg1916|Éóg1916]] 11:34, 28 Eanáir 2007 (UTC)Éóg1916
:Bheinn rí shásta rudaí a phlé leat a Ghearóid!
:R-phost: eogribin@iol.ie

::[[Úsáideoir:Gwydionleu|Gwydionleu]] 3:08, 31 Eanáir 2012 (PST) 
::-Is é an focal 'phisean' san alt thuas earráid chlóghrafach? An bhfuil i gceist agat 'phinsean' ('pension' i mBéarla)?
::R-phost: gwydionleu@yahoo.com</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stephen Hawking</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11331</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-25T08:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChemSim</username>
        <id>59378</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PNG to TeX</comment>
      <origin>1326774</origin>
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      <text bytes="21466" sha1="ccjtee3ng32i74zjvpqfmqxjnart82a" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}[[Fisic|Fisiceoir]] teoiriciúil [[An Bhriotáin|Briotanach]] ab ea '''Stephen Hawking''' ([[8 Eanáir]] [[1942]] – [[14 Márta]] [[2018]]). Bhí obair mhór déanta aige i réimse na [[cosmeolaíocht]]a agus maidir le h[[imtharraingt chandamach]]. Bhí sé aitheanta ag fisiceoirí mar shaineolaí ar na [[Dúpholl|dúphoill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=A Brief History of Time|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Brief_History_of_Time&amp;oldid=951641657|journal=Wikipedia|date=2020-04-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Chruthaigh sé go n-astaíonn dúphoill [[radaíocht]] (atá le brath ar threalamh speisialta eolaíochta).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://gaeilge.org.au/caipeisi/nuachtlitir/anl270.pdf|teideal=Nuachtlitir 270|údar=gaeilge.org.au|dáta=|dátarochtana=2020|archivedate=2020-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311044424/https://gaeilge.org.au/caipeisi/nuachtlitir/anl270.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Rí na Cruinne&quot; an leasainm atá air. 

Bhain sé clú agus cáil amach i measc gnáthléitheoirí lena chuid [[leabhar]] faisnéise, go háirithe ''A Brief History of Time'' (&quot;Gearrstair an Ama&quot;). Is leabhar cliste é, a leagann a chuid teoiricí amach ar bhealach simplí intuigthe don léitheoir. 

Bhí staidéar déanta aige ar thús na cruinne, agus ar an tionchar a n-imreoidh an fhisic chandamach ar a cinniúint.

Cé go raibh an t-uafás gradam faighte aige, ar nós Bonn Albert Einstein 1979, Ord Impireacht na Breataine (Ceannasaí) 1982, Duais Wolf san Fhisic 1988, Gradam Phrionsa Asturias (1989), Gradam Eolaíochta an Phobail (2006) agus Bonn Uachtaráin na Saoirse (2009), ní raibh [[duais Nobel]] bronnta air.

==Luathshaol==
Rugadh Hawking ar an 8 Eanáir 1942, in [[Oxford]] i [[Sasana]] (300 bliain go baileach i ndiaidh bás [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]). Frank agus Isobel is ainm dá thuistí. Bhuail siad le chéile roimh thús an [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]], agus bhog siad ó [[Londain]] go hOxford ar mhaithe le sábháilteacht ón [[Luftwaffe]]. In ainneoin ganntanas airgid, d'fhreastail siad beirt ar [[Ollscoil Oxford]]. Rinne Frank staidéar ar [[leigheas]], agus rinne Isobel staidéar ar [[fealsúnacht|fhealsúnacht]], ar [[polaitíocht|pholaitíocht]] agus ar [[eacnamaíocht]]. Rugadh Stephen don lánúin ar dtús. Ansin bhí beirt iníon acu, Philippa agus Mary, agus d'uchtaigh siad Edward sa bhliain 1956. De réir dealraimh, clann corr aisteach ab ea iad. 

Chuir Frank agus Isobel an-bhéim ar [[oideachas]], ach níor thaitin an [[Bunscoil|bhunscoil]] mórán le Hawking. Ní raibh a ghráid thar mholadh beirte go dtí go raibh sé ina dhéagóir. 

B'ansin a bhuail sé le Dikran Tahta, [[múinteoir]] [[Matamaitic|mata]] a thug spreagadh dó, agus thosaigh sé ag léiriú an-chumas sa mhata agus sna hábhair eolaíochta. &quot;Einstein&quot; an leasainm a chuir a chomhscoláirí air. 

=== Ollscoil ===
Dé réir a chéile, shantaigh Hawking staidéar a dhéanamh ar mhata san [[ollscoil]], ach ba mhian lena athair go ndéanfadh sé staidéar ar [[Míochaine|leigheas]]. Ní raibh cúrsa mata ar fáil in Ollscoil Oxford ag an am áfach, agus mar sin, shocraigh Stephen cúrsa a dhéanamh san [[Fisic|fhisic]] agus sa [[Ceimic|cheimic]]. Bronnadh scoláireacht air, tar éis dó beagnach marcanna iomlána a fháil sa scrúdú fisice i mí an Mhárta 1959.
[[Íomhá:Stephen Hawking introduction slide of lecture at Hebrew University of Jerusalem 14-12-2006.jpg|mion|
Leabhar
|clé]]
Bhí uaigneas, cumha agus leadrán ar Stephen agus é sa chéad bhliain in Ollscoil Oxford. Cheap sé go raibh an t-ábhar acadúil i bhfad róshimplí. Chun cuidiú leis buaileadh le cairde nua, fuair sé áit mar [[liagóir]] (coxswain) ar fhoireann [[rámhaíocht]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a na hollscoile. Spórt tábhachtach comórtasach ab ea é, agus d'éirigh sé cairdiúil le cuid mhór daoine mar gheall ar a áit ar an bhfoireann. Bhain míbhuntáistí leis sin áfach, mar b'iomaí uair a bhí sé buartha go gcuirfeadh an traenáil (sé huaire sa tseachtain) isteach ar a chuid staidéar. Ní raibh sé mícheart.

Níor chaith sé ach míle uair ag staidéar taobh istigh de thrí bhliain a fhochéime, agus bhí an-imní air an oíche roimh an scrúdú deireanach. Lá na scrúduithe, níor bhac sé le ceisteanna a bhí ag iarraidh freagraí fíorasacha, ach leis na ceisteanna teoirice fisice amháin. Rogha dhainséarach é seo, mar shantaigh sé staidéar a dhéanamh ar an g[[cosmeolaíocht]] in [[Ollscoil Cambridge]], agus bhí céim céad onóracha uaidh mar choinníoll iontrála. Nuair a tháinig na torthaí amach, bhí a mharcanna díreach idir céim céad onóracha  agus céim dara honóracha. Bhí air Viva (scrúdú cainte) a dhéanamh, rud a chuir an-imní air, mar chreid sé go raibh sé ina mhac léinn achrannach leisciúil, i súile a léachtóirí.

Sa Viva, cuireadh ceist air faoina chuid pleananna don todhchaí agus d’fhreagair sé: “Má thugann sibh céim céad onóracha dom, rachaidh mé go Cambridge. Má fhaighim céim dara honóracha, fanfaidh mé in Oxford. Mar sin, ceapaim go dtabharfaidh sibh céim céad onóracha dom.“ Bhí a fhios ag na scrúdaitheoirí go raibh siad ag plé le duine a bhí i bhfad níos acadúla ná iadsan, agus i ndiaidh dó céim céad onóracha a fháil,  chuir sé tús lena chuid staidéir iarchéime i Halla na Tríonóide, Cambridge i mí Mheáin Fhómhair 1962. 

Bliain dheacair ab ea 1963 do Hawking áfach. Ar dtús, bhí díomá air go raibh sé ag obair leis an gcosmeolaí Dennis William Sciama, in ionad an réalteolaí cháiliúil [[Frederick Hoyle|Fred Hoyle]]. Ní raibh Stephen sásta lena chuid thraenáil sa Mhata ach oiread. Ní leor é dá chuid oibre sa chosmeolaíocht nó sa choibhneasacht ghinearálta. Ach, dáiríre, b’shin an chloch ba lú ar a phaidrín.

{| style=&quot;float: left; width: 250px&quot; class=wikitable
|align=center| &lt;math&gt;S=\frac{\pi A k c^3}{2 h G}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| hipitéis eantrópachta Bekenstein–Hawking
|}

== Galar néarón luadrach ==
Thosaigh a chuid sláinte ag trá. D’éirigh sé an-chiotach, bhí deacrachtaí aige agus é ag rámhaíocht, tháinig mungailt ina chuid cainte agus uair amháin, thit sé síos staighre san ollscoil ag buaileadh a cheann go dona. An Nollaig sin, thóg a mhuintir chuig an dochtúir é, agus cuireadh tús le himscrúduithe leighis. Agus é aon bhliain is fiche d'aois, fuarthas amach go raibh [[galar néarón luadrach]] air. Dúradh leis nach mbeadh níos mó ná dhá bhliain fágtha aige ar an saol seo.

Thit Hawking isteach in umar na haimléise, agus ag am amháin, bhí sé ar tí stop a chur lena chuid staidéar. Ach níor mhair an fhéintrua. San ospidéal, chonaic sé buachaill óg ag fáil bháis ó [[leoicéime]], agus gan mhoill, tháinig athrú intinne air&lt;ref&gt;Dúirt sé: “It is a waste of time to be angry about my disability. One has to get on with life and I haven't done badly. People won't have time for you if you are always angry or complaining.”&lt;/ref&gt;.  Dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, bhí sé pósta, bhí tráchtaireacht scríofa aige ar dhúphoill, bhí Ph.D bainte amach aige agus bhí post faighte aige mar léachtóir i gCambridge.

== Pósadh ==
[[Íomhá:Microquasar GRO J1655-40.jpg|mion|Taispeánann an pictiúr seo déréalta atá comhdhéanta as gnáth[[réalta]] agus [[dúpholl]]. |clé]]
Cara le deirfiúr Hawking ba ea Jane Wilde. Bhuail sí le Stephen den chéad uair ag cóisir [[Oíche Chinn Bliana|Chinn Bliana]] i 1962, agus tamall ina dhiaidh sin, thosaigh siad ag siúl amach le chéile. Chuidigh sí go mór leis nuair a bhuaileadh tinn é, agus i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1964, bhí siad idir dáil agus pósadh.  Dúirt Hawking féin gur thug an cleamhnas dóchas sa saol dó, agus pósadh iad ar an 14ú Iúil 1965. Rugadh mac dóibh, Robert, sa bhliain 1967, tháinig Lucy ar an saol sa bhliain 1970, agus saolaíodh Timothy sa bhliain 1979.

Fuair Hawking post in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], [[California]] sa bhliain 1974. Faoin am seo, bhí sé i gcathaoir rotha. Ní raibh sé in ann scríobh níos mó. Bhí an t-uafás brú ar Jane mar gheall ar chúram na bpáistí agus a fhir chéile. Ba mhian léi cuireadh a thabhairt do mhac léinn iarchéime teacht chun cónaí leo chun cabhrú le cúram Stephen. D’aontaigh sé glacadh leis seo. Bernard Carr a rinne an post seo ar dtús, agus Don Page an dara duine, ar theacht abhaile dóibh ó Pasadena.

Bhí níos mó ama ag Jane di féin ansin, agus thosaigh sí ag canadh i gcór áitiúil. I mí na Nollag 1977, bhuail sí leis an orgánaí Jonathan Hellyer Jones, agus d’éirigh sé an-chairdiúil léi agus lena clann. Deich mbliana níos déanaí, bhí Jane agus Jonathan i ngrá le chéile. 

De réir dealraimh, ghlac Stephen Hawking leis seo agus bhí sé tuisceanach faoi, ar choinníoll go leanfadh sí ar aghaidh ag taispeáint cion agus grá dó freisin. Ní raibh sé i gceist ag Jane nó ag Hellyer Jones an teaghlach a bhriseadh suas áfach, agus ar feadh na mblianta, ní raibh eatarthu ach grá platónach.

Ag deireadh na [[1970idí|seachtóidí]], tháinig meath ollmhór ar chumas cainte Stephen. Níor thuig ach a chlann agus a bhuanchairde é. D’aistrigh siad a chuid focail do dhaoine eile, agus bhí frustrachas orthu go léir. 

Thart fán am sin, thosaigh Stephen agus Jane ag smaoineamh ar fheachtas a chur ar bun do dhaoine faoi m
[[Íomhá:Physicist Stephen Hawking in Zero Gravity NASA.jpg|mion|2007:  domhantarraingt [[Nialas domhantarraingthe|nialais]]|clé]]
híchumas. Ach ní raibh croí Stephen istigh sa sórt oibre seo. Bhí sé i gcónaí ag iarraidh deighilt a chur idir é féin agus a chuid deacrachtaí fisiceacha.[[Íomhá:Stephen Hawking and Clintons in White House March 5, 1998 (01).png|clé|mion|Elaine Mason, Hawking agus na Clinton, 1998]]I lár na h[[1980idí|ochtóidí]], tháinig droch[[niúmóine]] air. Bhí sé i mbaol a bháis, agus ag am amháin, moladh do Jane 
deireadh a chur lena thacaíocht beatha. Dhiúltaigh sí, agus rinneadh [[traicéastóime]] air. Chiallaigh sin nach mbeadh Stephen in ann labhairt go deo arís agus go mbeadh buanchúram uathu. Fostaíodh banaltraí do na trí sheal oibre sa ló a bhí de dhíth. Elaine Mason an t-ainm a bhí ar dhuine acu.

Chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh, bhí ar Stephen a mhalaí a ardú chun litreacha ón [[aibítir]] a roghnú ó chárta liteartha. Ach ansin, d’úsáid sé clár ríomhaire dar teideal an &quot;Equalizer&quot; a fuair sé ó Walt Woltosz.  Ó shin i leith úsáideann sé cnaipe ar a chathaoir rotha, chun frásaí, focail, nó litreacha a roghnú ó stóras 2500–3000 atá réamhscanta. Saor ó bheith ag brath ar dhaoine chun labhairt dó, dúirt Hawking: &quot;I can communicate better now than before I lost my voice.&quot;   Leis an modh cumarsáide seo, bhí Stephen in ann léachtaí a ullmhú roimh ré. Ach bhí fadhbanna eile le sárú aige ansin.

== 1990idí:  Colscaradh ==
D’eascair an-choimhlint idir Jane agus Stephen. Leis na banaltraí agus na cúntóirí uilig ina teach, bhí an easpa príobháideachais ag cur isteach go mór ar Jane. Bhí clú agus cáil ar Hawking, agus in agallamh amháin, rinne Jane cur síos ar a ról sa phósadh mar ‘an duine a n-inseodh do Stephen nach Dia é.’ 

Bhí tuairimí an-difriúil ag an mbeirt faoi chúrsaí reiligiúin freisin. Bhí creidimh láidir Críostúil ag Jane, ach ní raibh ag Stephen, rud a chruthaigh teannas sa ghaol eatarthu. D'admhaigh sé go poiblí gur [[An tAindiachas|aindiachaí]] ba ea é&lt;ref&gt;ag rá: &quot;We are each free to believe what we want  and it is my view that the simplest explanation is there is no God.  No one created the universe and no one directs our fate.  This leads me to a profound realization.  There is probably no heaven, and no afterlife either.  We have this one life to appreciate the grand design of the universe,  and for that, I am extremely grateful.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ag deireadh [[1980idí|na 1980idí]], bhí dlúthchairdeas tar éis fás idir Stephen agus Elaine Mason,  banaltra dá chuid. Chuir a pearsantacht, a ceanndánacht agus a cosantacht imní mhór ar chlann  agus ar chairde Hawking, ach níor éist Stephen leo. I mí Feabhra 1990, d’inis Stephen do Jane go raibh sé ag [[Colscaradh|scaradh]] uaithi,  chun a bheith le Mason. D’fhág sé teach a mhuintire, agus tar éis dó colscaradh a fháil ó Jane sa bhliain 1995, phós sé Mason, ag rá &quot;It's wonderful—I have married the woman I love.&quot;

Chuir an pósadh seo brón agus uaigneas ar [[Teaghlach|theaghlach]] Stephen, a mhothaigh díbeartha agus imeallaithe uaidh. Tháinig an imní orthu, go háirithe sna blianta ag tús na mílaoise,  nuair a chreid siad féin agus a fhoireann leighis go raibh sé ag fulaingt  de bharr mí-úsáid chorpartha. Chuaigh na póilíní i mbun fiosrúcháin, ach chuir Hawking stop leo,  agus dúnadh an Cháisc nuair a dhiúltaigh Stephen ráiteas a thabhairt nó gearán dhéanamh. Go ciúin sa bhliain 2006, fuair Stephen colscaradh ó Mason,  agus d’athbhunaigh sé an dlúthghaol le Jane, lena pháistí agus lena gharpháistí.

== 2000idí ==
Sa bhliain 2005, tháinig meath níos measa ar shláinte Hawking. B’iomaí uair nach raibh sé ábalta análú i gceart. Bhí aerálaí uaidh go minic, agus chaith sé go leor tréimhse difriúla san ospidéal.
D’éirigh rudaí níos measa fós nuair a chaill sé cumhacht a mhéara. [[Íomhá:Champkins-Hawking-Light.gif|mion|&quot;Black Hole Light&quot; ag Mark Champkins, bronntanas  do Stephen Hawking|clé]]Ach lean sé ar aghaidh go cróga misniúil agus thosaigh sé ag úsáid matán ina leiceann chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh tríd an ríomhaire. Ní raibh sé in ann ach focal amháin sa nóiméad a chur in iúl áfach. Leis seo, bhí dainséar ann go dtiocfadh bréagchóma nó siondróim iniata air. Mar sin, d’oibrigh Hawking le saineolaithe agus le taighdeoirí ar chórais nua  a n-aistreoidh patrúin a inchinne nó a ghothaí gnúise go focail. Bhí dul chun cinn mór déanta aige le h[[Intel]], agus cruthaíodh an aip ‘Swiftkey’ dó, a chabhraíonn leis agus le daoine eile atá ag fulaingt ó [[Pairilis|Phairilis]]. [[Íomhá:Stephen Hawking and Lucy Hawking.jpg|mion|Stephen agus Lucy Hawking, 2009|clé]]Bhí sé mar mhaoirseoir do 39 mac léinn PhD. D’éirigh sé as a phost mar Ollamh Lucasian an Mhata sa bhliain 2009 (post a bhí ag [[Isaac Newton]] tráth).  D'fhan sé ag obair i gCambridge mar stiúrthóir taighde i réimse an Mhata Fheidhmigh agus na Fisice Teoirice. 

== Taighde agus Tuairimí ==
Pléann a thaighde le [[cosmeolaíocht]], teoiric na h[[Ollphléasc|Ollphléisce]] mar bhunús na [[An Chruinne|Cruinne]], [[Dúpholl|dúphoill]], agus [[Singilteacht|singilteachtaí]]&lt;ref&gt;Hussey, Matt - Fréamh an Eolais (Coiscéim 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;. I measc a chuid leabhar tá : 
[[Íomhá:Stephen Hawking 2013.png|mion|2013|clé]]
* A Brief History of Time (Stair Ghearr an Ama, 1988),
* The Universe in a Nutshell (An Chruinne i mBeagán Focal, 2002) agus
* A Briefer History of Time (Stair Níos Giorra an Ama, 2005).
=&gt; '''Féach freisin:  [[radaíocht Hawking]]''' (Saghas radaíochta a réamhinis Stephen Hawking i 1 974 go n-astódh dúphoill go leanúnach.) 

=== Tuairimí ===
Bhí go leor tuairimí aige faoi chúrsaí polaitiúla freisin. Tugann sé tacaíocht do Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre, agus vótáil sé d’Al Gore i dtoghchán 2000. [[Íomhá:Stephen hawking and lucy hawking nasa 2008.jpg|mion|Lucy Hawking, a iníon, ag tabhairt Stephen Hawking i láthair ag léacht ag [[NASA]]|clé]]D’ainmnigh sé ‘coir chogaidh’ ar ionradh na hIaráice sa bhliain 2003.
Rinne sé baghcat ar chomhdháil in Iosrael mar gheall ar pholasaithe Iosrael 
i leith muintir na Palaistíne.
Chuaigh sé i mbun feachtais ar son dí-armáil núicléach. 

Léirigh sé tacaíocht do thaighde gaschille agus do chúram sláinte uilíoch.
Impíonn sé ar Rialtais dhomhanda dul i ngleic le hathrú aeráide. 

I mí Mheáin Fhómhair 2013, thug sé tacaíocht do dhaoine a bhí ag troid ar son reachtaíochta i leith féinmharaithe cuidithe do dhaoine le tinneas foirceanta.
Sa bhliain 2014, vótáil sé in aghaidh neamhspleáchas na hAlban sa reifreann. 

Sna [[1990idí|nóchaidí]], faoi dheireadh, ghlac Hawking ról mar eiseamláir do dhaoine faoi mhíchumas. Thug sé go leor léachtaí agus ghlac sé páirt i neart gníomhaíocht tiomsaithe airgid.

Chun dúil an phobail a mhúscailt sa spáseitilt, agus chun fiúntas daoine faoi mhíchumas a léiriú, 
sa bhliain 2007, rinne sé eitilt domhaintharraingt nialais i &quot;Vomit Comet&quot;. 

I mí Lúnasa 2012, D’aithris Hawking an phíosa &quot;Enlightenment&quot;  i searmanas oscailte Chluichí Parailimpeacha an tSamhraidh.

D’eisíodh scannán [[Beathaisnéis|dírbheathaisnéiseach]] Hawking sa bhliain 2013. Ghlac sé le dúshlán an bhuicéid oighir i mí Lúnasa 2014  chun feasacht faoi Ghalar néarón luadrach a chur chun tosaigh agus chun airgead a bhailiú le haghaidh tuilleadh [[taighde]]. Mar gheall ar an [[niúmóine]] a bhí air i 2013, caitheadh an t-oighear ar a pháistí ina áit.

Bhí ról ag Stephen in eipeasóid Star Trek: The Next Generation sa bhliain 1993.
Úsáideadh a ghuth sintéiseoir san amhrán &quot;Keep Talking&quot; le Pink Floyd, 
agus arís eile sa bhliain 1999 in eipeasóid The Simpsons.
Tá sé le feiceáil i go leor clár faisnéise faoina shaol féin, ar nós:
* The Real Stephen Hawking (2001)
* Stephen Hawking: Profile (2002),
* Hawking (2004),
* agus an tsraith Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe (2008)
[[File:Stephen_Hawking_in_Stockholm,_2015.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Hawking_in_Stockholm,_2015.jpg|clé|mion|Léacht, Stockholm Waterfront congress, 24 Lúnasa 2015]]Bhí Hawking le feiceáil mar aoi sa chlár Futurama agus The Big Bang Theory. [[Íomhá:Web Summit 2017 - Opening Night SD5 8476 (38164890096).jpg|mion|2017|clé]]Bhí ról aige i bhfógraí teilifíse chomh maith, ag fógairt cathaoireacha rotha,  National Savings, British Telecom, Specsavers, Egg Banking, agus Go Compare.

Mar gheall ar mhéid na cruinne, is dóigh leis go bhfuil seans maith ann go maireann neacha neamhshaolta, ach creideann sé gur chóir dúinn teagmháil leo a sheachaint. Measann sé freisin go mbeidh ról nach beag ag intleacht shaorga i gcinniúint an chine dhaonna a stiúradh, san am atá romhainn, ach gur chóir dúinn a bheith iontach cúramach ar fad leis.
Ceapann sé go bhfuil an domhan i mbaol, mar gheall ar ‘cogadh tobann núicléach, [[víreas]] atá cruthaithe ag innealtóireacht ghéiniteach, 
nó contúirt eile nár smaoinigh muid air go fóill.’  Bhí Stephen buartha faoina todhchaí, gan aon agó.

Sa bhliain 2006, chuir sé ceist oscailte ar an Idirlíon, &quot;In a world that is in chaos politically, socially and environmentally, how can the human race sustain another 100 years?&quot; 

Mí níos déanaí, b’é seo an freagra a thug sé: 
&quot;I don’t know the answer. That is why I asked the question, to get people to think about it, and to be aware of the dangers we now face.&quot;

Chreid sé go raibh an spáseitilt agus coilíniú sa spás riachtanach chun cinniúnt an chine dhaonna a chinntiú&lt;ref&gt;“I don't think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet. But I'm an optimist. We will reach out to the stars.”&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Oidhreacht ==
[[Bás|D'éag]] Hawkins ar an 14 Márta 2018 i g[[Cambridge]]. Fuair sé bás suaimhneach de réir a mhuintire, gan aon mhionsonraí a thabhairt faoi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT.Death&quot;&gt;{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 March 2018 |first=Dennis |last=Overbye |teideal=Stephen Hawking, Who Examined the Universe and Explained Black Holes, Dies at 76 |accessdate=14 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/obituaries/stephen-hawking-dead.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá sé deacair cur síos a dhéanamh ar  an méid oibre a bhí déanta ag Hawkins ina shaol an méid leabhair, aistí agus tráchtaireachtaí atá scríofa aige an méid díospóireachtaí a bhí aige le heolaithe eile an méid léachtaí atá tugtha aige an méid taistil atá déanta aige nó an méid gradam a bhí buaite aige. Ach ba shaoi gan aon agó é. Bhí meas mór tuillte aige mar gheall ar a acadúlacht agus a meon láidir ceanndána, a sháraíonn deacrachtaí a bhrisfeadh an gnáthdhuine.

Is iomaí [[foirgneamh]] atá ainmnithe in ómós dó,[[Íomhá:BH-no-escape-1.svg|mion|333x333px|Hawking, Stephen W.; George Ellis (1973) The large scale structure of space-time,  Cambridge University Press, p. 152 ISBN: 0-521-09906-4. OCLC: 16002677. )]]
== Naisc sheachtracha ==

*[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328460.500-stephen-hawking-at-70-exclusive-interview.htm#.VOOT_9E5DzA &quot;Stephen Hawking at 70: Exclusive Interview&quot;. ''New Scientist''. 4 Eanáir 2012, arna rochtain ar 17 Feabhra 2015]
*As Gaeilge: [https://gaeilge.org.au/caipeisi/nuachtlitir/anl270.pdf Gaeilge.org.au - Nuachtlitir 270] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311044424/https://gaeilge.org.au/caipeisi/nuachtlitir/anl270.pdf |date=2020-03-11 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

*

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[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet - Portrait.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Emmet, le Thomas Kelly (thart ar 1871–1874)]]
Ba náisiúnach, poblachtánach, óráidí agus ceannaire réabhlóideach Éireannach é '''Roibeard Emmet''' (nó ''Roibeard Eiméad'' uaireanta; [[4 Márta]] [[1778]] – [[20 Meán Fómhair]] [[1803]]). Bhí sé i gceannas ar éirí amach mírathúil in aghaidh riail na Breataine sa bhliain 1803. Gabhadh é, cuireadh ar a thriail é agus cuireadh chun báis é as ardtréas in aghaidh Rí na Breataine.

Ba de theaghlach saibhir Protastúnach Angla-Éireannach é Emmet, teaghlach a raibh trua acu do Chaitlicigh na hÉireann agus don easpa ionadaíochta cothroime a bhí acu sa Pharlaimint. Bhí bá ag muintir Emmet leis na coilínigh cheannairceacha i Réabhlóid Mheiriceá freisin.

== Tús a shaoil ==
[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet - Project Gutenberg 13112.png|mion|clé|220px|Roibeard Emmet]]
Saolaíodh Roibeard Emmet i dteach uimhir 109, [[Faiche Stiabhna]], i [[Baile Átha Cliath|mBaile Átha Cliath]], ar an 4 Márta 1778. Ba é an mac ab óige é ag an Dochtúir Roibeard Emmet (1729–1802), lia cúirte, agus ag a bhean chéile, Elizabeth Mason (1739–1803). Bhí muintir Emmet compordach ó thaobh airgid de: bhí teach acu ar Fhaiche Stiabhna agus teach cónaithe faoin tuath acu in aice le [[Baile an Mhuilinn (Baile Átha Cliath)|Baile an Mhuilinn]]. Duine de dheartháireacha Roibeaird ab ea an náisiúnach [[Thomas Addis Emmet]]. Ba dhlúthchara le [[Theobald Wolfe Tone]] é Thomas, agus thagadh Wolfe Tone ar cuairt chun an tí go minic agus gan i Roibeard ach páiste.

D'fhreastail Emmet ar scoil Oswald i Lána an Óir i mBaile Átha Cliath. Chuaigh sé isteach i [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|gColáiste na Tríonóide]] i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1793, gan é ach cúig bliana déag d'aois, agus bhain sé ardcháil amach mar mhac léinn staire agus ceimice. I mí na Nollag 1797 ghlac sé ballraíocht i gCumann Stairiúil an Choláiste, cumann díospóireachta. Le linn dó a bheith sa choláiste, chrom a dheartháir Tomás agus roinnt dá chairde ar ghníomhaíocht pholaitiúil. Ceapadh Roibeard ina rúnaí ar choiste rúnda de chuid [[Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]] sa choláiste, agus baineadh a ainm de leabhair an choláiste i mí Aibreáin 1798 dá bharr sin.

I ndiaidh [[Éirí Amach 1798]], bhí Emmet páirteach in atheagrú Chumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe, cumann a bhí cloíte faoin am sin. I mí Aibreáin 1799 eisíodh barántas gabhála ina choinne. D'éalaigh sé, agus i samhradh na bliana 1800 thaistil sé chun na Mór-Roinne ag súil le cúnamh míleata a fháil ón bhFrainc: chuir sé féin agus Malachy Delaney achainí faoi bhráid [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] trí Talleyrand, aire gnóthaí eachtracha na Fraince. Níor éirigh leis, ó bhí Napoleon ag díriú a chuid iarrachtaí ar ionradh a dhéanamh ar Shasana. Tar éis dó labhairt le Napoleon agus le Talleyrand i bhfómhar na bliana 1802, thuig Emmet nach mbeadh mórán airde ag na Francaigh ar leas na hÉireann. D'fhill sé ar Éirinn i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1802, agus i mí an Mhárta an bhliain dár gcionn thosaigh sé ag pleanáil éirí amach eile.

== Éirí Amach 1803 ==
[[Íomhá:Grave of Robert Emmet.jpg|mion|clé|220px|A leac uaighe]]
I ndiaidh dó filleadh ar Éirinn, chuir Emmet tús le hullmhúcháin d'[[éirí amach]] nua i gcuideachta a chomhréabhlóidithe Angla-Éireannacha, [[Tomás Ruiséil (reibiliúnach)|Tomás Ruiséil]] agus Séamas Hope. Thosaigh sé ag monarú arm agus pléascán in áitribh éagsúla i mBaile Átha Cliath. Ar an 16 Iúil 1803 phléasc púdar gunna de thaisme sa stór arm i Sráid Phádraig, rud a mhúscail amhras na n-údarás, agus b'éigean d'Emmet dáta an éirí amach a thabhairt chun tosaigh dá bharr.

Chreid Emmet go raibh eolas ag na húdaráis ar an gcomhcheilg faoin tráth sin agus go mbeadh sé rómhall fanacht go dtiocfadh na [[An Fhrainc|Francaigh]]. Shocraigh sé ansin an t-éirí amach a chur ar bun Dé Sathairn, an 23 Iúil 1803.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://republican-news.org/archive/2003/January16/16gaei.html|teideal=AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS|work=republican-news.org|dátarochtana=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cé gur go tobann a rinneadh an cinneadh, tugadh le fios d'Emmet go n-éireodh an tír ar fad amach dá dtiocfadh muintir [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] amach. Scaipeadh an scéala go raibh na ceannaircigh le teacht le chéile idir a sé agus a naoi a chlog tráthnóna.

Theip ar Emmet cabhair a fháil ó cheannaircigh Chill Mhantáin faoi cheannas [[Mícheál Ó Duibhir (réabhlóidí)|Mhichíl Uí Dhuibhir]]. D'iompaigh go leor ceannairceach ó Chill Dara ar ais abhaile de cheal arm tine, ach chuaigh an t-éirí amach ar aghaidh i mBaile Átha Cliath tráthnóna an 23 Iúil 1803. Cuireadh thart ar 10,000 cóip d'fhorógra in ainm an &quot;Rialtais Shealadaigh&quot; i gcló. Chomh maith le hathchóiriú parlaiminte, gealladh san fhorógra go gcuirfí na deachúna ar ceal agus go ndéanfaí talamh [[Eaglais na hÉireann]] a náisiúnú. Chuaigh sé i bhfeidhm ar Fhorógra na Poblachta i 1916. Scrios na húdaráis formhór na gcóipeanna, agus níl ar marthain inniu ach dhá cheann acu.

Chaith Emmet éide ghlas mhaisithe, bríste bán, buataisí agus hata a raibh cleití air. Theip orthu [[Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath]] a ghabháil, cé nach raibh sé cosanta go láidir. Bhí círéib mhór ar siúl timpeall [[Sráid Thomáis|Shráid Thomáis]]. Nuair a chonaic Emmet slua ag tarraingt dragúin dá chapall agus á mharú le pící, d'ordaigh sé deireadh a chur leis an éirí amach ionas nach ndoirtfí tuilleadh fola. Ní raibh smacht aige ar a lucht leanúna, áfach. In eachtra ar leith, tarraingíodh [[Tiarna Príomh-Bhreitheamh na hÉireann|an Tiarna Príomh-Bhreitheamh]], an Tiarna Kilwarden, óna chóiste agus sádh le pící é. Bhí sé beo fós nuair a fuarthas é, agus tugadh go teach é, áit a bhfuair sé [[bás]] tamall gearr ina dhiaidh sin.

== Gabháil agus triail ==
[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet death mask only.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Básdreach.]]
Chuaigh Emmet i bhfolach i ndiaidh an éirí amach, ach gabhadh é ar an [[25 Lúnasa]] i [[Crois Araild]]. Chuir sé a shaol féin i mbaol nuair a bhog sé ó [[Ráth Fearnáin]] go Crois Araild le bheith in aice lena leannán, Sarah Curran, iníon an dlíodóra [[John Philpot Curran]]. Cuireadh ar a thriail é as ardtréas ar an [[19 Meán Fómhair]]; cheannaigh an Choróin abhcóide Emmet féin, Leonard MacNally, agus fuair seisean £200 agus pinsean as an eolas a thug sé uaidh.

Nuair a fógraíodh an fíorasc, thug Emmet óráid ón gcúirt, agus tá cáil ar na línte deireanacha di: &quot;Let no man write my epitaph…&quot;. Ar an [[20 Meán Fómhair]] 1803 crochadh é os comhair Eaglais Chaitríona i Sráid Thomáis, agus baineadh an ceann de nuair a bhí sé marbh. Ó bhí a mhuintir agus a chairde faoi ghlas nó faoi amhras, níor éiligh aon duine an corp, agus níl a fhios go cinnte fós cár cuireadh é.

Scríobh Emmet litir i [[Príosún Chill Mhaighneann|bPríosún Chill Mhaighneann]], Baile Átha Cliath, ar an [[8 Meán Fómhair]] 1803. &quot;Miss Sarah Curran, the Priory, Rathfarnham&quot; an seoladh a bhí uirthi, agus thug sé do mhaor an phríosúin, George Dunn, í. Ach sceith Dunn air nuair a thug sé an litir d'údaráis an rialtais, rud a chuir saol Sarah Curran i mbaol. Chuir an eachtra sin, mar aon leis na hiarrachtaí a rinne sé fanacht in aice léi — iarrachtaí ba chúis lena ghabháil agus lena bhás — go mór lena chlú mar dhuine rómánsúil.

== Oidhreacht ==
[[Íomhá:BARRINGTON(1833) p1.128 MR. ROBERT EMMET.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Roibeard Emmet, as leabhar le Barrington (1833), lch 128]]
Cé gur theip go hiomlán ar an éirí amach, tá Emmet ar dhuine de laochra [[stair na hÉireann]]. Sna hamhráin &quot;Oh! Breathe Not His Name&quot; agus &quot;She Is Far from the Land&quot;, rinne an file [[Thomas Moore]], comrádaí leis i gColáiste na Tríonóide, íocón náisiúnta agus rómánsúil de. Thagair [[Pádraig Mac Piarais]] dó go minic, agus d'fhógair seisean rialtas sealadach i mBaile Átha Cliath sa bhliain 1916. Tá dealbh de le Jerome Connor ar Fhaiche Stiabhna, in aice na háite inar rugadh é, agus tá cóipeanna di i Washington, D.C. agus i San Francisco.

Rinneadh laoch d'[[Anne Devlin]], bean tí Emmet, mar gheall ar an gcrógacht agus ar an mbuanseasmhacht a léirigh sí nuair a céasadh í.

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]]
* [[Éirí Amach 1798]]
* [[Thomas Addis Emmet]]
* [[Tomás Ruiséil (reibiliúnach)|Tomás Ruiséil]]
* [[Anne Devlin]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_Dock_%28Emmet%29 Wikisource - Oráid]
* [http://www.lawlibrary.ie/viewdoc.asp?m=&amp;fn=/documents/aboutus/history/emmet_GA.htm Beathaisnéisí - lawlibrary.ie - Roibeard Emmet (as Gaeilge)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044317/http://www.lawlibrary.ie/viewdoc.asp?m=&amp;fn=%2Fdocuments%2Faboutus%2Fhistory%2Femmet_GA.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emmet, Roibeard}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1778]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1803]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine curtha chun báis]]
[[Catagóir:Éirí Amach 1803 in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Eaglais na hÉireann]]</text>
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[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet - Portrait.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Emmet, le Thomas Kelly (thart ar 1871–1874)]]
Ba náisiúnach, poblachtánach, óráidí agus ceannaire réabhlóideach Éireannach é '''Roibeard Emmet''' (nó ''Roibeard Eiméad'' uaireanta; [[4 Márta]] [[1778]] – [[20 Meán Fómhair]] [[1803]]). Bhí sé i gceannas ar éirí amach mírathúil in aghaidh riail na Breataine sa bhliain 1803. Gabhadh é, cuireadh ar a thriail é agus cuireadh chun báis é as ardtréas in aghaidh Rí na Breataine.

Ba de theaghlach saibhir Protastúnach Angla-Éireannach é Emmet, teaghlach a raibh trua acu do Chaitlicigh na hÉireann agus don easpa ionadaíochta cothroime a bhí acu sa Pharlaimint. Bhí bá ag muintir Emmet leis na coilínigh cheannairceacha i Réabhlóid Mheiriceá freisin.

== Tús a shaoil ==
[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet - Project Gutenberg 13112.png|mion|clé|220px|Roibeard Emmet]]
Saolaíodh Roibeard Emmet i dteach uimhir 109, [[Faiche Stiabhna]], i [[Baile Átha Cliath|mBaile Átha Cliath]], ar an 4 Márta 1778. Ba é an mac ab óige é ag an Dochtúir Roibeard Emmet (1729–1802), lia cúirte, agus ag a bhean chéile, Elizabeth Mason (1739–1803). Bhí muintir Emmet compordach ó thaobh airgid de: bhí teach acu ar Fhaiche Stiabhna agus teach cónaithe faoin tuath acu in aice le [[Baile an Mhuilinn (Baile Átha Cliath)|Baile an Mhuilinn]]. Duine de dheartháireacha Roibeaird ab ea an náisiúnach [[Thomas Addis Emmet]]. Ba dhlúthchara le [[Theobald Wolfe Tone]] é Thomas, agus thagadh Wolfe Tone ar cuairt chun an tí go minic agus gan i Roibeard ach páiste.

D'fhreastail Emmet ar scoil Oswald i Lána an Óir i mBaile Átha Cliath. Chuaigh sé isteach i [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|gColáiste na Tríonóide]] i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1793, gan é ach cúig bliana déag d'aois, agus bhain sé ardcháil amach mar mhac léinn staire agus ceimice. I mí na Nollag 1797 ghlac sé ballraíocht i gCumann Stairiúil an Choláiste, cumann díospóireachta. Le linn dó a bheith sa choláiste, chrom a dheartháir Tomás agus roinnt dá chairde ar ghníomhaíocht pholaitiúil. Ceapadh Roibeard ina rúnaí ar choiste rúnda de chuid [[Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]] sa choláiste, agus baineadh a ainm de leabhair an choláiste i mí Aibreáin 1798 dá bharr sin.

I ndiaidh [[Éirí Amach 1798]], bhí Emmet páirteach in atheagrú Chumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe, cumann a bhí cloíte faoin am sin. I mí Aibreáin 1799 eisíodh barántas gabhála ina choinne. D'éalaigh sé, agus i samhradh na bliana 1800 thaistil sé chun na Mór-Roinne ag súil le cúnamh míleata a fháil ón bhFrainc: chuir sé féin agus Malachy Delaney achainí faoi bhráid [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] trí Talleyrand, aire gnóthaí eachtracha na Fraince. Níor éirigh leis, ó bhí Napoleon ag díriú a chuid iarrachtaí ar ionradh a dhéanamh ar Shasana. Tar éis dó labhairt le Napoleon agus le Talleyrand i bhfómhar na bliana 1802, thuig Emmet nach mbeadh mórán airde ag na Francaigh ar leas na hÉireann. D'fhill sé ar Éirinn i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1802, agus i mí an Mhárta an bhliain dár gcionn thosaigh sé ag pleanáil éirí amach eile.

== Éirí Amach 1803 ==
[[Íomhá:Grave of Robert Emmet.jpg|mion|clé|220px|A leac uaighe]]
I ndiaidh dó filleadh ar Éirinn, chuir Emmet tús le hullmhúcháin d'[[éirí amach]] nua i gcuideachta a chomhréabhlóidithe Angla-Éireannacha, [[Tomás Ruiséil (reibiliúnach)|Tomás Ruiséil]] agus Séamas Hope. Thosaigh sé ag monarú arm agus pléascán in áitribh éagsúla i mBaile Átha Cliath. Ar an 16 Iúil 1803 phléasc púdar gunna de thaisme sa stór arm i Sráid Phádraig, rud a mhúscail amhras na n-údarás, agus b'éigean d'Emmet dáta an éirí amach a thabhairt chun tosaigh dá bharr.

Chreid Emmet go raibh eolas ag na húdaráis ar an gcomhcheilg faoin tráth sin agus go mbeadh sé rómhall fanacht go dtiocfadh na [[An Fhrainc|Francaigh]]. Shocraigh sé ansin an t-éirí amach a chur ar bun Dé Sathairn, an 23 Iúil 1803.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://republican-news.org/archive/2003/January16/16gaei.html|teideal=AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS|work=republican-news.org|dátarochtana=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cé gur go tobann a rinneadh an cinneadh, tugadh le fios d'Emmet go n-éireodh an tír ar fad amach dá dtiocfadh muintir [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] amach. Scaipeadh an scéala go raibh na ceannaircigh le teacht le chéile idir a sé agus a naoi a chlog tráthnóna.

D'iompaigh go leor ceannairceach ó Chill Dara ar ais abhaile de cheal arm tine, ach chuaigh an t-éirí amach ar aghaidh i mBaile Átha Cliath tráthnóna an 23 Iúil 1803. Cuireadh thart ar 10,000 cóip d'fhorógra in ainm an &quot;Rialtais Shealadaigh&quot; i gcló. Chomh maith le hathchóiriú parlaiminte, gealladh san fhorógra go gcuirfí na deachúna ar ceal agus go ndéanfaí talamh [[Eaglais na hÉireann]] a náisiúnú.  Scrios na húdaráis formhór na gcóipeanna, agus níl ar marthain inniu ach dhá cheann acu.

Chaith Emmet éide ghlas mhaisithe, bríste bán, buataisí agus hata a raibh cleití air. Theip orthu [[Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath]] a ghabháil, cé nach raibh sé cosanta go láidir. Bhí círéib mhór ar siúl timpeall [[Sráid Thomáis|Shráid Thomáis]]. Nuair a chonaic Emmet slua ag tarraingt dragúin dá chapall agus á mharú le pící, d'ordaigh sé deireadh a chur leis an éirí amach ionas nach ndoirtfí tuilleadh fola. Ní raibh smacht aige ar a lucht leanúna, áfach. In eachtra ar leith, tarraingíodh [[Tiarna Príomh-Bhreitheamh na hÉireann|an Tiarna Príomh-Bhreitheamh]], an Tiarna Kilwarden, óna chóiste agus sádh le pící é. Bhí sé beo fós nuair a fuarthas é, agus tugadh go teach é, áit a bhfuair sé [[bás]] tamall gearr ina dhiaidh sin.

== Gabháil agus triail ==
[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet death mask only.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Básdreach.]]
Chuaigh Emmet i bhfolach i ndiaidh an éirí amach, ach gabhadh é ar an [[25 Lúnasa]] i [[Crois Araild]]. Chuir sé a shaol féin i mbaol nuair a bhog sé ó [[Ráth Fearnáin]] go Crois Araild le bheith in aice lena leannán, Sarah Curran, iníon an dlíodóra [[John Philpot Curran]]. Cuireadh ar a thriail é as ardtréas ar an [[19 Meán Fómhair]]; cheannaigh an Choróin abhcóide Emmet féin, Leonard MacNally, agus fuair seisean £200 agus pinsean as an eolas a thug sé uaidh.

Nuair a fógraíodh an fíorasc, thug Emmet óráid ón gcúirt, agus tá cáil ar na línte deireanacha di: &quot;Let no man write my epitaph…&quot;. Ar an [[20 Meán Fómhair]] 1803 crochadh é os comhair Eaglais Chaitríona i Sráid Thomáis, agus baineadh an ceann de nuair a bhí sé marbh. Ó bhí a mhuintir agus a chairde faoi ghlas nó faoi amhras, níor éiligh aon duine an corp, agus níl a fhios go cinnte fós cár cuireadh é.

Scríobh Emmet litir i [[Príosún Chill Mhaighneann|bPríosún Chill Mhaighneann]], Baile Átha Cliath, ar an [[8 Meán Fómhair]] 1803. &quot;Miss Sarah Curran, the Priory, Rathfarnham&quot; an seoladh a bhí uirthi, agus thug sé do mhaor an phríosúin, George Dunn, í. Ach sceith Dunn air nuair a thug sé an litir d'údaráis an rialtais, rud a chuir saol Sarah Curran i mbaol. Chuir an eachtra sin, mar aon leis na hiarrachtaí a rinne sé fanacht in aice léi — iarrachtaí ba chúis lena ghabháil agus lena bhás — go mór lena chlú mar dhuine rómánsúil.

== Oidhreacht ==
[[Íomhá:BARRINGTON(1833) p1.128 MR. ROBERT EMMET.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Roibeard Emmet, as leabhar le Barrington (1833), lch 128]]
Cé gur theip go hiomlán ar an éirí amach, tá Emmet ar dhuine de laochra [[stair na hÉireann]]. Sna hamhráin &quot;Oh! Breathe Not His Name&quot; agus &quot;She Is Far from the Land&quot;, rinne an file [[Thomas Moore]], comrádaí leis i gColáiste na Tríonóide, íocón náisiúnta agus rómánsúil de. 

Thagair [[Pádraig Mac Piarais]] dó go minic, agus d'fhógair seisean rialtas sealadach i mBaile Átha Cliath sa bhliain 1916.  Chuaigh  Forógra Emmet in ainm an &quot;Rialtais Shealadaigh&quot; i bhfeidhm ar Fhorógra na Poblachta i 1916.  

Tá dealbh de le Jerome Connor ar Fhaiche Stiabhna, in aice na háite inar rugadh é, agus tá cóipeanna di i Washington, D.C. agus i San Francisco.

Rinneadh laoch d'[[Anne Devlin]], bean tí Emmet, mar gheall ar an gcrógacht agus ar an mbuanseasmhacht a léirigh sí nuair a céasadh í.

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]]
* [[Éirí Amach 1798]]
* [[Thomas Addis Emmet]]
* [[Tomás Ruiséil (reibiliúnach)|Tomás Ruiséil]]
* [[Anne Devlin]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_Dock_%28Emmet%29 Wikisource - Oráid]
* [http://www.lawlibrary.ie/viewdoc.asp?m=&amp;fn=/documents/aboutus/history/emmet_GA.htm Beathaisnéisí - lawlibrary.ie - Roibeard Emmet (as Gaeilge)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044317/http://www.lawlibrary.ie/viewdoc.asp?m=&amp;fn=%2Fdocuments%2Faboutus%2Fhistory%2Femmet_GA.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emmet, Roibeard}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1778]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1803]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine curtha chun báis]]
[[Catagóir:Éirí Amach 1803 in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Eaglais na hÉireann]]</text>
      <sha1>7rkklvc7h1bo8a89109yq8kces7mx8q</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="10310" sha1="27lndx04govb0w2ljk3mudv1zlk9tkc" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Ba náisiúnach, poblachtánach, óráidí agus ceannaire réabhlóideach Éireannach é '''Roibeard Emmet''' (nó ''Roibeard Eiméad'' uaireanta; [[4 Márta]] [[1778]] – [[20 Meán Fómhair]] [[1803]]). Bhí sé i gceannas ar éirí amach mírathúil in aghaidh riail na Breataine sa bhliain 1803. Gabhadh é, cuireadh ar a thriail é agus cuireadh chun báis é as ardtréas i gcoinne Rí na Breataine.

Ba de theaghlach saibhir Protastúnach Angla-Éireannach é Emmet, teaghlach a raibh bá acu le Caitlicigh na hÉireann agus a bhí míshásta leis an easpa ionadaíochta cothroime a bhí acu sa Pharlaimint. Thacaigh muintir Emmet leis na coilínigh cheannairceacha i Réabhlóid Mheiriceá freisin.

[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet - Portrait.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Emmet, le Thomas Kelly (thart ar 1871–1874)]]
[[Íomhá:BARRINGTON(1833) p1.128 MR. ROBERT EMMET.jpg|mion|220px|Roibeard Emmet, as leabhar le Barrington (1833), lch 128]]

== Tús a shaoil ==
[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet - Project Gutenberg 13112.png|mion|220px|Roibeard Emmet]]
Saolaíodh Roibeard Emmet i dteach uimhir 109, [[Faiche Stiabhna]], i [[Baile Átha Cliath|mBaile Átha Cliath]], ar an 4 Márta 1778. Ba iad a thuismitheoirí an Dochtúir Roibeard Emmet (1729–1802), lia cúirte, agus Elizabeth Mason (1739–1803), agus ba é Roibeard an mac ab óige acu. Bhí muintir Emmet compordach ó thaobh airgid de: bhí teach acu ar Fhaiche Stiabhna agus teach cónaithe faoin tuath acu in aice le [[Baile an Mhuilinn (Baile Átha Cliath)|Baile an Mhuilinn]]. Duine de dheartháireacha Roibeaird ab ea an náisiúnach [[Thomas Addis Emmet]]. Ba dhlúthchara le [[Theobald Wolfe Tone]] é Thomas, agus thagadh Wolfe Tone ar cuairt chun an tí go minic agus gan i Roibeard ach páiste.

D'fhreastail Emmet ar scoil Oswald i Lána an Óir i mBaile Átha Cliath. Chuaigh sé isteach i [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|gColáiste na Tríonóide]] i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1793, gan é ach cúig bliana déag d'aois, agus bhain sé ardcháil amach mar mhac léinn staire agus ceimice. I mí na Nollag 1797 chuaigh sé isteach sa Chumann Staire (''College Historical Society''), cumann díospóireachta an choláiste. Le linn dó a bheith sa choláiste, chrom a dheartháir Thomas agus roinnt dá chairde ar ghníomhaíocht pholaitiúil. Ceapadh Roibeard ina rúnaí ar choiste rúnda a bhí ag [[Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]] sa choláiste, agus baineadh a ainm de leabhair an choláiste i mí Aibreáin 1798 dá bharr sin.

I ndiaidh [[Éirí Amach 1798]], bhí Emmet páirteach in atheagrú Chumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe, cumann a bhí cloíte faoin am sin. I mí Aibreáin 1799 eisíodh barántas gabhála ina choinne. D'éalaigh sé, agus i samhradh na bliana 1800 thaistil sé chun na Mór-Roinne ag súil le cúnamh míleata a fháil ón bhFrainc: chuir sé féin agus Malachy Delaney achainí faoi bhráid [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] trí mheán Talleyrand, aire gnóthaí eachtracha na Fraince. Níor éirigh leis, ó bhí Napoleon ag díriú a chuid iarrachtaí ar ionradh a dhéanamh ar Shasana. Tar éis dó labhairt le Napoleon agus le Talleyrand i bhfómhar na bliana 1802, thuig Emmet nach mbeadh mórán airde ag na Francaigh ar leas na hÉireann. D'fhill sé ar Éirinn i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1802, agus i mí an Mhárta an bhliain dár gcionn thosaigh sé ag pleanáil éirí amach eile.

== Éirí Amach 1803 ==
I ndiaidh dó filleadh ar Éirinn, chuir Emmet tús le hullmhúcháin d'[[éirí amach]] nua i gcuideachta a chomhréabhlóidithe Angla-Éireannacha, [[Tomás Ruiséil (reibiliúnach)|Tomás Ruiséil]] agus Séamas Hope. Thosaigh sé ag monarú arm agus pléascán in áitribh éagsúla i mBaile Átha Cliath. Ar an 16 Iúil 1803 phléasc púdar gunna de thaisme sa stór arm i Sráid Phádraig, rud a mhúscail amhras na n-údarás, agus b'éigean d'Emmet an t-éirí amach a chur ar bun níos luaithe ná mar a bhí beartaithe.

Chreid Emmet go raibh eolas ag na húdaráis ar an gcomhcheilg faoin tráth sin agus go mbeadh sé rómhall fanacht go dtiocfadh na [[An Fhrainc|Francaigh]]. Shocraigh sé ansin an t-éirí amach a chur ar bun Dé Sathairn, an 23 Iúil 1803.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://republican-news.org/archive/2003/January16/16gaei.html|teideal=AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS|work=republican-news.org|dátarochtana=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cé gur go tobann a rinneadh an cinneadh, tugadh le fios d'Emmet go n-éireodh an tír ar fad amach dá dtiocfadh muintir [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] amach. Scaipeadh an scéala go raibh na ceannaircigh le teacht le chéile idir a sé agus a naoi a chlog tráthnóna.

D'iompaigh go leor ceannairceach ó Chill Dara ar ais abhaile de cheal arm tine, ach chuaigh an t-éirí amach ar aghaidh i mBaile Átha Cliath tráthnóna an 23 Iúil 1803. Clóbhuaileadh thart ar 10,000 cóip d'fhorógra in ainm an &quot;Rialtais Shealadaigh&quot;. Chomh maith le hathchóiriú parlaiminte, gealladh san fhorógra go gcuirfí na deachúna ar ceal agus go ndéanfaí talamh [[Eaglais na hÉireann]] a náisiúnú. Scrios na húdaráis formhór na gcóipeanna, agus níl ar marthain inniu ach dhá cheann acu.

Chaith Emmet éide ghlas mhaisithe, bríste bán, buataisí agus hata a raibh cleití air. Theip orthu [[Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath]] a ghabháil, cé nach raibh sé cosanta go láidir. Bhí círéib mhór ar siúl timpeall [[Sráid Thomáis|Shráid Thomáis]]. Nuair a chonaic Emmet slua ag tarraingt dragúin dá chapall agus á mharú le pící, d'ordaigh sé deireadh a chur leis an éirí amach ionas nach ndoirtfí tuilleadh fola. Ní raibh smacht aige ar a lucht leanúna, áfach. In eachtra ar leith, tarraingíodh [[Tiarna Príomh-Bhreitheamh na hÉireann|an Tiarna Príomh-Bhreitheamh]], an Tiarna Kilwarden, óna chóiste agus sádh le pící é. Bhí sé beo fós nuair a fuarthas é, agus tugadh go teach é, áit a bhfuair sé bás tamall gearr ina dhiaidh sin.

Níor éirigh le Tomás Ruiséil tacaíocht a chruinniú i gCúige Uladh. Gabhadh é, agus crochadh é i nDún Pádraig ar an 21 Deireadh Fómhair 1803.

== Gabháil agus triail ==
[[Íomhá:Robert Emmet death mask only.jpg|mion|220px|Masc mairbh Emmet.]]
[[Íomhá:Grave of Robert Emmet.jpg|mion|220px|A leac uaighe]]
Chuaigh Emmet i bhfolach i ndiaidh an éirí amach, ach gabhadh é ar an [[25 Lúnasa]] i [[Crois Araild|gCrois Araild]]. Chuir sé a shaol féin i mbaol nuair a bhog sé ó [[Ráth Fearnáin]] go Crois Araild le bheith in aice lena leannán, Sarah Curran, iníon an dlíodóra [[John Philpot Curran]]. Cuireadh ar a thriail é as ardtréas ar an [[19 Meán Fómhair]]; cheannaigh an Choróin abhcóide Emmet féin, Leonard MacNally, agus fuair seisean £200 agus pinsean as an eolas a thug sé uaidh.

Nuair a fógraíodh an fíorasc, thug Emmet óráid ó ghabhann na cúirte, agus tá cáil ar na línte deireanacha di: &quot;Let no man write my epitaph…&quot;. Ar an [[20 Meán Fómhair]] 1803 crochadh é os comhair Eaglais Chaitríona i Sráid Thomáis, agus baineadh an ceann de nuair a bhí sé marbh. Ó bhí a mhuintir agus a chairde faoi ghlas nó faoi amhras, níor éiligh aon duine an corp, agus níl a fhios go cinnte fós cár cuireadh é. Bhí ordú ag maor an phríosúin an corp a adhlacadh in Acra an Bhulaí (''Bully's Acre'') i gCill Mhaighneann mura n-éileofaí é. De réir thraidisiún an teaghlaigh, aistríodh na taisí go hEaglais Naomh Peadar i Sráid Aungier sa bhliain 1804, ach nuair a cuardaíodh an tuama sa bhliain 1903 níor aimsíodh aon iarsma.

Scríobh Emmet litir i [[Príosún Chill Mhaighneann|bPríosún Chill Mhaighneann]], Baile Átha Cliath, ar an [[8 Meán Fómhair]] 1803. &quot;Miss Sarah Curran, the Priory, Rathfarnham&quot; an seoladh a bhí uirthi, agus thug sé do mhaor an phríosúin, George Dunn, í. Ach sceith Dunn air nuair a thug sé an litir d'údaráis an rialtais, rud a chuir saol Sarah Curran i mbaol. Chuir an eachtra sin, mar aon leis na hiarrachtaí a rinne sé fanacht in aice léi — iarrachtaí ba chúis lena ghabháil agus lena bhás — go mór lena chlú mar dhuine rómánsúil.

== Oidhreacht ==
Cé gur theip go hiomlán ar an éirí amach, tá áit ar leith ag Emmet i [[stair na hÉireann]] mar laoch náisiúnta. Sna hamhráin ''Oh! Breathe Not His Name'' agus ''She Is Far from the Land'', rinne an file [[Thomas Moore]], comrádaí leis i gColáiste na Tríonóide, íocón náisiúnta rómánsúil de.

Thagair [[Pádraig Mac Piarais]] dó go minic, agus d'fhógair Mac Piarais féin rialtas sealadach i mBaile Átha Cliath in [[1916]]. Chuaigh forógra Emmet in ainm an &quot;Rialtais Shealadaigh&quot; i bhfeidhm ar [[Forógra na Poblachta]] féin.

Tá dealbh de le Jerome Connor ar Fhaiche Stiabhna, in aice na háite inar rugadh é, agus tá cóipeanna di i Washington, D.C. agus i San Francisco.

Phós Sarah Curran an Captaen Robert Henry Sturgeon sa bhliain 1805, agus fuair sí bás in Hythe, Contae Kent, Sasana, sa bhliain 1808.

Rinneadh laoch d'[[Anne Devlin]], bean tí Emmet, mar gheall ar an gcrógacht agus ar an mbuanseasmhacht a léirigh sí nuair a céasadh í. Fuair sí féin bás i mbochtaineacht i mBaile Átha Cliath sa bhliain 1851, agus tá sí curtha i [[Reilig Ghlas Naíon]].

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]]
* [[Éirí Amach 1798]]
* [[Thomas Addis Emmet]]
* [[Tomás Ruiséil (reibiliúnach)|Tomás Ruiséil]]
* [[Anne Devlin]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_Dock_%28Emmet%29 Wikisource - Oráid]
* [http://www.lawlibrary.ie/viewdoc.asp?m=&amp;fn=/documents/aboutus/history/emmet_GA.htm Beathaisnéisí - lawlibrary.ie - Roibeard Emmet (as Gaeilge)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044317/http://www.lawlibrary.ie/viewdoc.asp?m=&amp;fn=%2Fdocuments%2Faboutus%2Fhistory%2Femmet_GA.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emmet, Roibeard}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1778]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1803]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine curtha chun báis]]
[[Catagóir:Éirí Amach 1803 in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Eaglais na hÉireann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cill Mhic Bhúith</title>
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      <text bytes="3075" sha1="9unihl8oe114pe24vc8e3277je46ow6" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}Is sráidbhaile, paróiste sibhialta agus baile fearainn é '''Cill Mhic Bhúith''' (uaireanta ''Cill Mochua'') i ndeisceart [[Contae Chill Chainnigh|Chontae Chill Chainnigh]] in Éirinn. Tugtar ''Kilmacow'' air as Béarla&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/27533|title=Cill Mhic Bhúith/Kilmacow {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt;. De réir an daonáireamh is deireanaí (2022) bhí 671 duine ina gcónaí sa sráidbhaile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ireland/towns/kilkenny/07654__kilmacow/|teideal=City Population Kilmacow|dátarochtana=24-02-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tíreolaíocht ==
Tá an sráidbhaile suite timpeall 7km laisteas de [[Muileann an Bhata|Mhuileann an Bhata]] agus timpeall 8km lastuaidh de [[Port Láirge|Chathair Phort Láirge]]. Bíonn sráidbhaile uachtarach agus sráibhaile íochtarach ann. Bíonn beagnach 1km idir an dá cheann. Téann an [[:en:Kilkenny_Blackwater|Abhainn Dhubh]] tríd an gceantar.

== Áiseanna ==
Tá dhá bhunscoil i gCill Mhic Bhúith. Bhí ceann amháin do bhuachaillí agus ceann eile do chailíní ach de bharr easpa daltaí rinne cónascadh idir an dá scoil. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá na ranganna ó na Naíonán Beaga go rang a dó sa tseanscoil do bhuachaillí agus na grúpaí ó rang a trí go dtí a sé sa tseanscoil do chailíní&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.stsenansns.ie/amalgamation.html|teideal=Amalgamation|dátarochtana=2026-02-24|archivedate=2021-06-02|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210602031405/https://www.stsenansns.ie/amalgamation.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tá eaglais Chaitliceach tiomnaithe do [[Naomh Seanán]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Turley, Comhairle Chontae Chill Chainnigh|url=https://consult.kilkenny.ie/ga/system/files/consultation-outcomes-reports/Kilmacow%20Master%20Plan%20compressed.pdf|title=Kilmacow Masterplan}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa sráidbhaile uachtarach, le roinnt siopaí agus ionad pobail freisin. Tá oifig phoist lonnaithe i gceann amháin de na siopaí.

== Spóirt ==
Tá ionad spóirt seanbhunaithe i gCill Mhic Bhúith le an-chuid áiseanna ar fáil, áit súgartha, páirceanna sacair agus iománaíochta, cúirt leadóige agus raon lúthchleasaíochta ina measc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Oidhreacht Tionsclaíochta ==
Ó dheireadh na 18ú haoise go dtí an 20ú haois bhí an-chuid tionsclaíochta sa cheantar. Tuairiscíodh ag deireadh na 19ú haoise go raibh 14 mhuileann i bhfeidhm i gCill Mhic Bhúith le uachtarlann (a bunaíodh sa bhliain 1898), dhá bhácús, íoclann, beairic phóilíní agus [[Ord Ársa na nÉireannach|Halla Iberineach]] lonnaithe sa cheantar ag an am chomh maith.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Comhbhailte ==
Tá Cill Mhic Bhúith nasctha leis an sráidbhaile Briotánaigh ''Saint-Thurien'' sa [[An Fhrainc|Fhrainc]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Chill Chainnigh]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3075" sha1="6r4ueahb34wqxgl9gvu5indarr2l7px" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}Is sráidbhaile, paróiste sibhialta agus baile fearainn é '''Cill Mhic Bhúith''' (uaireanta ''Cill Mochua'') i ndeisceart [[Contae Chill Chainnigh|Chontae Chill Chainnigh]] in Éirinn. Tugtar ''Kilmacow'' air as Béarla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/27533|title=Cill Mhic Bhúith/Kilmacow {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De réir an daonáireamh is deireanaí (2022) bhí 671 duine ina gcónaí sa sráidbhaile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ireland/towns/kilkenny/07654__kilmacow/|teideal=City Population Kilmacow|dátarochtana=24-02-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tíreolaíocht ==
Tá an sráidbhaile suite timpeall 7km laisteas de [[Muileann an Bhata|Mhuileann an Bhata]] agus timpeall 8km lastuaidh de [[Port Láirge|Chathair Phort Láirge]]. Bíonn sráidbhaile uachtarach agus sráibhaile íochtarach ann. Bíonn beagnach 1km idir an dá cheann. Téann an [[:en:Kilkenny_Blackwater|Abhainn Dhubh]] tríd an gceantar.

== Áiseanna ==
Tá dhá bhunscoil i gCill Mhic Bhúith. Bhí ceann amháin do bhuachaillí agus ceann eile do chailíní ach de bharr easpa daltaí rinne cónascadh idir an dá scoil. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá na ranganna ó na Naíonán Beaga go rang a dó sa tseanscoil do bhuachaillí agus na grúpaí ó rang a trí go dtí a sé sa tseanscoil do chailíní.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.stsenansns.ie/amalgamation.html|teideal=Amalgamation|dátarochtana=2026-02-24|archivedate=2021-06-02|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210602031405/https://www.stsenansns.ie/amalgamation.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá eaglais Chaitliceach tiomnaithe do [[Naomh Seanán]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Turley, Comhairle Chontae Chill Chainnigh|url=https://consult.kilkenny.ie/ga/system/files/consultation-outcomes-reports/Kilmacow%20Master%20Plan%20compressed.pdf|title=Kilmacow Masterplan}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa sráidbhaile uachtarach, le roinnt siopaí agus ionad pobail freisin. Tá oifig phoist lonnaithe i gceann amháin de na siopaí.

== Spóirt ==
Tá ionad spóirt seanbhunaithe i gCill Mhic Bhúith le an-chuid áiseanna ar fáil, áit súgartha, páirceanna sacair agus iománaíochta, cúirt leadóige agus raon lúthchleasaíochta ina measc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Oidhreacht Tionsclaíochta ==
Ó dheireadh na 18ú haoise go dtí an 20ú haois bhí an-chuid tionsclaíochta sa cheantar. Tuairiscíodh ag deireadh na 19ú haoise go raibh 14 mhuileann i bhfeidhm i gCill Mhic Bhúith le uachtarlann (a bunaíodh sa bhliain 1898), dhá bhácús, íoclann, beairic phóilíní agus [[Ord Ársa na nÉireannach|Halla Iberineach]] lonnaithe sa cheantar ag an am chomh maith.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Comhbhailte ==
Tá Cill Mhic Bhúith nasctha leis an sráidbhaile Briotánaigh ''Saint-Thurien'' sa [[An Fhrainc|Fhrainc]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Chill Chainnigh]]</text>
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    <title>Inneall traenach</title>
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      <text bytes="2505" sha1="9npahyxf7b1n5jfmsmvi5z6iq7inp6y" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Locomotive line-up at Inchicore Works - geograph.org.uk - 7169435.jpg|mion|400x400px|Inneall traenacha]]
Feithicil a sholáthraíonn an [[Cumhacht|chumhacht]] tiomána chun trucailí is carráistí a tharraingt ar [[iarnród]]. Is féidir gur [[inneall gaile]], [[inneall dócháin inmheánaigh]], mótar leictreach, nó comhcheangal éigin de na foinsí cumhachta seo a bheidh ann. Más inneall gaile é, gintear an ghal i gcoire san inneall, agus dóitear gual (de ghnáth) sa choire. Más mótar leictreach é, faightear an chumhacht ó ráille ar leith nó sreanga lastuas trí phantagraf. Is inneall díosail an t-inneall dócháin inmheánaigh is coitinne a úsáidtear mar inneall traenach, agus tiomáintear an traein go díreach leis trí ghiaranna nó ar mhodh díosail is leictreach: tiomáineann an t-inneall díosail gineadóir, agus tiomáineann an chumhacht leictreach uaidh seo mótar leictreach leis an traein a thiomáint. Thóg [[Richard Trevithick]] an chéad inneall traenach i [[1801]], agus baineadh feidhm as sin is innill cháiliúla eile (mar shampla, Puffing Billy is Locomotion) chun gual a tharraingt ó na mianaigh. Níor iompraíodh paisinéirí gur bhuaigh [[George Stephenson]] is a mhac Robert ag trialacha Rainhill i [[1829]] agus a bhunaigh an chéad seirbhís traenach do phaisinéirí. Tógadh an chéad inneall traenach sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]] i [[1831]], an Best Friend of Charlestown, agus faoi lár an chéid sin bhí na hinnill gaile traenach forbartha an oiread is a bheadh ina dhiaidh sin. Bhíodh na rothaí tosaigh beag, agus chasadh siad ar sclóin chun gurbh féidir leis an inneall dul isteach ar uillinn san iarnród. Bhíodh na príomhrothaí tiomána cúpláilte le chéile, tiomáinte go díreach ag an inneall gaile. Sa [[20ú haois|20ú céad]] díláithríodh an t-inneall gaile de réir a chéile ag saghsanna eile, bíodh is go bhfuil an-chuid innill gaile in úsáid fós sa [[An tSín|tSín]] is [[an Afraic Theas]]. Tá modhanna eile tiomána á bhforbairt is á dtástáil an t-am ar fad, mar shampla, an traein ardaithe a thiomáintear le [[leictreamaighnéadas]] atá in úsáid ar bhonn teoranta i [[Shang-hai]] na Síne.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreamhanEolais&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Inneall traenach|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=370}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Fréamh an Eolais}}
{{síol}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jean Piaget</title>
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      <comment>Ag baint [[:Íomhá:IMAGEN_DE_JEAN_PIAGET.jpg|IMAGEN_DE_JEAN_PIAGET.jpg]] amach, scrios [[commons:User:Gbawden|Gbawden]] é ón Chómhaoin mar: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:IMAGEN DE JEAN PIAGET.jpg|]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3612" sha1="av72h7od2cmg65azmtdrgnpvenajvif" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

[[Síceolaíocht|Síceolaí]]  agus [[Fealsúnacht|fealsúnaí]] a rugadh i [[Neuchâtel (cathair)|Neuchâtel]] [[An Eilvéis|na hEilvéise]] ab ea '''Jean Piaget''' ([[9 Lúnasa]] [[1896]] &amp;ndash; [[16 Meán Fómhair]] [[1980]]). Tá cáil air as a [[Taighde|thaighde]] ar fhorbairt feidhmeanna cognaíocha i b[[Leanbh|páistí]] go háirithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-an-leanbh-og-agus-an-taithi-saoil.aspx|teideal=An Leanbh Óg agus an Taithí Saoil|údar=Ciarán Mac Aonghusa|dáta=|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Saothar ==
Chuir Piaget síos ar a thorthaí i [[Leabhar|leabhair]] cosúil le ''La Naissance de l'intelligence chez l'enfant'' (Breith na hIntleachta sa Naíonán, 1948). Sa bhliain 1968, foilsíodh Le Structuralisme le Jean Piaget.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://coislife.ie/product/iriseoiri-pinn-na-gaeilge/|teideal=Iriseoirí pinn na Gaeilge|údar=Regina Uí Chollatáin|dáta=|language=ga-IE|work=Cois Life|dátarochtana=2020-09-16|archivedate=2020-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926203746/https://coislife.ie/product/iriseoiri-pinn-na-gaeilge/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Jean Piaget.jpg|clé|mion|177x177px|An t-aigneolaí Jean Piaget le Roland Zumbühl ó Picswiss. ]]
Is é Piaget a chur teideal ar theoiric an tógachais ina maítear go n-eisíonn daoine eolas agus ina n-aimsíonn daoine ciall agus brí on tsaol atá bunaithe ar a dtaithí ar an [[Beatha|saol]].  Bhí Piaget den tuairim nach raibh sé ar chumas an duine daonna an t-eolas a tugtar dóibh a fhoghlaim agus a úsáid láithreach bonn; bíonn ar an duine daonna a c(h)uid eolais féin a chruthú dó féin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10395/2583/Walsh%2C%20K.%20%282018%29%20Cad%20a%20spreagann%20rogha%20laeth%C3%BAil%20teanga%20sa%20Ghaeltacht.%20PhD.pdf?sequence=2&amp;isAllowed=y|teideal=Cad a spreagann rogha laethúil teanga sa Ghaeltacht: Anailís ar an rogha teanga i nGaeltacht na nDéise|údar=Katrina Walsh, Ollscoil Luimnigh|dáta=2018|dátarochtana=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piaget in Éirinn ==
Foilsíodh curaclam nua bunscoile sa bhliain 1971.  Tugadh modhanna múinteoireachta a d’eascair as teoiricí Piaget chun cinn sa churaclam nua agus díríodh ar churaclam a bhí gasúr-lárnaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/iniuchadh-ar-chleachtais-litearthachta-i-gcoras-bunscolaiochta-chatagoir-a.pdf|teideal=Iniúchadh ar chleachtais litearthachta i gcóras bunscolaíochta Chatagóir A na Gaeltachta: Cur chuige praiticiúil d’fhorbairt na scríbhneoireachta|údar=Neasa Ní Chuaig|dáta=|dátarochtana=2020}}{{Dead link|date=Iúil 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ar thuiscintí Piaget ar an bhfoghlaim mar phróiseas ghníomhach a bhí an cur chuige bunaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreamhanEolais&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Jean Piaget|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/scolaiocht-san-aois-dhigiteach-an-bhfuil-se-in-am-ar-gcur-chuige-sa-seomra-ranga-a-athru-o-bhonn/|teideal=Scolaíocht san aois dhigiteach: an bhfuil sé in am ár gcur chuige sa seomra ranga a athrú ó bhonn?|údar=Cathal de Paor|dáta=|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2020-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fréamh an Eolais}}
{{Síol-beath-ch}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Piaget, Jean}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1896]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1980]]
[[Catagóir:Síceolaithe Eilvéiseacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cill Maoilchéadair</title>
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      <text bytes="6561" sha1="2cicy9fi7eva1dayoqn73vhwey3o0ht" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Foirgneamh}}

Is láithreán eaglasta meánaoiseach agus [[Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta na hÉireann|Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta]] í '''Cill Maoilchéadair''', atá suite i g[[Contae Chiarraí]], [[Éire]].

==Suíomh==
Tá Cill Maoilchéadair suite i [[Corca Dhuibhne|gCorca Dhuibhne]], 4.8 km soir ó [[Baile an Fheirtéaraigh|Bhaile an Fheirtéaraigh]] agus 6.7 km siar ó thuaidh ó [[Daingean Uí Chúis|Dhaingean Uí Chúis]], ag {{coord|52.184775|-10.33623|display=inline|format=dms}}

==Stair==
Go traidisiúnta, tá baint ag Cill Maoilchéadair le [[Naomh Breandán]] (c. AD 484 – c. 577), acn freisin le naomh áitiúil Maol Chéadair,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=Ker_beVinJ8C&amp;pg=PA178&amp;dq=Kilmalkedar&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjVl8jl-abbAhXNGuwKHce-BwMQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&amp;q=Kilmalkedar&amp;f=false|teideal=Saints and Their Cults in the Atlantic World|first=Margaret Jean|last=Cormack|date=27 May 2018|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; a fuair bás sa bhliain 636.&lt;ref name=&quot;crsbi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/717/|teideal=St Maolcethair/St Malkedar, Kilmalkedar · The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain &amp; Ireland|website=www.crsbi.ac.uk|dátarochtana=2019-12-10|archivedate=2019-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210215342/https://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/717/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Téann an séipéal, atá fós ann siar go dtí lár an 12ú haois, agus síneadh an seansal c. 1200.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=NmBbDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT105&amp;dq=Kilmalkedar&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjVl8jl-abbAhXNGuwKHce-BwMQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&amp;q=Kilmalkedar&amp;f=false|teideal=Ireland's Wild Atlantic Way: A Guide to its Historic Treasures|first=Neil|last=Jackman|date=11 May 2018|publisher=The Collins Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba láithreán tionóil d'oilithrigh í, a shiúl Casán na Naomh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=4YKrpH222eYC&amp;pg=PA131&amp;dq=Kilmalkedar&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjVl8jl-abbAhXNGuwKHce-BwMQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Kilmalkedar&amp;f=false|teideal=The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300|first=Martin|last=Carver|date=27 May 2018|publisher=Boydell Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;  soir ó thuaidh go [[Cnoc Bréanainn]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://voicesfromthedawn.com/gate-of-the-cow/|teideal=Voices from the Dawn – The Gate of the Cow; Kilmalkedar Keelers Stone|website=voicesfromthedawn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tugann cuid de na deasghnátha a rinne muintir na háite, cosúil le naoi gciorcad deiseal a dhéanamh [[Domhnach Cásca]], nó tolladh poill i gclocha, le fios go bhfuil iarsmaí de [[Reiligiún na gCeilteach|reiligiún na gCeilteach]] iontu; B'fhéidir gur suíomh reiligiúnach a bhí i gCill Maoilchéadair i bhfad sular tháinig an Chríostaíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=IENFAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87&amp;dq=Kilmalkedar&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjVl8jl-abbAhXNGuwKHce-BwMQ6AEITDAH#v=onepage&amp;q=Kilmalkedar&amp;f=false|teideal=Soulfaring: Celtic Pilgrimage Then and Now|first=Cintra|last=Pemberton|date=1 October 1999|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Foirgnimh agus clocha==
Tá an séipéal cosúil le [[Séipéal Chormaic]] ar [[Carraig Phádraig|Charraig Phádraig]] (tógtha 1127–1134). Tá [[Corp eaglaise|corp na heaglaise]] 8.28 m × 9.4 m le [[Anta (ailtearacht)|hantae]] agus [[Binn (ailtireacht)|beanna]] géara. Tá an [[saingeal]] 5.72 m × 5.1 m go seachtrach. Is píosa suntasach Rómhánúil-Ibeirneach &lt;ref name=&quot;irelandtravelkit.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irelandtravelkit.com/irish-romanesque-church-kilmalkedar-county-kerry/|teideal=The Antiquities of Kilmalkedar: Dingle Peninsula, Co Kerry – Ireland Travel Kit|website=www.irelandtravelkit.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irelandtravelkit.com&quot; /&gt; é an doras. Tugtar &quot;Súil na snáthaide&quot; ar pholl i mballa thoir an tsaingil; más féidir le duine dul tríd, is cinnte go rachaidh sé/sí ar neamh.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;[[Íomhá:Ogham stone, Kilmalkedar Church (geograph 4663698).jpg|mion|Cloch Oghaim. Is leithleach é an poll tollta sa bharr.]]

Téann an chloch Oghaim (CIIC 187) siar go dtí c. AD 600, agus léitearléitear inscríbhinn:
: ẠṆM MẠỊLE-INBIR/ MACI BROCANN
: in ainm Mhaol-Inbhir mhic Bhroccáin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |
url = http://www.corcadhuibhne3d.ie/kilmalkedar.php |
teideal = Kilmalkedar |
website = www.corcadhuibhne3d.ie |
dátarochtana = 2019-12-10 |
archivedate = 2019-12-26 |
archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20191226075257/http://www.corcadhuibhne3d.ie/kilmalkedar.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |
url = http://www.dingle-peninsula.ie/home/archaeological-sites/item/kilmalkedar-church-cill-mhaoilceadair.html |
teideal = Kilmalkedar Church ~ Cill Mhaoilcéadair |
website = www.dingle-peninsula.ie |
dátarochtana = 2019-12-10 |
archivedate = 2019-04-24 |
archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190424234537/https://www.dingle-peninsula.ie/home/archaeological-sites/item/kilmalkedar-church-cill-mhaoilceadair.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{
cite web |
url = https://ogham.celt.dias.ie/stone.php?lang=en&amp;site=Kilmalkedar&amp;stone=187._Kilmalkedar&amp;stoneinfo=inscription |
teideal = Ogham in 3D – Kilmalkedar / 187. Kilmalkedar |
website = ogham.celt.dias.ie
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://voicesfromthedawn.com/gate-of-the-cow/ Gate of the Cow]'' ar voicesfromthedawn.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://pilgrimagemedievalireland.com/tag/the-cow-and-theif-stone-kilmalkedar/ The Cow and Theif Stone, Kilmalkedar]'' ar pilgrimagemedievalireland.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daoine ==
Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea  [[Seán Mac Criomhthain|Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain]] (1875-1955)

== Féach freisin ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Kilmalkedar Cross, Ogham and Church.jpg|Cloch Oghaim, séipéal, cros cloiche
Kilmalkedar church, Co. Kerry, Ireland.jpg|Doras Rómhánúil-Ibeirneach 
Kilmalkeader Church chancel doorway interior.JPG|Áit an dorais
Kilmalkeader Church stone inscribed with alphabet.JPG|Cloch Aibítir
Kilmalkeader Church blind arcade interior.JPG|[[Stua caoch]] san eaglais
Kilmalkeader Church west elevation.JPG|Eaglais, ingearchló thiar
Sun dial stone, Kilmalkedar.jpg|Clog gréine cloiche
Kilmalkeader Church stone cross.JPG|Cros chloiche
Kilmalkeader Church chancel elevation exterior.JPG|Taobh amuigh den Seansail
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Inscríbhinní Oghaim]]
[[Catagóir:Mainistreacha na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta i gContae Chiarraí]]</text>
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      <comment>Redirects are cheap. Minor spelling/diacritic variant can be a redirect. &quot;R from other misspelling&quot; very common on other projects.</comment>
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! qid
! label
! enw tacson
! catagóir Commons
! mais
! réise sciathán
! léarscáil de raon an tacsóin
! tréimhse ghoir
! IUCN conservation status
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| Q26147
| [[abhóiséad]]
| Recurvirostra avosetta
| [[:commons:Category:Recurvirostra avosetta|Recurvirostra avosetta]]
| 31.7 gram
| 78 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:RecurvirostraAvosettaIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| Q469992
| [[Recurvirostra americana|Abhóiséad Mheiriceánach]]
| Recurvirostra americana
| [[:commons:Category:Recurvirostra americana|Recurvirostra americana]]
| 28.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;316 gram
| 68 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Recurvirostra americana map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
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| [[Alcedo hercules]]
| Alcedo hercules
| [[:commons:Category:Alcedo hercules|Alcedo hercules]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| Q202504
| [[amadán móinteach]]
| Charadrius morinellus
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius morinellus|Charadrius morinellus]]
| 17 gram
| 60 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Charadrius morinellus distr..png|center|128px]]
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| Q1268205
| [[Súmaire gabhair ghlórach|Antrostomus vociferus]]
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| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
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| [[Éigrit eallaigh|Ardea ibis]]
| Ardea ibis
| [[:commons:Category:Ardea ibis|Ardea ibis]]
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| 
| 
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| Q652266
| [[Argas mór|Argusianus argus]]
| Argusianus argus
| [[:commons:Category:Argusianus argus|Argusianus argus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 24 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
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| Q692192
| [[Póiseard ceannrua Meiriceánach|Aythya americana]]
| Aythya americana
| [[:commons:Category:Aythya americana|Aythya americana]]
| 1.1 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;990 gram
| 79.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aythya americana map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 9
| Q26742
| [[Aythya ferina]]
| Aythya ferina
| [[:commons:Category:Aythya ferina|Aythya ferina]]
| 66 gram
| 0.77 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AythyaFerinaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 25 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 10
| Q170718
| [[Beachadóir Eorpach|beachadóir]]
| Merops apiaster
| [[:commons:Category:Merops apiaster|Merops apiaster]]
| 6.5 gram
| 0.47 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Merops apiaster en.png|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 11
| Q1951359
| [[Beachadóir Peirseach|beachaire gormleicneach]]
| Merops persicus
| [[:commons:Category:Merops persicus|Merops persicus]]
| 49.4 gram
| 
| 
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 12
| Q25450
| [[biorearrach]]
| Anas acuta
| [[:commons:Category:Anas acuta|Anas acuta]]
| 1.025 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;866 gram
| 0.9 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AnasAcutaIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 13
| Q591831
| [[bobóilinc]]
| Dolichonyx oryzivorus
| [[:commons:Category:Dolichonyx oryzivorus|Dolichonyx oryzivorus]]
| 2.75 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dolichonyx oryzivorus.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 14
| Q25709
| [[Bonnán buí (éan)|bonnán]]
| Botaurus stellaris
| [[:commons:Category:Botaurus stellaris|Botaurus stellaris]]
| 42 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.906 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.017 cileagram
| 1.27 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Botaurus stellaris map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 15
| Q26129
| [[bonnán beag]]
| Botaurus minutus
| [[:commons:Category:Ixobrychus minutus|Ixobrychus minutus]]
| 13 gram&lt;br/&gt;147 gram
| 49 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:IxobrychusMinutusIUCNvr2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 18 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 16
| Q204111
| [[Bonnán cainéaldathach|bonnán cainéil]]
| Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
| [[:commons:Category:Botaurus cinnamomeus|Botaurus cinnamomeus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 17
| Q743017
| [[Bonnán breicneach|bonnán Meiriceánach]]
| Botaurus lentiginosus
| [[:commons:Category:Botaurus lentiginosus|Botaurus lentiginosus]]
| 36 gram
| 115 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Botaurus lentiginosus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 18
| Q469586
| [[Bonnán caol|bonnán seang]]
| Ixobrychus exilis
| [[:commons:Category:Botaurus exilis|Botaurus exilis]]
| 10 gram&lt;br/&gt;80 gram
| 43 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Ixobrychus exilis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 19
| Q188877
| [[Breacán (éan)|breacán]]
| Fringilla montifringilla
| [[:commons:Category:Fringilla montifringilla|Fringilla montifringilla]]
| 2.14 gram&lt;br/&gt;22 gram
| 0.27 méadar
| [[Íomhá:FringillaMontifringillaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 11 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 20
| Q26650
| [[breacóg]]
| Calidris alpina
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris alpina|Calidris alpina]]
| 
| 0.36 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris alpina migrations.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 21
| Q25440
| [[broigheall]]
| Phalacrocorax carbo
| [[:commons:Category:Phalacrocorax carbo|Phalacrocorax carbo]]
| 2.4 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2 cileagram
| 1.4 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PhalacrocoraxCarbo.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 22
| Q244319
| [[Mionbhroigheall|broigheall bídeach]]
| Microcarbo pygmaeus
| [[:commons:Category:Microcarbo pygmaeus|Microcarbo pygmaeus]]
| 
| 85 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:MicrocarboPygmaeusIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 23
| Q18700
| [[bróg-ghob]]
| Balaeniceps rex
| [[:commons:Category:Balaeniceps rex|Balaeniceps rex]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Balaeniceps rex distribution.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 24
| Q121221
| [[budragár]]
| Melopsittacus undulatus
| [[:commons:Category:Melopsittacus undulatus|Melopsittacus undulatus]]
| 2.15 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Budgerigar map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 25
| Q168677
| [[bultúr luaithriúíl]]
| Aegypius monachus
| [[:commons:Category:Aegypius monachus|Aegypius monachus]]
| 243 gram
| 2.5 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AegypiusMonachusIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 26
| Q126167
| [[bultúr uan]]
| Gypaetus barbatus
| [[:commons:Category:Gypaetus barbatus|Gypaetus barbatus]]
| 224 gram&lt;br/&gt;4.913 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;6.175 cileagram
| 2.621 méadar
| [[Íomhá:GypaetusBarbatusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 54 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 27
| Q33504
| [[bultúr Éigipteach]]
| Neophron percnopterus
| [[:commons:Category:Neophron percnopterus|Neophron percnopterus]]
| 94 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.977 cileagram
| 1.676 méadar
| [[Íomhá:NeophronMap.svg|center|128px]]
| 42 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 28
| Q188601
| [[bustard beag]]
| Tetrax tetrax
| [[:commons:Category:Tetrax tetrax|Tetrax tetrax]]
| 41 gram
| 110 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:TetraxTetraxIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 21 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 29
| Q290871
| [[bustard Houbara]]
| Chlamydotis undulata
| [[:commons:Category:Chlamydotis undulata|Chlamydotis undulata]]
| 68 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.96 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.15 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Houbara map.svg|center|128px]]
| 24 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 30
| Q171655
| [[bustard mór]]
| Otis tarda
| [[:commons:Category:Otis tarda|Otis tarda]]
| 143 gram
| 235 ceintiméadar&lt;br/&gt;180 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Otis tarda distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 25 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 31
| Q26205
| [[buíóg]]
| Emberiza citrinella
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza citrinella|Emberiza citrinella]]
| 2.94 gram
| 26 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Emberizacitronella3.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 32
| Q908909
| [[búbúc Norfolk]]
| Ninox novaeseelandiae
| [[:commons:Category:Ninox novaeseelandiae|Ninox novaeseelandiae]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 33
| Q179959
| [[cacapó]]
| Strigops habroptila
| [[:commons:Category:Strigops habroptila|Strigops habroptila]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Kakapohist.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 34
| Q27050
| [[cadhan]]
| Branta bernicla
| [[:commons:Category:Branta bernicla|Branta bernicla]]
| 
| 1.01 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Branta bernicla map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 35
| Q188446
| [[caipín dubh]]
| Sylvia atricapilla
| [[:commons:Category:Sylvia atricapilla|Sylvia atricapilla]]
| 2.19 gram&lt;br/&gt;18.1 gram
| 23 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Sylviaatricapillamap2.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 36
| Q235057
| [[caislín aille]]
| Monticola saxatilis
| [[:commons:Category:Monticola saxatilis|Monticola saxatilis]]
| 4.95 gram&lt;br/&gt;47 gram&lt;br/&gt;52.4 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:MonticolaSaxatilisIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 37
| Q152144
| [[caislín aille gorm]]
| Monticola solitarius
| [[:commons:Category:Monticola solitarius|Monticola solitarius]]
| 5.95 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:MonticolaSolitariusIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 38
| Q155869
| [[caislín aitinn]]
| Saxicola rubetra
| [[:commons:Category:Saxicola rubetra|Saxicola rubetra]]
| 2.06 gram
| 22 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Saxicola rubetra, IUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 39
| Q1315689
| [[caislín cloch]]
| Saxicola torquatus
| [[:commons:Category:Saxicola torquatus|Saxicola torquatus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 40
| Q838665
| [[caislín cloch Eorpach]]
| Saxicola rubicola
| [[:commons:Category:Saxicola rubicola|Saxicola rubicola]]
| 
| 
| 
| 15 lá
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 41
| Q1589281
| [[caislín Sibéarach]]
| Saxicola maurus
| [[:commons:Category:Saxicola maurus|Saxicola maurus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 42
| Q852622
| [[Cnagaire impiriúil|Campephilus imperialis]]
| Campephilus imperialis
| [[:commons:Category:Campephilus imperialis|Campephilus imperialis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Campephilus imperialis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 43
| Q284331
| [[Cnagaire Magellanach|Campephilus magellanicus]]
| Campephilus magellanicus
| [[:commons:Category:Campephilus magellanicus|Campephilus magellanicus]]
| 260 gram
| 0.6 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Campephilus magellanicus distr.png|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 44
| Q208334
| [[Donnóg Alpach|cantaire Alpshléibhe]]
| Prunella collaris
| [[:commons:Category:Prunella collaris|Prunella collaris]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:PrunellaCollariusIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 45
| Q1049121
| [[Donnóg Radde|cantaire carraige]]
| Prunella ocularis
| [[:commons:Category:Prunella ocularis|Prunella ocularis]]
| 
| 
| 
| 11 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 46
| Q129059
| [[capall coille]]
| Tetrao urogallus
| [[:commons:Category:Tetrao urogallus|Tetrao urogallus]]
| 3.8 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.97 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;53 gram
| 106 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 25 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 47
| Q26198
| [[caróg dhubh]]
| Corvus corone
| [[:commons:Category:Corvus corone|Corvus corone]]
| 
| 0.91 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Corvus corone map.png|center|128px]]
| 19 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 48
| Q831597
| [[catéan liath]]
| Dumetella carolinensis
| [[:commons:Category:Dumetella carolinensis|Dumetella carolinensis]]
| 3.8 gram&lt;br/&gt;35.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;39.6 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dumetella carolinensis-map.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 49
| Q25384
| [[ceann cait]]
| Asio otus
| [[:commons:Category:Asio otus|Asio otus]]
| 
| 95 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Asio otus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 50
| Q25376
| [[Cearc cheannann Eoráiseach|cearc cheannann]]
| Fulica atra
| [[:commons:Category:Fulica atra|Fulica atra]]
| 36.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;835 gram&lt;br/&gt;715 gram
| 75 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Fulica atra distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 51
| Q470016
| [[cearc cheannann Mheiriceánach]]
| Fulica americana
| [[:commons:Category:Fulica americana|Fulica americana]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Fulica americana map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 52
| Q901228
| [[cearc mhailí]]
| Leipoa ocellata
| [[:commons:Category:Leipoa ocellata|Leipoa ocellata]]
| 2.4 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;175 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.8 cileagram
| 
| 
| 63 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 53
| Q178702
| [[cearc shailí]]
| Lagopus lagopus
| [[:commons:Category:Lagopus lagopus|Lagopus lagopus]]
| 720 gram&lt;br/&gt;580 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 54
| Q18847
| [[cearc uisce]]
| Gallinula chloropus
| [[:commons:Category:Gallinula chloropus|Gallinula chloropus]]
| 348 gram
| 52 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Gallinula chloropus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 55
| Q104867606
| [[Ceolaire barrach]]
| Curruca nisoria
| [[:commons:Category:Curruca nisoria|Curruca nisoria]]
| 2.63 gram
| 25 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:SylviaNisoriaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 56
| Q312779
| [[ceolaire Blyth]]
| Acrocephalus dumetorum
| [[:commons:Category:Acrocephalus dumetorum|Acrocephalus dumetorum]]
| 1.68 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:AcrocephalusDumetorumIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 57
| Q14753772
| [[ceolaire bánlíoch]]
| Iduna pallida
| [[:commons:Category:Iduna pallida|Iduna pallida]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:IdunaPallidaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 58
| Q208710
| [[ceolaire casarnaí]]
| Locustella naevia
| [[:commons:Category:Locustella naevia|Locustella naevia]]
| 
| 17 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LocustellaNaeviaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 59
| Q650114
| [[ceolaire Cetti]]
| Cettia cetti
| [[:commons:Category:Cettia cetti|Cettia cetti]]
| 
| 17 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Cettia cetti distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 16 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 60
| Q27075477
| [[ceolaire coille]]
| Phylloscopus sibilatrix
| [[:commons:Category:Phylloscopus sibilatrix|Phylloscopus sibilatrix]]
| 1.32 gram&lt;br/&gt;10 gram
| 22 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Phylloscopus sibilatrix Range Map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 61
| Q210422
| [[ceolaire corraigh]]
| Acrocephalus palustris
| [[:commons:Category:Acrocephalus palustris|Acrocephalus palustris]]
| 1.85 gram
| 20 ceintiméadar
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 62
| Q757116
| [[ceolaire cuaráin]]
| Iduna caligata
| [[:commons:Category:Iduna caligata|Iduna caligata]]
| 
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 63
| Q27236
| [[ceolaire cíbe]]
| Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
| [[:commons:Category:Acrocephalus schoenobaenus|Acrocephalus schoenobaenus]]
| 1.65 gram
| 19 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:AcrocephalusSchoenobaenusIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 64
| Q1590574
| [[Ceolaire Upcher|ceolaire fann]]
| Hippolais languida
| [[:commons:Category:Hippolais languida|Hippolais languida]]
| 1.79 gram
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 65
| Q210791
| [[ceolaire feanearrach]]
| Cisticola juncidis
| [[:commons:Category:Cisticola juncidis|Cisticola juncidis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:CisticolaJuncidisIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 66
| Q110257524
| [[Ceolaire fraoigh]]
| Curruca undata
| [[:commons:Category:Curruca undata|Curruca undata]]
| 
| 16 ceintiméadar
| 
| 13 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 67
| Q110257494
| [[Ceolaire mion|Ceolaire fásaigh]]
| Curruca nana
| [[:commons:Category:Curruca nana|Curruca nana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 68
| Q202478
| [[ceolaire garraí]]
| Sylvia borin
| [[:commons:Category:Sylvia borin|Sylvia borin]]
| 
| 22 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Sylviaborinmap2.jpg|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 69
| Q159080
| [[ceolaire giolcaí]]
| Acrocephalus scirpaceus
| [[:commons:Category:Acrocephalus scirpaceus|Acrocephalus scirpaceus]]
| 12 gram
| 19 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:AcrocephalusScirpaceusIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 70
| Q827657
| [[ceolaire goirt ríse]]
| Acrocephalus agricola
| [[:commons:Category:Acrocephalus agricola|Acrocephalus agricola]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:AcrocephalusAgricolaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 71
| Q27674
| [[ceolaire ictireach]]
| Hippolais icterina
| [[:commons:Category:Hippolais icterina|Hippolais icterina]]
| 1.7 gram
| 22 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:HippolaisIcterinaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 72
| Q110257499
| [[Ceolaire tiubhghobach|Ceolaire Oirféach]]
| Curruca crassirostris
| [[:commons:Category:Curruca crassirostris|Curruca crassirostris]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 73
| Q27239
| [[ceolaire sailí]]
| Phylloscopus trochilus
| [[:commons:Category:Phylloscopus trochilus|Phylloscopus trochilus]]
| 
| 19 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Phylloscopus trochilus Range Map.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 74
| Q321272
| [[ceolaire Savi]]
| Locustella luscinioides
| [[:commons:Category:Locustella luscinioides|Locustella luscinioides]]
| 2.08 gram
| 20 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LocustellaLuscinioidesIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 10 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 75
| Q460229
| [[ceolaire scothghlas]]
| Phylloscopus trochiloides
| [[:commons:Category:Phylloscopus trochiloides|Phylloscopus trochiloides]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Phylloscopus trochiloides distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 76
| Q110257505
| [[Ceolaire Ménétries|ceolaire screige]]
| Curruca mystacea
| [[:commons:Category:Curruca mystacea|Curruca mystacea]]
| 1.5 gram
| 
| 
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 77
| Q1052008
| [[Ceyx erithaca]]
| Ceyx erithaca
| [[:commons:Category:Ceyx erithaca|Ceyx erithaca]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 78
| Q26982
| [[circín starraiceach]]
| Galerida cristata
| [[:commons:Category:Galerida cristata|Galerida cristata]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Galerida cristata distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 79
| Q148583
| [[cirlghealóg]]
| Emberiza cirlus
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza cirlus|Emberiza cirlus]]
| 
| 24 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Emberiza cirlus distribution map.jpg|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 80
| Q25385
| [[clamhán]]
| Buteo buteo
| [[:commons:Category:Buteo buteo|Buteo buteo]]
| 0.925 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;60 gram&lt;br/&gt;790 gram&lt;br/&gt;966.5 gram
| 1.24 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Buteo buteo distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 34 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 81
| Q233684
| [[clamhán cosfhada]]
| Buteo rufinus
| [[:commons:Category:Buteo rufinus|Buteo rufinus]]
| 73 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:ButeoRufinusIUCN2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 82
| Q26407
| [[clamhán lópach]]
| Buteo lagopus
| [[:commons:Category:Buteo lagopus|Buteo lagopus]]
| 824.6 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.027 cileagram
| 1.35 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Buteo lagopus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 83
| Q170466
| [[clamhán riabhach]]
| Pernis apivorus
| [[:commons:Category:Pernis apivorus|Pernis apivorus]]
| 49 gram
| 1.26 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PernisApivorusIUCN2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 32 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 84
| Q21090684
| [[Iolar breac mór|Clanga clanga]]
| Clanga clanga
| [[:commons:Category:Clanga clanga|Clanga clanga]]
| 110 gram
| 167.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aquila clanga distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 85
| Q26420
| [[Clochrán coiteann|clochrán]]
| Oenanthe oenanthe
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe oenanthe|Oenanthe oenanthe]]
| 
| 0.28 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Oenanthe oenanthe map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 86
| Q769528
| [[Clochrán earr-rua|clochrán Afganastánach]]
| Oenanthe chrysopygia
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe chrysopygia|Oenanthe chrysopygia]]
| 
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 87
| Q763538
| [[clochrán alabhreac]]
| Oenanthe pleschanka
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe pleschanka|Oenanthe pleschanka]]
| 2.43 gram
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 88
| Q385723
| [[Oenanthe hispanica|clochrán cluasdubh]]
| Oenanthe hispanica
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe hispanica|Oenanthe hispanica]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:OenantheHispanicaIUCNver2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 89
| Q769093
| [[Clochrán Finsch|clochrán droimbhán]]
| Oenanthe finschii
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe finschii|Oenanthe finschii]]
| 26 gram&lt;br/&gt;29 gram
| 
| 
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 90
| Q1303323
| [[Clochrán Coirdíneach|clochrán earrdhearg]]
| Oenanthe xanthoprymna
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe xanthoprymna|Oenanthe xanthoprymna]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 91
| Q769934
| [[clochrán fásaigh]]
| Oenanthe deserti
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe deserti|Oenanthe deserti]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:OenantheDesertiIUCNver2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 92
| Q747686
| [[clochrán gainimh]]
| Oenanthe isabellina
| [[:commons:Category:Oenanthe isabellina|Oenanthe isabellina]]
| 3.04 gram&lt;br/&gt;29 gram
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 93
| Q207290
| [[Cnagaire droimgheal|cnagaire droimbhán]]
| Dendrocopos leucotos
| [[:commons:Category:Dendrocopos leucotos|Dendrocopos leucotos]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 94
| Q143284
| [[cnagaire dubh]]
| Dryocopus martius
| [[:commons:Category:Dryocopus martius|Dryocopus martius]]
| 11.8 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dryocopus martius distr.PNG|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 95
| Q166171
| [[cnagaire glas]]
| Picus viridis
| [[:commons:Category:Picus viridis|Picus viridis]]
| 8.9 gram&lt;br/&gt;193 gram
| 41 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Picus viridis dis.png|center|128px]]
| 19 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 96
| Q752481
| [[Cnagaire Siriach|cnagaire Síriach]]
| Dendrocopos syriacus
| [[:commons:Category:Dendrocopos syriacus|Dendrocopos syriacus]]
| 5.1 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dendrocopos syriacus distr new.png|center|128px]]
| 10 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 97
| Q27124
| [[cnota]]
| Calidris canutus
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris canutus|Calidris canutus]]
| 19.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;126 gram&lt;br/&gt;148 gram
| 0.5 méadar
| [[Íomhá:RedKnotMigration.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 98
| Q749701
| [[Cnóshnag Neumayer|cnóshnag creige]]
| Sitta neumayer
| [[:commons:Category:Sitta neumayer|Sitta neumayer]]
| 2.43 gram
| 
| 
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 99
| Q156767
| [[cnóshnag Eorpach]]
| Sitta europaea
| [[:commons:Category:Sitta europaea|Sitta europaea]]
| 2.25 gram&lt;br/&gt;23 gram
| 24 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Sitta europaea distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 16 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 100
| Q514809
| [[cocaitíl]]
| Nymphicus hollandicus
| [[:commons:Category:Nymphicus hollandicus|Nymphicus hollandicus]]
| 5.68 gram&lt;br/&gt;86 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Bird range cockatiel.png|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 101
| Q210341
| [[Cochlearius cochlearius]]
| Cochlearius cochlearius
| [[:commons:Category:Cochlearius cochlearius|Cochlearius cochlearius]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cochlearius cochlearius map.svg|center|128px]]
| 25 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 102
| Q1274601
| [[coileach sneachta Caispeach]]
| Tetraogallus caspius
| [[:commons:Category:Tetraogallus caspius|Tetraogallus caspius]]
| 2.59 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.07 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;75 gram
| 100 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 103
| Q1137277
| [[coileach sneachta Cugasach]]
| Tetraogallus caucasicus
| [[:commons:Category:Tetraogallus caucasicus|Tetraogallus caucasicus]]
| 
| 87.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 104
| Q25332
| [[coirneach]]
| Pandion haliaetus
| [[:commons:Category:Pandion haliaetus|Pandion haliaetus]]
| 1.4 cileagram
| 1.6 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Wiki-Pandion haliaetus.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 105
| Q42326
| [[colm aille]]
| Columba livia
| [[:commons:Category:Columba livia|Columba livia]]
| 294 gram&lt;br/&gt;267 gram
| 690 millimetre
| [[Íomhá:Columba livia distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 106
| Q26026
| [[Colúr coille|colm coille]]
| Columba palumbus
| [[:commons:Category:Columba palumbus|Columba palumbus]]
| 18.9 gram
| 0.75 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Columba-palumbus-dist.png|center|128px]]
| 17 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 107
| Q26140
| [[colm gorm]]
| Columba oenas
| [[:commons:Category:Columba oenas|Columba oenas]]
| 16.7 gram
| 0.75 méadar
| [[Íomhá:ColumbaOenasIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 108
| Q170598
| [[condar na nAindéas]]
| Vultur gryphus
| [[:commons:Category:Vultur gryphus|Vultur gryphus]]
| 
| 3.048 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AndeanMap.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 109
| Q25382
| [[corcrán coille]]
| Pyrrhula pyrrhula
| [[:commons:Category:Pyrrhula pyrrhula|Pyrrhula pyrrhula]]
| 2.41 gram&lt;br/&gt;31 gram
| 0.26 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PyrrhulaPyrrhulaIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 110
| Q1084895
| [[corcrán coille ceannliath]]
| Pyrrhula erythaca
| [[:commons:Category:Pyrrhula erythaca|Pyrrhula erythaca]]
| 21.7 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 111
| Q160488
| [[corr chorcra]]
| Ardea purpurea
| [[:commons:Category:Ardea purpurea|Ardea purpurea]]
| 51 gram
| 1.35 méadar
| [[Íomhá:ArdeaPurpureaIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 112
| Q171360
| [[corr leitheadach Eoráiseach]]
| Platalea leucorodia
| [[:commons:Category:Platalea leucorodia|Platalea leucorodia]]
| 76 gram
| 1.3 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Platalea leucorodia.PNG|center|128px]]
| 23 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 113
| Q126216
| [[corr oíche]]
| Nycticorax nycticorax
| [[:commons:Category:Nycticorax nycticorax|Nycticorax nycticorax]]
| 682 gram&lt;br/&gt;590 gram
| 1.06 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Nycticorax nycticorax map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 114
| Q722981
| [[corr ríoga]]
| Platalea regia
| [[:commons:Category:Platalea regia|Platalea regia]]
| 69 gram
| 120 ceintiméadar
| 
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 115
| Q191394
| [[corr scréachach]]
| Ardeola ralloides
| [[:commons:Category:Ardeola ralloides|Ardeola ralloides]]
| 16 gram&lt;br/&gt;288 gram
| 0.86 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Ardeola ralloides map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 116
| Q144218
| [[coscaróba]]
| Coscoroba coscoroba
| [[:commons:Category:Coscoroba coscoroba|Coscoroba coscoroba]]
| 4.6 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;3.8 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;185 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Coscoroba coscoroba map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 117
| Q18859
| [[cosdeargán]]
| Tringa totanus
| [[:commons:Category:Tringa totanus|Tringa totanus]]
| 22.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;129 gram
| 62 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:TringaTotanusIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 118
| Q28103
| [[cosdeargán breac]]
| Tringa erythropus
| [[:commons:Category:Tringa erythropus|Tringa erythropus]]
| 24.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;142 gram&lt;br/&gt;161 gram
| 64 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:TringaErythropusIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 119
| Q230837
| [[cromán bánlíoch]]
| Circus macrourus
| [[:commons:Category:Circus macrourus|Circus macrourus]]
| 28 gram&lt;br/&gt;322 gram&lt;br/&gt;445 gram
| 1.09 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Circus macrourus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 120
| Q26574
| [[cromán liath]]
| Circus pygargus
| [[:commons:Category:Circus pygargus|Circus pygargus]]
| 24 gram&lt;br/&gt;261 gram&lt;br/&gt;370 gram
| 1.09 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Circus pygargus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 121
| Q26431
| [[Cromán móna iartharach]]
| Circus aeruginosus
| [[:commons:Category:Circus aeruginosus|Circus aeruginosus]]
| 40 gram
| 1.16 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Circus aeruginosus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 34 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 122
| Q25572
| [[cromán na gcearc]]
| Circus cyaneus
| [[:commons:Category:Circus cyaneus|Circus cyaneus]]
| 346 gram&lt;br/&gt;527 gram
| 1.1 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Circus cyaneus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 123
| Q27102
| [[crosán]]
| Alca torda
| [[:commons:Category:Alca torda|Alca torda]]
| 
| 0.661 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Alca torda map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 124
| Q18854
| [[crotach]]
| Numenius arquata
| [[:commons:Category:Numenius arquata|Numenius arquata]]
| 76 gram&lt;br/&gt;742 gram&lt;br/&gt;869 gram
| 0.97 méadar
| [[Íomhá:NumeniusArquata.png|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 125
| Q61857
| [[crotach Artach]]
| Numenius borealis
| [[:commons:Category:Numenius borealis|Numenius borealis]]
| 
| 70 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Numenius borealis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 126
| Q18858
| [[crotach eanaigh]]
| Numenius phaeopus
| [[:commons:Category:Numenius phaeopus|Numenius phaeopus]]
| 
| 1.07 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Numenius phaeopus distribution map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 127
| Q79915
| [[Murlach mara|cruidín]]
| Alcedo atthis
| [[:commons:Category:Alcedo atthis|Alcedo atthis]]
| 4.3 gram
| 25 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Alcedo atthis -range map-2-cp.png|center|128px]]
| 19.5 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 128
| Q31646
| [[Cruidín ceiriúlach]]
| Alcedo coerulescens
| [[:commons:Category:Alcedo coerulescens|Alcedo coerulescens]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 129
| Q1263692
| [[Cruidín crúcghobach]]
| Melidora macrorrhina
| [[:commons:Category:Melidora macrorrhina|Melidora macrorrhina]]
| 97 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 130
| Q1265314
| [[Cruidín droimghlas]]
| Actenoides monachus
| [[:commons:Category:Actenoides monachus|Actenoides monachus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 131
| Q735158
| [[cruidín píbgheal]]
| Halcyon smyrnensis
| [[:commons:Category:Halcyon smyrnensis|Halcyon smyrnensis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:White-throated Kingfisher Range.JPG|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 132
| Q18845
| [[Cuach choiteann|cuach]]
| Cuculus canorus
| [[:commons:Category:Cuculus canorus|Cuculus canorus]]
| 3.22 gram&lt;br/&gt;117 gram&lt;br/&gt;106 gram
| 58 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CuculusCanorusIUCNver2019 3.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 133
| Q852265
| [[cuach ghob-bhuí]]
| Coccyzus americanus
| [[:commons:Category:Coccyzus americanus|Coccyzus americanus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Coccyzus americanus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 134
| Q27442
| [[cuilire alabhreac]]
| Ficedula hypoleuca
| [[:commons:Category:Ficedula hypoleuca|Ficedula hypoleuca]]
| 1.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;12 gram
| 22 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:FicedulaHypoleucaIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 135
| Q241499
| [[cuilire broinnrua]]
| Ficedula parva
| [[:commons:Category:Ficedula parva|Ficedula parva]]
| 1.45 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:FicedulaParvaIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 136
| Q1591580
| [[cuilire leathmhuinceach]]
| Ficedula semitorquata
| [[:commons:Category:Ficedula semitorquata|Ficedula semitorquata]]
| 
| 
| 
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 137
| Q26607
| [[cuilire liath]]
| Muscicapa striata
| [[:commons:Category:Muscicapa striata|Muscicapa striata]]
| 1.92 gram
| 24 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:MuscicapaStriataIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 138
| Q690826
| [[Cuilire bán|cuilire muinceach]]
| Ficedula albicollis
| [[:commons:Category:Ficedula albicollis|Ficedula albicollis]]
| 1.6 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:FicedulaAlbicollisIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 139
| Q838749
| [[Scréachóg Steller|Cyanocitta stelleri]]
| Cyanocitta stelleri
| [[:commons:Category:Cyanocitta stelleri|Cyanocitta stelleri]]
| 8.1 gram&lt;br/&gt;94 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cyanocitta stelleri map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 140
| Q25345384
| [[cág]]
| Coloeus monedula
| [[:commons:Category:Coloeus monedula|Coloeus monedula]]
| 
| 0.65 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Corvus monedula distribution de.svg|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 141
| Q191386
| [[cág gob-bhuí]]
| Pyrrhocorax graculus
| [[:commons:Category:Pyrrhocorax graculus|Pyrrhocorax graculus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Pyrrhocoraxgraculusmap.png|center|128px]]
| 19 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 142
| Q208405
| [[cánóg dhubh]]
| Puffinus puffinus
| [[:commons:Category:Puffinus puffinus|Puffinus puffinus]]
| 521 gram
| 82 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Puffinus puffinus distribution.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 143
| Q25234
| [[Lon dubh|céirseach]]
| Turdus merula
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus merula|Turdus merula]]
| 
| 36 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Turdus merula distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 144
| Q244197
| [[Cíobhaí Beag Breac|cíobhaí beag breac]]
| Apteryx owenii
| [[:commons:Category:Apteryx owenii|Apteryx owenii]]
| 285 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Apteryx owenii - distribution map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 145
| Q734829
| [[Cíobhaí Donn an Oileáin Thuaidh|cíobhaí donn an Oileáin Thuaidh]]
| Apteryx mantelli
| [[:commons:Category:Apteryx mantelli|Apteryx mantelli]]
| 2.25 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.955 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:North Island Brown Kiwi.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 146
| Q730091
| [[Cíobhaí Mór Breac|cíobhaí mór breac]]
| Apteryx haastii
| [[:commons:Category:Apteryx haastii|Apteryx haastii]]
| 425 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:418px-NZ-kiwimapApteryx haastii.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 147
| Q26657
| [[Cíorbhuí coiteann|cíorbhuí]]
| Regulus regulus
| [[:commons:Category:Regulus regulus|Regulus regulus]]
| 0.77 gram
| 14 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Regulus regulus map.png|center|128px]]
| 17 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 148
| Q869023
| [[cíorlacha Phatagónach]]
| Lophonetta specularioides
| [[:commons:Category:Lophonetta specularioides|Lophonetta specularioides]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Lophonetta specularioides map.svg|center|128px]]
| 30 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 149
| Q716456
| [[Cúcabarra breac]]
| Dacelo tyro
| [[:commons:Category:Dacelo tyro|Dacelo tyro]]
| 136 gram&lt;br/&gt;156 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 150
| Q854856
| [[Cúcabarra gormeiteach]]
| Dacelo leachii
| [[:commons:Category:Dacelo leachii|Dacelo leachii]]
| 334 gram&lt;br/&gt;284 gram
| 
| 
| 25 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 151
| Q824974
| [[Cúcabarra gáiriteach]]
| Dacelo novaeguineae
| [[:commons:Category:Dacelo novaeguineae|Dacelo novaeguineae]]
| 30.4 gram&lt;br/&gt;307.2 gram&lt;br/&gt;352.1 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Distribution laughing kookaburra.jpg|center|128px]]
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 152
| Q919707
| [[Cúcabarra sluasaidghobach]]
| Dacelo rex
| [[:commons:Category:Clytoceyx rex|Clytoceyx rex]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 153
| Q942119
| [[Cúcabarra tarr-ruadhonn]]
| Dacelo gaudichaud
| [[:commons:Category:Dacelo gaudichaud|Dacelo gaudichaud]]
| 143 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 154
| Q80362
| [[cúr dubh]]
| Milvus migrans
| [[:commons:Category:Milvus migrans|Milvus migrans]]
| 56 gram&lt;br/&gt;828 gram
| 1.52 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Milvus migrans distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 155
| Q156250
| [[cúr rua]]
| Milvus milvus
| [[:commons:Category:Milvus milvus|Milvus milvus]]
| 63 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.012 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.232 cileagram
| 1.66 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Milvus milvus distr.png|center|128px]]
| 31 lá
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 156
| Q184825
| [[deargán sneachta]]
| Turdus iliacus
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus iliacus|Turdus iliacus]]
| 4.9 gram&lt;br/&gt;62 gram
| 0.36 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Turdus iliacus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 157
| Q275591
| [[Meánchnagaire breac|Dendrocoptes medius]]
| Dendrocoptes medius
| [[:commons:Category:Dendrocoptes medius|Dendrocoptes medius]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dendrocopos medius distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 158
| Q856531
| [[Dicrurus paradiseus]]
| Dicrurus paradiseus
| [[:commons:Category:Dicrurus paradiseus|Dicrurus paradiseus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 159
| Q26698
| [[donnóg]]
| Prunella modularis
| [[:commons:Category:Prunella modularis|Prunella modularis]]
| 
| 0.21 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PrunellaModularisIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 160
| Q167230
| [[Snámhaí balla|dreapaire balla]]
| Tichodroma muraria
| [[:commons:Category:Tichodroma muraria|Tichodroma muraria]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Mauerläufer1.png|center|128px]]
| 19 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 161
| Q25740
| [[dreoilín]]
| Troglodytes troglodytes
| [[:commons:Category:Troglodytes troglodytes|Troglodytes troglodytes]]
| 
| 15 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:TroglodytesTroglodytesIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 162
| Q27160
| [[droimneach beag]]
| Larus fuscus
| [[:commons:Category:Larus fuscus|Larus fuscus]]
| 880 gram&lt;br/&gt;755 gram
| 1.34 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Larus fuscus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 25 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 163
| Q26629
| [[droimneach mór]]
| Larus marinus
| [[:commons:Category:Larus marinus|Larus marinus]]
| 
| 1.67 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Larus marinus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 164
| Q25469
| [[Druid choiteann|druid]]
| Sturnus vulgaris
| [[:commons:Category:Sturnus vulgaris|Sturnus vulgaris]]
| 
| 0.38 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Sturnus vulgaris map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 165
| Q890912
| [[Druid droimchorcra|druid dauria]]
| Agropsar sturninus
| [[:commons:Category:Agropsar sturninus|Agropsar sturninus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 166
| Q20823352
| [[druid rósach]]
| Pastor roseus
| [[:commons:Category:Pastor roseus|Pastor roseus]]
| 6.6 gram&lt;br/&gt;79.6 gram&lt;br/&gt;66.9 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:PastorRoseusIUCNver2020-1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 167
| Q25402
| [[eala bhalbh]]
| Cygnus olor
| [[:commons:Category:Cygnus olor|Cygnus olor]]
| 11.8 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;9.67 cileagram
| 230 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CygnusOlorIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 168
| Q131044
| [[eala dhubh]]
| Cygnus atratus
| [[:commons:Category:Cygnus atratus|Cygnus atratus]]
| 258 gram&lt;br/&gt;6.2 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;5.1 cileagram
| 180 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Black Swan.png|center|128px]]
| 38 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 169
| Q25612
| [[eala ghlórach]]
| Cygnus cygnus
| [[:commons:Category:Cygnus cygnus|Cygnus cygnus]]
| 331 gram&lt;br/&gt;14 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;8.75 cileagram
| 2.29 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Cygnus-cygnus.png|center|128px]]
| 36 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 170
| Q244432
| [[eala phíbdhubh]]
| Cygnus melancoryphus
| [[:commons:Category:Cygnus melancoryphus|Cygnus melancoryphus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cygnus melancoryphus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 35 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 171
| Q26603
| [[eala thundra]]
| Cygnus columbianus
| [[:commons:Category:Cygnus columbianus|Cygnus columbianus]]
| 7.258 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;6.305 cileagram
| 1.98 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Cygnus columbianus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 172
| Q26620
| [[earrdheargán]]
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus
| [[:commons:Category:Phoenicurus phoenicurus|Phoenicurus phoenicurus]]
| 
| 22 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Distribution ph phoenicurus.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 173
| Q796484
| [[Earrdheargán báneiteach|earrdheargán Cugasach]]
| Phoenicurus erythrogastrus
| [[:commons:Category:Phoenicurus erythrogastrus|Phoenicurus erythrogastrus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 174
| Q26755
| [[earrdheargán dubh]]
| Phoenicurus ochruros
| [[:commons:Category:Phoenicurus ochruros|Phoenicurus ochruros]]
| 
| 25 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:DistributionBlackRedstart.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 175
| Q645528
| [[Euplectes franciscanus|Easpag flannbhuí]]
| Euplectes franciscanus
| [[:commons:Category:Euplectes franciscanus|Euplectes franciscanus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 176
| Q205491
| [[Gealóg charraige|Emberiza cia]]
| Emberiza cia
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza cia|Emberiza cia]]
| 2.77 gram&lt;br/&gt;23 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:EmberizaCiaIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 177
| Q1262861
| [[Spioróg mhór ruadhonn|Erythrotriorchis radiatus]]
| Erythrotriorchis radiatus
| [[:commons:Category:Erythrotriorchis radiatus|Erythrotriorchis radiatus]]
| 630 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.1 cileagram
| 123.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 41 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 178
| Q1060483
| [[Eurylaimus ochromalus]]
| Eurylaimus ochromalus
| [[:commons:Category:Eurylaimus ochromalus|Eurylaimus ochromalus]]
| 33 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Eurylaimus ochromalus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 179
| Q748290
| [[fabhcún Barbarach]]
| Falco pelegrinoides
| [[:commons:Category:Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides|Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 180
| Q25876
| [[Fabhcún coille Eoráiseach]]
| Falco subbuteo
| [[:commons:Category:Falco subbuteo|Falco subbuteo]]
| 24 gram&lt;br/&gt;181.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;240.5 gram
| 0.74 méadar
| [[Íomhá:FalcoSubbuteoIUCNver2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 181
| Q179625
| [[fabhcún cosdearg]]
| Falco vespertinus
| [[:commons:Category:Falco vespertinus|Falco vespertinus]]
| 17 gram&lt;br/&gt;150 gram&lt;br/&gt;167 gram
| 0.72 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Falco vespertinus distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 182
| Q30535
| [[Falco peregrinus|fabhcún gorm]]
| Falco peregrinus
| [[:commons:Category:Falco peregrinus|Falco peregrinus]]
| 
| 1.02 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PeregrineRangeMap.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 183
| Q33554
| [[fabhcún Lanner]]
| Falco biarmicus
| [[:commons:Category:Falco biarmicus|Falco biarmicus]]
| 
| 100.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:FalcoBiarmicusIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 32 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 184
| Q165974
| [[fabhcún Saker]]
| Falco cherrug
| [[:commons:Category:Falco cherrug|Falco cherrug]]
| 53 gram&lt;br/&gt;875 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.13 cileagram
| 111.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Falco cherrug distr.png|center|128px]]
| 30 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 185
| Q177688
| [[fabhcún tuaithe]]
| Falco rusticolus
| [[:commons:Category:Falco rusticolus|Falco rusticolus]]
| 
| 58 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 186
| Q206840
| [[falaróp gobchaol]]
| Phalaropus lobatus
| [[:commons:Category:Phalaropus lobatus|Phalaropus lobatus]]
| 6.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;35 gram&lt;br/&gt;39 gram
| 0.34 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Phalaropus lobatus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 19 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 187
| Q208335
| [[falaróp gobmhór]]
| Phalaropus fulicarius
| [[:commons:Category:Phalaropus fulicarius|Phalaropus fulicarius]]
| 
| 0.42 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Phalaropus fulicarius map.svg|center|128px]]
| 19 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 188
| Q26470
| [[falcóg bheag]]
| Alle alle
| [[:commons:Category:Alle alle|Alle alle]]
| 28 gram
| 0.32 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Alle alle - distribution map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 189
| Q683138
| [[faoileán Airméanach]]
| Larus armenicus
| [[:commons:Category:Larus armenicus|Larus armenicus]]
| 1 cileagram
| 140 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Larus armenicus range.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 190
| Q619065
| [[faoileán an Aigéin Chiúin]]
| Larus pacificus
| [[:commons:Category:Larus pacificus|Larus pacificus]]
| 98.4 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.55 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.077 cileagram
| 147 ceintiméadar
| 
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 191
| Q754885
| [[faoileán bandghobach]]
| Larus delawarensis
| [[:commons:Category:Larus delawarensis|Larus delawarensis]]
| 566 gram&lt;br/&gt;471 gram
| 1150 millimetre
| [[Íomhá:Larus delawarensis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 192
| Q26427
| [[faoileán bán]]
| Larus canus
| [[:commons:Category:Larus canus|Larus canus]]
| 413 gram&lt;br/&gt;360 gram
| 1.11 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Larus canus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 193
| Q27375
| [[faoileán glas]]
| Larus hyperboreus
| [[:commons:Category:Larus hyperboreus|Larus hyperboreus]]
| 1.576 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.249 cileagram
| 158 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Larus hyperboreus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 194
| Q391421
| [[Crotach gobchaol|faoileán gobchaol]]
| Chroicocephalus genei
| [[:commons:Category:Chroicocephalus genei|Chroicocephalus genei]]
| 29 gram&lt;br/&gt;275 gram&lt;br/&gt;236 gram
| 102 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:ChroicocephalusGeneiIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 22 lá
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 195
| Q389505
| [[faoileán gáiriteach]]
| Larus cachinnans
| [[:commons:Category:Larus cachinnans|Larus cachinnans]]
| 60 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.275 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.033 cileagram
| 141 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LarusCachinnansIUCN2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 27 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 196
| Q28236
| [[faoileán scadán]]
| Larus argentatus
| [[:commons:Category:Larus argentatus|Larus argentatus]]
| 
| 1.34 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Larus argentatus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 197
| Q704982
| [[faoileán scadán cosbhuí]]
| Larus michahellis
| [[:commons:Category:Larus michahellis|Larus michahellis]]
| 
| 130 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Larus michahellis map.png|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 198
| Q742574
| [[feadlacha aghaidhbhán]]
| Dendrocygna viduata
| [[:commons:Category:Dendrocygna viduata|Dendrocygna viduata]]
| 36 gram&lt;br/&gt;674 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dendrocygnaviduatarange.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 199
| Q378192
| [[feadlacha na nIndiacha Thiar]]
| Dendrocygna arborea
| [[:commons:Category:Dendrocygna arborea|Dendrocygna arborea]]
| 54 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dendrocygna arborea map.svg|center|128px]]
| 30 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 200
| Q752461
| [[feadlacha tharrdhubh]]
| Dendrocygna autumnalis
| [[:commons:Category:Dendrocygna autumnalis|Dendrocygna autumnalis]]
| 831 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dendrocygna autumnalis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 201
| Q21148
| [[feadóg bhuí]]
| Pluvialis apricaria
| [[:commons:Category:Pluvialis apricaria|Pluvialis apricaria]]
| 32.8 gram&lt;br/&gt;175 gram
| 72 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Pluvialis apricaria map.svg|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 202
| Q18865
| [[feadóg bhuí Chiúin-Aigéanach]]
| Pluvialis fulva
| [[:commons:Category:Pluvialis fulva|Pluvialis fulva]]
| 18 gram&lt;br/&gt;135 gram
| 44 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:PluvialisFulvaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 203
| Q216836
| [[feadóg bhuí Mheiriceánach]]
| Pluvialis dominica
| [[:commons:Category:Pluvialis dominica|Pluvialis dominica]]
| 26 gram&lt;br/&gt;145 gram
| 0.62 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Pluvialis dominica map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 204
| Q752485
| [[Feadóg Áiseach|feadóg Chaispeach]]
| Anarhynchus asiaticus
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius asiaticus|Charadrius asiaticus]]
| 
| 58 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 205
| Q26816
| [[feadóg chladaigh]]
| Charadrius hiaticula
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius hiaticula|Charadrius hiaticula]]
| 10.9 gram
| 0.41 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Charadrius hiaticula map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 206
| Q752398
| [[Pilibín Indiach|feadóg dheargsprochallach]]
| Vanellus indicus
| [[:commons:Category:Vanellus indicus|Vanellus indicus]]
| 
| 0.683 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Vanellus indicus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 207
| Q827245
| [[feadóg earrbhán]]
| Vanellus leucurus
| [[:commons:Category:Vanellus leucurus|Vanellus leucurus]]
| 
| 62.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 208
| Q18857
| [[feadóg ghainimh mhór]]
| Charadrius leschenaultii
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius leschenaultii|Charadrius leschenaultii]]
| 
| 52 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 209
| Q18835
| [[feadóg ghlas]]
| Pluvialis squatarola
| [[:commons:Category:Pluvialis squatarola|Pluvialis squatarola]]
| 
| 77 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Pluvialis squatarola map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 210
| Q755737
| [[feadóg ghlórach]]
| Charadrius vociferus
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius vociferus|Charadrius vociferus]]
| 
| 61 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Charadrius vociferus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 211
| Q468009
| [[feadóg mhionbhosach]]
| Charadrius semipalmatus
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius semipalmatus|Charadrius semipalmatus]]
| 
| 47.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Charadrius semipalmatus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 212
| Q18851
| [[feadóigín chladaigh]]
| Charadrius dubius
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius dubius|Charadrius dubius]]
| 7.7 gram
| 45 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CharadriusDubiusIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 213
| Q18855
| [[feadóigín chosdubh]]
| Charadrius alexandrinus
| [[:commons:Category:Charadrius alexandrinus|Charadrius alexandrinus]]
| 47 gram
| 42.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CharadriusAlexandrinusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 214
| Q25405
| [[Caróg liath|feannóg]]
| Corvus cornix
| [[:commons:Category:Corvus cornix|Corvus cornix]]
| 
| 98 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Corvus cornix map.svg|center|128px]]
| 18 lá
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 215
| Q168514
| [[Fearán Eorpach|fearán]]
| Streptopelia turtur
| [[:commons:Category:Streptopelia turtur|Streptopelia turtur]]
| 8.2 gram&lt;br/&gt;136 gram
| 50 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:StreptopeliaTurturIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 216
| Q54696
| [[fearán baicdhubh]]
| Streptopelia decaocto
| [[:commons:Category:Streptopelia decaocto|Streptopelia decaocto]]
| 9.2 gram&lt;br/&gt;193 gram
| 30 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:StreptopeliaDecaoctoIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 217
| Q750027
| [[fearán gubhach]]
| Zenaida macroura
| [[:commons:Category:Zenaida macroura|Zenaida macroura]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Zenaida macroura map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 218
| Q391198
| [[Colm gáiriteach|fearán pailme]]
| Spilopelia senegalensis
| [[:commons:Category:Spilopelia senegalensis|Spilopelia senegalensis]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 219
| Q25357
| [[fiach dubh]]
| Corvus corax
| [[:commons:Category:Corvus corax|Corvus corax]]
| 689 gram&lt;br/&gt;1625 gram&lt;br/&gt;1041 gram&lt;br/&gt;25 gram
| 120 ceintiméadar&lt;br/&gt;150 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Corvus corax map.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 220
| Q25393
| [[filiméala]]
| Luscinia megarhynchos
| [[:commons:Category:Luscinia megarhynchos|Luscinia megarhynchos]]
| 2.65 gram
| 24 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LusciniaMegarhynchosIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 221
| Q206130
| [[filiméala smólaigh]]
| Luscinia luscinia
| [[:commons:Category:Luscinia luscinia|Luscinia luscinia]]
| 3.06 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:LusciniaLusciniaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 222
| Q192058
| [[foitheach cluasach]]
| Podiceps auritus
| [[:commons:Category:Podiceps auritus|Podiceps auritus]]
| 22.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;449.5 gram
| 62 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Slavonian Grebe-location-map-en.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 223
| Q579718
| [[foitheach gob-alabhreac]]
| Podilymbus podiceps
| [[:commons:Category:Podilymbus podiceps|Podilymbus podiceps]]
| 20.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;522 gram&lt;br/&gt;358 gram
| 54 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Podilymbus podiceps map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 224
| Q25422
| [[foitheach mór]]
| Podiceps cristatus
| [[:commons:Category:Podiceps cristatus|Podiceps cristatus]]
| 39.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;920 gram&lt;br/&gt;830 gram
| 88 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:PodicepsCristatusIUCN2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 225
| Q185183
| [[foitheach píbdhubh]]
| Podiceps nigricollis
| [[:commons:Category:Podiceps nigricollis|Podiceps nigricollis]]
| 
| 58 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Black-necked Grebe-map-location-map-en.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 226
| Q179919
| [[foitheach píbrua]]
| Podiceps grisegena
| [[:commons:Category:Podiceps grisegena|Podiceps grisegena]]
| 30.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;873.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;785.4 gram
| 0.725 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PodicepsGrisegenaIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 227
| Q21062
| [[foracha]]
| Uria aalge
| [[:commons:Category:Uria aalge|Uria aalge]]
| 108 gram
| 0.707 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Uria aalge map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 228
| Q212055
| [[foracha dhubh]]
| Cepphus grylle
| [[:commons:Category:Cepphus grylle|Cepphus grylle]]
| 381 gram
| 55 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Cepphus grylle map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 229
| Q285165
| [[Francolin dubh|francóilín dubh]]
| Francolinus francolinus
| [[:commons:Category:Francolinus francolinus|Francolinus francolinus]]
| 425 gram&lt;br/&gt;355 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 230
| Q25961
| [[Alauda arvensis|fuiseog]]
| Alauda arvensis
| [[:commons:Category:Alauda arvensis|Alauda arvensis]]
| 
| 0.35 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AlaudaArvensisIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 231
| Q207249
| [[fuiseog adharcach]]
| Eremophila alpestris
| [[:commons:Category:Eremophila alpestris|Eremophila alpestris]]
| 
| 32 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:EremophilaAlpestrisIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 232
| Q470853
| [[Fuiseog chalandra|fuiseog aithriseach]]
| Melanocorypha calandra
| [[:commons:Category:Melanocorypha calandra|Melanocorypha calandra]]
| 63 gram&lt;br/&gt;55 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Melanocorypha calandra distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 233
| Q1137284
| [[fuiseog bháneiteach]]
| Alauda leucoptera
| [[:commons:Category:Alauda leucoptera|Alauda leucoptera]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 234
| Q26969
| [[fuiseog choille]]
| Lullula arborea
| [[:commons:Category:Lullula arborea|Lullula arborea]]
| 
| 29 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Lullula arborea distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 235
| Q318893
| [[Fuiseog Elton|fuiseog dhubh]]
| Melanocorypha yeltoniensis
| [[:commons:Category:Melanocorypha yeltoniensis|Melanocorypha yeltoniensis]]
| 4.34 gram&lt;br/&gt;63.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;56.4 gram
| 
| 
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 236
| Q819885
| [[fuiseog dhébhallach]]
| Melanocorypha bimaculata
| [[:commons:Category:Melanocorypha bimaculata|Melanocorypha bimaculata]]
| 4.04 gram&lt;br/&gt;54 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Melanocorypha bimaculata distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 237
| Q24843
| [[fuiseog ladharghearr]]
| Calandrella brachydactyla
| [[:commons:Category:Calandrella brachydactyla|Calandrella brachydactyla]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:CalandrellaBrachydactylaIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 238
| Q525871
| [[fuiseog oirthearach]]
| Alauda gulgula
| [[:commons:Category:Alauda gulgula|Alauda gulgula]]
| 
| 
| 
| 10 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 239
| Q25429
| [[fáinleog]]
| Hirundo rustica
| [[:commons:Category:Hirundo rustica|Hirundo rustica]]
| 
| 0.32 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Hirundo rustica.png|center|128px]]
| 13.5 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 240
| Q26055
| [[gabhlán binne]]
| Delichon urbicum
| [[:commons:Category:Delichon urbicum|Delichon urbicum]]
| 
| 0.29 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Delichon urbicum.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 241
| Q165923
| [[gabhlán bánlíoch]]
| Apus pallidus
| [[:commons:Category:Apus pallidus|Apus pallidus]]
| 3.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;41.3 gram
| 0.44 méadar
| 
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 242
| Q213216
| [[gabhlán creige Eoráiseach]]
| Ptyonoprogne rupestris
| [[:commons:Category:Ptyonoprogne rupestris|Ptyonoprogne rupestris]]
| 2.08 gram&lt;br/&gt;20 gram
| 0.32 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Ptyonoprogne rupestris.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 243
| Q31769
| [[gabhlán earrspíonach]]
| Hirundapus caudacutus
| [[:commons:Category:Hirundapus caudacutus|Hirundapus caudacutus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:HirundapusCaudacutusDistribution.png|center|128px]]
| 40 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 244
| Q25909
| [[gabhlán gainimh]]
| Riparia riparia
| [[:commons:Category:Riparia riparia|Riparia riparia]]
| 
| 0.27 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Riparia riparia map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 245
| Q25377
| [[gabhlán gaoithe]]
| Apus apus
| [[:commons:Category:Apus apus|Apus apus]]
| 3.5 gram
| 0.4 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Apus apus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 246
| Q321267
| [[Gabhlán Alpach|gabhlán gaoithe alpach]]
| Tachymarptis melba
| [[:commons:Category:Tachymarptis melba|Tachymarptis melba]]
| 6.05 gram&lt;br/&gt;96 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:TachymarptisMelbaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 247
| Q611324
| [[Gabhlán beag|gabhlán gaoithe beag]]
| Apus affinis
| [[:commons:Category:Apus affinis|Apus affinis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:ApusAffinisDistribution.png|center|128px]]
| 23 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 248
| Q912863
| [[gabhlán simléir]]
| Chaetura pelagica
| [[:commons:Category:Chaetura pelagica|Chaetura pelagica]]
| 23.6 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Chimney Swift range.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 249
| Q128002
| [[gaineamhchearc Pallas]]
| Syrrhaptes paradoxus
| [[:commons:Category:Syrrhaptes paradoxus|Syrrhaptes paradoxus]]
| 21 gram
| 69 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:SyrrhaptesParadoxusIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 250
| Q18875
| [[Geabhróg choiteann|geabhróg]]
| Sterna hirundo
| [[:commons:Category:Sterna hirundo|Sterna hirundo]]
| 
| 0.88 méadar
| [[Íomhá:CommonTernmap.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 251
| Q26800
| [[geabhróg Artach]]
| Sterna paradisaea
| [[:commons:Category:Sterna paradisaea|Sterna paradisaea]]
| 114 gram
| 0.8 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Sterna paradisaea distribution and migration map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 252
| Q12267692
| [[geabhróg bheag]]
| Sternula albifrons
| [[:commons:Category:Sternula albifrons|Sternula albifrons]]
| 10 gram&lt;br/&gt;57 gram
| 0.52 méadar
| [[Íomhá:SternulaAlbifronsIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 253
| Q233616
| [[geabhróg bhroinndubh]]
| Chlidonias hybrida
| [[:commons:Category:Chlidonias hybrida|Chlidonias hybrida]]
| 90 gram&lt;br/&gt;78 gram
| 67 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:ChlidoniasHybridaIUCN2019 3.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 254
| Q241753
| [[geabhróg bháneiteach]]
| Chlidonias leucopterus
| [[:commons:Category:Chlidonias leucopterus|Chlidonias leucopterus]]
| 10.5 gram
| 0.65 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Chlidonias leucopterus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 255
| Q27129
| [[geabhróg Chaispeach]]
| Hydroprogne caspia
| [[:commons:Category:Hydroprogne caspia|Hydroprogne caspia]]
| 680 gram&lt;br/&gt;588 gram
| 133.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Hydroprogne caspia map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 256
| Q27215
| [[geabhróg dhubh]]
| Chlidonias niger
| [[:commons:Category:Chlidonias niger|Chlidonias niger]]
| 11 gram&lt;br/&gt;60 gram
| 0.539 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Chlidonias niger map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 257
| Q18834
| [[geabhróg ghobdhubh]]
| Gelochelidon nilotica
| [[:commons:Category:Gelochelidon nilotica|Gelochelidon nilotica]]
| 
| 94 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Gelochelidon nilotica map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 258
| Q321293
| [[geabhróg rósach]]
| Sterna dougallii
| [[:commons:Category:Sterna dougallii|Sterna dougallii]]
| 
| 76 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Sterna dougallii map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 259
| Q27547
| [[geabhróg scothdhubh]]
| Thalasseus sandvicensis
| [[:commons:Category:Thalasseus sandvicensis|Thalasseus sandvicensis]]
| 
| 1 méadar
| [[Íomhá:ThalasseusSandvicensisIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 260
| Q14683
| [[gealbhan binne]]
| Passer domesticus
| [[:commons:Category:Passer domesticus|Passer domesticus]]
| 30.5 gram
| 239 millimetre&lt;br/&gt;23 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:PasserDomesticusDistribution.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 261
| Q25968
| [[gealbhan crainn]]
| Passer montanus
| [[:commons:Category:Passer montanus|Passer montanus]]
| 26 gram
| 21 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Passermontanusmap.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 262
| Q736313
| [[Gealbhan petronia|gealbhan creige]]
| Petronia petronia
| [[:commons:Category:Petronia petronia|Petronia petronia]]
| 
| 
| 
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 263
| Q1318638
| [[Gealbhan ladharghearr|gealbhan mílítheach]]
| Carpospiza brachydactyla
| [[:commons:Category:Carpospiza brachydactyla|Carpospiza brachydactyla]]
| 
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 264
| Q422873
| [[gealbhan sionnaigh]]
| Passerella iliaca
| [[:commons:Category:Passerella iliaca|Passerella iliaca]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Passerella iliaca map 2.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 265
| Q499290
| [[Glasán gléigeal|gealbhan sneachta]]
| Montifringilla nivalis
| [[:commons:Category:Montifringilla nivalis|Montifringilla nivalis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:MontifringillaNivalisIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 266
| Q466200
| [[Gealbhan Easpáinneach|gealbhan Spáinneach]]
| Passer hispaniolensis
| [[:commons:Category:Passer hispaniolensis|Passer hispaniolensis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:SpanishSparrowMap.svg|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 267
| Q27220
| [[gealóg bhuachair]]
| Emberiza calandra
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza calandra|Emberiza calandra]]
| 
| 29 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:EmberizaCalandraIUCN2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 268
| Q334183
| [[gealóg cheanndubh]]
| Emberiza melanocephala
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza melanocephala|Emberiza melanocephala]]
| 3.08 gram&lt;br/&gt;28 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:EmberizaMap.svg|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 269
| Q842599
| [[Gealbhan ceoil|Gealóg cheoil]]
| Melospiza melodia
| [[:commons:Category:Melospiza melodia|Melospiza melodia]]
| 24 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Melospiza melodia map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 270
| Q206630
| [[gealóg gharraí]]
| Emberiza hortulana
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza hortulana|Emberiza hortulana]]
| 2.48 gram
| 26 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:EmberizaHortulanaIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 11 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 271
| Q26961
| [[gealóg ghiolcaí]]
| Emberiza schoeniclus
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza schoeniclus|Emberiza schoeniclus]]
| 
| 24 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:EmberizaSchoeniclusIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 272
| Q837753
| [[Gealóg Chretzschmar|gealóg liathghorm]]
| Emberiza caesia
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza caesia|Emberiza caesia]]
| 2.31 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Emberiza caesia 2.jpg|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 273
| Q648313
| [[Gealóg Bhuchanan|gealóg liathmhuinceach]]
| Emberiza buchanani
| [[:commons:Category:Emberiza buchanani|Emberiza buchanani]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 274
| Q26416
| [[gealóg shneachta]]
| Plectrophenax nivalis
| [[:commons:Category:Plectrophenax nivalis|Plectrophenax nivalis]]
| 
| 35 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Plectrophenax nivalis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 275
| Q28358
| [[Gearg choiteann|gearg]]
| Coturnix coturnix
| [[:commons:Category:Coturnix coturnix|Coturnix coturnix]]
| 8.2 gram
| 34 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CoturnixCoturnixIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 18 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 276
| Q142651
| [[gearg bhabaight]]
| Colinus virginianus
| [[:commons:Category:Colinus virginianus|Colinus virginianus]]
| 8.9 gram&lt;br/&gt;171 gram
| 34.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Colinus virginianus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 277
| Q852146
| [[gearg Himiléach]]
| Ophrysia superciliosa
| [[:commons:Category:Ophrysia superciliosa|Ophrysia superciliosa]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Ophrysia map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 278
| Q716869
| [[gearg Sheapánach]]
| Coturnix japonica
| [[:commons:Category:Coturnix japonica|Coturnix japonica]]
| 8 gram
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 279
| Q237670
| [[gearr Baillon]]
| Zapornia pusilla
| [[:commons:Category:Zapornia pusilla|Zapornia pusilla]]
| 35 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:PorzanaPusillaIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 18 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 280
| Q270680
| [[gearr beag]]
| Zapornia parva
| [[:commons:Category:Zapornia parva|Zapornia parva]]
| 7.9 gram
| 36.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:ZaporniaParvaIUCNver2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 281
| Q194024
| [[gearr breac]]
| Porzana porzana
| [[:commons:Category:Porzana porzana|Porzana porzana]]
| 10.9 gram&lt;br/&gt;80 gram
| 0.38 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Porzana porzana distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 18 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 282
| Q936740
| [[gearr sora]]
| Porzana carolina
| [[:commons:Category:Porzana carolina|Porzana carolina]]
| 8.9 gram
| 37.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Porzana carolina map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 283
| Q110257516
| [[Gilphíb choiteann|Gilphíb]]
| Curruca communis
| [[:commons:Category:Curruca communis|Curruca communis]]
| 1.78 gram&lt;br/&gt;14.5 gram
| 20 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:SylviaCommunisIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 284
| Q110257504
| [[Gilphíb bheag]]
| Curruca curruca
| [[:commons:Category:Curruca curruca|Curruca curruca]]
| 
| 18 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:SylviaCurrucaIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 11 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 285
| Q27075785
| [[glasán darach]]
| Chloris chloris
| [[:commons:Category:Chloris chloris|Chloris chloris]]
| 2.17 gram
| 0.25 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Carduelis chloris distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 286
| Q559977
| [[Glasán cródheargach|glasán deargeiteach]]
| Rhodopechys sanguineus
| [[:commons:Category:Rhodopechys sanguineus|Rhodopechys sanguineus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 287
| Q174088
| [[glasán gobmhór]]
| Coccothraustes coccothraustes
| [[:commons:Category:Coccothraustes coccothraustes|Coccothraustes coccothraustes]]
| 
| 31 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Rangemap-grosbec.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 288
| Q921335
| [[glasán Mongólach]]
| Bucanetes mongolicus
| [[:commons:Category:Bucanetes mongolicus|Bucanetes mongolicus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Bucanetes mongolicus Distribution Map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 289
| Q559883
| [[Glasán cogalach|glasán trumpa]]
| Bucanetes githagineus
| [[:commons:Category:Bucanetes githagineus|Bucanetes githagineus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Bucanetes githagineus map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 290
| Q25984
| [[glasóg bhuí]]
| Motacilla flava
| [[:commons:Category:Motacilla flava|Motacilla flava]]
| 
| 0.26 méadar
| [[Íomhá:MotacillaFlavaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 291
| Q25399
| [[glasóg bhán]]
| Motacilla alba
| [[:commons:Category:Motacilla alba|Motacilla alba]]
| 
| 0.26 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Motacilla alba distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 292
| Q206540
| [[glasóg chiotrónach]]
| Motacilla citreola
| [[:commons:Category:Motacilla citreola|Motacilla citreola]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:MotacillaCitreolaIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 293
| Q201316
| [[glasóg liath]]
| Motacilla cinerea
| [[:commons:Category:Motacilla cinerea|Motacilla cinerea]]
| 1.91 gram&lt;br/&gt;17.4 gram
| 26 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:MotacillaCinereaDistributionMapIUCNv8 2.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 294
| Q27075852
| [[gleoiseach]]
| Linaria cannabina
| [[:commons:Category:Linaria cannabina|Linaria cannabina]]
| 1.66 gram&lt;br/&gt;19 gram
| 0.24 méadar
| [[Íomhá:LinariaCannabinaIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 295
| Q582976
| [[Glaséan súildearg|Gleoiseach shúildearg]]
| Vireo olivaceus
| [[:commons:Category:Vireo olivaceus|Vireo olivaceus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Vireo olivaceus map 2.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 296
| Q10965357
| [[gleoiseach sléibhe]]
| Linaria flavirostris
| [[:commons:Category:Linaria flavirostris|Linaria flavirostris]]
| 1.37 gram
| 23 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LinariaFlavirostrisIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 297
| Q839834
| [[gobach mór broinnrósach]]
| Pheucticus ludovicianus
| [[:commons:Category:Pheucticus ludovicianus|Pheucticus ludovicianus]]
| 44 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Pheucticus ludovicianus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 298
| Q788649
| [[gobadáinín Baird]]
| Calidris bairdii
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris bairdii|Calidris bairdii]]
| 9.6 gram
| 38 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris bairdii map.svg|center|128px]]
| 21 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 299
| Q27232
| [[gobadáinín beag]]
| Calidris minuta
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris minuta|Calidris minuta]]
| 6.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;24 gram&lt;br/&gt;27.1 gram
| 36 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CalidrisMinutaIUCNver2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 300
| Q913052
| [[gobadáinín bídeach]]
| Calidris minutilla
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris minutilla|Calidris minutilla]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Calidris minutilla map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 301
| Q62345
| [[gobadáinín crotaigh]]
| Calidris ferruginea
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris ferruginea|Calidris ferruginea]]
| 12 gram
| 44 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Curlew sandpiper rangemap (cropped).svg|center|128px]]
| 19 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 302
| Q845969
| [[gobadáinín ladharfhada]]
| Calidris subminuta
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris subminuta|Calidris subminuta]]
| 7.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;29 gram&lt;br/&gt;32 gram
| 30.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 303
| Q18860
| [[gobadáinín píbrua]]
| Calidris ruficollis
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris ruficollis|Calidris ruficollis]]
| 8.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;26 gram
| 31 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Red-necked Stint.jpg|center|128px]]
| 21 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 304
| Q58921
| [[gobadáinín Temminck]]
| Calidris temminckii
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris temminckii|Calidris temminckii]]
| 5.8 gram&lt;br/&gt;24.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;27.8 gram
| 36 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris temminckii distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 21 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 305
| Q18850
| [[Gobadán coiteann|gobadán]]
| Actitis hypoleucos
| [[:commons:Category:Actitis hypoleucos|Actitis hypoleucos]]
| 
| 0.273 méadar
| [[Íomhá:ActitisHypoleucosIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 306
| Q599749
| [[gobadán bánphrompach]]
| Calidris fuscicollis
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris fuscicollis|Calidris fuscicollis]]
| 10.8 gram&lt;br/&gt;39.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;45.8 gram
| 37 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris fuscicollis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 307
| Q18837
| [[gobadán coille]]
| Tringa glareola
| [[:commons:Category:Tringa glareola|Tringa glareola]]
| 13.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;62 gram&lt;br/&gt;73 gram
| 0.4 méadar
| 
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 308
| Q62359
| [[gobadán cosbhuí]]
| Calidris maritima
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris maritima|Calidris maritima]]
| 67.6 gram&lt;br/&gt;76.3 gram
| 44 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris maritima map2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 309
| Q753760
| [[gobadán earr-rinneach]]
| Calidris acuminata
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris acuminata|Calidris acuminata]]
| 13.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;70.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;63.5 gram
| 39.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris acuminata map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 310
| Q28450
| [[gobadán glas]]
| Tringa ochropus
| [[:commons:Category:Tringa ochropus|Tringa ochropus]]
| 15.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;75 gram&lt;br/&gt;85 gram
| 59 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:TringaOchropusIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 21 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 311
| Q28114227
| [[Gobadán gobleathan]]
| Calidris falcinellus
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris falcinellus|Calidris falcinellus]]
| 9.1 gram&lt;br/&gt;37 gram
| 36.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 312
| Q839820
| [[gobadán scodalach]]
| Calidris himantopus
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris himantopus|Calidris himantopus]]
| 
| 42.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris himantopus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 313
| Q530194
| [[gobadán sléibhe]]
| Bartramia longicauda
| [[:commons:Category:Bartramia longicauda|Bartramia longicauda]]
| 
| 66 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Bartramia longicauda map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 314
| Q18856
| [[gobadán Terek]]
| Xenus cinereus
| [[:commons:Category:Xenus cinereus|Xenus cinereus]]
| 
| 58 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:XenusCinereusIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 23 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 315
| Q26578
| [[gormphíb]]
| Luscinia svecica
| [[:commons:Category:Luscinia svecica|Luscinia svecica]]
| 
| 22 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Luscinia svecica distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 316
| Q191683
| [[grús coimir]]
| Anthropoides virgo
| [[:commons:Category:Grus virgo|Grus virgo]]
| 
| 167.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:AnthropoidesVirgoIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 317
| Q4764
| [[grús coiteann]]
| Grus grus
| [[:commons:Category:Grus grus|Grus grus]]
| 
| 2.22 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Verbreitungskarte des Kranichs.png|center|128px]]
| 30 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 318
| Q457477
| [[grús Meiriceánach]]
| Grus americana
| [[:commons:Category:Grus americana|Grus americana]]
| 7.497 cileagram
| 215 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Grus americana map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 319
| Q21949185
| [[grús Sibéarach]]
| Leucogeranus leucogeranus
| [[:commons:Category:Grus leucogeranus|Grus leucogeranus]]
| 197 gram
| 235 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:SiberianCrane.svg|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 320
| Q27461
| [[guairdeall]]
| Hydrobates pelagicus
| [[:commons:Category:Hydrobates pelagicus|Hydrobates pelagicus]]
| 
| 38 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Hydrobatesmap2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 321
| Q18841
| [[guilbneach earrdhubh]]
| Limosa limosa
| [[:commons:Category:Limosa limosa|Limosa limosa]]
| 39 gram&lt;br/&gt;264 gram&lt;br/&gt;315 gram
| 76 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LimosalimosaWorldDistribution.jpg|center|128px]]
| 23 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 322
| Q283458
| [[Cnota mór|guilbneach Hudsúnach]]
| Limosa haemastica
| [[:commons:Category:Limosa haemastica|Limosa haemastica]]
| 37.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;222 gram&lt;br/&gt;289 gram
| 73 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Limosa haemastica map.svg|center|128px]]
| 23 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 323
| Q18864
| [[guilbneach stríocearrach]]
| Limosa lapponica
| [[:commons:Category:Limosa lapponica|Limosa lapponica]]
| 313 gram&lt;br/&gt;354 gram
| 0.73 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Limosa-lapponica-distribution-map.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 324
| Q371633
| [[guilbnín gobghearr]]
| Limnodromus griseus
| [[:commons:Category:Limnodromus griseus|Limnodromus griseus]]
| 113 gram
| 48 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Limnodromus griseus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 325
| Q83020448
| [[Seaga|Gulosus aristotelis]]
| Gulosus aristotelis
| [[:commons:Category:Gulosus aristotelis|Gulosus aristotelis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:GulosusAristotelisIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 326
| Q177856
| [[Bultúr gríofa|Gyps fulvus]]
| Gyps fulvus
| [[:commons:Category:Gyps fulvus|Gyps fulvus]]
| 252 gram&lt;br/&gt;8.328 cileagram
| 2.591 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Gyps fulvus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 54 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 327
| Q212937
| [[gé alabhreac chosbhuí]]
| Anseranas semipalmata
| [[:commons:Category:Anseranas semipalmata|Anseranas semipalmata]]
| 128 gram
| 155 ceintiméadar&lt;br/&gt;145 ceintiméadar
| 
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 328
| Q187852
| [[gé bhroinnrua]]
| Branta ruficollis
| [[:commons:Category:Branta ruficollis|Branta ruficollis]]
| 1.095 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;90 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.375 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Branta ruficollis map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 329
| Q172093
| [[gé bhánéadanach]]
| Anser albifrons
| [[:commons:Category:Anser albifrons|Anser albifrons]]
| 
| 1.41 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Anser albifrons map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 330
| Q26733
| [[gé Cheanadach]]
| Branta canadensis
| [[:commons:Category:Branta canadensis|Branta canadensis]]
| 3.814 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;3.314 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;5 cileagram
| 1.69 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Branta canadensis map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 331
| Q26680
| [[gé ghiúrainn]]
| Branta leucopsis
| [[:commons:Category:Branta leucopsis|Branta leucopsis]]
| 107 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.788 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.586 cileagram
| 1.08 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Branta leucopsis map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 332
| Q25882
| [[gé ghlas]]
| Anser anser
| [[:commons:Category:Anser anser|Anser anser]]
| 160 gram&lt;br/&gt;3.692 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;3.237 cileagram
| 1.55 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Anser anser distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 333
| Q244189
| [[Gé Hutchins|gé ghogallach]]
| Branta hutchinsii
| [[:commons:Category:Branta hutchinsii|Branta hutchinsii]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Branta hutchinsii map.svg|center|128px]]
| 26 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 334
| Q658658
| [[gé ghormeiteach Aibisíneach]]
| Cyanochen cyanoptera
| [[:commons:Category:Cyanochen cyanoptera|Cyanochen cyanoptera]]
| 52 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.18 cileagram
| 
| 
| 32 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 335
| Q755653
| [[Gé impireach|gé impiriúil]]
| Anser canagicus
| [[:commons:Category:Anser canagicus|Anser canagicus]]
| 
| 119 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Anser canagicus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 336
| Q766276
| [[gé luaithcheannach]]
| Chloephaga poliocephala
| [[:commons:Category:Chloephaga poliocephala|Chloephaga poliocephala]]
| 89 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.233 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Chloephaga poliocephala map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 337
| Q837402
| [[gé mhongach]]
| Chenonetta jubata
| [[:commons:Category:Chenonetta jubata|Chenonetta jubata]]
| 54 gram&lt;br/&gt;807 gram
| 79 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Chenonetta jubata distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 338
| Q129036
| [[gé shléibhe]]
| Chloephaga picta
| [[:commons:Category:Chloephaga picta|Chloephaga picta]]
| 73 gram&lt;br/&gt;3.17 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.69 cileagram
| 1.29 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Chloephaga picta map.svg|center|128px]]
| 30 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 339
| Q27074540
| [[gé shneachta]]
| Anser caerulescens
| [[:commons:Category:Anser caerulescens|Anser caerulescens]]
| 127 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.63 cileagram
| 148.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Chen caerulescens map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 340
| Q247412
| [[gé sporeiteach]]
| Plectropterus gambensis
| [[:commons:Category:Plectropterus gambensis|Plectropterus gambensis]]
| 5.4 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;4.375 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;140 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:PlectropterusGambensisIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 31 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 341
| Q191125
| [[gé stríoc-cheannach]]
| Anser indicus
| [[:commons:Category:Anser indicus|Anser indicus]]
| 141 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.505 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.23 cileagram
| 150 ceintiméadar
| 
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 342
| Q257006
| [[gé Thasmánach]]
| Cereopsis novaehollandiae
| [[:commons:Category:Cereopsis novaehollandiae|Cereopsis novaehollandiae]]
| 137 gram&lt;br/&gt;5.29 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;3.77 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cape barren Goose.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 343
| Q274179
| [[Gé Éigipteach]]
| Alopochen aegyptiaca
| [[:commons:Category:Alopochen aegyptiaca|Alopochen aegyptiaca]]
| 
| 144 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Alopochen aegyptiaca map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 344
| Q62168711
| [[Ceolaire casarnaí Pallas|Helopsaltes certhiola]]
| Helopsaltes certhiola
| [[:commons:Category:Helopsaltes certhiola|Helopsaltes certhiola]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 345
| Q25247
| [[húpú]]
| Upupa epops
| [[:commons:Category:Upupa epops|Upupa epops]]
| 
| 44 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Upupa distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 346
| Q17970
| [[iabairiú]]
| Jabiru mycteria
| [[:commons:Category:Jabiru mycteria|Jabiru mycteria]]
| 
| 245 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Jabiru mycteria map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 347
| Q232523
| [[Iolar breac beag|iolar beag breac]]
| Clanga pomarina
| [[:commons:Category:Clanga pomarina|Clanga pomarina]]
| 88 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.258 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.693 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:ClangaPomarinaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 39 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 348
| Q182971
| [[iolar crúbchlúmhach]]
| Hieraaetus pennatus
| [[:commons:Category:Hieraaetus pennatus|Hieraaetus pennatus]]
| 62 gram&lt;br/&gt;709 gram&lt;br/&gt;975 gram
| 1.11 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Distribution of Booted Eagle (Hieraetus pennatus).png|center|128px]]
| 38 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 349
| Q41181
| [[iolar fíréan]]
| Aquila chrysaetos
| [[:commons:Category:Aquila chrysaetos|Aquila chrysaetos]]
| 3.572 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;5.194 cileagram
| 2.03 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Cypron-Range Aquila chrysaetos.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 350
| Q53745
| [[iolar hairpí]]
| Harpia harpyja
| [[:commons:Category:Harpia harpyja|Harpia harpyja]]
| 4.4 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;7.5 cileagram
| 188.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Harpy Eagle Range.svg|center|128px]]
| 56 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 351
| Q168976
| [[iolar impiriúil]]
| Aquila heliaca
| [[:commons:Category:Aquila heliaca|Aquila heliaca]]
| 2.585 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;3.845 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;132 gram
| 197.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aquila heliaca area frei.jpg|center|128px]]
| 44 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 352
| Q170251
| [[Iolar nathartha gearrladhrach|iolar ladharghearr]]
| Circaetus gallicus
| [[:commons:Category:Circaetus gallicus|Circaetus gallicus]]
| 136 gram
| 177 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Circaetus gallicus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 46 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 353
| Q127216
| [[iolar maol]]
| Haliaeetus leucocephalus
| [[:commons:Category:Haliaeetus leucocephalus|Haliaeetus leucocephalus]]
| 117 gram&lt;br/&gt;4.13 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;5.35 cileagram
| 2.3 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Haliaeetus leucocephalus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 354
| Q25438
| [[Iolar mara earrbhán|iolar mara]]
| Haliaeetus albicilla
| [[:commons:Category:Haliaeetus albicilla|Haliaeetus albicilla]]
| 142 gram&lt;br/&gt;4.014 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;5.572 cileagram
| 2.18 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Haliaeetus albicilla distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 355
| Q179359
| [[iolar steipeach]]
| Aquila nipalensis
| [[:commons:Category:Aquila nipalensis|Aquila nipalensis]]
| 117 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.459 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.987 cileagram
| 2.03 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Aquila nipalensis distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 45 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 356
| Q888660
| [[Bonnán amhrasach|Ixobrychus dubius]]
| Ixobrychus dubius
| [[:commons:Category:Botaurus dubius|Botaurus dubius]]
| 
| 45 ceintiméadar
| 
| 18 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 357
| Q888651
| [[Bonnán scartha|Ixobrychus involucris]]
| Ixobrychus involucris
| [[:commons:Category:Botaurus involucris|Botaurus involucris]]
| 80 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Ixobrychus involucris map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 358
| Q26444
| [[lacha bhadánach]]
| Aythya fuligula
| [[:commons:Category:Aythya fuligula|Aythya fuligula]]
| 56 gram
| 0.71 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AythyaFuligulaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 359
| Q25495361
| [[lacha bháneiteach]]
| Asarcornis scutulata
| [[:commons:Category:Asarcornis scutulata|Asarcornis scutulata]]
| 3.25 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.65 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;72.3 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cairina scutulata distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 360
| Q597144
| [[lacha cheann-bhándearg]]
| Rhodonessa caryophyllacea
| [[:commons:Category:Rhodonessa caryophyllacea|Rhodonessa caryophyllacea]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:RhodonessaCaryophyllaceaMap.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 361
| Q241399
| [[lacha cheannbhán]]
| Oxyura leucocephala
| [[:commons:Category:Oxyura leucocephala|Oxyura leucocephala]]
| 96 gram&lt;br/&gt;737 gram&lt;br/&gt;593 gram
| 66 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:OxyuraLeucocephala.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 362
| Q322159
| [[lacha choille]]
| Aix sponsa
| [[:commons:Category:Aix sponsa|Aix sponsa]]
| 
| 71 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aix sponsa map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 363
| Q845292
| [[lacha chosrua]]
| Anas rubripes
| [[:commons:Category:Anas rubripes|Anas rubripes]]
| 1.252 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.111 cileagram
| 90.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Anas rubripes map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 364
| Q426968
| [[lacha chuircíneach]]
| Sarkidiornis melanotos
| [[:commons:Category:Sarkidiornis melanotos|Sarkidiornis melanotos]]
| 66 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.455 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.777 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Sarkidiornis melanotos distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 365
| Q26597
| [[lacha earrfhada]]
| Clangula hyemalis
| [[:commons:Category:Clangula hyemalis|Clangula hyemalis]]
| 
| 0.71 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Clangula hyemalis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 366
| Q654901
| [[lacha Fhilipíneach]]
| Anas luzonica
| [[:commons:Category:Anas luzonica|Anas luzonica]]
| 906 gram&lt;br/&gt;779 gram
| 84 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 367
| Q535206
| [[lacha ghob-bhuí]]
| Anas undulata
| [[:commons:Category:Anas undulata|Anas undulata]]
| 55 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 368
| Q851349
| [[lacha ghobrósach]]
| Netta peposaca
| [[:commons:Category:Netta peposaca|Netta peposaca]]
| 1.181 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.004 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Netta peposaca map.svg|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 369
| Q845624
| [[lacha Hartlaub]]
| Pteronetta hartlaubii
| [[:commons:Category:Pteronetta hartlaubii|Pteronetta hartlaubii]]
| 40 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.035 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;790 gram
| 
| 
| 31 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 370
| Q26635
| [[lacha iascán]]
| Aythya marila
| [[:commons:Category:Aythya marila|Aythya marila]]
| 
| 0.82 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AythyaMarilaIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 371
| Q917490
| [[lacha Meller]]
| Anas melleri
| [[:commons:Category:Anas melleri|Anas melleri]]
| 45 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 372
| Q200339
| [[lacha mhandrach]]
| Aix galericulata
| [[:commons:Category:Aix galericulata|Aix galericulata]]
| 41 gram
| 71 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aix galericulata dis.PNG|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 373
| Q191723
| [[lacha mheirgeach]]
| Aythya nyroca
| [[:commons:Category:Aythya nyroca|Aythya nyroca]]
| 43 gram&lt;br/&gt;583 gram&lt;br/&gt;520 gram
| 65 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:AythyaNyrocaIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 374
| Q601055
| [[lacha mhuinceach]]
| Aythya collaris
| [[:commons:Category:Aythya collaris|Aythya collaris]]
| 744 gram&lt;br/&gt;671 gram
| 68 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aythya collaris range map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 375
| Q647461
| [[lacha rua]]
| Oxyura jamaicensis
| [[:commons:Category:Oxyura jamaicensis|Oxyura jamaicensis]]
| 590 gram&lt;br/&gt;499 gram
| 57.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Oxyura jamaicensis distribution.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 376
| Q28106837
| [[Rualacha|Lacha rua]]
| Mareca penelope
| [[:commons:Category:Mareca penelope|Mareca penelope]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Mareca penelope map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 377
| Q839542
| [[lacha spotghobach]]
| Anas poecilorhyncha
| [[:commons:Category:Anas poecilorhyncha|Anas poecilorhyncha]]
| 57 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.365 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.025 cileagram
| 0.689 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Anas poecilorhyncha map.svg|center|128px]]
| 26 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 378
| Q570379
| [[ladhrán buí]]
| Tringa melanoleuca
| [[:commons:Category:Tringa melanoleuca|Tringa melanoleuca]]
| 27.9 gram&lt;br/&gt;170 gram
| 72 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 379
| Q18840
| [[laidhrín glas]]
| Tringa nebularia
| [[:commons:Category:Tringa nebularia|Tringa nebularia]]
| 30.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;173 gram
| 0.61 méadar
| [[Íomhá:TringaNebulariaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 26 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 380
| Q25418
| [[lasair choille]]
| Carduelis carduelis
| [[:commons:Category:Carduelis carduelis|Carduelis carduelis]]
| 1.53 gram
| 0.24 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Carduelis carduelis map.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 381
| Q27471
| [[Lasairchíor choiteann|lasairchíor]]
| Regulus ignicapilla
| [[:commons:Category:Regulus ignicapilla|Regulus ignicapilla]]
| 
| 14 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Regulus ignicapilla -approx range map.png|center|128px]]
| 16 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 382
| Q179863
| [[Lasairéan mór|lasairéan]]
| Phoenicopterus roseus
| [[:commons:Category:Phoenicopterus roseus|Phoenicopterus roseus]]
| 
| 163.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 383
| Q644012
| [[Leptoptilos dubius]]
| Leptoptilos dubius
| [[:commons:Category:Leptoptilos dubius|Leptoptilos dubius]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:LeptoptilosDubiusMap.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 384
| Q155878
| [[liathchearc]]
| Lyrurus tetrix
| [[:commons:Category:Lyrurus tetrix|Lyrurus tetrix]]
| 1.175 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;925 gram&lt;br/&gt;35.5 gram
| 72 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Lyrurus tetrix distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 26 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 385
| Q845408
| [[Cearc fhraoigh Chugasaigh|liathchearc cugasach]]
| Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi
| [[:commons:Category:Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi|Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi]]
| 32.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;865 gram&lt;br/&gt;766 gram
| 
| 
| 22 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 386
| Q178942
| [[liatráisc]]
| Turdus viscivorus
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus viscivorus|Turdus viscivorus]]
| 
| 0.44 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Turdusviscivorusmap2.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 387
| Q26641
| [[lon creige]]
| Turdus torquatus
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus torquatus|Turdus torquatus]]
| 7.4 gram
| 40 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Turdus torquatus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 388
| Q58958
| [[luathrán]]
| Calidris alba
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris alba|Calidris alba]]
| 
| 35 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Calidris alba map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 389
| Q184432
| [[lóma Artach]]
| Gavia arctica
| [[:commons:Category:Gavia arctica|Gavia arctica]]
| 
| 1.2 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Gavia arctica distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 390
| Q558990
| [[Lóma an Aigéin Chiúin|lóma ciúinmuirí]]
| Gavia pacifica
| [[:commons:Category:Gavia pacifica|Gavia pacifica]]
| 95 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.349 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.115 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Gavia pacifica map.svg|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 391
| Q26691
| [[lóma rua]]
| Gavia stellata
| [[:commons:Category:Gavia stellata|Gavia stellata]]
| 1.729 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.477 cileagram
| 1.04 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Gavia stellata map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 392
| Q673417
| [[Malacocincla perspicillata]]
| Malacocincla perspicillata
| [[:commons:Category:Malacocincla perspicillata|Malacocincla perspicillata]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 393
| Q25348
| [[mallard]]
| Anas platyrhynchos
| [[:commons:Category:Anas platyrhynchos|Anas platyrhynchos]]
| 
| 0.88 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AnasPlatyrhynchosIUCN2019 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 394
| Q28106966
| [[Gadual|Mareca strepera]]
| Mareca strepera
| [[:commons:Category:Mareca strepera|Mareca strepera]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Mareca strepera map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 395
| Q273067
| [[Meantán crochta|meantán crochadánach]]
| Remiz pendulinus
| [[:commons:Category:Remiz pendulinus|Remiz pendulinus]]
| 0.95 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Remiz pendulinus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 396
| Q192817
| [[meantán croiméalach]]
| Panurus biarmicus
| [[:commons:Category:Panurus biarmicus|Panurus biarmicus]]
| 1.88 gram&lt;br/&gt;15.3 gram
| 17 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:PanurusBiarmicusIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 397
| Q207831
| [[meantán cuircíneach]]
| Lophophanes cristatus
| [[:commons:Category:Lophophanes cristatus|Lophophanes cristatus]]
| 1.31 gram
| 100000 millimetre
| [[Íomhá:Lophophanes cristatus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 398
| Q574281
| [[Meantán gruama|meantán duairc]]
| Poecile lugubris
| [[:commons:Category:Poecile lugubris|Poecile lugubris]]
| 1.68 gram&lt;br/&gt;16.8 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Parus lugubris. Distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 399
| Q191096
| [[meantán dubh]]
| Periparus ater
| [[:commons:Category:Periparus ater|Periparus ater]]
| 1.04 gram
| 0.18 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PeriparusAterIUCN2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 400
| Q170831
| [[meantán earrfhada]]
| Aegithalos caudatus
| [[:commons:Category:Aegithalos caudatus|Aegithalos caudatus]]
| 
| 18 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Schwanzmeise (Aegithalos caudatus) distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 401
| Q25404
| [[meantán gorm]]
| Cyanistes caeruleus
| [[:commons:Category:Cyanistes caeruleus|Cyanistes caeruleus]]
| 1.14 gram&lt;br/&gt;11.8 gram
| 18 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Cyanistes caeruleus only.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 402
| Q4967039
| [[Meantán Hyrcaniach|meantán Iaránach]]
| Poecile hyrcanus
| [[:commons:Category:Poecile hyrcanus|Poecile hyrcanus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 403
| Q207838
| [[meantán lathaí]]
| Poecile palustris
| [[:commons:Category:Poecile palustris|Poecile palustris]]
| 1.24 gram&lt;br/&gt;11.9 gram
| 19 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Poecile palustris distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 404
| Q215211
| [[meantán léana]]
| Poecile montanus
| [[:commons:Category:Poecile montanus|Poecile montanus]]
| 
| 19 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Poecile montanus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 405
| Q25485
| [[meantán mór]]
| Parus major
| [[:commons:Category:Parus major|Parus major]]
| 1.68 gram&lt;br/&gt;18.5 gram
| 0.23 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Parus major distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 406
| Q571268
| [[Stercorarius maccormicki|meirleach Antartach]]
| Stercorarius maccormicki
| [[:commons:Category:Stercorarius maccormicki|Stercorarius maccormicki]]
| 89.4 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.277 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.421 cileagram
| 135 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Stercorarius maccormicki map.svg|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 407
| Q203053
| [[meirleach Artach]]
| Stercorarius parasiticus
| [[:commons:Category:Stercorarius parasiticus|Stercorarius parasiticus]]
| 
| 1.06 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Stercorarius parasiticus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 408
| Q207760
| [[meirleach mór]]
| Stercorarius skua
| [[:commons:Category:Stercorarius skua|Stercorarius skua]]
| 111.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.735 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.935 cileagram
| 136 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Stercorarius skua map.svg|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 409
| Q212767
| [[meirleach pomairíneach]]
| Stercorarius pomarinus
| [[:commons:Category:Stercorarius pomarinus|Stercorarius pomarinus]]
| 66 gram&lt;br/&gt;648 gram&lt;br/&gt;740 gram
| 1.18 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Stercorarius pomarinus area.PNG|center|128px]]
| 26 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 410
| Q131918
| [[meirliún]]
| Falco columbarius
| [[:commons:Category:Falco columbarius|Falco columbarius]]
| 162 gram&lt;br/&gt;212 gram
| 60 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Falco columbarius distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 411
| Q184518
| [[mionchnagaire breac]]
| Dryobates minor
| [[:commons:Category:Dryobates minor|Dryobates minor]]
| 
| 26 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Dendrocopos minor distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 412
| Q27075424
| [[Mionfhuiseog ladharghearr]]
| Alaudala rufescens
| [[:commons:Category:Alaudala rufescens|Alaudala rufescens]]
| 
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 413
| Q386949
| [[mionghé Afracach]]
| Nettapus auritus
| [[:commons:Category:Nettapus auritus|Nettapus auritus]]
| 23 gram
| 
| 
| 24 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 414
| Q191628
| [[mionghé bhánéadanach]]
| Anser erythropus
| [[:commons:Category:Anser erythropus|Anser erythropus]]
| 100 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.797 cileagram
| 125 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:AnserErythropusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 26 lá
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 415
| Q833243
| [[mionlacha iascán]]
| Aythya affinis
| [[:commons:Category:Aythya affinis|Aythya affinis]]
| 825 gram&lt;br/&gt;748 gram
| 72.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aythya affinis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 416
| Q210954
| [[Steilléadar|Mionlacha lochlannach]]
| Polysticta stelleri
| [[:commons:Category:Polysticta stelleri|Polysticta stelleri]]
| 58 gram&lt;br/&gt;807 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Polysticta stelleri map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 417
| Q28000
| [[mionladhrán buí]]
| Tringa flavipes
| [[:commons:Category:Tringa flavipes|Tringa flavipes]]
| 17.4 gram&lt;br/&gt;81 gram
| 61.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Tringa flavipes map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 418
| Q229408
| [[mionphocaire gaoithe]]
| Falco naumanni
| [[:commons:Category:Falco naumanni|Falco naumanni]]
| 16 gram&lt;br/&gt;148 gram&lt;br/&gt;170 gram
| 0.65 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Burning Ship 20210818.png|center|128px]]
| 27 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 419
| Q239393
| [[mionscréachán liath]]
| Lanius minor
| [[:commons:Category:Lanius minor|Lanius minor]]
| 4.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;46 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Lanius minor distr.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 420
| Q191155
| [[mionulchabhán Eoráiseach]]
| Glaucidium passerinum
| [[:commons:Category:Glaucidium passerinum|Glaucidium passerinum]]
| 8.3 gram&lt;br/&gt;58 gram&lt;br/&gt;73 gram
| 35 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Verbreitung Glaucidium passerinum Kopie.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 421
| Q742818
| [[monál Himiléach]]
| Lophophorus impejanus
| [[:commons:Category:Lophophorus impejanus|Lophophorus impejanus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Lophophorus impejanus range map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 422
| Q242851
| [[musclacha]]
| Cairina moschata
| [[:commons:Category:Cairina moschata|Cairina moschata]]
| 74 gram&lt;br/&gt;3 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.25 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cairina moschata map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 423
| Q116667
| [[Míona coiteann|míona]]
| Acridotheres tristis
| [[:commons:Category:Acridotheres tristis|Acridotheres tristis]]
| 7.1 gram
| 0.378 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Common Mynah distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 424
| Q180835
| [[mórcheolaire giolcaí]]
| Acrocephalus arundinaceus
| [[:commons:Category:Acrocephalus arundinaceus|Acrocephalus arundinaceus]]
| 3.15 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:AcrocephalusArundinaceusIUCN2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 425
| Q26209
| [[mórchnagaire breac]]
| Dendrocopos major
| [[:commons:Category:Dendrocopos major|Dendrocopos major]]
| 5.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;89 gram
| 36 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Dendrocopos major distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 426
| Q333796
| [[Éigrit mhór ghorm|Mórchorr ghorm]]
| Ardea herodias
| [[:commons:Category:Ardea herodias|Ardea herodias]]
| 2.48 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.11 cileagram
| 183 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Great Blue Heron-rangemap.gif|center|128px]]
| 27 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 427
| Q665363
| [[mórchuach bhreac]]
| Clamator glandarius
| [[:commons:Category:Clamator glandarius|Clamator glandarius]]
| 9.85 gram&lt;br/&gt;169 gram&lt;br/&gt;138 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:ClamatorGlandariusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 428
| Q476356
| [[Sléibhín Pallas|mórfhaoileán ceanndubh]]
| Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
| [[:commons:Category:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus|Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus]]
| 112 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.599 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.189 cileagram
| 161 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LarusIchthyaetusIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 25 lá
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 429
| Q184508
| [[mórscréachán liath]]
| Lanius excubitor
| [[:commons:Category:Lanius excubitor|Lanius excubitor]]
| 63.4 gram
| 32 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Lanius excubitor distr3.png|center|128px]]
| 16 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 430
| Q81515
| [[mórulchabhán cluasach]]
| Bubo virginianus
| [[:commons:Category:Bubo virginianus|Bubo virginianus]]
| 
| 1.34 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Bubo virginianus dis.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 431
| Q25692
| [[naoscach]]
| Gallinago gallinago
| [[:commons:Category:Gallinago gallinago|Gallinago gallinago]]
| 111 gram&lt;br/&gt;128 gram
| 0.52 méadar
| [[Íomhá:GallinagoGallinagoIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 432
| Q26711
| [[naoscach bhídeach]]
| Lymnocryptes minimus
| [[:commons:Category:Lymnocryptes minimus|Lymnocryptes minimus]]
| 53.7 gram&lt;br/&gt;46.7 gram
| 40 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LymnocryptesMinimusIUCN2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 433
| Q687695
| [[néné]]
| Branta sandvicensis
| [[:commons:Category:Branta sandvicensis|Branta sandvicensis]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 434
| Q1193048
| [[Gearg choille scornáin|Odontophorus strophium]]
| Odontophorus strophium
| [[:commons:Category:Odontophorus strophium|Odontophorus strophium]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Odontophorus strophium map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 435
| Q188660
| [[Opisthocomus hoazin]]
| Opisthocomus hoazin
| [[:commons:Category:Opisthocomus hoazin|Opisthocomus hoazin]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) world.png|center|128px]]
| 31 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 436
| Q279939
| [[Oxyura maccoa]]
| Oxyura maccoa
| [[:commons:Category:Oxyura maccoa|Oxyura maccoa]]
| 96 gram&lt;br/&gt;820 gram&lt;br/&gt;554 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Oxyura maccoa distribution.svg|center|128px]]
| 26 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 437
| Q1589589
| [[Paradoxornis unicolor]]
| Paradoxornis unicolor
| [[:commons:Category:Paradoxornis unicolor|Paradoxornis unicolor]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cholornis unicolor distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 438
| Q27075910
| [[parúl tuaisceartach]]
| Setophaga americana
| [[:commons:Category:Setophaga americana|Setophaga americana]]
| 1.26 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Parula americana map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 439
| Q26106
| [[Patraisc choiteann|patraisc]]
| Perdix perdix
| [[:commons:Category:Perdix perdix|Perdix perdix]]
| 
| 46 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Verbreitungskarte Rebhuhn.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 440
| Q733777
| [[patraisc bhroinnliath]]
| Arborophila orientalis
| [[:commons:Category:Arborophila orientalis|Arborophila orientalis]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 441
| Q754863
| [[patraisc chosdearg]]
| Alectoris rufa
| [[:commons:Category:Alectoris rufa|Alectoris rufa]]
| 20.1 gram
| 48 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:AlectorisChristensen.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 442
| Q194043
| [[patraisc thiucair]]
| Alectoris chukar
| [[:commons:Category:Alectoris chukar|Alectoris chukar]]
| 650 gram&lt;br/&gt;565 gram&lt;br/&gt;22.5 gram
| 51 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:AlectorisChristensen.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 443
| Q168748
| [[Peannaire (éan)|peannaire]]
| Sagittarius serpentarius
| [[:commons:Category:Sagittarius serpentarius|Sagittarius serpentarius]]
| 130 gram&lt;br/&gt;4.052 cileagram
| 203 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Sekretär Verbreitungsgebiet.png|center|128px]]
| 44 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 444
| Q208060
| [[pearaicít rósbhráisléadach]]
| Psittacula krameri
| [[:commons:Category:Psittacula krameri|Psittacula krameri]]
| 
| 45 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Rose ringed parakeet range.PNG|center|128px]]
| 23 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 445
| Q220328
| [[pearóid liath Afracach]]
| Psittacus erithacus
| [[:commons:Category:Psittacus erithacus|Psittacus erithacus]]
| 18.7 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Psittacus erithacus range.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 446
| Q199427
| [[peileacán bán]]
| Pelecanus onocrotalus
| [[:commons:Category:Pelecanus onocrotalus|Pelecanus onocrotalus]]
| 180 gram&lt;br/&gt;11.45 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;7.59 cileagram
| 2.91 méadar
| [[Íomhá:PelecanusOnocrotalusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 447
| Q184751
| [[peileacán Dalmátach]]
| Pelecanus crispus
| [[:commons:Category:Pelecanus crispus|Pelecanus crispus]]
| 
| 320 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:PelecanusCrispusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 32 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 448
| Q385891
| [[piasún cír]]
| Catreus wallichii
| [[:commons:Category:Catreus wallichii|Catreus wallichii]]
| 1.525 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.13 cileagram
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 449
| Q25307
| [[Snag breac|Pica pica]]
| Pica pica
| [[:commons:Category:Pica pica|Pica pica]]
| 9.9 gram&lt;br/&gt;221 gram&lt;br/&gt;191 gram
| 56 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Pica pica map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 450
| Q25392
| [[pilibín]]
| Vanellus vanellus
| [[:commons:Category:Vanellus vanellus|Vanellus vanellus]]
| 25.5 gram
| 0.75 méadar&lt;br/&gt;69.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:VanellusVanellusIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 451
| Q279307
| [[pilibín ealtúil]]
| Vanellus gregarius
| [[:commons:Category:Vanellus gregarius|Vanellus gregarius]]
| 26.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;252 gram&lt;br/&gt;200 gram
| 70 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:VanellusGregariusIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| ''[[:d:Q219127|i mbaol criticiúil]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 452
| Q161829
| [[piongain impireach]]
| Aptenodytes forsteri
| [[:commons:Category:Aptenodytes forsteri|Aptenodytes forsteri]]
| 425 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Manchot empereur carte reparition.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 453
| Q494544
| [[Corr bheag|Platalea minor]]
| Platalea minor
| [[:commons:Category:Platalea minor|Platalea minor]]
| 
| 110 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 454
| Q26490
| [[Pocaire gaoithe coiteann|pocaire gaoithe]]
| Falco tinnunculus
| [[:commons:Category:Falco tinnunculus|Falco tinnunculus]]
| 201 gram
| 0.73 méadar
| [[Íomhá:FalcoTinnunculusIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 455
| Q187902
| [[Cearcóg chorcra|Porphyrio porphyrio]]
| Porphyrio porphyrio
| [[:commons:Category:Porphyrio porphyrio|Porphyrio porphyrio]]
| 
| 
| 
| 25 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 456
| Q25700
| [[praslacha]]
| Anas crecca
| [[:commons:Category:Anas crecca|Anas crecca]]
| 
| 0.59 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Anas crecca distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 457
| Q331447
| [[praslacha mharmarach]]
| Marmaronetta angustirostris
| [[:commons:Category:Marmaronetta angustirostris|Marmaronetta angustirostris]]
| 562 gram&lt;br/&gt;492 gram
| 65 ceintiméadar
| 
| 26 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 458
| Q695729
| [[pratancól dubheiteach]]
| Glareola nordmanni
| [[:commons:Category:Glareola nordmanni|Glareola nordmanni]]
| 11 gram&lt;br/&gt;97 gram
| 64 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 459
| Q330310
| [[pratancól muinceach]]
| Glareola pratincola
| [[:commons:Category:Glareola pratincola|Glareola pratincola]]
| 10.1 gram&lt;br/&gt;77 gram
| 65 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:GlareolaPratincolaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 18 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 460
| Q1262047
| [[Seabhac droimliath|Pseudastur occidentalis]]
| Pseudastur occidentalis
| [[:commons:Category:Pseudastur occidentalis|Pseudastur occidentalis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Pseudastur occidentalis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 461
| Q643836
| [[Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax]]
| Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
| [[:commons:Category:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax|Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax]]
| 312 gram&lt;br/&gt;263 gram
| 82 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Chough range map.png|center|128px]]
| 17 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 462
| Q244350
| [[póiseard cíordhearg]]
| Netta rufina
| [[:commons:Category:Netta rufina|Netta rufina]]
| 56 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.115 cileagram
| 87 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:NettaRufinaIUCNverz2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 27 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 463
| Q642685
| [[riabhóg chladaigh]]
| Anthus petrosus
| [[:commons:Category:Anthus petrosus|Anthus petrosus]]
| 
| 25 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Anthus petrosus map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 464
| Q143313
| [[riabhóg choille]]
| Anthus trivialis
| [[:commons:Category:Anthus trivialis|Anthus trivialis]]
| 22 gram&lt;br/&gt;25 gram
| 0.27 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Anthus trivialis distr.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 465
| Q27226
| [[riabhóg dhonn]]
| Anthus campestris
| [[:commons:Category:Anthus campestris|Anthus campestris]]
| 2.73 gram&lt;br/&gt;22 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:AnthusCampestrisIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 466
| Q26956
| [[riabhóg mhóna]]
| Anthus pratensis
| [[:commons:Category:Anthus pratensis|Anthus pratensis]]
| 2.06 gram
| 0.26 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AnthusPratensisIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 467
| Q241347
| [[riabhóg phíbrua]]
| Anthus cervinus
| [[:commons:Category:Anthus cervinus|Anthus cervinus]]
| 2.01 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:AnthusCervinusIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 468
| Q208707
| [[riabhóg uisce]]
| Anthus spinoletta
| [[:commons:Category:Anthus spinoletta|Anthus spinoletta]]
| 2.73 gram
| 26 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Anthus spinoletta mapcomm.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 469
| Q179367
| [[rollóir Eorpach]]
| Coracias garrulus
| [[:commons:Category:Coracias garrulus|Coracias garrulus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Coracias garrulus distr.png|center|128px]]
| 18 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 470
| Q927358
| [[rowi]]
| Apteryx rowi
| [[:commons:Category:Apteryx rowi|Apteryx rowi]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Apteryx rowi distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 471
| Q28122714
| [[rufachán]]
| Calidris pugnax
| [[:commons:Category:Calidris pugnax|Calidris pugnax]]
| 21 gram&lt;br/&gt;170 gram&lt;br/&gt;102 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Philomachuspugnaxmap.png|center|128px]]
| 21 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 472
| Q185099
| [[rálóg uisce]]
| Rallus aquaticus
| [[:commons:Category:Rallus aquaticus|Rallus aquaticus]]
| 125 gram&lt;br/&gt;98 gram
| 42 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Rallus aquaticus distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 473
| Q25383
| [[rí rua]]
| Fringilla coelebs
| [[:commons:Category:Fringilla coelebs|Fringilla coelebs]]
| 2.16 gram&lt;br/&gt;22 gram
| 0.26 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Rangemap-pinson.PNG|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 474
| Q182209
| [[rí-phiongain]]
| Aptenodytes patagonicus
| [[:commons:Category:Aptenodytes patagonicus|Aptenodytes patagonicus]]
| 306 gram&lt;br/&gt;12.8 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;11.5 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Manchot royal carte reparition.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 475
| Q130933
| [[Rí-ulchabhán Eoráiseach|rí-ulchabhán]]
| Bubo bubo
| [[:commons:Category:Bubo bubo|Bubo bubo]]
| 80 gram&lt;br/&gt;2.38 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.992 cileagram
| 174 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Bubo bubo distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 476
| Q1273551
| [[rí-ulchabhán beag]]
| Otus gurneyi
| [[:commons:Category:Otus gurneyi|Otus gurneyi]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 477
| Q819706
| [[Carpodacus rubicilla|rósghlasán mór Cugasach]]
| Carpodacus rubicilla
| [[:commons:Category:Carpodacus rubicilla|Carpodacus rubicilla]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 478
| Q46143
| [[rósghlasán scarlóideach]]
| Carpodacus erythrinus
| [[:commons:Category:Carpodacus erythrinus|Carpodacus erythrinus]]
| 
| 26 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CarpodacusErythrinusIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 11 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 479
| Q25386
| [[rúcach]]
| Corvus frugilegus
| [[:commons:Category:Corvus frugilegus|Corvus frugilegus]]
| 489 gram&lt;br/&gt;418 gram
| 0.93 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Corvus frugilegus distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 16 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 480
| Q25777
| [[sacán]]
| Turdus pilaris
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus pilaris|Turdus pilaris]]
| 6.8 gram&lt;br/&gt;105 gram
| 0.42 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Turdus pilaris map.svg|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 481
| Q201300
| [[sceadach]]
| Melanitta fusca
| [[:commons:Category:Melanitta fusca|Melanitta fusca]]
| 1.762 cileagram
| 0.97 méadar
| [[Íomhá:MelanittaFuscaIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 482
| Q178821
| [[scodalach dubheiteach]]
| Himantopus himantopus
| [[:commons:Category:Himantopus himantopus|Himantopus himantopus]]
| 21.8 gram&lt;br/&gt;160 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:HimantopusHimantopusIUCN2019-3.png|center|128px]]
| 25 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 483
| Q752678
| [[Scréachán isibéalach|scréachán banbhuí]]
| Lanius isabellinus
| [[:commons:Category:Lanius isabellinus|Lanius isabellinus]]
| 30 gram
| 
| 
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 484
| Q235052
| [[scréachán coille]]
| Lanius senator
| [[:commons:Category:Lanius senator|Lanius senator]]
| 3.4 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Lanius senator distr.png|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 485
| Q26671
| [[scréachán droimrua]]
| Lanius collurio
| [[:commons:Category:Lanius collurio|Lanius collurio]]
| 3.15 gram
| 26 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LaniusCollurioIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 486
| Q25354
| [[scréachóg]]
| Garrulus glandarius
| [[:commons:Category:Garrulus glandarius|Garrulus glandarius]]
| 8.5 gram
| 0.54 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Garrulus glandarius distribution.jpg|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 487
| Q80858
| [[scréachóg liath]]
| Perisoreus canadensis
| [[:commons:Category:Perisoreus canadensis|Perisoreus canadensis]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Perisoreus canadensis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 488
| Q25317
| [[scréachóg reilige]]
| Tyto alba
| [[:commons:Category:Tyto alba|Tyto alba]]
| 580 gram
| 0.9 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Schleiereule-Tyto alba-World.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 489
| Q27434
| [[Scótar coiteann|Scótar]]
| Melanitta nigra
| [[:commons:Category:Melanitta nigra|Melanitta nigra]]
| 
| 0.85 méadar
| [[Íomhá:MelanittaNigraIUCNver2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 490
| Q2020137
| [[Scótar báneiteach]]
| Melanitta deglandi
| [[:commons:Category:Melanitta deglandi|Melanitta deglandi]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Melanitta deglandi map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 491
| Q529048
| [[Scótar dubh]]
| Melanitta americana
| [[:commons:Category:Melanitta americana|Melanitta americana]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Melanitta americana map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q719675|speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 492
| Q742468
| [[scótar toinne]]
| Melanitta perspicillata
| [[:commons:Category:Melanitta perspicillata|Melanitta perspicillata]]
| 62 gram&lt;br/&gt;1 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;900 gram
| 84 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Melanitta perspicillata range map.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 493
| Q943329
| [[Tuirne lín Meiriceánach|seabhac oíche Meiriceánach]]
| Chordeiles minor
| [[:commons:Category:Chordeiles minor|Chordeiles minor]]
| 79.3 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Chordeiles minor map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 494
| Q606755
| [[Speirsheabhac Seapánach|seabhac Seapánach]]
| Accipiter gularis
| [[:commons:Category:Accipiter gularis|Accipiter gularis]]
| 
| 52 ceintiméadar
| 
| 26 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 495
| Q234722
| [[Iolar Bonelli|seabhaciolar]]
| Aquila fasciata
| [[:commons:Category:Aquila fasciata|Aquila fasciata]]
| 1.82 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.56 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;112 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Hieraaetus fasciatus area.PNG|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 496
| Q25761
| [[seil-lacha]]
| Tadorna tadorna
| [[:commons:Category:Tadorna tadorna|Tadorna tadorna]]
| 78 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.261 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.043 cileagram
| 112 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Tadorna tadorna distribution.png|center|128px]]
| 30 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 497
| Q170723
| [[seil-lacha rua]]
| Tadorna ferruginea
| [[:commons:Category:Tadorna ferruginea|Tadorna ferruginea]]
| 83 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.36 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.1 cileagram
| 133 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:TadornaFerrugineaIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 28 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 498
| Q192524
| [[Seirín Canárach]]
| Serinus canaria
| [[:commons:Category:Serinus canaria|Serinus canaria]]
| 1.54 gram&lt;br/&gt;15.3 gram
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 499
| Q621833
| [[seirín ceanndubh]]
| Serinus pusillus
| [[:commons:Category:Serinus pusillus|Serinus pusillus]]
| 1.43 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 500
| Q27461190
| [[Praslacha Bhaikalach|Sibirionetta formosa]]
| Sibirionetta formosa
| [[:commons:Category:Sibirionetta formosa|Sibirionetta formosa]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:SibirionettaFormosaIUCN2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 501
| Q27075864
| [[siscín]]
| Spinus spinus
| [[:commons:Category:Spinus spinus|Spinus spinus]]
| 1.29 gram&lt;br/&gt;13.8 gram
| 0.21 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Rangemap-tarin.PNG|center|128px]]
| 12 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 502
| Q25634
| [[sléibhín]]
| Chroicocephalus ridibundus
| [[:commons:Category:Chroicocephalus ridibundus|Chroicocephalus ridibundus]]
| 294 gram&lt;br/&gt;267 gram
| 0.97 méadar
| [[Íomhá:ChroicocephalusRidibundusIUCN2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 503
| Q164467
| [[sléibhín beag]]
| Hydrocoloeus minutus
| [[:commons:Category:Hydrocoloeus minutus|Hydrocoloeus minutus]]
| 98 gram
| 78 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:HydrocoloeusMinutusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 504
| Q276189
| [[sléibhín Meánmhuirí]]
| Ichthyaetus melanocephalus
| [[:commons:Category:Ichthyaetus melanocephalus|Ichthyaetus melanocephalus]]
| 
| 96 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:LarusMelanocephalus.png|center|128px]]
| 24 lá
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 505
| Q843175
| [[smólach breacdhorcha]]
| Turdus naumanni
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus naumanni|Turdus naumanni]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 506
| Q26349
| [[smólach ceoil]]
| Turdus philomelos
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus philomelos|Turdus philomelos]]
| 6 gram&lt;br/&gt;72 gram
| 0.36 méadar
| [[Íomhá:TurdusPhilomelosIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 507
| Q80780
| [[smólach píbdhubh]]
| Turdus atrogularis
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus atrogularis|Turdus atrogularis]]
| 
| 
| 
| 11 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 508
| Q1591651
| [[Smólach ordúil|smólach rua-eiteach]]
| Turdus eunomus
| [[:commons:Category:Turdus eunomus|Turdus eunomus]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 509
| Q258964
| [[smólach Sibéarach]]
| Geokichla sibirica
| [[:commons:Category:Geokichla sibirica|Geokichla sibirica]]
| 60 gram&lt;br/&gt;70 gram
| 
| 
| 10 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 510
| Q796672
| [[Éan oighinn|smólach talún]]
| Seiurus aurocapilla
| [[:commons:Category:Seiurus aurocapilla|Seiurus aurocapilla]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Seiurus aurocapilla map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 511
| Q949662
| [[Zoothera aurea|smólach White]]
| Zoothera aurea
| [[:commons:Category:Zoothera aurea|Zoothera aurea]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 512
| Q193593
| [[Snag coiteann|snag]]
| Certhia familiaris
| [[:commons:Category:Certhia familiaris|Certhia familiaris]]
| 9.95 gram
| 19 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:CerthiaFamiliarisIUCN2019-2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 513
| Q125895
| [[Reathaí ladharghearr|snag ladharghearr]]
| Certhia brachydactyla
| [[:commons:Category:Certhia brachydactyla|Certhia brachydactyla]]
| 1.16 gram&lt;br/&gt;8.4 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Sttreecreepereurope.png|center|128px]]
| 14 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 514
| Q28106731
| [[Spadalach tuaisceartach|spadalghob]]
| Spatula clypeata
| [[:commons:Category:Spatula clypeata|Spatula clypeata]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:SpatulaClypeata.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 515
| Q28106902
| [[Praslacha shamhraidh|Spatula querquedula]]
| Spatula querquedula
| [[:commons:Category:Spatula querquedula|Spatula querquedula]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Spatula querquedula map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 516
| Q25334
| [[Spideog bhroinndearg|spideog]]
| Erithacus rubecula
| [[:commons:Category:Erithacus rubecula|Erithacus rubecula]]
| 2.4 gram
| 21 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:ErithacusRubeculaIUCN.svg|center|128px]]
| 15 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 517
| Q557745
| [[spideog phíb-bhán]]
| Irania gutturalis
| [[:commons:Category:Irania gutturalis|Irania gutturalis]]
| 2.66 gram
| 
| 
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 518
| Q25380
| [[spioróg]]
| Accipiter nisus
| [[:commons:Category:Accipiter nisus|Accipiter nisus]]
| 110 gram&lt;br/&gt;22.5 gram&lt;br/&gt;150 gram&lt;br/&gt;290 gram
| 0.67 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AccipiterNisusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 519
| Q114338
| [[spioróg Leiveantach]]
| Accipiter brevipes
| [[:commons:Category:Accipiter brevipes|Accipiter brevipes]]
| 
| 0.7 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AccipiterBrevipesIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 520
| Q137474876
| [[Spioróg mhór]]
| Astur gentilis
| 
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:AccipiterGentilis.png|center|128px]]
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 521
| Q25421
| [[spágaire tonn]]
| Tachybaptus ruficollis
| [[:commons:Category:Tachybaptus ruficollis|Tachybaptus ruficollis]]
| 13.7 gram
| 42 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Tachybaptus ruficollis-map-distribution.svg|center|128px]]
| 20 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 522
| Q753741
| [[Gaineamhchearc bhiorearrach|steipcholúr biorearrach]]
| Pterocles alchata
| [[:commons:Category:Pterocles alchata|Pterocles alchata]]
| 25 gram&lt;br/&gt;250 gram&lt;br/&gt;225 gram
| 59.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 21 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 523
| Q383182
| [[Gaineamhchearc bholgdhubh|steipcholúr tarrdhubh]]
| Pterocles orientalis
| [[:commons:Category:Pterocles orientalis|Pterocles orientalis]]
| 28 gram&lt;br/&gt;428 gram&lt;br/&gt;383 gram
| 71.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 23 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 524
| Q25352
| [[storc bán]]
| Ciconia ciconia
| [[:commons:Category:Ciconia ciconia|Ciconia ciconia]]
| 110 gram
| 1.91 méadar
| [[Íomhá:WhiteStorkMap.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 525
| Q25398
| [[storc dubh]]
| Ciconia nigra
| [[:commons:Category:Ciconia nigra|Ciconia nigra]]
| 
| 1.5 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Ciconia nigra distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 526
| Q616393
| [[Ulchabhán mínlíneach|Strix leptogrammica]]
| Strix leptogrammica
| [[:commons:Category:Strix leptogrammica|Strix leptogrammica]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 527
| Q17592
| [[Struthio|Struthio camelus]]
| Struthio camelus
| [[:commons:Category:Struthio camelus|Struthio camelus]]
| 1.5 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;115 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;100 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Struthio camelus distribution.svg|center|128px]]
| 42 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 528
| Q27043839
| [[Gearg Shíneach|Synoicus chinensis]]
| Synoicus chinensis
| [[:commons:Category:Synoicus chinensis|Synoicus chinensis]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 529
| Q26135
| [[síodeiteach Boihéamach]]
| Bombycilla garrulus
| [[:commons:Category:Bombycilla garrulus|Bombycilla garrulus]]
| 
| 34 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:BombycillaGarrulusIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 530
| Q1084995
| [[Estrilda melpoda|síodghob leiceann flannbhuí]]
| Estrilda melpoda
| [[:commons:Category:Estrilda melpoda|Estrilda melpoda]]
| 0.68 gram&lt;br/&gt;7.8 gram
| 
| 
| 11 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 531
| Q184314
| [[Bombycilla cedrorum|Síodéan céadrais]]
| Bombycilla cedrorum
| [[:commons:Category:Bombycilla cedrorum|Bombycilla cedrorum]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Bombycilla cedrorum map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 532
| Q26452
| [[Síolghé thaiga|síolghé]]
| Anser fabalis
| [[:commons:Category:Anser fabalis|Anser fabalis]]
| 146 gram&lt;br/&gt;3.198 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.843 cileagram
| 1.62 méadar
| [[Íomhá:AnserFabalisIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 533
| Q673280
| [[síolghé thundra]]
| Anser serrirostris
| [[:commons:Category:Anser serrirostris|Anser serrirostris]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 534
| Q241349
| [[Síolta chochaill|Síolta chochallach]]
| Lophodytes cucullatus
| [[:commons:Category:Lophodytes cucullatus|Lophodytes cucullatus]]
| 
| 63 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Lophodytes cucullatus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 535
| Q200646
| [[síolta gheal]]
| Mergellus albellus
| [[:commons:Category:Mergellus albellus|Mergellus albellus]]
| 42 gram&lt;br/&gt;652 gram&lt;br/&gt;568 gram
| 62 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:MergellusAlbellusIUCNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 27 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 536
| Q180991
| [[síolta mhór]]
| Mergus merganser
| [[:commons:Category:Mergus merganser|Mergus merganser]]
| 1.709 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;1.232 cileagram
| 0.93 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Mergus merganser distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 537
| Q189609
| [[síolta rua]]
| Mergus serrator
| [[:commons:Category:Mergus serrator|Mergus serrator]]
| 72 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.135 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;908 gram
| 0.87 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Mergus serrator distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 538
| Q205930
| [[tarmachan]]
| Lagopus muta
| [[:commons:Category:Lagopus muta|Lagopus muta]]
| 665 gram&lt;br/&gt;555 gram
| 57 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 22 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 539
| Q218543
| [[Corr thíograch chíorbhán|Tigriornis leucolopha]]
| Tigriornis leucolopha
| [[:commons:Category:Tigriornis leucolopha|Tigriornis leucolopha]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Tigriornis leucolopha map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 540
| Q185784
| [[tiuf-teaf]]
| Phylloscopus collybita
| [[:commons:Category:Phylloscopus collybita|Phylloscopus collybita]]
| 
| 18 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Phylloscopus collybita.png|center|128px]]
| 13 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 541
| Q3729103
| [[Ceolaire Sindeach|tiuf-teaf sléibhe]]
| Phylloscopus sindianus
| [[:commons:Category:Phylloscopus sindianus|Phylloscopus sindianus]]
| 7 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 542
| Q667778
| [[tokoeka]]
| Apteryx australis
| [[:commons:Category:Apteryx australis|Apteryx australis]]
| 2.208 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;2.535 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Southern Brown Kiwi.png|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 543
| Q607027
| [[torspideog ruadhonn]]
| Cercotrichas galactotes
| [[:commons:Category:Cercotrichas galactotes|Cercotrichas galactotes]]
| 3.2 gram&lt;br/&gt;22.7 gram
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 544
| Q26017
| [[traonach]]
| Crex crex
| [[:commons:Category:Crex crex|Crex crex]]
| 13.2 gram
| 50 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Crexcrex.png|center|128px]]
| 17 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 545
| Q26717
| [[Tuirne lín Eorpach|tuirne lín]]
| Caprimulgus europaeus
| [[:commons:Category:Caprimulgus europaeus|Caprimulgus europaeus]]
| 
| 60 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Caprimulgus europaeus distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 546
| Q129958
| [[ulchabhán beag]]
| Athene noctua
| [[:commons:Category:Athene noctua|Athene noctua]]
| 
| 56 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Steinkauz-Athene noctua-World.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 547
| Q174466
| [[ulchabhán bóireach]]
| Aegolius funereus
| [[:commons:Category:Aegolius funereus|Aegolius funereus]]
| 
| 56 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Aegolius funereus dis.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 548
| Q25756
| [[ulchabhán donn]]
| Strix aluco
| [[:commons:Category:Strix aluco|Strix aluco]]
| 426 gram&lt;br/&gt;524 gram
| 99 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:StrixAlucoIUCN.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 549
| Q200724
| [[ulchabhán mór liath]]
| Strix nebulosa
| [[:commons:Category:Strix nebulosa|Strix nebulosa]]
| 
| 1.37 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Strix nebulosa distribution map updated (2013).jpg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 550
| Q190083
| [[ulchabhán na hÚraile]]
| Strix uralensis
| [[:commons:Category:Strix uralensis|Strix uralensis]]
| 
| 114.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Strix uralensis distr..png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 551
| Q25769
| [[ulchabhán réisc]]
| Asio flammeus
| [[:commons:Category:Asio flammeus|Asio flammeus]]
| 
| 102 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Sumpfohreule-Asio flammeus-World.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 552
| Q171563
| [[ulchabhán scopach Eoráiseach]]
| Otus scops
| [[:commons:Category:Otus scops|Otus scops]]
| 
| 58.5 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Otus scops distr.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 553
| Q1270124
| [[ulchabhán scopach Sokoke]]
| Otus ireneae
| [[:commons:Category:Otus ireneae|Otus ireneae]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 554
| Q1256551
| [[ulchabhán seabhaic Oileán na Nollag]]
| Ninox natalis
| [[:commons:Category:Ninox natalis|Ninox natalis]]
| 184 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Christmas Island.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 555
| Q193192
| [[Ulchabhán seabhaic|ulchabhán seabhaic tuaisceartach]]
| Surnia ulula
| [[:commons:Category:Surnia ulula|Surnia ulula]]
| 
| 76 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Surnia ulula distr with national borders.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 556
| Q170177
| [[ulchabhán sneachtúil]]
| Bubo scandiacus
| [[:commons:Category:Bubo scandiacus|Bubo scandiacus]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Cypron-Range Bubo scandiacus.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 557
| Q1265138
| [[ulchabhán Soumagne]]
| Tyto soumagnei
| [[:commons:Category:Tyto soumagnei|Tyto soumagnei]]
| 380 gram
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q278113|leochaileach]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 558
| Q926291
| [[ulchabhán síofrach]]
| Micrathene whitneyi
| [[:commons:Category:Micrathene whitneyi|Micrathene whitneyi]]
| 
| 
| [[Íomhá:Micrathene whitneyi map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 559
| Q467068
| [[ulchabhán uachasach]]
| Athene cunicularia
| [[:commons:Category:Athene cunicularia|Athene cunicularia]]
| 
| 595 millimetre
| [[Íomhá:Distribuição Buraqueira.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 560
| Q207846
| [[éadar taibhseach]]
| Somateria spectabilis
| [[:commons:Category:Somateria spectabilis|Somateria spectabilis]]
| 73 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.617 cileagram
| 0.93 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Somateria spectabilis map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 561
| Q93208
| [[éamú]]
| Dromaius novaehollandiae
| [[:commons:Category:Dromaius novaehollandiae|Dromaius novaehollandiae]]
| 581.2 gram&lt;br/&gt;32.7 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;38.3 cileagram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Dromaius novaehollandiae map distribution 2.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 562
| Q131709
| [[éigrit bheag]]
| Egretta garzetta
| [[:commons:Category:Egretta garzetta|Egretta garzetta]]
| 28 gram&lt;br/&gt;532 gram
| 92 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:EgrettaGarzettaIUVNver2018 2.png|center|128px]]
| 21 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 563
| Q130730
| [[éigrit mhór]]
| Ardea alba
| [[:commons:Category:Ardea alba|Ardea alba]]
| 
| 1.44 méadar
| [[Íomhá:ArdeaAlbaIUCNver2019 1.png|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 564
| Q208763
| [[íbis bheannaithe]]
| Threskiornis aethiopicus
| [[:commons:Category:Threskiornis aethiopicus|Threskiornis aethiopicus]]
| 62 gram
| 118 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:ThreskiornisAethiopicusIUCNver2024.png|center|128px]]
| 29 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 565
| Q589171
| [[íbis bhán Mheiriceánach]]
| Eudocimus albus
| [[:commons:Category:Eudocimus albus|Eudocimus albus]]
| 1.036 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;764 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Eudocimus albus map 2.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 566
| Q245414
| [[íbis mhaol thuaisceartach]]
| Geronticus eremita
| [[:commons:Category:Geronticus eremita|Geronticus eremita]]
| 68 gram
| 
| [[Íomhá:Morocco bald ibis map-01.png|center|128px]]
| 27 lá
| [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 567
| Q178811
| [[íbis niamhrach]]
| Plegadis falcinellus
| [[:commons:Category:Plegadis falcinellus|Plegadis falcinellus]]
| 633 gram
| 0.89 méadar
| [[Íomhá:Plegadis falcinellus map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 568
| Q25388
| [[óiréal órga]]
| Oriolus oriolus
| [[:commons:Category:Oriolus oriolus|Oriolus oriolus]]
| 7.3 gram
| 46 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Oriolus oriolus distribution map.png|center|128px]]
| 16 lá
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 569
| Q576762
| [[órshúileach ceannsceadach]]
| Bucephala albeola
| [[:commons:Category:Bucephala albeola|Bucephala albeola]]
| 481 gram&lt;br/&gt;367 gram
| 57 ceintiméadar
| [[Íomhá:Bucephala albeola map.svg|center|128px]]
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 570
| Q369767
| [[órshúileach Íoslannach]]
| Bucephala islandica
| [[:commons:Category:Bucephala islandica|Bucephala islandica]]
| 70 gram&lt;br/&gt;1.09 cileagram&lt;br/&gt;730 gram
| 75.5 ceintiméadar
| 
| 
| [[Speiceas is lú imní]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>3a3vsdot76xcw3efo600kswh48s0gj7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cumann Cearta Sibhialta Thuaisceart Éireann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>95038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326756</id>
      <parentid>1320579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T01:08:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10097" sha1="9ud4vlngt6hl9xk6sd9syckw5rsbwe2" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}
[[Íomhá:Rita_Hynes_and_Bernadette_Devlin.jpg|mion|295x295px|Rita Hynes agus [[Bernadette Devlin (McAliskey)|Bernadette Devlin]], agóid [[An Ómaigh|san Ómaigh]], 12 Aibreán 1969]]
Tháinig '''Cumann Cearta Sibhialta Thuaisceart Éireann'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Cumann%20Cearta%20Sibhialta%20Thuaisceart%20%C3%89ireann/ga/|teideal=&quot;Cumann Cearta Sibhialta Thuaisceart Éireann&quot;|work=téarma.ie|dátarochtana=2020-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; (CCSTÉ)&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association'' nó ''NICRA''&lt;/ref&gt; ar an bhfód sna [[1960idí]]. Ba ghluaiseacht í seo a tháinig ar an saol le deireadh a chur leis an éagóir a bhí á himirt ar an bpobal náisiúnach i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]] i dtaca le cúrsaí [[Fostaíocht|fostaíochta]], [[Tithíocht inacmhainne|tithíochta]] agus vótála.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/inclusion_and_sen/beatha_le_bua/series_3/John_Hume.pdf|teideal=Beatha le Bua - John Hume|údar=NICurriculum.org.uk/|dáta=|dátarochtana=2020|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128021300/http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/inclusion_and_sen/beatha_le_bua/series_3/John_Hume.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-easaontas-agus-ciorruithe.aspx|teideal=Easaontas agus Ciorruithe|údar=Robert McMillen|dáta=MF 2010|language=ga-IE|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2025-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra781.htm|teideal=CAIN: Events: Civil Rights - &quot;We Shall Overcome&quot; .... published by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA; 1978)|work=cain.ulster.ac.uk|dátarochtana=2025-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Spriocanna ==
[[Íomhá:Ulster.ogv|mion|220x220px|Físeán: clár faisnéise, 1970]]
Bhí an CCSTÉ ag iarraidh ceist na gceart sibhialta a réiteach taobh istigh de chóras polaitiúil an Tuaiscirt. Thar aon rud eile, theastaigh uathu deireadh a chur le claonroinnt na dtoghlach, ó d'fhág sí na Caitlicigh gan ionadaíocht cheart i gcúrsaí an rialtais áitiúil.

Thairis sin, bhí lucht an Chumainn den tuairim nach raibh cothrom na Féinne á fháil ag na Caitlicigh i dtaca le poist ná le tithíocht phoiblí. Bhí siad ag éileamh freisin go mbainfí Acht na gCumhachtaí Speisialta de leabhar an dlí, ó bhí siad den tuairim go rabhthas ag baint mí-úsáide as na cumhachtaí speisialta sin leis na Caitlicigh a choinneáil faoi chois.

== Imeachtaí ==
[[Íomhá:Benefit night and rally - Sat., January 15th, 8 PM for the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Assoc. ... LCCN2015650068.jpg|mion|237x237px|[[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]], 1972: gníomhaíocht tiomsaithe airgid ar son an CCSTÉ]]
Bhí an ''Homeless Citizens' League'' gníomhach i n[[Dún Geanainn]] i 1963, iad ag máirseáil agus ag agóidíocht in aghaidh na comhairle áitiúla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/50-bliain-o-shin-a-ndearna-an-ruc-ionsai-ar-leirsitheoiri-siochanta-a-bhi-ag-eileamh-cearta-sibhialta/|teideal=50 bliain ó shin a rinne an RUC ionsaí ar léirsitheoirí síochánta a bhí ag éileamh cearta sibhialta…|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2018|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2020-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As sin a d'eascair an ''Campaign for Social Justice'' i 1964.

Den chuid ba mhó, ba iad na 'stickies' – mar a tugadh ar na [[IRA Oifigiúil|poblachtaithe oifigiúla]] i ndiaidh na scoilte leis na [[IRA Sealadach|sealadaigh]] – a chinn ag cruinniú i 1966 go mbunófaí an CCSTÉ. Ach bhí an ghluaiseacht i bhfad níos uileghabhálaí ná iadsan. Bhí [[Cumannachas|cumannaigh]], [[Ceardchumann|ceardchumannaigh]], daoine a bhí sa [[Páirtí Sóisialta agus Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre|SDLP]] ina dhiaidh sin, mic léinn agus daoine eile a bhí faoi thionchar imeachtaí sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]] agus sa [[An Fhrainc|Fhrainc]] páirteach ann.

Sa bhliain 1967, thionscain an Cumann seo feachtas síochánta le cearta sibhialta a bhaint amach. Bhí an feachtas múnlaithe ar ghluaiseacht na gceart sibhialta sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]], áit a raibh na [[Daoine gorma|daoine gorma]] amuigh ar na sráideanna faoi cheannas an Urramaigh [[Martin Luther King]].

Ar an 29 Eanáir 1967, tháinig coiste stiúrtha le chéile in Óstán an ''International'' i m[[Béal Feirste]]. Ba iad seo a leanas a bhí air:

* Noel Harris, ''Allied Trades Association''
* Conn McCluskey, ''Campaign for Social Justice''
* Derek O'Brien Peters, an Páirtí Cumannach
* Fred Heatley, na ''Wolfe Tone Societies''
* Jack Bennett, iriseoir leis an ''Belfast Telegraph''
* Betty Sinclair, ''Belfast Trades Council''
* Liam McMillen, na ''Republican Clubs'' agus an IRA
* John Quinn, an ''Ulster Liberal Party''
* An tOllamh Michael Dolley, an ''National Democratic Party''
* Joe Sherry, an ''Republican Labour Party''
* Jim Andrews, ''Ardoyne Tenants Association''
* [[Paddy Devlin]], ''Northern Ireland Labour Party''
* Tony McGettigan

Daingníodh bunreacht an Chumainn ar an 9 Aibreán 1967.

=== 1968 ===
Eagraíodh na máirseálacha i 1968 faoi scáth an CCSTÉ. I bhfírinne, ba chumainn ghníomhaíochta áitiúla a bhí taobh thiar d'agóidí a gceantar féin, iad ar fad mar a bheadh comhghuaillíocht scaoilte ann a bhain leas as an CCSTÉ.

Ar an 24 Lúnasa 1968 a shiúil an chéad mhórshiúl cearta sibhialta ó [[Oileán an Ghuail]] go [[Dún Geanainn]], agus tharla léirsiú in [[Ard Mhacha]] níos déanaí sa bhliain chéanna. Eagraíodh an mháirseáil is míchlúití ar an [[5 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1968]]. Ba é an ''Derry Housing Action Committee'' a d'iarr ar an CCSTÉ a ainm a chur le hagóid Dhoire. Nuair a stop na póilíní an mháirseáil i [[Sráid an Diúic]], bhí an íde a tugadh don lucht máirseála scanrúil. Bhí alltacht ar dhaoine nuair a chonaic siad an scannán nuachta de chuid [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]. Tugadh suntas ar leith do na pictiúir den [[Constáblacht Ríoga Uladh|CRU]] ag batráil daoine go fíochmhar, an [[Teachta Parlaiminte|feisire]] [[Gerry Fitt]] ina measc (bhí an t[[Ollamh]] [[Dáithí Ó hUaithne]] agus [[Proinsias Mac Aonghusa]] i láthair chomh maith).

Tar éis an 5 Deireadh Fómhair 1968, bunaíodh an ''Derry Citizens' Action Committee'', inar dhírigh [[John Hume]] agus gníomhaithe eile ar agóidíocht shíochánta ar mhaithe le cearta do phobal na cathrach. Bunaíodh freisin an ''People's Democracy'', nó Daonlathas an Phobail, ar an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 1968, eagras a d'eascair as mic léinn Ollscoil na Banríona i mBéal Feirste.

I nDoire, ar an [[22 Samhain]] [[1968]], géilleadh do na náisiúnaigh maidir le roinnt pointí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/crights/chron.htm|teideal=CAIN: Events: Civil Rights - A Chronology of Main Events, 1964-1972|work=cain.ulster.ac.uk|dátarochtana=2020-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'éirigh leis an bhfeachtas ar son na gceart deireadh a chur leis an vóta a bhíodh ag comhlachtaí agus vóta amháin an duine a bhaint amach, chomh maith le hathrú ar leithdháileadh na [[Tithíocht inacmhainne|tithíochta]]. Bunaíodh oifig an Ombudsman (fear an phobail), cuireadh corparáid Dhoire – siombail an leithcheala, dar leis na náisiúnaigh – ar ceal agus ceapadh coimisiún ina hionad.

=== 1969 ===
Ar an 4 Eanáir 1969, rinne slua Dílseoirí luíochán ar mhórshiúl de chuid ''People's Democracy'' ag Droichead Bhun Tolaide i g[[Contae Dhoire]], agus na máirseálaithe ar a mbealach ó Bhéal Feirste go Doire. Cé nach faoi scáth an CCSTÉ a bhí an mórshiúl sin, chuir an t-ionsaí – agus an easpa cosanta a thug na póilíní do na máirseálaithe – olc ar lucht na gceart sibhialta ar fad.

Bhí an choimhlint idirphobail ag dul chun olcais ó thús na bliana 1969 ar aghaidh, ach má bhí, chuaigh sí ó smacht ar fad nuair a thosaigh [[Cath Thaobh an Bhogaigh]] i nDoire ar an 12 Lúnasa 1969. Faoi cheann dhá lá, bhí [[Arm na Breataine]] curtha ar shráideanna an Tuaiscirt.

Baineadh cuid mhaith d'éilimh na gluaiseachta amach sa tréimhse chéanna. Moladh i dTuarascáil Hunt (10 Deireadh Fómhair 1969) go ndéanfaí athchóiriú ar an CRU agus go ndíscaoilfí an [[Constáblacht Speisialta Uladh|Chonstáblacht Speisialta Uladh]], na 'Speisialaigh B', rud a rinneadh in earrach na bliana 1970. Cuireadh Feidhmeannacht Tithíochta Thuaisceart Éireann ar bun i 1971 chun cúram na tithíochta poiblí a bhaint de na comhairlí áitiúla.

=== Ó 1970 go 1972 ===
Nuair a thug an rialtas isteach an t-imtheorannú gan triail ar an 9 Lúnasa 1971, d'eagraigh an CCSTÉ feachtas easumhlaíochta sibhialta ina choinne, feachtas nár íoc na mílte teaghlach a gcuid cíosa ná rátaí lena linn. Ba é an Cumann a d'eagraigh an mórshiúl in aghaidh an imtheorannaithe a shiúil trí Dhoire ar an 30 Eanáir 1972, an lá ar scaoil paratrúpaithe Arm na Breataine leis an slua i dTaobh an Bhogaigh. Maraíodh trí dhuine dhéag an lá sin agus fuair an ceathrú duine dhéag bás níos déanaí de bharr a chuid créachtaí; is mar [[Domhnach na Fola]] a thugtar ar an lá ó shin.

Ba é an sléacht sin, mar aon leis an bhforéigean a lean é, deireadh na gluaiseachta síochánta i ndáiríre. Cuireadh parlaimint Stormont ar fionraí i mí an Mhárta 1972 agus tugadh riail dhíreach ó Londain isteach ina háit. Lean an CCSTÉ air ag feachtasaíocht ar son na gceart sibhialta agus in aghaidh an imtheorannaithe ar feadh na 1970idí, ach ba bheag an tionchar a bhí aige feasta, é ag dul i laghad de réir a chéile agus baill de ag imeacht le páirtithe eile. I 1978 d'fhoilsigh sé ''We Shall Overcome'', cuntas ar stair an fheachtais ó 1968 i leith.

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Cath Thaobh an Bhogaigh]], 1969
* [[Domhnach na Fola]], 1972
* [[Na Trioblóidí]]
* [[Gluaiseacht na gCeart Sibhialta i dTuaisceart Éireann]]
* [[Constáblacht Ríoga Uladh]]

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Catagóir:Stair Thuaisceart Éireann]]
[[Catagóir:Eagraíochtaí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Na Trioblóidí]]
[[Catagóir:Cearta sibhialta]]</text>
      <sha1>9ud4vlngt6hl9xk6sd9syckw5rsbwe2</sha1>
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    <title>Conradh Windsor (1175)</title>
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[[Íomhá:Www.wesleyjohnston.com-users-ireland-maps-historical-map1014.gif|deas|mion| Príomh-ríochtaí na hÉireann ]]
Comhaontú críochach ab ea '''Conradh Windsor''' (1175) a rinneadh le linn  [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Treaty of Windsor|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Windsor|website=Britannica|accessdate=2015-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ar an 6 Deireadh Fómhair, 1175, shínigh an Rí [[Anraí II Shasana]] agus an tArdrí [[Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]] an conradh i [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], Berkshire. Ba iad na finnéithe ná Richard as Ilchester, Easpag Winchester; Geoffrey Ridel, Easpag Ely; [[Lorcán Ua Tuathail|Lorcán Ua Tuathai]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;l, Ardeaspag Bhaile Átha Cliath; William de Mandeville, 3ú Iarla Essex; Richard de Luci, Príomh-Giúisteoir Shasana; Geoffrey de Purtico, Reginald de Courtenea (Courtenay) agus triúr de shéiplínigh chúirte Anraí. 

== An Conradh ==
Faoin gConradh, aithníonn Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair an Rí Anraí II mar thiarna uachtarach air agus aontaíonn sé cáin a bhailiú dó ó gach cuid d’Éirinn. Aontaíonn Anraí gur féidir le Ruaidri a bheith ina rí ar na ceantair nár ghabh na Normannaigh. Ach níl an chumhacht ag Ruaidri smacht a choinneáil ar na críocha a bhfuil in ainm a bheith aige amháin. Gabhann Anraí agus a bharúin tuilleadh talún gan dul i gcomhairle le Ruaidri.

Tríd is tríd, fágann an comhaontú Ruaidrí Ua Conchobairi le ríocht atá comhdhéanta d'Éirinn taobh amuigh de ríocht chúige Laighean (mar a bhí sé an uair sin), Baile Átha Cliath agus críoch ó Phort Láirge go Dún Garbhán, a fhad is a thug sé ómós d'Anraí II, agus a bhí faoi ghéillsineh air. Bhí Éire ar fad freagrach freisin as forálacha reiligiúnacha nua ''Laudabiliter''; bulla de chuid an Phápa agus Shionad Chaisil (1172) chomh maith.

==Torthaí==
Briseadh an Conradh go luath, áfach. Thosaigh na tiarnaí Angla-Normannacha a raibh an-tóir acu i leith talún, tuilleadh críche a ghabháil. Shéan Anraí II féin an Conradh sa bhliain 1177, agus d'ainmnigh sé a mhac [[Seon, Rí Shasana|Seon]] mar [[Tiarnas na hÉireann|Thiarna na hÉireann]]. Mar sin féin, níor ghlac Seon le ról Rí na hÉireann riamh, toisc go bhfuair Anraí bás tobann sa bhliain 1189, agus Seon in léiroidhre do ríchathaoir Shasana, rinneadh Rí Shasana de, agus de réir mar a d'iompair ríogacht Shasana ag an am seo leis an teideal coimhdeach ‘Tiarna na hÉireann'. De réir mar a bhí séanadh déanta ar Chonradh Windsor ag a athair, ghlac Seon leis na teidil 'Rí Shasana' chomh maith le ‘Tiarna na hÉireann', a raibh d'éifeacht bhreise ''de facto'' aige aon éileamh a bhí aige ar ríogacht na hÉireann a shéanadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theirishstory.com/2021/12/06/treaties-that-shaped-the-course-of-irish-history/#.ZFp3LHbMKUm | title=Treaties that Shaped the Course of Irish History – the Irish Story }}&lt;/ref&gt; An bhrí sin, i dtuairim roinnt daoine, go raibh éilimh ina dhiaidh sin ó mhonarcacht Shasana ar ríogacht na hÉireann, mar a d'éiligh [[Anraí VIII Shasana|Anraí VIII]] agus ríthe níos déanaí, neamhdhlisteanacha.
== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Conarthaí na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:1175]]
[[Catagóir:12ú haois in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Shasana]]
[[Catagóir:Críochdheighilt na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Normannaigh]]</text>
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[[Íomhá:Www.wesleyjohnston.com-users-ireland-maps-historical-map1014.gif|deas|mion| Príomh-ríochtaí na hÉireann ]]
Comhaontú críochach ab ea '''Conradh Windsor''' (1175) a rinneadh le linn  [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|teideal=Treaty of Windsor|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Windsor|website=Britannica|accessdate=2015-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ar an 6 Deireadh Fómhair, 1175, shínigh an Rí [[Anraí II Shasana]] agus an tArdrí [[Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]] an conradh i [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], Berkshire. Ba iad na finnéithe ná Richard as Ilchester, Easpag Winchester; Geoffrey Ridel, Easpag Ely; [[Lorcán Ua Tuathail|Lorcán Ua Tuathai]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;l, Ardeaspag Bhaile Átha Cliath; William de Mandeville, 3ú Iarla Essex; Richard de Luci, Príomh-Giúisteoir Shasana; Geoffrey de Purtico, Reginald de Courtenea (Courtenay) agus triúr de shéiplínigh chúirte Anraí. 

== An Conradh ==
Faoin gConradh, aithníonn Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair an Rí Anraí II mar thiarna uachtarach air agus aontaíonn sé cáin a bhailiú dó ó gach cuid d’Éirinn. Aontaíonn Anraí gur féidir le Ruaidri a bheith ina rí ar na ceantair nár ghabh na Normannaigh. Ach níl an chumhacht ag Ruaidri smacht a choinneáil ar na críocha a bhfuil in ainm a bheith aige amháin. Gabhann Anraí agus a bharúin tuilleadh talún gan dul i gcomhairle le Ruaidri.

Tríd is tríd, fágann an comhaontú Ruaidrí Ua Conchobairi le ríocht atá comhdhéanta d'Éirinn taobh amuigh de ríocht chúige Laighean (mar a bhí sé an uair sin), Baile Átha Cliath agus críoch ó Phort Láirge go Dún Garbhán, a fhad is a thug sé ómós d'Anraí II, agus a bhí faoi ghéillsineh air. Bhí Éire ar fad freagrach freisin as forálacha reiligiúnacha nua ''Laudabiliter''; bulla de chuid an Phápa agus Shionad Chaisil (1172) chomh maith.

==Torthaí==
Briseadh an Conradh go luath, áfach. Thosaigh na tiarnaí Angla-Normannacha a raibh an-tóir acu i leith talún, tuilleadh críche a ghabháil. Shéan Anraí II féin an Conradh sa bhliain 1177, agus d'ainmnigh sé a mhac [[Seon, Rí Shasana|Seon]] mar [[Tiarnas na hÉireann|Thiarna na hÉireann]]. Mar sin féin, níor ghlac Seon le ról Rí na hÉireann riamh, toisc go bhfuair Anraí bás tobann sa bhliain 1189, agus Seon in léiroidhre do ríchathaoir Shasana, rinneadh Rí Shasana de, agus de réir mar a d'iompair ríogacht Shasana ag an am seo leis an teideal coimhdeach ‘Tiarna na hÉireann'. De réir mar a bhí séanadh déanta ar Chonradh Windsor ag a athair, ghlac Seon leis na teidil 'Rí Shasana' chomh maith le ‘Tiarna na hÉireann', a raibh d'éifeacht bhreise ''de facto'' aige aon éileamh a bhí aige ar ríogacht na hÉireann a shéanadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theirishstory.com/2021/12/06/treaties-that-shaped-the-course-of-irish-history/#.ZFp3LHbMKUm | teideal=Treaties that Shaped the Course of Irish History – the Irish Story }}&lt;/ref&gt; An bhrí sin, i dtuairim roinnt daoine, go raibh éilimh ina dhiaidh sin ó mhonarcacht Shasana ar ríogacht na hÉireann, mar a d'éiligh [[Anraí VIII Shasana|Anraí VIII]] agus ríthe níos déanaí, neamhdhlisteanacha.
== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Conarthaí na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:1175]]
[[Catagóir:12ú haois in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Shasana]]
[[Catagóir:Críochdheighilt na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Normannaigh]]</text>
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Comhaontú críochach ab ea '''Conradh Windsor''' (1175) a rinneadh le linn  [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|teideal=Treaty of Windsor|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Windsor|website=Britannica|accessdate=2015-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ar an 6 Deireadh Fómhair, 1175, shínigh an Rí [[Anraí II Shasana]] agus an tArdrí [[Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]] an conradh i [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], Berkshire. Ba iad na finnéithe ná Richard as Ilchester, Easpag Winchester; Geoffrey Ridel, Easpag Ely; [[Lorcán Ua Tuathail|Lorcán Ua Tuathai]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;l, Ardeaspag Bhaile Átha Cliath; William de Mandeville, 3ú Iarla Essex; Richard de Luci, Príomh-Giúisteoir Shasana; Geoffrey de Purtico, Reginald de Courtenea (Courtenay) agus triúr de shéiplínigh chúirte Anraí. 

== An Conradh ==
Faoin gConradh, aithníonn Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair an Rí Anraí II mar thiarna uachtarach air agus aontaíonn sé cáin a bhailiú dó ó gach cuid d’Éirinn. Aontaíonn Anraí gur féidir le Ruaidri a bheith ina rí ar na ceantair nár ghabh na Normannaigh. Ach níl an chumhacht ag Ruaidri smacht a choinneáil ar na críocha a bhfuil in ainm a bheith aige amháin. Gabhann Anraí agus a bharúin tuilleadh talún gan dul i gcomhairle le Ruaidri.

Tríd is tríd, fágann an comhaontú Ruaidrí Ua Conchobairi le ríocht atá comhdhéanta d'Éirinn taobh amuigh de ríocht chúige Laighean (mar a bhí sé an uair sin), Baile Átha Cliath agus críoch ó Phort Láirge go Dún Garbhán, a fhad is a thug sé ómós d'Anraí II, agus a bhí faoi ghéillsineh air. Bhí Éire ar fad freagrach freisin as forálacha reiligiúnacha nua ''Laudabiliter''; bulla de chuid an Phápa agus Shionad Chaisil (1172) chomh maith.

==Torthaí==
Briseadh an Conradh go luath, áfach. Thosaigh na tiarnaí Angla-Normannacha a raibh an-tóir acu i leith talún, tuilleadh críche a ghabháil. Shéan Anraí II féin an Conradh sa bhliain 1177, agus d'ainmnigh sé a mhac [[Seon, Rí Shasana|Seon]] mar [[Tiarnas na hÉireann|Thiarna na hÉireann]]. Mar sin féin, níor ghlac Seon le ról Rí na hÉireann riamh, toisc go bhfuair Anraí bás tobann sa bhliain 1189, agus Seon in léiroidhre do ríchathaoir Shasana, rinneadh Rí Shasana de, agus de réir mar a d'iompair ríogacht Shasana ag an am seo leis an teideal coimhdeach ‘Tiarna na hÉireann'. De réir mar a bhí séanadh déanta ar Chonradh Windsor ag a athair, ghlac Seon leis na teidil 'Rí Shasana' chomh maith le ‘Tiarna na hÉireann', a raibh d'éifeacht bhreise ''de facto'' aige aon éileamh a bhí aige ar ríogacht na hÉireann a shéanadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theirishstory.com/2021/12/06/treaties-that-shaped-the-course-of-irish-history/#.ZFp3LHbMKUm | teideal=Treaties that Shaped the Course of Irish History – the Irish Story }}&lt;/ref&gt; An bhrí sin, i dtuairim roinnt daoine, go raibh éilimh ina dhiaidh sin ó mhonarcacht Shasana ar ríogacht na hÉireann, mar a d'éiligh [[Anraí VIII Shasana|Anraí VIII]] agus ríthe níos déanaí, neamhdhlisteanacha.
== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Conarthaí na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:1175]]
[[Catagóir:12ú haois in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Shasana]]
[[Catagóir:Críochdheighilt na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Normannaigh]]</text>
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        <id>188</id>
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Comhaontú críochach ab ea '''Conradh Windsor''' (1175) a rinneadh le linn  [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|teideal=Treaty of Windsor|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Windsor|website=Britannica|accessdate=2015-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ar an 6 Deireadh Fómhair, 1175, shínigh an Rí [[Anraí II Shasana]] agus an tArdrí [[Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]] an conradh i [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], Berkshire. Ba iad na finnéithe ná Richard as Ilchester, Easpag Winchester; Geoffrey Ridel, Easpag Ely; [[Lorcán Ua Tuathail|Lorcán Ua Tuathai]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;l, Ardeaspag Bhaile Átha Cliath; William de Mandeville, 3ú Iarla Essex; Richard de Luci, Príomh-Giúisteoir Shasana; Geoffrey de Purtico, Reginald de Courtenea (Courtenay) agus triúr de shéiplínigh chúirte Anraí. 

== An Conradh ==
Faoin gConradh, aithníonn Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair an Rí Anraí II mar thiarna uachtarach air agus aontaíonn sé cáin a bhailiú dó ó gach cuid d’Éirinn. Aontaíonn Anraí gur féidir le Ruaidri a bheith ina rí ar na ceantair nár ghabh na Normannaigh. Ach níl an chumhacht ag Ruaidri smacht a choinneáil ar na críocha a bhfuil in ainm a bheith aige amháin. Gabhann Anraí agus a bharúin tuilleadh talún gan dul i gcomhairle le Ruaidri.

Tríd is tríd, fágann an comhaontú Ruaidrí Ua Conchobairi le ríocht atá comhdhéanta d'Éirinn taobh amuigh de ríocht chúige Laighean (mar a bhí sé an uair sin), Baile Átha Cliath agus críoch ó Phort Láirge go Dún Garbhán, a fhad is a thug sé ómós d'Anraí II, agus a bhí faoi ghéillsineh air. Bhí Éire ar fad freagrach freisin as forálacha reiligiúnacha nua ''Laudabiliter''; bulla de chuid an Phápa agus Shionad Chaisil (1172) chomh maith.

==Torthaí==
Briseadh an Conradh go luath, áfach. Thosaigh na tiarnaí Angla-Normannacha a raibh an-tóir acu i leith talún, tuilleadh críche a ghabháil. Shéan Anraí II féin an Conradh sa bhliain 1177, agus d'ainmnigh sé a mhac [[Seon, Rí Shasana|Seon]] mar [[Tiarnas na hÉireann|Thiarna na hÉireann]]. Mar sin féin, níor ghlac Seon le ról Rí na hÉireann riamh, toisc go bhfuair Anraí bás tobann sa bhliain 1189, agus Seon in léiroidhre do ríchathaoir Shasana, rinneadh Rí Shasana de, agus de réir mar a d'iompair ríogacht Shasana ag an am seo leis an teideal coimhdeach ‘Tiarna na hÉireann'. De réir mar a bhí séanadh déanta ar Chonradh Windsor ag a athair, ghlac Seon leis na teidil 'Rí Shasana' chomh maith le ‘Tiarna na hÉireann', a raibh d'éifeacht bhreise ''de facto'' aige aon éileamh a bhí aige ar ríogacht na hÉireann a shéanadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theirishstory.com/2021/12/06/treaties-that-shaped-the-course-of-irish-history/#.ZFp3LHbMKUm | teideal=Treaties that Shaped the Course of Irish History – the Irish Story }}&lt;/ref&gt; An bhrí sin, i dtuairim roinnt daoine, go raibh éilimh ina dhiaidh sin ó mhonarcacht Shasana ar ríogacht na hÉireann, mar a d'éiligh [[Anraí VIII Shasana|Anraí VIII]] agus ríthe níos déanaí, neamhdhlisteanacha.
==Naisc sheachtracha==
*[https://seamusdubhghaill.com/2020/10/06/the-treaty-of-windsor-1175/ The Treaty of Windsor (1175)]
==Tagairtí==
[[Catagóir:Conarthaí na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:1175]]
[[Catagóir:12ú haois in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Shasana]]
[[Catagóir:Críochdheighilt na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Normannaigh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Plean S (IRA, 1939)</title>
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        <username>TGcoa</username>
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      <text bytes="2939" sha1="o52show29t7z7a716co0u3gobhofbao" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}
Feachtas buamála agus sabaitéireachta ab ea an '''Plean S'''&lt;ref&gt;'S' mar sabaitéireacht.&lt;/ref&gt; a chuir [[Óglaigh na hÉireann (1922–1969)|an tIRA]] i bhfeidhm i [[Sasana]] sna blianta 1939 agus 1940. Ba é Séamus O'Donovan, iar-Stiúrthóir Ceimiceán na heagraíochta, a cheap an plean ar iarratas ó Sheán Russell, an Ceann Foirne (a phictiúr sa Bhosca Eolais). 

Ar an 12 Eanáir 1939 chuir an tIRA foláireamh deiridh chuig rialtas na Breataine ag éileamh go dtarraingeofaí na fórsaí Briotanacha as Éirinn laistigh de cheithre lá. Nuair nár géilleadh dó, cuireadh tús leis an bhfeachtas ar an [[16 Eanáir]] [[1939]], nuair a phléasc buamaí i [[Londain]], i [[Manchain]] agus i [[Birmingham|mBirmingham]]. Tháinig deireadh leis i mí an Mhárta 1940.

== An feachtas ==
Bonneagar poiblí seachas daoine a bhí mar sprioc ag an bhfeachtas: stáisiúin chumhachta, oibreacha gáis, soláthar uisce, séaracha, oifigí poist, iarnróid agus droichid.&lt;ref name=&quot;splan&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=S-Plan|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Plan|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ar an 25 Lúnasa 1939 maraíodh cúigear agus gortaíodh timpeall 70 duine i [[Coventry|gCoventry]] nuair a phléasc buama a bhí ceangailte de rothar ar Broadgate, príomhshráid siopadóireachta na cathrach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=1939 Coventry bombing|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Coventry_bombing|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stáisiún leictreachais ab ea an sprioc. Bhí Dominic Adams, uncail [[Gerry Adams]], i gceannas ar an IRA sa cheantar ag an am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=75 years since the IRA bombed Coventry|journal=Irish Examiner|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-20283375.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'éalaigh an fear a d'fhág an buama, ach gabhadh beirt eile, Peter Barnes agus James McCormick, agus crochadh iad i bpríosún Winson Green i [[Birmingham|mBirmingham]] ar an 7 Feabhra 1940.[[Íomhá:James O'Donovan.png|mion|220px|Séamus O'Donovan, straitéisí an phlean|clé]]

== Iarmhairtí ==
Mhair an feachtas ceithre mhí dhéag. Tharla thart ar 300 pléascadh agus gníomh sabaitéireachta ann; maraíodh deichniúr agus gortaíodh 96 duine.&lt;ref name=&quot;splan&quot; /&gt; D'achtaigh Parlaimint na Breataine, an ''Prevention of Violence (Temporary Provisions) Act 1939'', agus díbríodh 119 duine as an mBreatain dá bharr. 

Is mó dochar ná maitheas a rinne an feachtas: theip air rialtas na Breataine a bhogadh agus d'fhág sé an IRA níos laige ná riamh.

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Óglaigh na hÉireann (1922–1969)|An tIRA]]
* [[An Éigeandáil]]
* [[An Dara Cogadh Domhanda]]
* [[Cogadh na Saoirse]]
* [[Sceimhlitheoireacht]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Sceimhlitheoireacht]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Shasana]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Óglaigh na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:1939]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicipéid:Lámhleabhar leagain amach</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Féach freisin</comment>
      <origin>1326779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="97" sha1="7ncjbipwte0mptoeg38172t5r0frzgd" xml:space="preserve">Le déanamh ...

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Vicipéid:Lámhleabhar Stíle]]
[[Catagóir:Vicipéid]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plé:Agaricus bisporus</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>111522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326737</id>
      <parentid>1326460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T21:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>25319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>1326737</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2465" sha1="r2dclwrkcfgepxl5lcvu7jgh7pjz61m" xml:space="preserve">== glanadh-mar|profléitheoireacht de dhíth ==

Tá súil agam go bhfuil mo bhotúin ceartaithe agam![[Úsáideoir:Ériugena|Ériugena]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Ériugena|plé]]) 14:14, 3 Feabhra 2024 (UTC)

:GRMA. [[Úsáideoir:Kevin Scannell|kscanne]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Kevin Scannell|plé]]) 14:18, 3 Feabhra 2024 (UTC)

==https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madarch_meithrin==

Is trua nach bhfuil mé in ann leas a bhaint as an 'Wikidata list' seo a leanas;
&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P105 wd:Q7432. ?item wdt:P171 ?sub0 . ?sub0 (wdt:P171)* wd:Q913614 }
LIMIT 10
|sort=label
|columns=label:rhywogaeth,P225,P18:delwedd
|row_template=Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
|thumb=80
|links=
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! rhywogaeth
! ainm an tacsóin
! delwedd
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q470766|Cystoderma amianthinum]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma amianthinum
| p18 = [[Íomhá:Amiant-Körnchenschirmling Cystoderma amianthinum.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q4036825|Cystoderma arcticum]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma arcticum
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q2640662|Cystoderma carcharias]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma carcharias
| p18 = [[Íomhá:Cystoderma carcharias 27630.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q10465234|Cystoderma clastotrichum]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma clastotrichum
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q10465235|Cystoderma fallax]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma fallax
| p18 = [[Íomhá:Cystoderma fallax p2283 v1.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q3915576|Cystoderma granulosum]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma granulosum
| p18 = [[Íomhá:Cystodermella granulosa 50670.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q10465236|Cystoderma haematites]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma haematites
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q10465237|Cystoderma intermedium]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma intermedium
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q2328979|Cystoderma simulatum]]''
| p225 = Cystoderma simulatum
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = ''[[:d:Q9260869|Floccularia luteovirens]]''
| p225 = Floccularia luteovirens
| p18 = [[Íomhá:2013-10-20 Floccularia luteovirens (Alb. &amp; Schwein.) Pouzar 411604.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Úsáideoir:Ériugena|Ériugena]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Ériugena|plé]]) 14:30, 3 Feabhra 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Téamh Domhanda</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>120000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326691</id>
      <parentid>1326690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T11:59:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10253" sha1="jzq4za1cvoi4ac0isu1j1cwmpw1ikwm" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==


{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear, i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt; '' The [[life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources|greenhouse gas emissions]] of geothermal electric stations average 45&amp;nbsp;grams of [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] per kilowatt-hour of electricity, or less than 5% of those of conventional coal-fired plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

'' As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounted to 15.4 [[gigawatt]]s (GW).&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;  The [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA) estimates that only 6.9% of total global potential has been tapped so far, while the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35&amp;nbsp;GW to 2&amp;nbsp;[[terawatt|TW]].&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from geothermal sources include [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  [[An Indinéis]] has an estimated potential of 29&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal energy resources, the largest in the world; in 2017, its installed capacity was 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW.

'' As a source of renewable energy for both power and heating, geothermal has the potential to meet 3 to 5% of global demand by 2050. With economic incentives, it is estimated that by 2100 it will be possible to meet 10% of global demand with geothermal power.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>jzq4za1cvoi4ac0isu1j1cwmpw1ikwm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326692</id>
      <parentid>1326691</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T11:59:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <origin>1326692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10321" sha1="ngg1g00w9jqewue0ek60kyza072xvna" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==


{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear, i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt; '' The [[life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources|greenhouse gas emissions]] of geothermal electric stations average 45&amp;nbsp;grams of [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] per kilowatt-hour of electricity, or less than 5% of those of conventional coal-fired plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

'' As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounted to 15.4 [[gigawatt]]s (GW).&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;  The [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA) estimates that only 6.9% of total global potential has been tapped so far, while the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35&amp;nbsp;GW to 2&amp;nbsp;[[terawatt|TW]].&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from geothermal sources include [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  [[An Indinéis]] has an estimated potential of 29&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal energy resources, the largest in the world; in 2017, its installed capacity was 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW.

'' As a source of renewable energy for both power and heating, geothermal has the potential to meet 3 to 5% of global demand by 2050. With economic incentives, it is estimated that by 2100 it will be possible to meet 10% of global demand with geothermal power.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>ngg1g00w9jqewue0ek60kyza072xvna</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326698</id>
      <parentid>1326692</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T12:12:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach */</comment>
      <origin>1326698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10265" sha1="qcsjiphx9yxbqizygu5fz8rgt0l7ybz" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==


{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

'' As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounted to 15.4 [[gigawatt]]s (GW).&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;  The [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA) estimates that only 6.9% of total global potential has been tapped so far, while the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35&amp;nbsp;GW to 2&amp;nbsp;[[terawatt|TW]].&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from geothermal sources include [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  [[An Indinéis]] has an estimated potential of 29&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal energy resources, the largest in the world; in 2017, its installed capacity was 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW.

'' As a source of renewable energy for both power and heating, geothermal has the potential to meet 3 to 5% of global demand by 2050. With economic incentives, it is estimated that by 2100 it will be possible to meet 10% of global demand with geothermal power.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>qcsjiphx9yxbqizygu5fz8rgt0l7ybz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326719</id>
      <parentid>1326698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T16:01:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10528" sha1="4ctb4oe9gzmxwttkbloufucodq68b2j" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==


{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

'' As of 2026, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounted to 16.6 [[gigawatt]]s (GW).&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  The [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA) estimates that only 6.9% of total global potential has been tapped so far, while the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35&amp;nbsp;GW to 2&amp;nbsp;[[terawatt|TW]].&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from geothermal sources include [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  [[An Indinéis]] has an estimated potential of 29&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal energy resources, the largest in the world; in 2017, its installed capacity was 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW.

'' As a source of renewable energy for both power and heating, geothermal has the potential to meet 3 to 5% of global demand by 2050. With economic incentives, it is estimated that by 2100 it will be possible to meet 10% of global demand with geothermal power.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>4ctb4oe9gzmxwttkbloufucodq68b2j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326720</id>
      <parentid>1326719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T16:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <origin>1326720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10517" sha1="5bj8bpaoqjk0op5vtct846jvv4uxoyl" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==


{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 [[gigeavata]] (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;[[terawatt|TW]] a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, tá san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhaile 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

'' As a source of renewable energy for both power and heating, geothermal has the potential to meet 3 to 5% of global demand by 2050. With economic incentives, it is estimated that by 2100 it will be possible to meet 10% of global demand with geothermal power.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>5bj8bpaoqjk0op5vtct846jvv4uxoyl</sha1>
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      <id>1326725</id>
      <parentid>1326720</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T17:21:47Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="10419" sha1="kxuitf64jble4r0du8jbmv6si26ew78" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==


{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 [[gigeavata]] (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;[[terawatt|TW]] a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, tá san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhaile 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

Meastar go mbeidh 3% go 5% den éileamh domhanda ginte ag foinsí geoiteirmeacha faoin mbliain 2050, agus le incentives, tuairim is 10% faoi by 2100.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}


[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>kxuitf64jble4r0du8jbmv6si26ew78</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326726</id>
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        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="10369" sha1="pvy09asasqtqy6v5fvlpfsdckroa4c8" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==
Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 [[gigeavata]] (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;[[terawatt|TW]] a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, tá san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhaile 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

Meastar go mbeidh 3% go 5% den éileamh domhanda ginte ag foinsí geoiteirmeacha faoin mbliain 2050, agus le incentives, tuairim is 10% faoi by 2100.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}


[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>pvy09asasqtqy6v5fvlpfsdckroa4c8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326728</id>
      <parentid>1326726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T17:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <origin>1326728</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10353" sha1="68ixytodyzlknm0t6tnmrygk16s8x2h" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==
Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 [[gigeavata]] (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;TW a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhliain 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

Meastar go mbeidh 3% go 5% den éileamh domhanda ginte ag foinsí geoiteirmeacha faoin mbliain 2050, agus le incentives, tuairim is 10% faoi by 2100.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}


[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>68ixytodyzlknm0t6tnmrygk16s8x2h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326729</id>
      <parentid>1326728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T17:26:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10349" sha1="6hi29krgg6c031eqjmkzexgsdnisyqh" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==
Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 gigeavata (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;TW a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhliain 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

Meastar go mbeidh 3% go 5% den éileamh domhanda ginte ag foinsí geoiteirmeacha faoin mbliain 2050, agus le incentives, tuairim is 10% faoi by 2100.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}


[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

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      <text bytes="2208" sha1="07ig18pfao4k411zw8hrc2dfp6n9yc2" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal power|Geothermal power]]'' - [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
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      <sha1>07ig18pfao4k411zw8hrc2dfp6n9yc2</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326733</id>
      <parentid>1326730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T17:30:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2161" sha1="4ed445mx13utsguauhr3xlf18k2wmfy" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
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      <sha1>4ed445mx13utsguauhr3xlf18k2wmfy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326735</id>
      <parentid>1326733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T18:05:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="3941" sha1="mz5yctha58ojthlfqciv1yp3qik5f4y" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

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== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

| image1            = Andasol Guadix 4.jpg
| alt1              = Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background
| image2            = Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg
| alt2              = Wind turbines beside a red dirt road
| image3            = R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg
| alt3              = Mass rapid transit train
| image4            = Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg
| alt4              = Woman cooking bread on an electric stove
| footer            = Sustainable energy examples: [[concentrated solar power]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[wind energy]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
}}

'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;
{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|pp=5–6}}
&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and [[air pollution]] to [[energy poverty]] and [[toxic waste]]. [[Renewable energy]] sources such as [[wind power|wind]], [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]], [[solar energy|solar]], and [[geothermal energy]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

[[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

[[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
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== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

| image1            = Andasol Guadix 4.jpg
| alt1              = Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background
| image2            = Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg
| alt2              = Wind turbines beside a red dirt road
| image3            = R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg
| alt3              = Mass rapid transit train
| image4            = Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg
| alt4              = Woman cooking bread on an electric stove
| footer            = Sustainable energy examples: [[concentrated solar power]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[wind energy]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
}}

'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;
{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|pp=5–6}}
&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and [[air pollution]] to [[energy poverty]] and [[toxic waste]]. [[Renewable energy]] sources such as [[wind power|wind]], [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]], [[solar energy|solar]], and [[geothermal energy]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

[[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

[[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Foinsí 
* {{Cite book | last1=Kutscher | first1=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
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__NOTOC__</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="9973" sha1="ck3zn81ms9ptxgujsb0kr7odh0p7wcj" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background
|-
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Wind turbines beside a red dirt road
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Mass rapid transit train
|-
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center]]
|-| '' Cooking bread on an electric stove
|-
| '' Sustainable energy examples: [[concentrated solar power]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[wind energy]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}

'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;
{{Sfn|Kutscher|2019|pp=5–6}}
&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and [[air pollution]] to [[energy poverty]] and [[toxic waste]]. [[Renewable energy]] sources such as [[wind power|wind]], [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]], [[solar energy|solar]], and [[geothermal energy]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Foinsí 
* {{Cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
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== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background
|-
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Wind turbines beside a red dirt road
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Mass rapid transit train
|-
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center]]
|-| '' Cooking bread on an electric stove
|-
| '' Sustainable energy examples: [[concentrated solar power]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[wind energy]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}

'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;
{{Sfn|Kutscher|2019|pp=5–6}}
&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[air pollution]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[cumhacht ghaoithe|wind]], [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]], [[grianchumhacht|solar]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Foinsí 
* {{Cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>5t3ynaszubzzl75ecn52dleurlhmpuq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326751</id>
      <parentid>1326750</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="10075" sha1="eov2rwck5zvuogway2497ntuz5c3lez" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background
|-
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Wind turbines beside a red dirt road
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Mass rapid transit train
|-
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center]]
|-| '' Cooking bread on an electric stove
|-
| '' Sustainable energy examples: [[concentrated solar power]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[wind energy]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[air pollution]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>eov2rwck5zvuogway2497ntuz5c3lez</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326752</id>
      <parentid>1326751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T23:10:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe */</comment>
      <origin>1326752</origin>
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      <text bytes="10077" sha1="asfew55dm7f9xs274vah70v5nro6ugm" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background
|-
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Wind turbines beside a red dirt road
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center]]
|-
| '' Mass rapid transit train
|-
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center]]
|-| '' Cooking bread on an electric stove
|-
| '' Sustainable energy examples: [[concentrated solar power]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[wind energy]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326759</id>
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== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>j1qn52vmhw83bxxra72sa1lskb6nt8s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326760</id>
      <parentid>1326759</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="9981" sha1="fxjt8icigg2kza3h6h6130fatrbjtmq" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{|
|-
! Cineál ! Fuinneamh ! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian | [[grianfhuinneamh]] | [[grianchumhacht]] |
|-
| Gaoth | [[fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] |
|-
|
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>fxjt8icigg2kza3h6h6130fatrbjtmq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326761</id>
      <parentid>1326760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T06:09:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9943" sha1="sdam9m354q5uw1pdxg9uqefvmr42w9i" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{|
|-
! Cineál ! Fuinneamh ! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian | [[grianfhuinneamh]] | [[grianchumhacht]] |
|-
| Gaoth | [[fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] |
|-
|
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>sdam9m354q5uw1pdxg9uqefvmr42w9i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326762</id>
      <parentid>1326761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T06:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ceanntásc */</comment>
      <origin>1326762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10086" sha1="mkfoci3eg0keiiucspzpvs2ls4n7avj" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[]]
| [[]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>mkfoci3eg0keiiucspzpvs2ls4n7avj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326763</id>
      <parentid>1326762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T06:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ceanntásc */</comment>
      <origin>1326763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10139" sha1="8ipemb5ouj71j0b0w5wz094wj9auo57" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreolsa]]
| [[]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326764</id>
      <parentid>1326763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T06:18:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="10139" sha1="amrvvhhu664fozm19jz044vckk7wyhj" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>amrvvhhu664fozm19jz044vckk7wyhj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326767</id>
      <parentid>1326764</parentid>
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      <text bytes="10215" sha1="2pmj9pgn7j4g3ackzuffvzyb1kzsyie" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
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      <timestamp>2026-08-25T06:49:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10263" sha1="l9lgftne5nk2uyz9kznucrjs76u3ox7" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir: Fuinneamh]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>l9lgftne5nk2uyz9kznucrjs76u3ox7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326770</id>
      <parentid>1326768</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T07:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="10275" sha1="ehbbeglkb3ktz3ldcmw07eoc62xmxbi" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>ehbbeglkb3ktz3ldcmw07eoc62xmxbi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326771</id>
      <parentid>1326770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T07:05:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar */</comment>
      <origin>1326771</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="10385" sha1="sbbdqnt2dpfyl758vqa87rd9pa2x9jf" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Geothermal heating]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[geothermal energy]] for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;[[gigawatt|GW]] of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[solar energy]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;heatpumps9-3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008|pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below {{convert|6|m}}, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html Mean Annual Air Temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>sbbdqnt2dpfyl758vqa87rd9pa2x9jf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326772</id>
      <parentid>1326771</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T07:16:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Téamh geoiteirmeach */</comment>
      <origin>1326772</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10561" sha1="8jhodkgiq80krvr9diadsmvtas8tl3t" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>8jhodkgiq80krvr9diadsmvtas8tl3t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326773</id>
      <parentid>1326772</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T07:20:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Téamh geoiteirmeach */</comment>
      <origin>1326773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11340" sha1="hlakhuo4152zwtgketbx2vaoqi0guzp" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Wikidata list/Natura 2000</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>120601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326765</id>
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      <text bytes="3337" sha1="5e4jeu02byr2cep7snj2v3d68hemmf8" xml:space="preserve">* Tá an focal &quot;item&quot; de dhíth ón mbot, is amhlaidh... tá!
* An eochairfhocal é &quot;Label&quot;? Is .
* Ní fheictear anseo go díreach na torthaí SQL, ach ina ionad sin, céard a dhéanann an bot leo, mar shampla ?item -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;[[:d:?item|?item]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;


{{Wikidata list | sparql = 
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?can2000 {
  # P3425=(Comhartha) Aitheantas Nature 2000
  # P17=tír, Q27=Éire
  ?item wdt:P3425 ?can2000;
        wdt:P17 wd:Q27.

  # label
  SERVICE wikibase:label {
    bd:serviceParam wikibase:language &quot;ga&quot;.
  }
}
| columns = number:#, label:Alt, P7959:Contae, P18:Íomhá, P3425:Natura 2000
| links = local
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! #
! Alt
! Contae
! Íomhá
! Natura 2000
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| [[Loch Iascaigh]]
| [[Contae Dhún na nGall]]
| [[Íomhá:Lough Eske sud est.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000163 IE0000163]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| [[An Abhainn Mhór]]
| [[Contae Phort Láirge]]
| [[Íomhá:IMG BlackwaterBridge3720rz.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0002170 IE0002170]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
| [[Bá Bhaile Dúill|Bá Baile Dúill]]
| [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Íomhá:The View from Strand Road Baldoyle - geograph.org.uk - 181928.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000199 IE0000199]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| [[Gleann Dá Ghrua]]
| [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]]
| [[Íomhá:Glen walk way.JPG|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000719 IE0000719]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| [[Páirc Náisiúnta Shléibhte Chill Mhantáin]]
| [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]]
| [[Íomhá:Wicklow Mountains National Park Information Office.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0002122 IE0002122]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 6
| [[Portach Chlóirthigh|Dúlra Phortach Chlóirthigh]]
| [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]]
| [[Íomhá:Clara bog boardwalk. 07.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000572 IE0000572]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 7
| [[An Sliabh Riabhach]]
| [[Contae Luimnigh]]
| [[Íomhá:Black Rock on the Ballyhoura Mountain Range - geograph.org.uk - 1103684.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0002036 IE0002036]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 8
| [[Loch Uí Ghadhra]]
| [[Contae Shligigh]]
| [[Íomhá:Lough Gara 1.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0004048 IE0004048]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 9
| [[Inbhear Bhaile Roiséir]]
| [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Íomhá:View of Rogerstown Estuary.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000208 IE0000208]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 10
| [[Loch Coirib]]
| [[Contae na Gaillimhe]]
| [[Íomhá:Loughcorrib.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0004042 IE0004042]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 11
| [[Coill Chnoc Sinche]]
| [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]]
| [[Íomhá:Plants on damp bankside in Knocksink woods.jpg|center|128px]]
| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000725 IE0000725]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="7488" sha1="n3w4n2ez6h6605sqk9ziif8stov3798" xml:space="preserve">* [[Cantúin na hEilvéise]]


{{Wikidata list | SPARQL =
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel
WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q23058.

  SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language &quot;[AUTO_LANGUAGE],ga,de,fr,it,rm&quot;. }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel
| columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Cantún, P395:Cód, P36: Príomhchathair, P571:Bunaithe, P1082:Daonra, P2046:Achar&lt;br&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, P37:Teanga
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! #
! Armas
! Cantún
! Cód
! Príomhchathair
! Bunaithe
! Daonra
! Achar&lt;br&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
! Teanga
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Unterwalden alt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q214069|Unterwalden]]''
| 
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1315&quot; | 1315
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| [[Íomhá:CHE Aargau COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11972|cantún Aargau]]''
| AG
| [[Aarau]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1803&quot; | 1803
| 726894
| 1403.77 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12079|cantún Appenzell Ausserrhoden]]''
| AR
| [[Herisau]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q68189|Trogen]]''
| data-sort-value=&quot;1513&quot; | 1513
| 56495
| 242.84 ciliméadar cearnach
| ''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| [[Íomhá:CHE Appenzell Innerrhoden COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12094|cantún Appenzell Innerrhoden]]''
| AI
| ''[[:d:Q209270|Appenzell]]''
| data-sort-value=&quot;1513&quot; | 1513
| 16585
| 172.48 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12146|cantún Basel-Landschaft]]''
| BL
| [[Liestal]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1833&quot; | 1833
| 298837
| 517.67 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 6
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12172|cantún Basel-Stadt]]''
| BS
| [[Basel]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1833&quot; | 1833
| 200031
| 36.95 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 7
| [[Íomhá:CHE Bern BE COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11911|cantún Bern]]''
| BE
| [[Beirn]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1353&quot; | 1353
| 1063533
| 5959 ciliméadar cearnach
| ''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1480152|Swiss French]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 8
| [[Íomhá:CHE Canton de Fribourg COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12640|cantún Fribourg]]''
| FR
| [[Fribourg]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1481&quot; | 1481
| 341537
| 1671.36 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Fhraincis]]&lt;br/&gt;[[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 9
| [[Íomhá:CHE Kanton Glarus COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11922|cantún Glarus]]''
| GL
| [[Glarus]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1352&quot; | 1352
| 42056
| 685.3 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 10
| [[Íomhá:CHE Graubünden COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11925|cantún Graubünden]]''
| GR
| [[Chur]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1496&quot; | 1496
| 204888
| 7105.39 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Rómainis]]&lt;br/&gt;[[an Iodáilis]]&lt;br/&gt;[[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 11
| [[Íomhá:CHE Jura COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12755|cantún Jura]]''
| JU
| [[Delémont]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-01-01
| 74548
| 838.51 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Fhraincis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 12
| [[Íomhá:CHE Luzern COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12121|cantún Lucerne]]''
| LU
| [[Luzern]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1332&quot; | 1332
| 432744
| 1493.51 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 13
| [[Íomhá:CHE Canton de Neuchâtel COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12738|cantún Neuchâtel]]''
| NE
| [[Neuchâtel (cathair)|Neuchâtel]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1034&quot; | 1034
| 178291
| 802.24 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Fhraincis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 14
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12592|cantún Nidwalden]]''
| NW
| ''[[:d:Q63931|Stans]]''
| data-sort-value=&quot;1291&quot; | 1291
| 45016
| 275.85 ciliméadar cearnach
| ''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 15
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Obwalden matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12573|cantún Obwalden]]''
| OW
| ''[[:d:Q63964|Sarnen]]''
| data-sort-value=&quot;1291&quot; | 1291
| 39272
| 490.58 ciliméadar cearnach
| ''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 16
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12697|cantún Schaffhausen]]''
| SH
| [[Schaffhausen]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1501&quot; | 1501
| 87111
| 298.42 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 17
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Schwyz matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12433|cantún Schwyz]]''
| SZ
| [[Schwyz]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1240&quot; | 1240
| 167403
| 907.88 ciliméadar cearnach
| ''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 18
| [[Íomhá:CHE Solothurn SO COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11929|cantún Solothurn]]''
| SO
| [[Solothurn]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1481&quot; | 1481
| 286844
| 790.45 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 19
| [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12746|cantún St. Gallen]]''
| SG
| [[Sankt Gallen]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1803&quot; | 1803
| 535114
| 2030.75 ciliméadar cearnach
| ''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 20
| [[Íomhá:CHE Thurgau COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12713|cantún Thurgau]]''
| TG
| [[Frauenfeld]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1803&quot; | 1803
| 295220
| 991.77 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 21
| [[Íomhá:CHE Ticino COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12724|cantún Ticino]]''
| TI
| [[Bellinzona]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1803&quot; | 1803
| 358903
| 2812.15 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Iodáilis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 22
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Uri matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12404|cantún Uri]]''
| UR
| ''[[:d:Q68150|Altdorf]]''
| data-sort-value=&quot;1291&quot; | 1291
| 37931
| 1076.57 ciliméadar cearnach
| ''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 23
| [[Íomhá:CHE Valais COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q834|cantún Valais]]''
| VS
| [[Sion]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1815&quot; | 1815
| 365844
| 5224.5 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Fhraincis]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1366643|Ard-Ghearmáinis na hEilvéise]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 24
| [[Íomhá:CHE Vaud COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q12771|cantún Vaud]]''
| VD
| [[Lausanne]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1803&quot; | 1803
| 845870
| 3211.94 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Fhraincis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 25
| [[Íomhá:Wappen Zug matt.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11933|cantún Zug]]''
| ZG
| [[Zug (cathair)|Zug]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1352&quot; | 1352
| 132556
| 238.73 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 26
| [[Íomhá:CHE Zürich COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11943|cantún Zürich]]''
| ZH
| [[Zürich]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1351&quot; | 1351
| 1620020
| 1729 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Ghearmáinis]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 27
| [[Íomhá:CHE Canton de Genève écu seul COA.svg|center|128px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11917|cantún na Ginéive]]''
| GE
| [[an Ghinéiv]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1815&quot; | 1815
| 524410
| 282.49 ciliméadar cearnach
| [[an Fhraincis]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1480152|Swiss French]]''
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123/Clár Dubh/Sumelocenna/Clár Dubh</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326695</id>
      <parentid>1296525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T12:08:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Guliolopez</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Guliolopez moved page [[Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123/Clár Dubh]] to [[Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123/Clár Dubh/Sumelocenna/Clár Dubh]] without leaving a redirect: User sandbox/draft would ideally be under sandbox/draft - rather than user page. Alternative to deletion</comment>
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      <text bytes="2513" sha1="ryf6dyqzt4vqjdfmty9hef12av0wlqr" xml:space="preserve">=== ''LIMES'' IMPIREACHT na RÓIMHE ===
Ba é an ''limes'' teorainn [[Impireacht na Róimhe]] ón 1ú C. go dtí an 5ú C. AD, sa [[An Bhreatain|Bhreatain]], ar Mhór-Roinn na hEorpa, san [[An Áise Bheag|Áise Bheag]], sa [[Mheánoirthear]] agus san [[An Afraic|Afraic]]. Go deimhin, mhair an limes go dtí an 6ú nó an 7ú céad féin, in áiteanna ar theorainn na hImpireachta thoir, sa Mheánoirthear agus san Afraic.

Ciallaíonn an focal Laidine '''limes''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' 'teorainn' sa Ghaeilge. 

Ba iad an t-arm agus an cabhlach Rómhánach a rinne an ''limes'' a chosaint.

Sciaranna móra den ''limes'', ba chonstaicí nádúrtha a bhí i gceist: aibhneacha móra nó sliabhraonta nó ceantair fhásaigh. Ach i gceantair nárbh ann do chonstaicí aiceanta, rinneadh an teorainn a dhaingniú le pailíseana adhmaid, nó, in áiteana ar leith, le himeacht aimsire, le ballaí cloiche. Ar feadh na líne tógadh túir faire, iad uile laistigh de raon radhairc a chéile. Agus achar beag siar ón ''limes'' tógadh campaí míleata, go minic le spás do 500 - 1,000 saighdiúir, idir shlua coise agus mharcshlua. Níos sia siar arís ón ''limes'' bhí campaí léigiúnda suite, na mílte saighdiúr ar fáil iontu le seoladh chuig an teorainn, sa gcás go raibh mórionsaí faoi réir nó ar siúl ag naimhde seactracha.

Anuas air sin bhí cabhlaigh ag na Rómhánaigh ar na haibhneacha móra ar chodanna dílse den ''limes'' iad, ina measc an ''Classis Germanica'' ar abhainn na Réine agus an ''Classis Pannonica'' ar abhainn na Danóibe.


'''Foinsí:'''

Mario Becker, Egon Schallmayer: &quot;Limes&quot;. In: ''Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA)''. 2. Auflage. Band 18, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-11-016950-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 403–442.

Sonja Jilek (Hrsg.): ''Grenzen des Römischen Imperiums''. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 2006, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8053-3429-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Wolfgang Moschek: ''Der Limes, Grenze des Imperium Romanum''. Primus Verlag, Darmstadt, 2010, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-89678-833-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

René Ployer, Marinus Polak, Ricarda Schmidt: ''The Frontiers of the Roman Empire. A thematic study and proposed World Heritage Nomination strategy.'' Phoibos Verlag, Wien 2019, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-85161-207-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 

=== '''Nascanna seachtracha:''' ===
* Frontiers of the Roman Empire: UNESCO Official Website: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430/
* [http://www.limesstrasse.de/ Homepage des Vereins Deutsche Limes-Straße e. V.: //www.limesstrasse.de/]☀</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123/Clár Dubh/Sumelocenna</title>
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      <id>1326694</id>
      <parentid>1311399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T12:08:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Guliolopez</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Guliolopez moved page [[Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123]] to [[Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123/Clár Dubh/Sumelocenna]] without leaving a redirect: User sandbox/draft would ideally be under sandbox/draft - rather than user page. Alternative to deletion</comment>
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      <text bytes="5053" sha1="kr5l5nakarrbs2jxxzqx2hiwjp1zo4e" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|Out of project scope}}== '''Sumelocenna''' ==
Baile Rómhánach a bhí lonnaithe ar abhainn an Neckar sa chúige Rómhánach Germania Superior ab ea Sumelocenna. Seasann an baile Rottenburg am Neckar ([[Baden-Württemberg]]) ar an suíomh céanna anois in iardheisceart na [[An Ghearmáin|Gearmáine]].

Dealraíonn sé gur bunaíodh an baile Rómhánach thart ar 110 AD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zur Datierung römischer Militäranlagen im obergermanisch-raetischen Limesgebiet.|last=Kortüm|first=Klaus|date=1998|journal=Saalburg-Jahrbuch|volume=49|pages=5-65|publisher=Zabern|location=Mainz}}&lt;/ref&gt; le linn aimsir an Impire Tráiain nó b'fhéidir tamall de bhlianta níos túisce, idir 85 agus 90 AD nuair a bhí an tImpire [[Domitianus]] i réim &lt;ref&gt;Karin Heiligmann: Sumelocenna – Römisches Stadtmuseum Rottenburg am Neckar. 2., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1073-X&lt;/ref&gt; Tá leidí láidre ann gur láthair chónaithe do phobail eile roimh aimsir na Rómhánach a bhí ann. Tá teisteanna don logainm Sumelocenna ar fáil ar roinnt inscríbhinní a fuarthas i Rottenburg agus i mbailte Rómhánacha eile.&lt;ref&gt;Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) XIII, 06358,  CIL XIII, 06365&lt;/ref&gt; De bhunadh Ceilteach, b'fhéidir, an logainm.

Tréigeadh an baile thart ar 260 AD de bharr ionsaithe ag na Allemanni, treabh láidir bharbartha, agus níor thangathas ar aon fhianaise gur filleadh arís air.  Thart ar an am céanna chaill na Rómhánaigh a ngreim dhaingean ar chríocha na ''Agri Decumates'' mar a raibh an baile suite, é féin agus an ''civitas'' mórthímpeall air, ''Civitas Sumelocennensis''. Níor ghabh an Impireacht forlámhas iomlán ar na críocha sin ariamh arís eile ina dhiaidh sin.

Achar 28 heictéar nó mar sin a bhí ag an mbaile laistigh dá bhalla cosanta nuair a bhí sé i mbarr a mhaitheasa, idir c. 150 agus 200 AD. Bhí tithe tógtha laismuigh den bhalla cosanta chomh maith ar achar a bhí chomh mór le achar an bhaile chosanta féin.&lt;ref&gt;Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: 'Die Römische Stadt Sumelocenna', in: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.:) ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 281–289, 283–284.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nuair a bhí an baile i mbarr a mhaitheasa bhí sé ar na bailte Rómhánacha ba thábhachtaí ar an taobh ó dheas d'abhainn na Réine. Bhí roinnt mílte áitritheoirí ann. Dealraíonn sé gur dearnadh príomhbhaile den cheantar ''Civitas Sumelocennensis'' é thart ar 150 AD.&lt;ref&gt;Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: 'Die römische Wasserleitung von Rommelstal bis Rottenburg' In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, 290f&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá go leor iarsmaí ón aimsir Rómhánach á gcoinneáil san iarsmalann i mbaile Rottenburg am Neckar (Römisches Stadtmuseum)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rottenburg.de/sumelocenna+museum.49255.htm|teideal=Sumelocenna - Römisches Stadtmuseum}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cuid suntasach dá bhfuil ar taispeáint ann ná iarsma de chóras leithris phoiblí an bhaile (''cloacae''), sin agus cuid mhaith d'fhoirgneamh folcadáin. Maítear gurb é an iarsma is iomláine dá leithéid de chóras leithris í ó aimsir [[Impireacht na Róimhe]] taobh amuigh den Iodáil. Lasmuigh den iarsmalann, tá a bhfuil fágtha d'fhoirgneamh folcadáin eile in íoslach na hiarbhunscoile Eugen-Bolz-Gymnasium (Mechthildstraße 2, 72108 Rottenburg am Neckar), &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.schwaebischealb.de/attraktionen/roemische-badeanlagen#/article/5c577a15-abeb-40d6-b441-f0ca94008a14|teideal=Thermae Rómhánach in íoslach na scoile Eugen-Bolz-Gymnasium}}&lt;/ref&gt; é coinnithe go maith agus é ar oscailt don phobal.

=== '''Litríocht:''' ===
·  Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: Römische Stadt Sumelocenna. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 281–289.

·  Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: Die römische Wasserleitung von Rommelstal bis Rottenburg. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 290f.

·  Jörg Heiligmann: Römisches Brandgräberfeld Rottenburg – Hailfingen. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555 3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 290.

·  Karin Heiligmann: Sumelocenna – Römisches Stadtmuseum Rottenburg am Neckar. 2., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1073-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

·  Dieter Planck: Römische Quelle Rottenburg – Bad Niedernau. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 289f.

----
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <id>1326696</id>
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        <username>Guliolopez</username>
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      <text bytes="5022" sha1="8j6zdx9f05b35p624csxoqt7wjclqrg" xml:space="preserve">== '''Sumelocenna''' ==
Baile Rómhánach a bhí lonnaithe ar abhainn an Neckar sa chúige Rómhánach Germania Superior ab ea Sumelocenna. Seasann an baile Rottenburg am Neckar ([[Baden-Württemberg]]) ar an suíomh céanna anois in iardheisceart na [[An Ghearmáin|Gearmáine]].

Dealraíonn sé gur bunaíodh an baile Rómhánach thart ar 110 AD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zur Datierung römischer Militäranlagen im obergermanisch-raetischen Limesgebiet.|last=Kortüm|first=Klaus|date=1998|journal=Saalburg-Jahrbuch|volume=49|pages=5-65|publisher=Zabern|location=Mainz}}&lt;/ref&gt; le linn aimsir an Impire Tráiain nó b'fhéidir tamall de bhlianta níos túisce, idir 85 agus 90 AD nuair a bhí an tImpire [[Domitianus]] i réim &lt;ref&gt;Karin Heiligmann: Sumelocenna – Römisches Stadtmuseum Rottenburg am Neckar. 2., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1073-X&lt;/ref&gt; Tá leidí láidre ann gur láthair chónaithe do phobail eile roimh aimsir na Rómhánach a bhí ann. Tá teisteanna don logainm Sumelocenna ar fáil ar roinnt inscríbhinní a fuarthas i Rottenburg agus i mbailte Rómhánacha eile.&lt;ref&gt;Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) XIII, 06358,  CIL XIII, 06365&lt;/ref&gt; De bhunadh Ceilteach, b'fhéidir, an logainm.

Tréigeadh an baile thart ar 260 AD de bharr ionsaithe ag na Allemanni, treabh láidir bharbartha, agus níor thangathas ar aon fhianaise gur filleadh arís air.  Thart ar an am céanna chaill na Rómhánaigh a ngreim dhaingean ar chríocha na ''Agri Decumates'' mar a raibh an baile suite, é féin agus an ''civitas'' mórthímpeall air, ''Civitas Sumelocennensis''. Níor ghabh an Impireacht forlámhas iomlán ar na críocha sin ariamh arís eile ina dhiaidh sin.

Achar 28 heictéar nó mar sin a bhí ag an mbaile laistigh dá bhalla cosanta nuair a bhí sé i mbarr a mhaitheasa, idir c. 150 agus 200 AD. Bhí tithe tógtha laismuigh den bhalla cosanta chomh maith ar achar a bhí chomh mór le achar an bhaile chosanta féin.&lt;ref&gt;Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: 'Die Römische Stadt Sumelocenna', in: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.:) ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 281–289, 283–284.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nuair a bhí an baile i mbarr a mhaitheasa bhí sé ar na bailte Rómhánacha ba thábhachtaí ar an taobh ó dheas d'abhainn na Réine. Bhí roinnt mílte áitritheoirí ann. Dealraíonn sé gur dearnadh príomhbhaile den cheantar ''Civitas Sumelocennensis'' é thart ar 150 AD.&lt;ref&gt;Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: 'Die römische Wasserleitung von Rommelstal bis Rottenburg' In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, 290f&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá go leor iarsmaí ón aimsir Rómhánach á gcoinneáil san iarsmalann i mbaile Rottenburg am Neckar (Römisches Stadtmuseum)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rottenburg.de/sumelocenna+museum.49255.htm|teideal=Sumelocenna - Römisches Stadtmuseum}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cuid suntasach dá bhfuil ar taispeáint ann ná iarsma de chóras leithris phoiblí an bhaile (''cloacae''), sin agus cuid mhaith d'fhoirgneamh folcadáin. Maítear gurb é an iarsma is iomláine dá leithéid de chóras leithris í ó aimsir [[Impireacht na Róimhe]] taobh amuigh den Iodáil. Lasmuigh den iarsmalann, tá a bhfuil fágtha d'fhoirgneamh folcadáin eile in íoslach na hiarbhunscoile Eugen-Bolz-Gymnasium (Mechthildstraße 2, 72108 Rottenburg am Neckar), &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.schwaebischealb.de/attraktionen/roemische-badeanlagen#/article/5c577a15-abeb-40d6-b441-f0ca94008a14|teideal=Thermae Rómhánach in íoslach na scoile Eugen-Bolz-Gymnasium}}&lt;/ref&gt; é coinnithe go maith agus é ar oscailt don phobal.

=== '''Litríocht:''' ===
·  Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: Römische Stadt Sumelocenna. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 281–289.

·  Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: Die römische Wasserleitung von Rommelstal bis Rottenburg. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 290f.

·  Jörg Heiligmann: Römisches Brandgräberfeld Rottenburg – Hailfingen. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555 3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 290.

·  Karin Heiligmann: Sumelocenna – Römisches Stadtmuseum Rottenburg am Neckar. 2., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1073-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

·  Dieter Planck: Römische Quelle Rottenburg – Bad Niedernau. In: Philipp Filtzinger, Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (Hrsg.) ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8062-1555-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;, S. 289f.

----
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip</title>
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
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      <comment>/* */ Typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="8087" sha1="ep0fwgkocr0cfufyhk5y300frat24js" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:CO2_emissions_EU.svg | mion | Rátaí astaíochtaí CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; thar na blianta san [[Aontas Eorpach]]]]
[[Íomhá:Co-emissions-per-capita (2).png | mion | Astaíochtaí CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per capita san AE]]
[[Íomhá:CO2 emission pie chart.svg | mion | [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|Astaíochtaí CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ar fud an domhain]], 2023]]

Is sraith de thionscnaimh beartais é an '''Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip'''&lt;ref name=iate /&gt; (Béarla: '''European Green Deal''').  Glacadh é sa bhliain 2020 ag an [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún Eorpach]], chun go raibh an [[Aontas Eorpach]] (AE) [[astaíochtaí neodrach]] le taobh [[gás ceaptha teasa]] faoin mbliain 2050.&lt;ref name=politico2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  Déanfar athbhreithniú ar reachtaíocht reatha, agus déanfar reachtaíocht nua ar [[geilleagar ciorclach]], [[athchóiriú foirgneamh]], [[bithéagsúlacht]], talamhaíocht agus [[nuálaíocht]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; 

Dar le hUachtarán an Choimisiúin [[Ursula von der Leyen]], bheadh an sa chomhaontú ná &quot;man on the moon&quot; na hEorpa.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  Ar an 13 Nollaig 2019, rinne [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] an cinneadh chun an comhaontú a chur i bhfeidhm, le scar-rogha don [[an Pholainn|Pholainn]].&lt;ref name=guardian2019 /&gt;  Ar an 15 Eanáir 2020, thug [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] tacú leis an gcomhaontú, ach iarradh ar tuilleadh uaillmhéibe.&lt;ref name=interest2020 /&gt;  Bliain ina dhiaidh sin, glacadh leis an an Dlí Aeráide Eorpach, a deir gur gá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] nua lú ná 55% sa bhliain 2030 na mar a bhí sa bhliain 1990.  Feictear sa phacáiste [[Oiriúnach do 55]] conas a bhainfidh an t-Aontas an sprioc seo amach.&lt;ref name=grantham2023 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eib2022 /&gt;&lt;ref name=fit55 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Jaeger2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=netzero /&gt;  Mar shampla, tiocfaidh [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh]] a Dó (ETS2) i bhfeidhm sa bhliain 2027.  Dún chéad uair riamh, beidh costas ar astaíochtaí CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ginte ag na hearnálacha tógála agus iompar bóthair.&lt;ref name=ETS2 /&gt;

Tá ann sa Chomhaontú Glas bearta éigin chun tíortha atá fós ag brath ar {{h|breosla iontaise}} a cuidiú le linn an aistrithe chuig [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]].&lt;ref name=eib2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Geden2020 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iigcc /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2019, ceapadh [[Frans Timmermans]] mar LeasUachtarán Feidhmiúcháin an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh le freagracht as an gComhaontú.  Tháinig [[Maroš Šefčovič]] i gcomharba air sa bhliain 2023,&lt;ref name=climateaction /&gt; agus [[Teresa Ribera]] sa bhliain 2024.

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Dlí Athchóirithe Nádúir an Aontais Eorpaigh]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3582003/ga | teideal = Téarma: an Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 06-08-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=politico2019&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/the-commissions-green-deal-plan-unveiled/ | teideal = Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled | sloinne = Tamma | ainm = Paola | last2=Schaart | first2=Eline | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | work = politico.eu | dátarochtana = 29 Nollaig 2019 | last3=Gurzu | first3=Anca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/eu-commission-unveils-european-green-deal-the-key-points/ | teideal = EU Commission unveils 'European Green Deal': The key points | sloinne = Simon | ainm = Frédéric | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | work = euractiv.com | dátarochtana = 29 Nollaig 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=guardian2019&gt;{{Cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/13/european-green-deal-to-press-ahead-despite-polish-targets-opt-out | teideal = European Green Deal to press ahead despite Polish targets opt-out | sloinne = Rankin | ainm = Jennifer | dáta = 13 Nollaig 2019 | work = The Guardian | dátarochtana = 29 Nollaig 2019 | issn = 0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=interest2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/parliament-supports-european-green-deal/ | teideal = Parliament supports European Green Deal | sloinne = Benakis| ainm = Theodoros | dáta = 15 Eanáir 2020 | work =European Interest | dátarochtana = 20 Eanáir 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=grantham2023&gt;{{Cite report | url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Climate-change-law-in-Europe-what-do-new-EU-climate-laws-mean-for-the-courts.pdf | title=Climate change law in Europe: What do new EU climate laws mean for the courts? | last1=Higham | first1=Catherine | last2=Setzer | first2=Joana | date=March 2023 |publisher=[[Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment]] | page=3 | last3=Narulla | first3=Harj | last4=Bradeen | first4=Emily | access-date=2 Aibreán 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ETS2&gt;{{cite news | teideal = New EU scheme could hike petrol, gas prices higher than expected, key lawmakers admit | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/new-eu-scheme-could-hike-petrol-gas-prices-higher-than-expected-key-lawmakers-admit/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 13 Breataine 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

&lt;ref name=iigcc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = €33 trillion investor group: strong EU climate targets key to economic recovery &amp; future growth | work = iigcc.org | url = https://www.iigcc.org/news/e33-trillion-investor-group-strong-eu-climate-targets-key-to-economic-recovery-future-growth/ | dátarochtana = 20 Bealtaine 2021 | archive-date = 9 Eanáir 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230109195100/https://www.iigcc.org/news/e33-trillion-investor-group-strong-eu-climate-targets-key-to-economic-recovery-future-growth/ | archivedate = 9 Eanáir 2023 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20230109195100/https://www.iigcc.org/news/e33-trillion-investor-group-strong-eu-climate-targets-key-to-economic-recovery-future-growth/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Geden2020&gt;{{Cite journal | title=Unconventional Mitigation | url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2020RP08/ | access-date=20 Bealtaine 2021 | journal=SWP Research Paper | year=2020 | doi=10.18449/2020RP08 | last1=Geden | first1=Oliver | last2=Schenuit | first2=Felix | author3=Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eib2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = International investors enter Poland renewable energy market after rule change | url = https://www.eib.org/en/stories/poland-renewable-energy | dátarochtana = 20 Breataine 2021 | work = European Investment Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=netzero&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Net Zero Coalition | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition | dátarochtana = 23 Nollaig 2022 | work = United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Jaeger2021&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Jaeger | first1=Carlo | last2=Mielke | first2=Jahel | last3=Schütze | first3=Franziska | last4=Teitge | first4=Jonas | last5=Wolf | first5=Sarah | date=2021 | title=The European Green Deal – More Than Climate Neutrality | url=https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2021/number/2/article/the-european-green-deal-more-than-climate-neutrality.html | journal=Intereconomics | volume=2021 | issue=2 | pages=99–107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=fit55&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 23 Nollaig 2022 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eib2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Europe needs to forge ahead with renewable energy | url = https://www.eib.org/en/stories/renewable-energy-europe-africa | dátarochtana = 23 Nollaig 2022 | work = European Investment Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=climateaction&gt;{{lua idirlín  | sloinne = Mathiesen | ainm = Karl | last2=Weise | first2=Zia | last3=Lynch | first3=Suzanne | dáta = 22 Lúnasa 2023 | teideal = Šefčovič replaces Timmermans as EU Green Deal chief | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/frans-timmermans-quit-eu-climate-chief-return-dutch-politics/ | dátarochtana = 31 Nollaig 2023 | work = [[Politico Europe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]]</text>
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      <comment>Redirects are cheap. Minor capitalisation variation can be a redirect. &quot;R from other capitalisation&quot; very common on other projects...</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Teimpléad:Bogsa Mìle Bliadhna</title>
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        <username>Mullafacation</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Bhog Mullafacation an leathanach [[Teamplaid:Bogsa Mìle Bliadhna]] go [[Teimpléad:Bogsa Mìle Bliadhna]]: Ag bogadh go teideal ceart</comment>
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      <text bytes="1020" sha1="2dnyme52xgmzzlb4967d4m9h3r5fr4r" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar|name=Bogsa na Mìle Bliadhna|class=hlist
|heading1=[[Mìle Bliadhna]]
|heading1style = padding-top: 1em;
|content1=
*{{dr|m|m|{{{1|1}}}|-1|y}}
*{{dr|m|m|{{{1|1}}}|0|{{#switch:{{{1|1}}}|1=ya|y}}}}
*{{dr|m|m|{{{1|1}}}|1|{{#switch:{{{1|1}}}|-1|1=ya|y}}}}
|heading2=[[Linntean]]
|content2=
*{{dr|m|c|{{{1|1}}}|0}}
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{{documentation|content=
{{Millenniumbox}}
Cruth bunaiteach:
{{-}}
{{Millenniumbox|3}}
{{Millenniumbox|-1}}
Bidh an teamplaid seo a’ cruthachadh bogsa seòlaidh airson artaigil mìle bliadhna. Tha na h-eisimpleirean air an làimh dheis air an cruthachadh le bhith a’ cleachdadh &lt;nowiki&gt;{{millenniumbox|3}} agus {{millenniumbox|-1}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

[[Roinn-seòrsa:Teamplaidean linn eachdraidheil|Millenniumbox]]
}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1577" sha1="1nmzort0sor6uc6pvb2u64qbryywwd9" xml:space="preserve">[[:en:User:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Béarla]], [[:pl:Wikipedysta:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Polainnis]]

Seo mo leathanach úsáideora, cruthaím agus eagraím ailt a bhaineann le iarnróid Pholainne agus uaireanta tugaimse le do thoil le hailt eachtracha a bhaineann le iarnróid freisin. Uaireanta bíonn mé ag bailiú agus ag filleadh buidéil taisce (kaucja).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Íomhá:Baureihe 35.1097 w Jaworzynie Śląskiej.jpg|Inneall dóiteáin Ghearmáin Thoir [[DR Aicme 23.10|DR Aicme 35.1097]] i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Jaworzyna Śląska|Jaworzyna Śląska]]
Íomhá:Stacja kolejowa Paczków – Lokomotywy Dolata.jpg|[[Clann DR Aicme 130|BR232]]-561 agus [[PKP rang EU07|PKP Aicme EU07E]]-502 le traein i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Paczków|Paczków]]
Íomhá:S200-301.jpg|Lóistéach Seicis [[ChME3|S200]]-301 i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Kłodzko Główne|Kłodzko]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rinne ranníocaíochtaí ==

=== Alt ===
* [[IÉ 22000]]
* [[IÉ 29000]]
* [[RA1 (bunaithe ar ZIL-158V)]]
* [[IÉ 2600]]
* [[CIÉ 071]]
* [[IÉ 90000]]
* [[CIÉ 113]]
* [[CIÉ 001]]
* [[CIÉ 201]]
* [[IÉ 201]]
* [[CIÉ 8100]]
* [[CIÉ 301]]
* [[CIÉ 101]]

=== Teimpléad ===

* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Traein]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí stáisiún traenach]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí línte iarnróid]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Lóicmótair Díseil]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Aonadacha Iolracha]]
* [[Teimpléad:Aonaid il-dísealach an Aontas Sóivéadach agus státanna iarchórais Sóivéadacha]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1592" sha1="a29bb4kk6ofilgxjanv6lqzakgtqmpw" xml:space="preserve">[[:en:User:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Béarla]], [[:pl:Wikipedysta:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Polainnis]]

Seo mo leathanach úsáideora, cruthaím agus eagraím ailt a bhaineann le iarnróid Pholainne agus uaireanta tugaimse le do thoil le hailt eachtracha a bhaineann le iarnróid freisin. Uaireanta bíonn mé ag bailiú agus ag filleadh buidéil taisce (kaucja).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Íomhá:Baureihe 35.1097 w Jaworzynie Śląskiej.jpg|Inneall dóiteáin Ghearmáin Thoir [[DR Aicme 23.10|DR Aicme 35.1097]] i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Jaworzyna Śląska|Jaworzyna Śląska]]
Íomhá:Stacja kolejowa Paczków – Lokomotywy Dolata.jpg|[[Clann DR Aicme 130|BR232]]-561 agus [[PKP rang EU07|PKP Aicme EU07E]]-502 le traein i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Paczków|Paczków]]
Íomhá:S200-301.jpg|Lóistéach Seicis [[ChME3|S200]]-301 i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Kłodzko Główne|Kłodzko]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rinne ranníocaíochtaí ==

=== Alt ===
* [[IÉ 22000]]
* [[IÉ 29000]]
* [[RA1 (bunaithe ar ZIL-158V)]]
* [[IÉ 2600]]
* [[CIÉ 071]]
* [[IÉ 90000]]
* [[CIÉ 113]]
* [[CIÉ 001]]
* [[CIÉ 201]]
* [[IÉ 201]]
* [[CIÉ 8100]]
* [[CIÉ 301]]
* [[CIÉ 101]]
* [[CIÉ 401]]

=== Teimpléad ===

* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Traein]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí stáisiún traenach]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí línte iarnróid]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Lóicmótair Díseil]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Aonadacha Iolracha]]
* [[Teimpléad:Aonaid il-dísealach an Aontas Sóivéadach agus státanna iarchórais Sóivéadacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>RA1 (bunaithe ar ZIL-158V)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128111</id>
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      <text bytes="3196" sha1="5pqekdcw8c36ypj6colcdm45fkpabmy" xml:space="preserve">{{Bosca Sonraí Traein|name=RA1 bunaithe ar ZIL-158V|stocktype=Carrbhád dhá-charr|manufacturer=&quot;Krasny Put&quot;|yearconstruction=1962|numberbuilt=1|TrainLength=9,030 mm|wheeldiameter=1,050 mm|engine=ZIL-158V|Enginetype=Inneall gáis carbhdóireora ceithre bhata le sé soicind|poweroutput=2 x 81.3 kW|gauge=1,524 mm}}{{Tuairisc ghearr|Carrbhád Sóivéadach bunaithe ar mhúnla bus}}
Is carrbhád paisinéirí dhá charr é '''RA1''' ([[Rúisis]]: РА1) ([[raílbhus]]), tógtha bunaithe ar dhá bhus cathrach [[ZIL-158|ZIL-158V]].

== Cur síos ==
Ba éard a bhí i gceist leis an gcarr-réile ná iompar a dhéanamh ar oibrithe traenach ar líneanna a bhí á n-úsáid go éadrom. Ullmhaíodh an tionscadal ag biro an Phríomhaireacht Luasa agus Struchtúrtha ag an Aireacht Iarnróidí, faoi stiúir príomhdearthaí an bhoird, I. A. Burovtsev. Roghnaíodh bus [[ZIL-158|ZIL-158V]], a tháirgadh ón 1961 go dtí 1970, mar bhunús le haghaidh iompar ar an iarnród.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://nnm.me/blogs/thread1/relsovye-avtomobili/|title=''Петров В.'' Рельсовые автомобили|date=2013-10-19|language=Rúisis|access-date=2026-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134715/http://nnm.me/blogs/thread1/relsovye-avtomobili/|archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tógadh an carr traenach ó dhá bhus cathrach, lena ndeiridh ar chúl ceangailte le couper. Nuair a bhí sé ag bogadh, tháinig an carr tosaigh mar an carr (mótar) leagtha amach, agus ba é an carr ar chúl an carr tiomáinte. Cuireadh roth nua cruach 1,050 mm (3 troigh 5 nchéad) trastomhas ina n-áit ar rothlaithe na mbusanna féin, agus socraíodh leithead rian de 1,524 mm (5.000 troigh) seachas an 2,116 mm (6 troigh 11.3 nchéad) tosaigh agus 1,806 mm (5 troigh 11.1 nchéad) ar chúl a bhí ann roimhe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.autowp.ru/zil/158/specifications/|title=Технические характеристики ЗИЛ-158|language=Rúisis|access-date=2026-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210922/https://www.autowp.ru/zil/158/specifications/|archive-date=2018-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suiteáladh doras eile ar an taobh clé ag cúl gach bus. Chomh maith leis sin, cuireadh trealamh breise ar fáil, lena n-áirítear bosca gainimh.

Réamh-thábhacht bhíodh tógtha ar an carrbhád ag monarchan Krasny Put i lár 1962. Cuireadh ar aghaidh é le haghaidh tástála ar an raon turgnamhach ag VNIIZhT i riarachán na lóistíní díosail agus áiseanna lóistín. Thaispeáin na tástálacha go raibh na hubaí rothaí ar an carrbhád, nach raibh nasc daingean nó insliú aerúcháin acu, ag fulaingt ualaí méadaithe go trasnánach agus fada. Chuir fórsaí tionchair na boltacha lag go dtí, tháinig creathanna ar an gcorp, agus mhéadaigh na gluaiseachtaí trasnánacha. Tháinig an coiste tástála ar chonclúid diúltach toisc nach raibh na riachtanais sábháilteachta á gcomhlíonadh, agus dhiúltaigh an carrbhád cead a fháil don tseirbhís. Ag an am céanna, tugadh faoi deara nach raibh aon bhrí le tástálacha breise.

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Aonaid il-dísealach an Aontas Sóivéadach agus státanna iarchórais Sóivéadacha}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>IÉ 29000</title>
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      <text bytes="2528" sha1="s11y3dlhs0s0h1e3xy6tnnxsrtdpwln" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Aonad il-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Traein|image=File:Dublin Connolly, Commonly Called Connolly Station - panoramio (5).jpg|caption=IÉ 29000 ag [[Stáisiún Uí Chonghaile]] sa bhliain 2007|stocktype=Aonad il-Díosail|service=30 Meitheamh 2003 – an lá inniu|manufacturer=[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]|family=[[CxK]]|yearconstruction=2002–2005|numberbuilt=29 Sraitheanna Traenach|formation=4 carr|fleetnumbers=29001–29029|capacity=185|operator=[[Commuter (Iarnród Éireann)|Commuter]]|depots=Dépó traenach Droichead Átha|lines={{Plainlist|
* Bhaile Átha Cliath–Ros Láir
* Dhún Dealgan Clarke–Baile Átha Cliath
* Bhaile Átha Cliath–Longfort
}}|background=#33a02c|name=IÉ 29000}}

Is cineál [[aonaid il-díosail]] '''Iarnród Éireann''' '''29000 Class''' (ar dtús '''2900''' '''Class''') a oibrítear ag [[Iarnród Éireann]]. Bhí na h-aonaid tógtha sa [[Spáinn]] ag [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] i dhá bháis idir 2002 agus 2005.

== Cur síos ==
Rinne Iarnród Éireann ordú ar aonad iolrach rang 2900 in 2000 ó CAF, a chéad ordú ón monaróir ó Éirinn. Seachadadh an chéad aonad i Feabhra 2002, agus thosaigh siad go luath ag tástáil i Luimneach. Chuaigh na chéad aonaid i mbun seirbhíse i Meitheamh na bliana sin ar an tseirbhís Commuter Thuaidh, ag ionadú coistí Marc 3 a bhí á tiomáint le locamóitíf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tailtetours.com/post/celebrating-20-years-of-the-29000-class-irish-railcars|title=Celebrating 20 years of the 29000 class Irish railcars|date=2023-07-12|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mar thoradh ar rath an ranga, ordaithear 9 shraith bhreise, ag teacht isteach sa trácht ag deireadh 2005. Ó nár raibh líon go leor saor don bhreiseán sa raon 29xx, d’éirigh leis an rang é bheith sa 29000s (rugadh uimhreacha de réir sraithe seachas go mbeadh uimhir ag gach carráiste aonair).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Cuireadh an rang i láthair sa luaidhe dorcha gorm “Commuter”, rud a chiallaigh gurbh iad na chéad stoc baile neamh-[[DART]] nach raibh á sheachadadh i dubh agus oráiste ó thuaisceart na 1960idí. Ó thús na 2010idí, thug an rang tús le cóiriú athdheilbhíne i luaidhe dhubhtha toin-ghlas. Fuair na haonaid dheireanacha a fuair an luaidhe seo i 2022 é mar fhilleadh vinile in ionad athphéintéireachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Catcómhaoin}}{{Éire Aonadacha Iolracha}}</text>
      <sha1>s11y3dlhs0s0h1e3xy6tnnxsrtdpwln</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>IÉ 2600</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>76476</id>
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      <text bytes="3130" sha1="fjpncdte6wtiiqj5g7bbnr7o2ggiirs" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Aonad il-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Traein|image=File:2600 class railcar set at Kent Station, Cork - geograph.org.uk - 6330429.jpg|caption=IÉ 2600 ag [[Stáisiún Cheannt (Corcaigh)|stáisiún Cheannt]] i g[[Corcaigh]] i 2019|stocktype=Aonad il-Díosail|service=16 Bealtaine 1994 – an lá inniu|background=#33a02c|manufacturer=[[Japan Transport Engineering Company|Tokyu Car Corporation]]|family=Tokyu Commuter|replaced=Lóicómótaracha agus carracha|constructed=1993&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web-en||url=https://www.irishrail.ie/en-ie/about-us/iarnrod-eireann-fleet/commuter-fleet|title=Iarnród Éireann Commuter Fleet Information|dáta rochtana=2026-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;|numberbuilt=17 carrbhádacha|numberservice=16 carrbhádacha (8 2-sraitheanna carrach)|fleetnumbers=2601–2617|numberscrapped=1 (2609)|capacity=130|operator=[[Commuter (Iarnród Éireann)|Commuter]]|depots=Corcaigh|lines=Bealaí Iompar Lóistín Chorcaí}}

Is cineál [[aonaid il-díosail]] é an '''Iarnróid Éireann 2600 Class''' a oibrítear ar [[Iompar Iarnróid in Éirinn|líonra iarnróid na hÉireann]] le [[Iarnród Éireann]], agus úsáidtear go príomha é do sheirbhísí [[Commuter (Iarnród Éireann)|Commuter]] gearr-iarra. Faoi láthair, tá an rang iomlán bunaithe i g[[Corcaigh]], agus úsáidtear é ar sheirbhísí áitiúla go [[Mala]], [[Mainistir na Corann]], [[An Cóbh]] agus ar sheirbhísí íosta go [[Trá Lí]]. Bhí aonaid hibrid bunaithe i [[Luimneach]] go dtí gur aistarraingíodh í sa bhliain 2012 agus stóráladh í i gCorcaigh sular scriosadh í sa bhliain 2025.

== Cur síos ==
Ba iad Rang 2600 an chéad tsraith de charaí traenach díosail a cheannaigh Iarnród Éireann, a bhí, ar feadh roinnt blianta, tar éis aonad a rith go heisiach ar sheirbhís leictreachta [[DART]]. Rinneadh ordú IR£19.5 milliún (thart ar €47M sa bhliain 2023) do iomlán seacht mbóthar traenach a thógáil ag [[Japan Transport Engineering Company|Tokyu Car Corporation]] sa t[[Seapáin]] i 1993 agus tháinig siad go Baile Átha Cliath ar an 14 Feabhra 1994 le húsáid ar sheirbhís comónta idir [[Baile Átha Cliath]] agus [[Cill Dara]]. Bhí sé seo an chéad uair a úsáidadh flot traenach Seapánach san Eoraip. Ba é an t-ábhar an chéad stoc rolling a seachadadh le livery Arrow, a úsáideadh ar dtús go heisiach chun tagairt a dhéanamh do sheirbhís choimeádta Bhaile Átha Cliath-Cill Dara ar cuireadh iad i bhfeidhm, cé gur athainmníodh iad sna 2000idí go dtí an livery nua [[Commuter (Iarnród Éireann)|Commuter]]. Ba iad seo an stoc rolling deireanach riamh a sheol Iarnród Éireann leis an lógó bunaidh IR, cé a cuireadh in áit é le leagan IÉ go luath tar éis do na traenacha dul i seirbhís.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tailtetours.com/post/the-2600-class-the-railcars-that-keep-on-going|title=The 2600 class: the railcars that keep on going|date=2023-03-06|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Catcómhaoin}}{{Éire Aonadacha Iolracha}}{{Síol-iompar_ar_iarnród}}
[[Catagóir:Ilaonaid Iarnród Éireann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 071</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128214</id>
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      <text bytes="5557" sha1="huv9mko2yg6590jo786nb1jowltexxq" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=CIÉ 071&lt;br&gt;NIR 110&lt;br&gt;ŽS Aicme 666|image=File:087, Castlrea (cropped).jpg|caption=CIÉ 071 ar thuras iarnróid IRRS i g[[An Caisleán Riabhach]] i 2015|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Division]]|serialnumber={{Plainlist|
* [[Córas Iompair Éireann|CIÉ]]/[[Iarnród Éireann|IÉ]]: 713736–713753 (071-088)
* [[Iarnróid Thuaisceart Éireann|NIR]]: 798072-1, 798072-2, 838084-1 (111/112, 113)
* [[Železnice Srbije|ŽS]]: 001–004
}}|buildmodel=JT22CW|builddate={{Plainlist|
* CIÉ: Iúil 1976
* ŽS: 1978
* NIR: Deireadh Fómhair 1980, Nollaig 1984
}}|totalproduction={{Plainlist|
* CIÉ/IÉ: 18
* NIR: 3
* ŽS: 4
}}}}

Is iarnród díosail-leictreach sraith '''EMD JT22CW''' ón [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors Electro-Motive Division]] é an '''[[Córas Iompair Éireann]]/[[Iarnród Éireann]] 071''' '''Class''' nó '''[[Iarnróid Thuaisceart Éireann|Northern Ireland Railways]] 110''' '''Class''' nó '''[[Železnice Srbije]] Aicme 666''' a úsáidtear i b[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Poblacht na hÉireann]], i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]] agus sa [[An tSeirbia|tSeirbia]].

== Córas Iompair Éireann ==
Is iad na [[Inneall traenach|locóimotafóirí]] Córas Iompair Éireann '''071''' '''Class''' na príomh-locóimotafóirí paisinéirí ar líonra traenach na hÉireann ar feadh fiche bliain ó cuireadh i láthair iad i ndeireadh na 1970idí. D’fhág siad na locóimotafóirí níos sine [[CIÉ 001]] [[CIÉ 001|Class]] agus [[NIR 101]] [[NIR 101|Class]], agus cuireadh iad féin ina n-áit de réir a chéile leis na locóimotafóirí nua [[IÉ 201|201]] [[IÉ 201|Class]].

Faoi láthair tá gach inneall CIÉ fós i seirbhís, á n-úsáid ar thraenach lasta agus an bhealach buan. Bhí NIR 112 ar iasacht fhadtéarmach chuig [[Iarnród Éireann]] ón Aibreán 2003 go Meán Fómhair 2006, nuair a tugadh ar ais é chuig Iarnróid Thuaisceart Éireann.

Shroich na locóidí Éire ar an 2 Samhain 1976 agus ceannaíodh iad chun áisiúlacht a thabhairt do rith suas le 90 mph ar na línte [[Chorcaí]] agus [[Bhéal Feirste]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.railwaymagazine.co.uk/3745/from-our-archive-master-of-mixed-traffic-forty-years-of-irelands-big-gms/|title=Master of mixed traffic – forty years of Ireland's 'big' GMs|date=2017-11-13|language=Béarla}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tharla díospóid trádaíochta a d’fhág moill shuntasach ar a gcur i bhfeidhm; cuireadh an chéad tseirbhís i bhfeidhm ar an 23 Bealtaine 1977 á tarraingt ag 082 ar an 14:30 ó [[Stáisiún Heuston|Heuston]] go [[Stáisiún Cheannt (Corcaigh)|Corcaigh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bhí an rang feistithe ar dtús le innill EMD 12-645E3B ach uasghrádaíodh iad go sonraíocht 12-645E3C sa bhliain 1992, chomh maith le húsáid damperanna casachta chun fadhbanna maidir le droch-chaighdeán ina dturas agus scoilteanna ar na bogies ag luasanna ard a réiteach.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

I Mí Shamhain 2006, thosaigh IÉ ar chlár athchóirithe de dhóichead a dó aonad amháin, ag fágáil cinniúint a sé aonad eile ina cheist. Faoin 2009, bhí fiche a ceathair 071 tar éis an 'Dath Aistarraingthe Lastais' nua a fháil, áfach níor fuair gach aonad athchóiriú. Bhí na heinsím a fuair athphéinteáil isteach sa dath nua ná: Uimhreacha 071, 072, 073, 074, 075, 076, 079, 080, 081, 082, 083, 085, 086 agus 088. Ar an Satharn 14 agus 15 Samhain 2009 úsáideadh 075 agus traein Mines Tara chun tástáil a dhéanamh ar an droichead nua i [[Droichead ardán Broadmeadow|Mullach Íde]].

I mbliana 2013 thosaigh clár athchóirithe do gach duine de na hocht mbliana a bhain le rang aolchumhacht a athbhunú, bogies athchóirithe, toin nua, cabanna nua agus dath nua liath leanaí le huimhreacha Eorpacha. Ó Mheán Fómhair 2018, tá an rang 071 iomlán athchóirithe. Tá na comhaltaí den rang a bhí as úsáid le roinnt blianta curtha ar ais chuig seirbhís i ndiaidh athchóirithe. Tar éis don rang stop a chur le seirbhísí paisinéirí a iompar, laghdaigh [[Iarnród Éireann]] luas uasta na lóistíochta go 120 km/h (75 mph) agus 80 km/h (50 mph) agus siad ag oibriú seirbhísí lasta ar leith.

I 2016, fuair roinnt ball den rang clár comórtha faoi bhreoslaithe láimhe acu mar aitheantas ar a 40 bliain seirbhíse le CIÉ agus Iarnród Éireann. Athphéinteadh Locomotive 071 ar ais chuig a bhíodh dathú bunaidh CIÉ Supertrain dubh agus oráiste i mí Bealtaine 2016, agus ba í an chéad oibríocht eile a bhí aici turas díosail RPSI ó Bhaile Átha Cliath go Port Láirge agus Comhthráid Luimneach.

I Iúil 2017, rinneadh athchóiriú agus athphéinteáil ar loictrim 073 ar ais go livery bhunúsach Iarnróid na hÉireann a dháta ó 1987 chun ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar 30ú bliain bhunaithe na cuideachta.

D’fhógair IÉ pleananna i 2023 chun ball den flot a athrú go [[Traein hidrigin|rith ar hidrigin]] le cabhair ó chomhlacht na Laoithe DIGAS. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh costas thart ar €1.5 milliún ar an tionscadal agus go bhfaighidh sé maoiniú ón [[An tAontas Eorpach|Aontas Eorpach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/hydrogen-fuel-conversion-planned-for-irish-emd-built-locomotive/|title=Hydrogen fuel conversion planned for Irish EMD-built locomotive|date=2023-03-19|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Catcómhaoin}}{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
      <sha1>huv9mko2yg6590jo786nb1jowltexxq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>IÉ 90000</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128227</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-24T12:35:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord</username>
        <id>76476</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2213" sha1="jsz9hd36813uktlr7hptz4b3uxyhhvn" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Aonad il-leictreach Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Traein|name=IÉ 90000|image=File:DART 90002 at Fairview Depot.jpg|caption=IE 90000 ag dépó traenach DART Fairview in 2025|stocktype=Aonad il-leictreach|service=2027 (Pleanáilte)|manufacturer=[[Alstom]]|assembly=[[Katowice]], [[An Pholainn]]|background=#33a02c|family=[[X'Trapolis]]|yearconstruction=2024–an lá inniu|numberbuilt=57|operator=[[Iarnród Éireann]]|depots=Dépó traenach DART Fairview|lines={{Plainlist|
* DART+ Iarthar
* DART+ Deisceart Thiar
* DART+ An Trá Thuaidh
}}}}

Is cineál [[aonaid il-leictreacha]] é '''Iarnród Éireann''' '''90000 Class'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2025/12/alstom-manufacture-additional-100-new-xtrapolis-carriages-irish-rail|title=Alstom to manufacture an additional 100 new X’trapolis carriages for Irish Rail|date=2025-12-22|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; a chuirfear i bhfeidhm ar líonra [[DART]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]], Éire. I Nollaig 2021 roghnaigh [[Iarnród Éireann]] [[Alstom]] mar soláthraí suas le 750 carráiste, i dtraenacha cúig nó deich carráiste, agus rinne sé ordú tosaigh de 19 traein chúig charráiste, 13 acu a bheidh ina [[Aonad il-leictreach ceallraí|aonaid il-leictreacha bainte le ceallraí]] (BEMU).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.modernrailways.com/article/new-fleet-dart|title=New fleet for the DART|date=2022-01-26|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ordú dara ceann i Nollaig 2022 do 18 BEMU cúig charráiste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/suburban-and-commuter-rail/first-battery-electric-train-for-dublins-dart-network-unveiled/66471.article|title=First battery-electric train for Dublin's DART+ network unveiled|date=2024-05-07|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh ordú tríú de 20 aonad i Nollaig 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/leinster/2025/1222/1550137-dart-fleet-replacement/|title=DART fleet to be replaced with energy-efficient carriages|date=2025-12-22|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Éire Aonadacha Iolracha}}{{Síol-iompar ar iarnród}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 113</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326707</id>
      <parentid>1326649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T12:31:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord</username>
        <id>76476</id>
      </contributor>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3414" sha1="3leohzfm0g8z3ly1sgvfnhweuh084kp" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann B class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí CIE 113)|image=File:Cultra 1.jpg|caption=B113 caomhnaithe ag [[Músaem Daonchultúir agus Iompair Uladh]] sa bhliain 2014|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Saothair iarnróid Inse Chór]]|builddate=1950–1951|totalproduction=2}}

Ba iad [[Inneall traenach|lómhaí]] [[Córas Iompair Éireann|Chóras Iompair Éireann]] '''113''' '''class''' na chéad lómhaí díosail príomhbhealaí a úsáideadh in Éirinn, a tógadh i Eanáir 1950 agus Deireadh Fómhair 1951 ag CIÉ ina [[Saothair iarnróid Inse Chór|n-Oibreacha Inse Chór]]. Cuireadh innill [[Sulzer]] 6LDA28 915 hp (682 kW) (ardaíodh go 960 hp nó 720 kW in 1956) leo, le ceithre mhótair tarraingthe [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] MV157. Ba le socrú rothaí Bo-Bo iad, mheáigh siad 80 tonna agus bhí luas uasta de 90 km/h (56 mph) acu. Ar dtús, bhí a n-uimhreacha 1100–1101 sa tsraith uimhreach lómhaithe gaile (agus ainmnithe mar rang C2a), ach ina dhiaidh sin athuimhreofar iad B113–B114 i 1957.

== Stair ==
Ba iad a bhí i gceist le dualgais tráchta measctha, ag tarraingt lasta agus traenacha paisinéirí araon. Nuair a cuireadh i láthair iad den chéad uair, úsáideadh iad ar chuid de na dualgais paisinéirí express idir [[Baile Átha Cliath]] agus [[Corcaigh]]. Mar sin féin, le teacht na lóistíocht diésail táirge (na Ranganna [[CIÉ 001|001]] agus [[CIÉ 101|101]]) ó 1955, úsáideadh na dhá lóistíocht seo níos mó le haghaidh oibre lasta, go príomha i gceantar thart ar Bhaile Átha Cliath.

D’fhulaing siad ó locht coscáin athfhillteach agus tar éis eachtra thromchúiseach i mí Lúnasa 1971 nuair a rith 114 i bhfad agus í ag obair le traein earraí, cuireadh an dá lo-líneach ar ceal le haghaidh modhnuithe a dhéanamh ar a gcuid coscán. I ndáiríre, níor cuireadh 114 ar ais riamh agus níor oibrigh 113 ach ar feadh roinnt míonna i ndeireadh 1974 sular cuireadh ar stóráil arís é freisin. Ansin, úsáidíodh iad araon ag Saotharlanna Inchicore mar chuid de bhalla fuaime le lo-línte 101. Tugadh B113 don [[Músaem Daonchultúir agus Iompair Uladh|Mhúsaem]] [[Músaem Daonchultúir agus Iompair Uladh|Daonchultúir agus Iompair Uladh]] i mí Bealtaine 2011, ach cuireadh 114 ar smidiríní i mí Márta 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.derbysulzers.com/cie.html|title=CIE 113 - 114 (1100 - 1101)|date=2004-05-12|language=Béarla|access-date=026-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coimeád ==
Chaomhnaíodh B113 ag [[Iarnród Éireann]] ag na saothair i nInse Chór, Baile Átha Cliath, agus fuair sé athchóiriú cosmaideach ansin. Ansin cuireadh ar aghaidh é go díonpháirc an RPSI i bh[[An Cionn Bán]], Contae Aontroma agus níos déanaí tógadh é go dtí Músaem na nDúchasaigh agus Iompair Uladh le haghaidh taispeántais statach i mí Eanáir 2012, in éineacht le [[NIR 101]] Uimh. 102. Faoi láthair, níl na dhá innill dhíobhála in ann rith faoi a gcumhacht féin, agus mar sin sholáthair innill [[CIÉ 071|NIR 111]], 112 agus 113, cumhacht mheicniúil don aistriú.

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Irish locomotives] - (Béarla)
{{Catcómhaoin}}{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 001</title>
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      <text bytes="3471" sha1="1uzez99koxmllxryc9efjj08w7kd49y" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann A class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí CIE 001)|image=File:23.10.93 Wellington Bridge 051 &amp; 012 (6033721762).jpg|caption=CIÉ 001 lóicómótar i 1993|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Metropolitan-Vickers]]|builddate=1954–1956|totalproduction=60}}

Déantar an loingeas [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] '''001''' '''class''' a mhonarú ag [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] ina saotharlanna i [[Dukinfield]] i [[Manchain]]. Bhí an loingeas Rang 001 mar chnámh droma d’fhearais traein paisinéirí agus lasta príomhshlí ar líonra iarnróid na hÉireann ar feadh 40 bliain ó 1955 go lár na 1990idí nuair a cuireadh ina áit iad ag an [[IÉ 201|201]] [[IÉ 201|Class]] nua.

== Stair ==
Ag breathnú ar dhí-éasú isteach mar bhealach chun oibríochtaí a dhéanamh brabúsach, chuir CIÉ ordú ar 94 innill dóiseil le tógáil ag comhlacht Briotanach ar an 5 Bealtaine 1954: caoga déag acu den chlód 'A' (níos déanaí 001 class), agus na cinn eile ina innill níos lú den [[CIÉ 201|chlód 'C']] le haghaidh obair ar línte brainse. Le comhpháirteanna ó [[Metro-Cammell|Metropolitan Cammell]], an [[English Steel Corporation]], [[Crossley|Crossley Brothers]] agus [[Metropolitan-Vickers]], chuirfear an chéad aonad ar fáil chuig Inse Chór i mí Iúil 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://irrs.ie/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/IRRS_Factsheets_CIE.pdf|title=Irish Railway Factsheet: Córas Iompair Éireann|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.irishtractiongroup.com/loco/a39r|title=A39R|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An chéad cheann den rang a tháinig isteach sa tseirbhís ná A3, a tháinig isteach sa tseirbhís ar an 27 Meán Fómhair 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.irishtractiongroup.com/loco/a3r|title=A3R|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tháinig na hinneall Crossley chun cinn go luath nach raibh siad iontaofa, agus d’éiligh CIÉ iad a chur ina áit le hinneall ó [[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Division]] de [[General Motors]]. D’aontaigh GM, go measartha, 2 inneall a sholáthar mar thriail i 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

D’fhíoróidh triailí a tionóladh thar 1968 gur rath a bhí iontu agus dá réir sin, d’athdhéanfadh an rang iomlán inneallú thar na blianta ina dhiaidh sin. Cuirthear ar sheirbhísí tánaisteacha iad tar éis thugadh isteach [[CIÉ 071|071 class]], agus baineadh an rang as seirbhís tar éis seachadadh [[IÉ 201|201]] [[IÉ 201|class]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html|title=Irish Locomotives|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html|archive-date=2008-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus tógadh an t-aonad deireanach ar 5 Aibreán 1995, le turas iarnróid ‘beannaithe’ tar éis tarrtháil ag 039 ar 23 Meán Fómhair 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Catcómhaoin}}

* [http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/003.html Leathanach gréasáin Irish Traction Group do Roinn shábháilte 001 Uimh. A3r] - (Béarla)
* [http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/039.html Leathanach gréasáin Irish Traction Group do Roinn shábháilte 001 Uimh. A39] - (Béarla)
{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 201</title>
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      <text bytes="4267" sha1="lhmuxjnrz9t15urrv4iyjcjt1tbf0sd" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann C class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí CIE 201)|image=File:23.10.93 Carrick-on-Suir 231 (6033165179).jpg|caption=CIÉ 201 lóicómótar i 1993|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Metropolitan-Vickers]]|builddate=1956–1957|totalproduction=34}}

Ba rang de 34 long-dísel leictreach iad an [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] '''201''' '''Class''' a mhonarú ag [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] ina n-Oibrithe [[Dukinfield]] i [[Manchain]]. Ba leagan níos lú, níos éadroime agus níos lú cumhachta iad de [[CIÉ 001|001 class]] agus bhí siad ar dtús beartaithe do dhualgais paisinéirí agus lasta (traffach measctha) ar línte sochoí. Cuireadh i bhfeidhm iad sa bhliain 1956 agus, cé go ndearnadh a ndualgais a athrú thar na blianta, bhí siad i seirbhís rialta ar líonra iarnróid na hÉireann go dtí lár na 1980idí. Díoladh sé acu le [[Iarnróid Thuaisceart Éireann]] (NIR) sa bhliain 1986.

== Seirbhís ==
Bhain na locamóidí seo le dhá fhadhb shonracha:

* Le linn deire na 1950idí agus tús na 1960idí, i ndiaidh foilsiú Thuarascáil Andrews (ag aithris ar [[ghearradh leathana Beeching]] sa Bhreatain), ghlac CIÉ le dúnadh ar scála mór línte coibhneasta, ag fágáil na n-inneall gan cuspóir.{{Fíoras}}
* Bhí cumhacht neamhleor ag na locamóití dá gcuid dualgais agus bhí fadhbanna iontaofachta ag a n-inneall [[Crossley]].{{Sfnp|Author last name=Boocock|Second author or year=2009|Page=56}} Aithníodh na mótair tarraingthe agus gineadóirí Metro-Vick atá ann cheana mar láidir agus coinníodh iad sa athchóiriú.{{Sfnp|Author last name=Boocock|Second author or year=2009|Page=56}}

'''Inneallacha malartacha''': Mar gheall ar na fadhbanna leis na inneallacha Crossley rinneadh iarrachtaí na lóicmóidí a chur le trealamh níos oiriúnaí. Idir 1965 agus 1980, cuireadh inneallacha [[MTU Friedrichshafen|Maybach MD650]] de 980 lón (730 kW) i nUimhreacha 233 agus 234.{{Sfnp|Author last name=Boocock|Second author or year=2009|Page=56}} Ó 1969 ar aghaidh, áfach, fuarthas réiteach buan trí gach rang a thógáil le inneallacha [[General Motors]],{{Sfnp|Author last name=Boocock|Second author or year=2009|Page=56}} próiseas cosúil leis an gceann a rinneadh roimhe seo ar an [[CIÉ 001|001 class]].{{Sfnp|Author last name=Boocock|Second author or year=2009|Page=56}}

'''Dualgais Nua:''' Ó 1969 tugadh dualgais nua don rang, ag bheith i gcomhpháirt le sean-[[aonaid il-díosail]] [[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha|2600 class]] a tiontaíodh ina racaí carráiste brú-tarraing ceithre-charr le seirbhísí bruachbhaile Thuaisceart [[Bhaile Átha Cliath]] a reáchtáil. I 1984 cuireadh leictreachas ar na línte bruachbhaile Bhaile Átha Cliath ar a n-oibrigh siad agus rialaigh [[Aonaid il-leictreach|aonaid il-leictreacha]] nua ar a dtugtar [[CIÉ 8100|8100]] [[CIÉ 8100|class]] an córas nua-ainmniúcháin Rapid Transit Cheantar Bhaile Átha Cliath ([[DART]]).]

Ba é an chéad ball den rang a báthadh ná Uimhir B201, a bhí damáiste báicéibe aige sa bhliain 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2023/0801/1397666-cie-train-explosion/|title=RTÉ Archives {{!}} War and Conflict {{!}} CIÉ Train Explosion|access-date=2026-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfnp|Author last name=Boocock|Second author or year=2009|Page=56}} Cuireadh na baill eile den rang, seachas na sé a díoladh do NIR, ar ceal thar na dhá bhliain a lean an t-oscailt ar chóras DART, tar éis dóibh 30 bliain seirbhíse a chríochnú dá n-oibreoirí.

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Foinseacha ===

* {{Cite book-en|author=Colin Boocock|date=2009-10-01|title=Locomotive Compendium Ireland|isbn=9780711033603|publisher=Ian Allan|oclc=423592044|language=Béarla}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Catcómhaoin}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013513/http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/ITG_locos/loco_226.htm Leathanach gréasáin Irish Traction Group do Roinn shábháilte 201 Uimh. 226] - (Béarla)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013557/http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/ITG_locos/loco_231.htm Leathanach gréasáin Irish Traction Group do Roinn shábháilte 201 Uimh. 231] - (Béarla)
{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>IÉ 201</title>
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      <text bytes="3095" sha1="6khd5pvf5s2tpv2h14m72lczadlxzop" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|image=File:No. 221 resting at Cork Kent Station in April of 2019.jpg|name=Iarnród Éireann / Northern Ireland Railways 201 Class|caption=IÉ 201 ag [[Stáisiún Cheannt (Corcaigh)|stáisiún Cheannt]] i g[[Corcaigh]] sa bhliain 2019|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[General Motors Diesel]]|buildmodel=JT42HCW|builddate=1994–1995|totalproduction=34}}

Is iad lóictricí [[Iarnród Éireann]] / [[Iarnróid Thuaisceart Éireann]] '''201''' '''Class''' Catagóir na lóictricí díosail is nua agus is cumhachtaí atá ag feidhmiú in Éirinn agus tógadh iad idir 1994 agus 1995 le [[General Motors Diesel]]. Is cineál samhail JT42HCW iad, feistithe le hinneall EMD [[EMD 710|12-710G3B]] de 3,200 hp (2,400 kW), meáchan 108.862 tonna (107.1 tonna fhada; 120.0 tonna ghearra) agus tá luas uasta de 102 mph (165 km/h) acu.

== Stair ==
Faoi thús na 1990idí, bhí na locmóidí a bhí ag freastal ar sheirbhísí paisinéirí in Éirinn ag éirí níos neamhúsáideach, leis an gcineál is nua sa tseirbhís ná Rang 071 a tugadh isteach in 1976. D'áirigh an [[An Tíogar Ceilteach|buaic-eacnamaíochta]] in Éirinn lár na 1990idí Iarnród Éireann le hinfheistíocht shuntasach a thosú in bhonneagar na mbóithre iarnróid, a thosaigh le hordú ar 32 locmóidí nua a bhí speisialta le haghaidh seirbhísí paisinéirí ó [[Electro-Motive Diesel|GM-EMD]]. Cheannaigh [[Iarnróid Thuaisceart Éireann]] beirt acu freisin. Cuireadh na chéad locmóidí ar fáil sa bhliain 1994, agus lean an seachadadh go dtí 1995.

Chun ligean do thástálacha glana agus oiliúint tiomána tús a chur leo roimh sheachadadh an phríomh-orda de 201 class, bheartaíodh an chéad innillreacha, uimhir 201, a iompar go Baile Átha Cliath ar aer. Úsáidadh [[Antonov An-124 Ruslan|Antonov An-124]] chun an innillre a iompar ó [[Londain, Ontario]] go [[Aerfort Bhaile Átha Cliath]], ag teacht ar an Déardaoin 9 Meitheamh 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news-en|url=https://www.joc.com/economy-watch/locomotive-makes-aviation-history_19940731.html|title=Locomotive Makes Aviation History|date=1994-07-31|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh an chéad tástáil innill éadroma ó shaotharlann Inse Chór go Cill Dara Dé Máirt 14.&lt;ref&gt;Iris IRRS 125, leathanaigh 450/451, Deireadh Fómhair 1994&lt;/ref&gt;

Faraor, bhí stair sheirbhíse mheascánach ag na locamotóirí. Thug údair ''Jane's Train Regocnition Guide faoi'' deara go raibh fadhbanna ag IÉ le tine inneall agus le scealláin bogaidh. Creidtear gur éirigh go costasach iad a choimeád, ach tá siad fós i seirbhís. Tá go leor ball den rang curtha i stóráil.&lt;ref&gt;Howard Johnston, Ken Harris, ''Jane's Train Recognition Guide'', Londain, 2005. lch. 266.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Catcómhaoin}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150222234534/http://www.irishrail.ie/about-us/intercity-1 Láithreán Gréasáin Faisnéise Fleith Iarnróid Éireann] - (Béarla)
{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 8100</title>
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      <text bytes="6098" sha1="3ut2zrjn5uo0fcqho5rh1reoz6unsl3" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Aonad il-leictreach Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Traein|name=CIÉ 8100|image=File:SEAPOINT RAILWAY STATION (ON THE OLD DUBLIN AND KINGSTON LINE)-126937 (cropped).jpg|caption=Aonad athchóirithe 8317 ag [[stáisiún Rinn na Mara]] i mí Aibreáin 2017.|background=#33a02c|stocktype=Aonad il-leictreach|service=23 Iúil 1984 – an lá inniu|manufacturer=[[Alstom Transport Germany|Linke-Hoffman-Busch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;irtt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book-en|author=Peter Jones|url=https://archive.org/details/irishrailwaystra0000jone|title=Irish Railways: Traction &amp; Travel|isbn=0947773088|publisher=Metro Enterprises|year=1987|pages=33|access-date=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;|assembly=[[Leipzig]], [[An Ghearmáin]]|replaced=[[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha]]|constructed=1983–1984|refurbishment=2005–2007|yearscrapped=2001|numberbuilt=40|numberservice=38|numberscrapped=2|formation=2 carr|fleetnumbers=DM: 8101–8140&lt;br&gt;DT: 8301–8340|capacity=128|operator=[[DART]]|depots=Dépó traenach DART Fairview|lines={{Plainlist|
* [[Stáisiún Bhinn Éadair|Bhinn Éadair]]–[[Stáisiún Bhré|Bhré]]
* [[Stáisiún Mhullach Íde|Mhullach Íde]]–[[Stáisiún na gCloch Liath|Na Clocha Liatha]]
}}}}

'''CIÉ 8100 Class''' (ar a dtugtar 8300 Class freisin) ba iad na chéad [[Aonad il-leictreach|aonad]] [[Aonad il-leictreach|il-leictreacha]] iolracha a úsáideadh ar Chóras Iompair Tapa Bhaile Átha Cliath ([[DART]]). Tógadh iad ag [[General Electric Company|GEC]] agus [[Alstom|Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] sa bhliain 1983, is aonad dhá-charr iad, agus ba iad na haonaid amháin a úsáideadh ar an DART roimh teacht [[IÉ 8200|8200]] [[IÉ 8200|Class]]. Cuireadh 40 sraith dhá-charr ar fáil, a raibh uimhreacha acu ó 8101/8301 go 8140/8340. Is gluaisteáin chumhachta iad na haonaid 81XX agus is iarnród tiomána neamh-uamhnach iad na haonaid 83XX. Tá na cábáin thiomána lán-leithead, le headráin istigh na gcarranna ceangailte le [[Nasc bealach gairaí|nasc bealach gairaíach]]. Bíonn na gluaisteáin chumhachta i gcónaí ag deireadh thuaidh an traenach, agus bíonn na traenálaithe tiomána i gcónaí ag deireadh theas.

== Stair ==
[[Íomhá:BLACKROCK DART STATION (193550035).jpg|clé|mion|Aonad il-leictreach DART neamh-athfhoirmithe (8306) ag stáisiún na g[[Stáisiún na Carraige Duibhe|Carraige Duibhe]]]]
Bhí 72 suíomh éisteachta i ngach carr saibhir go bunaidh, lena n-áirítear 16 [[Suíoch fillte|suíocháin fillte]] ag na doirse, rud a thug 176 suíomh san iomlán.&lt;ref name=&quot;irtt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book-en|author=Peter Jones|url=https://archive.org/details/irishrailwaystra0000jone|title=Irish Railways: Traction &amp; Travel|isbn=0947773088|publisher=Metro Enterprises|year=1987|pages=33|access-date=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le méadú ar líon na bpaisinéirí agus le láidreacht mhór an eapocsa i na suíocháin tip-up ag éirí mar fhéidearthacht do gortú, cuireadh na suíocháin tip-up as feidhm i ndiaidh na 1980idí.{{Fíoras}} Mar thoradh ar éileamh leanúnach na bpaisinéirí i ndeireadh na 1990idí, cuireadh seomra breise stáitíneach ar fáil trí bhaint 16 suíochán ó na traenacha tiomána 83XX gan chumhacht, ag laghdú acmhainn na suíochán go 56, rud a thug iomlán de 128 suíochán do aon aonaid 2 charr.

Nuair a tháinig na haonaid Ranga 8600 isteach i seirbhís ón mbliain 2001, rinneadh roinnt aonaid Ranga 8100 a mhodhnú chun sraitheanna sé charr a dhéanamh leo. Ó thaobh an athábharthaithe mionsonraithe thíos, níl sé sin indéanta níos mó. Na haonaid ábhartha ná 8101, 8102, 8108, 8114 go 8118, 8120, 8122, 8123, 8126, 8135 agus 8137.

D'fhill gach aonad atá fágtha ar sheirbhís i 2007 agus 2008 tar éis athchóirithe ag [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]]. Áiríodh leis seo suiteáil soilse marcáilte modhnaithe, bainadh roinnt suíochán chun níos mó spáis sheasaimh a chur ar fáil, rud a thug 64 suíochán agus spás do rothar cúil do gach traein, suiteáil córas eolais do phaisinéirí leictreonach, trealamh nua cosaint sleamhnáin roth, agus rialú tarraingte digiteach chun an córas anailógach seanbhunaithe a chur ina áit, agus suiteáil beepaire rabhadh dúnadh dorais. Bhí teorannú ar na haonaid ag rith i sraithí suas le sé charr&lt;ref name=&quot;irtt&quot; /&gt; sa bhunús, agus ar a mholadh go bhfuil intinn ag athchóiriú na n-aonad a cheadú chun oibriú i sraithí 8-charr, cé go raibh roinnt sraitheanna LHB neamh-athchóirithe tar éis oibriú i bhfoirmíochtaí 8-charr le linn 2007.{{Fíoras}}

Cosúil le haonaid eile DART, coimeádtar iad ag díog Fairview, chomh maith le bheith stáblaí i [[Stáisiún Bhré|mBré]]. Faoi Eanáir 2013, mar a tuairiscíodh sa mhagazín ITG 'Irish Mail', cuireadh tacair 8103, 8105, 8113 agus 8138 go sealadach ar stóras as seirbhís. Tugadh na haonaid seo uile ar ais go seirbhís ioncaim ach níor chuireadh 8103–8303 ar ais, a d'fhan i stóras nach raibh rith aici ó 18 Lúnasa 2010, áfach, d'fhill an t-aonad seo ar sheirbhís ioncaim ar 20 Meán Fómhair 2018.

I 2023, d’eisigh Iarnród Éireann tairiscint chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an rogha saolré na ranganna a leathnú go dtí 2034, 50 bliain ó thosnaigh siad ag feidhmiú,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://irl.eu-supply.com/ctm/Supplier/PublicPurchase/234333/1/0|title=DART Class 8100 EMU extended operation review|date=2023-02-20|language=Béarla}}&lt;/ref&gt; áfach meastar go raibh costas coinníoll na traenacha i seirbhís ró-ard agus i 2024 d’fhiafraigh Iarnród Éireann cead chun 100 carr nua de [[IÉ 90000|90000]] [[IÉ 90000|Class]] a cheannach chun rang 8100 a athsholáthar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news-en|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/transport/2024/11/21/irish-rail-seeks-approval-to-replace-original-dart-fleet-with-electric-carriages/|title=Irish Rail seeks approval to replace Dart fleet with 100 new carriages|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Catcómhaoin}}

* [https://www.irishrail.ie/en-ie/about-us/iarnrod-eireann-fleet/dart-fleet Láithreán Gréasáin Faisnéise Fleith Iarnróid Éireann] - (Béarla)
{{Éire Aonadacha Iolracha}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 301</title>
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      <text bytes="2779" sha1="skmk4uwoyd1hq0hfiqvo2ap4iw1q4jg" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar athraitheora leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=D301 Class (ar a shábháil go ginearálta ar a dtugtar &quot;D&quot; Class)|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Saothair iarnróid Inse Chór]]|builddate=1947–1948|totalproduction=5}}

Ba iad [[Inneall traenach|loimseatóidí]] '''301 Class''' de chuid [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] na chéad loimseatóidí díosail a úsáideadh ar líonra CIÉ, agus cuireadh an rang seo de 5 ar fáil idir 1947 agus 1948 ag an gcuideachta le haghaidh húsáide le haghaidh sciath, go háirithe i gceantair iarnróid i bh[[Stáisiún iarnróid An Chósta Thuaidh|Faic Thuaidh Bhaile Átha Cliath]]. Ba loimseatóidí sé-cheangailte iad (socrú roth 0-6-0), a raibh inneall Mirrlees TLDT6 de 487 mhórchumhacht (363 kW) feistithe leo le tarchur díosail-leictreach trí dhá mhótar tarraingte Brush. Go neamhghnách, ní raibh bréicí vacsaim traenach acu, cé go raibh bréicí aeir ar fáil don loimseatóid féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Renehan, lch. 172.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí a n-uimhreacha tosaigh 1000-1004 sa tsraith uimhreach tionscadal gaile, ach cuireadh uimhreacha nua orthu ina dhiaidh sin, D301-D305 de réir a chéile. Úsáidtear na inimircéadaí ar dhualgais pailtír agus iompar lasta aistrithe, cé gur iomparach traein lasta ó Bhaile Átha Cliath go Corcaigh an uimhir 1000 le linn triála.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tá dhá inimircéad i stór ón 1960 agus bhí an chuid eile tar éis éirí as úsáid faoi 1972, cé go raibh siad go hoifigiúil fós sa stoc go dtí 1976. Bhí na cúigear uile scriosta i 1977.

== Samhalt ==
Ní bhíonn an Aicme D ar fáil ach i bhfoirm RTR ná i bhfoirm kit. Mar sin féin, is féidir Aicme 08 Bhóthar Iarnróid na Breataine a úsáid mar thuaslagán garbh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/DClass.html|title=Suíomh Steve Johnson|year=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023907/http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/DClass.html|archive-date=2007-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nótaí coise ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==

* {{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Dan Renehan|title=The Class E Diesel Shunters of CIE|journal=Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society|volume=84|month=Feabhra|year=1981|language=Béarla|pages=171–81}}
* {{Cite book-en|author=Strickland, David C.|title=Locomotive Directory, every single one there has ever been|isbn=0-906375-10-X|publisher=Diesel &amp; Electric Group|language=Béarla|year=1982|pages=164}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Locomótóirí na hÉireann] - (Béarla)
{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Berkane</title>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} '''Berkane''' (Araibis: بركان; Tamazight: ⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ) cathair in oirthuaisceart [[Maracó]] í. Tá sí suite i réigiún [[Oriental (Maracó)|Oriental]], agus is í príomhchathair chúige Berkane í. Tá an chathair suite i machaire torthúil Triffa, ag bun shléibhte Béni Snassen, gar don teorainn leis an [[Ailgéir]] agus timpeall fiche ciliméadar ón Mheánmhuir. Tá Berkane suite in aice le roinnt aibhneac...'</comment>
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'''Berkane''' (Araibis: بركان; Tamazight: ⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ) cathair in oirthuaisceart [[Maracó]] í. Tá sí suite i réigiún [[Oriental (Maracó)|Oriental]], agus is í príomhchathair chúige Berkane í. Tá an chathair suite i machaire torthúil Triffa, ag bun shléibhte Béni Snassen, gar don teorainn leis an [[Ailgéir]] agus timpeall fiche ciliméadar ón Mheánmhuir. Tá Berkane suite in aice le roinnt aibhneacha agus sruthanna, go háirithe an Oued Zegzel agus an Oued Cheraa.

Tá achar de thart ar 97 km² ag an gcathair. De réir thorthaí dhaonáireamh Mharacó 2024, tá thart ar 142,278 duine ina gcónaí i Berkane.

Tá cáil ar Berkane mar '''“phríomhchathair na dtorthaí citris” in oirthear Mharacó'''. Tá an ceantar mórthimpeall na cathrach cáiliúil as oráistí agus clementines a tháirgeadh, chomh maith le cruithneacht, pischineálaigh agus torthaí eile. Tá tionscal bia agus talmhaíochta tábhachtach sa chathair freisin.

== Ainm ==
Faigheann Berkane a hainm ón naomh Berber Sidi Ahmed Aberkane. De réir foinsí áitiúla, ba scoláire agus naomh é Sidi Mohammed Ben El Hassan Ben Makhlouf Arrachidi, ar a dtugtar Sidi Ahmed Aberkane, a fuair bás sa bhliain 868 de réir fhéilire Ioslamaigh. Tá a mausoleum fós á chothabháil sa chathair.

== Tíreolaíocht ==
Tá Berkane suite i dtuaisceart Oirthear Mharacó, i machaire Triffa. Tá sléibhte Béni Snassen ó dheas den chathair agus síneann an machaire i dtreo na Meánmhara agus na teorann leis an Ailgéir. Tá an Oued Moulouya ar cheann de na príomhchórais uisce sa réigiún.

Tá an chathair suite gar do chumar na nOued Ouartass, Oued Beni Waklan agus Oued Zegzel. Tagann na sruthanna seo le chéile chun an Oued Cheraa a chruthú. Mar gheall ar a suíomh i ndúlagar timpeallaithe ag cnoic agus sruthanna, is féidir leis an gcathair a bheith i mbaol tuilte.

Tá aeráid leath-thirim Mheánmhuirí ag Berkane, le samhraí te agus tirime agus geimhrí níos séimhe. Tá an aeráid agus na tailte uiscithe i machaire Triffa fabhrach don talmhaíocht.

== Stair ==
Tá stair fhada ag an gceantar timpeall Berkane. Fuarthas fianaise ar dhaoine réamhstairiúla i gceantar Taforalt (Tafoughalt), i sléibhte Béni Snassen, agus tá an ceantar ar cheann de na suíomhanna tábhachtacha réamhstairiúla in oirthear Mharacó.

Bhí tionchar Rómhánach ag an réigiún san tseanaimsir, go háirithe i machaire Triffa. Níos déanaí bhí an ceantar ina chríoch thraidisiúnta ag na Béni Snassen, comhcheangal de threibheanna Berber Zenata.

Forbraíodh cathair nua-aimseartha Berkane ag tús an 20ú haois, le linn thréimhse chosanta na Fraince i Maracó, ar shuíomh sráidbhaile níos sine. Chabhraigh forbairt na gcóras uiscithe agus na talmhaíochta le Berkane a dhéanamh ina lárionad uirbeach agus talmhaíochta tábhachtach.

Le linn an 20ú haois tháinig fás mór ar an gcathair mar gheall ar imirce ón tuath agus forbairt na talmhaíochta sa machaire Triffa. Bhí Berkane ina lárionad tráchtála don táirgeadh talmhaíochta sa réigiún.

== Geilleagar ==
Is í an talmhaíocht an ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch is tábhachtaí sa cheantar. Tugtar Berkane mar '''phríomhchathair na dtorthaí citris in Oirthear Mharacó''' mar gheall ar a táirgeadh mór oráistí agus clementines. Tá cuid de na táirgí citris a tháirgtear sa réigiún faoi chosaint ainmniúcháin tionscnaimh.

Chomh maith le citris, saothraítear cruithneacht, pischineálaigh agus cineálacha éagsúla torthaí. Tá tionscail a bhaineann le pacáistiú agus próiseáil táirgí talmhaíochta forbartha sa chúige freisin.

== Cultúr ==
Tá Berkane agus an réigiún máguaird cáiliúil as an gceol agus an damhsa '''Reggada'''. Is cineál ceoil agus damhsa é Reggada a bhaineann le réigiún Oirthear Mharacó agus le ceantar Béni Snassen. Úsáidtear uirlisí traidisiúnta mar an bendir agus an ghaïta, agus bíonn gluaiseachtaí gualainn agus cosa mar chuid den damhsa.

Tá ealaín áitiúil Berkane bunaithe ar thraidisiúin chócaireachta Oirthear Mharacó. I measc na mbianna a bhaineann leis an gceantar tá makouda, khringo, kaâk, khoubbiz agus karane.

== Spórt ==
Tá roinnt foirne spóirt lonnaithe i Berkane.

Is club peile é '''Renaissance Sportive de Berkane''' (RSB) a imríonn i gcéad roinn chraobh peile Mharacó. Bhuaigh an club [[Coupe du Trône]] i 2018, 2022 agus 2023 agus bhuaigh sé [[CAF Confederation Cup]] i 2020, 2022 agus 2025.

Tá cáil idirnáisiúnta ar Berkane freisin mar áit bhreithe nó thionscnaimh roinnt lúthchleasaithe agus peileadóirí Mharacó. I measc na ndaoine a bhfuil baint acu leis an gcathair tá an lúthchleasaí [[Hicham El Guerrouj]] agus roinnt peileadóirí idirnáisiúnta Mharacó.

== Iompar ==
Níl aerfort ag Berkane féin. Is é [[Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Oujda-Angads]] an príomh-aerfort is gaire don chathair, timpeall 48 km uaithi. Úsáideann taistealaithe chuig Berkane aerfoirt Nador agus Melilla freisin.

== Cathracha nasctha ==
Tá comhpháirtíochtaí cathrach ag Berkane le roinnt cathracha san Eoraip, lena n-áirítear Zeist san Ísiltír, Bondy agus Belleu sa Fhrainc, Saint-Gilles sa Bheilg, Tarnów sa Pholainn agus Drohobych san Úcráin.

== Daoine cáiliúla ==

* [[Mbarek Bekkaï]] (1907–1961), polaiteoir agus an chéad cheann rialtais i Maracó neamhspleách.
* [[Abbas El Fassi]] (rugadh 1940), iar-Phríomh-Aire Mharacó.
* [[Wallen]] (rugadh 1978), amhránaí Francach.
* [[Hicham El Guerrouj]], lúthchleasaí Oilimpeach agus curadh domhanda.
* [[Hakim Ziyech]], peileadóir idirnáisiúnta Mharacó.
* [[Oussama Idrissi]], peileadóir idirnáisiúnta Mharacó.
* [[Couhaib Driouech]], peileadóir idirnáisiúnta Mharacó.
* [[Abdelkader El Brazi]], iar-chúl báire fhoireann náisiúnta Mharacó.
* [[Mounir El Hamdaoui]], iar-ionsaitheoir fhoireann náisiúnta Mharacó.
* [[Fouzi Lekjaa]], polaiteoir agus uachtarán Chónaidhm Peile Ríoga Mharacó.

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Béni Snassen]]
* [[Taforalt]]
* [[Reggada]]
* [[Oujda]]
* [[Nador]]
* [[Saïdia]]
* [[Ahfir]]

[[Catagóir:Berkane]]
[[Catagóir:Cathracha i Maracó]]
[[Catagóir:Cathracha i réigiún Oriental]]
[[Catagóir:Geilleagar talmhaíochta Mharacó]]
[[Catagóir:Maracó]]</text>
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    <title>CIÉ 101</title>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann B class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí CIE 101)|image=File:23.10.93 Carrick-on-Suir 103 (6299550376).jpg|caption=CIÉ lóicómótar i 1993|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company]]|serialnumber=DEL20–DEL31|builddate=1956–1957|totalproduction=12}} Rinneadh na [[Inneall traenach|lóicómótar]] Córas Iompai...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="3570" sha1="7y8ltqqkep6w4421vmrwgmmt2fhqc0c" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann B class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí CIE 101)|image=File:23.10.93 Carrick-on-Suir 103 (6299550376).jpg|caption=CIÉ lóicómótar i 1993|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company]]|serialnumber=DEL20–DEL31|builddate=1956–1957|totalproduction=12}}
Rinneadh na [[Inneall traenach|lóicómótar]] Córas Iompair Éireann 101 Class, uimhrithe B101-B112, i 1956 ag an [[Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company]]. Bhí meicíní Sulzer 6LDA28 960 hp (720 kW) feistithe iontu, le ceithre mhótar tarraingthe [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] MV137. Bhí siad de shocrú roth A1A-A1A, mheáigh siad 75 tonna agus bhí luas uasta acu de 120 km/h (75 mph).

== Stair ==
Leis a ndearadh, méid agus luchtú ais, bhí siad beartaithe do dhualgais tráchta measctha, ag tarraingt traenacha lasta agus paisinéirí araon. Fuair siad úsáid rialta go príomha ar líne [[Phort Láirge]]-[[Stáisiún Mhala|Mala]]-[[Trá Lí|Trá Li]] Árann agus freisin ar líne Thiobraid Árann-Caisleán an Bharraigh-Liúimnigh. Ós rud é gurbh iad an chéad phríomhghrúpa de lócmaisiní díosail a úsáideadh in Éirinn iad, léirigh siad go raibh siad an-rathúil agus fuair siad cáil go tapa as compord agus iontaofacht i gcoibhneas le coinníollacha cabraidh bochta agus crith luascán na [[CIÉ 113|113]] [[CIÉ 113|Class]] agus na lochtanna gan deireadh ar na lócmaisiní  [[CIÉ 001|A]] [[CIÉ 001|Class]] agus [[CIÉ 201|C]] [[CIÉ 201|Class]]. Mar sin féin, le linn na 1960idí dúnadh go leor de na príomh-líní oibre ar ar tugadh úsáid dóibh agus tar éis teacht [[CIÉ 181|181]] [[CIÉ 181|Class]], cuireadh na Rang 101 i gcúl do dhualgais lasta, bealaí buana agus táscaireachta.

Tharla an chéad aistarraingt sa bhliain 1969 (B111), agus an ceann deireanach i mí Feabhra 1978 (B106). Níor tháinig moladh chun iad a ath-innealtóireacht i solas athchóirithe cosúla ar an gClas 001 agus Clas 201 ar bith, agus glacadh an cinneadh chun locmótóirí nua a ordú i bhfoirm an [[CIÉ 071|071]] [[CIÉ 071|Class]] ina ionad.

Tar éis an t-aistrithe, bhí an rang ar fad ina líne le chéile leis na dá leictreacha 113 Rang chun bac fhuaime a chruthú thart ar Shaothair Inis Cór. Tháinig aistriú oifigiúil an ranga i mí Aibreáin 1984, agus scriosta go leor acu idir Nollaig 1986 agus Márta 1987.

== Coimeád ==
Bhí luasmhoil amháin, Uimhir 103 i mbun maireachtála agus tá sé coimeádta ag [[Grúpa Tráchtála na hÉireann]], agus tá sé faoi stóráil faoi láthair ag [[Stáisiún Charraig na Siúire|stáisiún  Charraig an tSiúir]]. Ceannaíodh é ag an ngrúpa in 1993 go díreach ó [[Iarnród Éireann]] agus tá sé ag fanacht le hathchóiriú deireanach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/ITG_locos/loco_103.htm|title=B103|access-date=2026-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211030201/http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/ITG_locos/loco_103.htm|archive-date=2008-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

* {{Cite book-en|author=Strickland, David C.|title=Locomotive Directory, every single one there has ever been|isbn=0-906375-10-X|publisher=Diesel &amp; Electric Group|language=Béarla|year=1982|pages=164}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Locomótóirí na hÉireann] - (Béarla){{Catcómhaoin}}{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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        <id>76476</id>
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      <text bytes="3571" sha1="1mpby43nimhhwkzrj0lprxspvt23y23" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann B class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí CIE 101)|image=File:23.10.93 Carrick-on-Suir 103 (6299550376).jpg|caption=CIÉ lóicómótar i 1993|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company]]|serialnumber=DEL20–DEL31|builddate=1956–1957|totalproduction=12}}
Rinneadh na [[Inneall traenach|lóicómótar]] Córas Iompair Éireann 101 Class, uimhrithe B101-B112, i 1956 ag an [[Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company]]. Bhí meicíní Sulzer 6LDA28 960 hp (720 kW) feistithe iontu, le ceithre mhótar tarraingthe [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] MV137. Bhí siad de shocrú roth A1A-A1A, mheáigh siad 75 tonna agus bhí luas uasta acu de 120 km/h (75 mph).

== Stair ==
Leis a ndearadh, méid agus luchtú ais, bhí siad beartaithe do dhualgais tráchta measctha, ag tarraingt traenacha lasta agus paisinéirí araon. Fuair siad úsáid rialta go príomha ar líne [[Phort Láirge]]-[[Stáisiún Mhala|Mala]]-[[Trá Lí|Trá Li]] Árann agus freisin ar líne Thiobraid Árann-Caisleán an Bharraigh-Liúimnigh. Ós rud é gurbh iad an chéad phríomhghrúpa de lócmaisiní díosail a úsáideadh in Éirinn iad, léirigh siad go raibh siad an-rathúil agus fuair siad cáil go tapa as compord agus iontaofacht i gcoibhneas le coinníollacha cabraidh bochta agus crith luascán na [[CIÉ 113|113]] [[CIÉ 113|Class]] agus na lochtanna gan deireadh ar na lócmaisiní  [[CIÉ 001|A]] [[CIÉ 001|Class]] agus [[CIÉ 201|C]] [[CIÉ 201|Class]]. Mar sin féin, le linn na 1960idí dúnadh go leor de na príomh-líní oibre ar ar tugadh úsáid dóibh agus tar éis teacht [[CIÉ 181|181]] [[CIÉ 181|Class]], cuireadh na Rang 101 i gcúl do dhualgais lasta, bealaí buana agus táscaireachta.

Tharla an chéad aistarraingt sa bhliain 1969 (B111), agus an ceann deireanach i mí Feabhra 1978 (B106). Níor tháinig moladh chun iad a ath-innealtóireacht i solas athchóirithe cosúla ar an gClas 001 agus Clas 201 ar bith, agus glacadh an cinneadh chun locmótóirí nua a ordú i bhfoirm an [[CIÉ 071|071]] [[CIÉ 071|Class]] ina ionad.

Tar éis an t-aistrithe, bhí an rang ar fad ina líne le chéile leis na dá leictreacha 113 Rang chun bac fhuaime a chruthú thart ar Shaothair Inis Cór. Tháinig aistriú oifigiúil an ranga i mí Aibreáin 1984, agus scriosta go leor acu idir Nollaig 1986 agus Márta 1987.

== Coimeád ==
Bhí luasmhoil amháin, Uimhir 103 i mbun maireachtála agus tá sé coimeádta ag [[Grúpa Tráchtála na hÉireann]], agus tá sé faoi stóráil faoi láthair ag [[Stáisiún Charraig na Siúire|stáisiún  Charraig an tSiúir]]. Ceannaíodh é ag an ngrúpa in 1993 go díreach ó [[Iarnród Éireann]] agus tá sé ag fanacht le hathchóiriú deireanach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/ITG_locos/loco_103.htm|title=B103|access-date=2026-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211030201/http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/ITG_locos/loco_103.htm|archive-date=2008-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

* {{Cite book-en|author=Strickland, David C.|title=Locomotive Directory, every single one there has ever been|isbn=0-906375-10-X|publisher=Diesel &amp; Electric Group|language=Béarla|year=1982|pages=164}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Locomótóirí na hÉireann] - (Béarla)
{{Catcómhaoin}}{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 401</title>
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        <id>76476</id>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar athraitheora hidrileach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann E class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí 401)|powertype=Díosail-hidrileach|builder=[[Saothair iarnróid Inse Chór]]|builddate=1957–1958|totalproduction=19}}  Tógadh [[Inneall traenach|lóicómótaran]] '''401''' '''Class''' de chuid [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] i 1957–1958 agus dearadh iad le húsáid ar thrácht línte géara agus le hú...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2558" sha1="33y3m8e1djdwyzh0qy0eggjrdoa0d6f" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar athraitheora hidrileach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann E class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí 401)|powertype=Díosail-hidrileach|builder=[[Saothair iarnróid Inse Chór]]|builddate=1957–1958|totalproduction=19}}

Tógadh [[Inneall traenach|lóicómótaran]] '''401''' '''Class''' de chuid [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] i 1957–1958 agus dearadh iad le húsáid ar thrácht línte géara agus le húsáid le haghaidh sciúrtha. Bhí siad feistithe le hinneall [[Maybach]] MD220 de 420 hp (310 kW), le tarchur díosail-hidréileach trí tharchur Mekydro KL64, agus ba iad a socrú rothaí C.

Cé go raibh luas uasta dearaidh acu de 100 km/u (62 mph), léirigh an taithí nár thaisteal siad go maith nuair a bhí siad ag taisteal ag luasanna os cionn 40 km/u (25 mph) agus dá réir sin cuireadh srian orthu ag an luas sin amach anseo. Bhí siad uimhrithe E401–E419, agus bainte as an tseirbhís iad idir 1968 agus 1977 agus níor coimeádadh aon cheann acu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/loco_photos/E402%20Mullingar.jpg|title=See also Irish Traction Group info.|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013520/http://www.irishtractiongroup.com/loco_photos/E402%20Mullingar.jpg|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samhalt ==
Bhí an E401 ar fáil mar mhúnla roisín ó &quot;Q Kits&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/EClass.html|title=E Class|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723043745/http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/EClass.html|archive-date=2018-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ach níl an chuideachta seo ag trádáil níos mó ós rud é gur shocraigh an t-úinéir éalú ar scor.

Tá Comhlacht A 401 ar fáil anois ó Shapeways trí Valvedesigns (Seirbhís Próitéinearú Tapa).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.shapeways.com/model/121089/cie_e_class_401_oo_scale.html|title=CIE e Class 401 OO Scale by B1lancer on Shapeways|language=Béarla}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

* {{Cite book-en|author=Strickland, David C.|title=Locomotive Directory, every single one there has ever been|isbn=0-906375-10-X|publisher=Diesel &amp; Electric Group|language=Béarla|year=1982|pages=164}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Locomótóirí na hÉireann] - (Béarla)
{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach</title>
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      <comment>Síol cruthaithe ó enwiki</comment>
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      <text bytes="8141" sha1="slcfl00fbl7jgk73dxp9huev13c143h" xml:space="preserve">== Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach ==
Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 gigeavata (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;TW a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhliain 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

Meastar go mbeidh 3% go 5% den éileamh domhanda ginte ag foinsí geoiteirmeacha faoin mbliain 2050, agus le incentives, tuairim is 10% faoi by 2100.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}


[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]</text>
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>-ceannteideal</comment>
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      <text bytes="8111" sha1="4w0pj3tv6sk3o4m9fsdgu7ikhz2c4y4" xml:space="preserve">Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 gigeavata (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;TW a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhliain 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

Meastar go mbeidh 3% go 5% den éileamh domhanda ginte ag foinsí geoiteirmeacha faoin mbliain 2050, agus le incentives, tuairim is 10% faoi by 2100.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title =Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int'lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}


[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]</text>
      <sha1>4w0pj3tv6sk3o4m9fsdgu7ikhz2c4y4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Seán Mac Criomhthain</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326739</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T22:30:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea. '''Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain''' (1875-1955) ó Chill Maoilchéadair i gceantar Gaeltachta Chorca Dhuibhne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/mic7/server/api/core/bitstreams/046e4564-48a0-4d33-8844-dbd35d2a64f4/content|teideal=Scothsheanchas Sheáin na Cille Mhic Criomhthain|údar=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh  / ul.ie|dáta=2017|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="908" sha1="m6u5bsrk8h0wpdr7d49bmqr8dddin6k" xml:space="preserve">Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea. '''Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain''' (1875-1955) ó Chill Maoilchéadair i gceantar Gaeltachta Chorca Dhuibhne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/mic7/server/api/core/bitstreams/046e4564-48a0-4d33-8844-dbd35d2a64f4/content|teideal=Scothsheanchas Sheáin na Cille Mhic Criomhthain|údar=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh  / ul.ie|dáta=2017|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Os cionn míle mír seanchais idir fhilíocht, scéalta, stairseanchas agus amhráin a bhailigh Seosamh Ó Dálaigh, Seán Ó Dubhda agus Caoimhín Ó Danachair ón gCriomhthanach thar tréimhse ní ab fhaide ná fiche bliain.

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Seanchaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1875]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1955]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Chiarraí]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326740</id>
      <parentid>1326739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T22:40:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2121" sha1="ts8bwqz4993533ob3oi28s9w4uzzdar" xml:space="preserve">Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea. '''Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain''' (1875-1955) ó Chill Maoilchéadair i gceantar Gaeltachta Chorca Dhuibhne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/mic7/server/api/core/bitstreams/046e4564-48a0-4d33-8844-dbd35d2a64f4/content|teideal=Scothsheanchas Sheáin na Cille Mhic Criomhthain|údar=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh  / ul.ie|dáta=2017|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an Criomhthanach ar dhuine des na seanchaithe ba mhó go bhfuair [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]] ábhar uathu agus caitheadh breis is fiche bliain ar a sciar féin de thraidisiún béil na hÉireann a thaifeadadh.   Os cionn míle mír seanchais idir fhilíocht, scéalta, stairseanchas agus amhráin a bhailigh Seosamh Ó Dálaigh, Seán Ó Dubhda agus Caoimhín Ó Danachair ón gCriomhthanach thar tréimhse ní ab fhaide ná fiche bliain,  ó mhí na Samhna 1928 nuair a ghabh Seán Ó Dubhda ar dtús chuige go dtí an 4 Eanáir 1951 nuair a bhailigh an Dálach go deireanach uaidh.  Bhaist Seosamh Dálaigh, an chéad lá ar bhuail sé leis, ‘an seanchaí suáilceach mín macánta fáiltiúil’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Foilsíodh ''Leabhar Sheáin na Cille'' in 2026 le Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh, scéal a shaoil agus rogha an ábhair a bailíodh uaidh, i litriú an lae inniu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22635325/|teideal=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh|dáta=2026-08-05|language=en|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/slua-i-halla-na-muiri-agus-leabhar-sheain-na-cille-le-seaghan-mac-an-tsionnaigh-seolta/|teideal=Slua i Halla na Muirí agus ‘Leabhar Sheáin na Cille’ le Seaghan Mac an tSíonnaigh seolta|dáta=2026-08-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Seanchaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1875]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1955]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Chiarraí]]</text>
      <sha1>ts8bwqz4993533ob3oi28s9w4uzzdar</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326742</id>
      <parentid>1326740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T22:41:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2149" sha1="64ze0ulrdv4gjqkzvjfjeb7la13jwtx" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea. '''Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain''' (1875-1955) ó Chill Maoilchéadair i gceantar Gaeltachta Chorca Dhuibhne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/mic7/server/api/core/bitstreams/046e4564-48a0-4d33-8844-dbd35d2a64f4/content|teideal=Scothsheanchas Sheáin na Cille Mhic Criomhthain|údar=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh  / ul.ie|dáta=2017|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an Criomhthanach ar dhuine des na seanchaithe ba mhó go bhfuair [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]] ábhar uathu agus caitheadh breis is fiche bliain ar a sciar féin de thraidisiún béil na hÉireann a thaifeadadh.   Os cionn míle mír seanchais idir fhilíocht, scéalta, stairseanchas agus amhráin a bhailigh Seosamh Ó Dálaigh, Seán Ó Dubhda agus Caoimhín Ó Danachair ón gCriomhthanach thar tréimhse ní ab fhaide ná fiche bliain,  ó mhí na Samhna 1928 nuair a ghabh Seán Ó Dubhda ar dtús chuige go dtí an 4 Eanáir 1951 nuair a bhailigh an Dálach go deireanach uaidh.  Bhaist Seosamh Dálaigh, an chéad lá ar bhuail sé leis, ‘an seanchaí suáilceach mín macánta fáiltiúil’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Foilsíodh ''Leabhar Sheáin na Cille'' in 2026 le Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh, scéal a shaoil agus rogha an ábhair a bailíodh uaidh, i litriú an lae inniu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22635325/|teideal=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh|dáta=2026-08-05|language=en|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/slua-i-halla-na-muiri-agus-leabhar-sheain-na-cille-le-seaghan-mac-an-tsionnaigh-seolta/|teideal=Slua i Halla na Muirí agus ‘Leabhar Sheáin na Cille’ le Seaghan Mac an tSíonnaigh seolta|dáta=2026-08-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Seanchaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1875]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1955]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Chiarraí]]</text>
      <sha1>64ze0ulrdv4gjqkzvjfjeb7la13jwtx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326743</id>
      <parentid>1326742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T22:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[Seán na Cille Mac Criomhthain]] go [[Seán Mac Criomhthain]]</comment>
      <origin>1326742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2149" sha1="64ze0ulrdv4gjqkzvjfjeb7la13jwtx" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea. '''Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain''' (1875-1955) ó Chill Maoilchéadair i gceantar Gaeltachta Chorca Dhuibhne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/mic7/server/api/core/bitstreams/046e4564-48a0-4d33-8844-dbd35d2a64f4/content|teideal=Scothsheanchas Sheáin na Cille Mhic Criomhthain|údar=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh  / ul.ie|dáta=2017|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an Criomhthanach ar dhuine des na seanchaithe ba mhó go bhfuair [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]] ábhar uathu agus caitheadh breis is fiche bliain ar a sciar féin de thraidisiún béil na hÉireann a thaifeadadh.   Os cionn míle mír seanchais idir fhilíocht, scéalta, stairseanchas agus amhráin a bhailigh Seosamh Ó Dálaigh, Seán Ó Dubhda agus Caoimhín Ó Danachair ón gCriomhthanach thar tréimhse ní ab fhaide ná fiche bliain,  ó mhí na Samhna 1928 nuair a ghabh Seán Ó Dubhda ar dtús chuige go dtí an 4 Eanáir 1951 nuair a bhailigh an Dálach go deireanach uaidh.  Bhaist Seosamh Dálaigh, an chéad lá ar bhuail sé leis, ‘an seanchaí suáilceach mín macánta fáiltiúil’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Foilsíodh ''Leabhar Sheáin na Cille'' in 2026 le Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh, scéal a shaoil agus rogha an ábhair a bailíodh uaidh, i litriú an lae inniu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22635325/|teideal=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh|dáta=2026-08-05|language=en|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/slua-i-halla-na-muiri-agus-leabhar-sheain-na-cille-le-seaghan-mac-an-tsionnaigh-seolta/|teideal=Slua i Halla na Muirí agus ‘Leabhar Sheáin na Cille’ le Seaghan Mac an tSíonnaigh seolta|dáta=2026-08-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Seanchaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1875]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1955]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Chiarraí]]</text>
      <sha1>64ze0ulrdv4gjqkzvjfjeb7la13jwtx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326746</id>
      <parentid>1326743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T22:46:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2415" sha1="mwiay7lel0d69wg09d6b38f6dzu2mn9" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea. '''Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain''' (1875-1955) ó Chill Maoilchéadair i gceantar Gaeltachta Chorca Dhuibhne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/mic7/server/api/core/bitstreams/046e4564-48a0-4d33-8844-dbd35d2a64f4/content|teideal=Scothsheanchas Sheáin na Cille Mhic Criomhthain|údar=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh  / ul.ie|dáta=2017|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an Criomhthanach ar dhuine des na seanchaithe ba mhó go bhfuair [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]] ábhar uathu agus caitheadh breis is fiche bliain ar a sciar féin de thraidisiún béil na hÉireann a thaifeadadh.   Os cionn míle mír seanchais idir fhilíocht, scéalta, stairseanchas agus amhráin a bhailigh Seosamh Ó Dálaigh, Seán Ó Dubhda agus Caoimhín Ó Danachair ón gCriomhthanach thar tréimhse ní ab fhaide ná fiche bliain,  ó mhí na Samhna 1928 nuair a ghabh Seán Ó Dubhda ar dtús chuige go dtí an 4 Eanáir 1951 nuair a bhailigh an Dálach go deireanach uaidh.  Bhaist Seosamh Dálaigh, an chéad lá ar bhuail sé leis, ‘an seanchaí suáilceach mín macánta fáiltiúil’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Foilsíodh ''Leabhar Sheáin na Cille''&lt;ref&gt;foilsithe ag Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne&lt;/ref&gt; in 2026 le Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh, scéal a shaoil agus rogha an ábhair a bailíodh uaidh, i litriú an lae inniu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22635325/|teideal=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh|dáta=2026-08-05|language=en|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/slua-i-halla-na-muiri-agus-leabhar-sheain-na-cille-le-seaghan-mac-an-tsionnaigh-seolta/|teideal=Slua i Halla na Muirí agus ‘Leabhar Sheáin na Cille’ le Seaghan Mac an tSíonnaigh seolta|dáta=2026-08-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh ag seoladh Leabhar Sheáin na Cille 14 Lúnasa 2026|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEWNw0AUFKI|date=2026-08-19|author=Eoin P. Ó Murchú🇵🇸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Seanchaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1875]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1955]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Chiarraí]]</text>
      <sha1>mwiay7lel0d69wg09d6b38f6dzu2mn9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326748</id>
      <parentid>1326746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-24T22:53:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2548" sha1="4wfxc3s7aa4xbmcf0z3qyq7a98eknzo" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
[[Íomhá:Kilmalkedar Church and Cross - geograph.org.uk - 4663675.jpg|mion|220x220px|[[Cill Maoilchéadair]]]]
Duine de na seanchaithe ba mhó a thug ábhar seanchais do Choimisiún Béaloideas Éireann ab ea  '''Seán 'na Cille' Mac Criomhthain''' (1875-1955) ó [[Cill Maoilchéadair|Chill Maoilchéadair]] i gceantar Gaeltachta Chorca Dhuibhne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/mic7/server/api/core/bitstreams/046e4564-48a0-4d33-8844-dbd35d2a64f4/content|teideal=Scothsheanchas Sheáin na Cille Mhic Criomhthain|údar=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh  / ul.ie|dáta=2017|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an Criomhthanach ar dhuine des na seanchaithe ba mhó go bhfuair [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]] ábhar uathu agus caitheadh breis is fiche bliain ar a sciar féin de thraidisiún béil na hÉireann a thaifeadadh.   Os cionn míle mír seanchais idir fhilíocht, scéalta, stairseanchas agus amhráin a bhailigh Seosamh Ó Dálaigh, Seán Ó Dubhda agus Caoimhín Ó Danachair ón gCriomhthanach thar tréimhse ní ab fhaide ná fiche bliain,  ó mhí na Samhna 1928 nuair a ghabh Seán Ó Dubhda ar dtús chuige go dtí an 4 Eanáir 1951 nuair a bhailigh an Dálach go deireanach uaidh.  Bhaist Seosamh Dálaigh, an chéad lá ar bhuail sé leis, ‘an seanchaí suáilceach mín macánta fáiltiúil’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Foilsíodh ''Leabhar Sheáin na Cille''&lt;ref&gt;foilsithe ag Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne&lt;/ref&gt; in 2026 le Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh, scéal a shaoil agus rogha an ábhair a bailíodh uaidh, i litriú an lae inniu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22635325/|teideal=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh|dáta=2026-08-05|language=en|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/slua-i-halla-na-muiri-agus-leabhar-sheain-na-cille-le-seaghan-mac-an-tsionnaigh-seolta/|teideal=Slua i Halla na Muirí agus ‘Leabhar Sheáin na Cille’ le Seaghan Mac an tSíonnaigh seolta|dáta=2026-08-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh ag seoladh Leabhar Sheáin na Cille 14 Lúnasa 2026|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEWNw0AUFKI|date=2026-08-19|author=Eoin P. Ó Murchú🇵🇸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Seanchaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1875]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1955]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Corca Dhuibhne]]</text>
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    <title>Seán na Cille Mac Criomhthain</title>
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      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[Seán na Cille Mac Criomhthain]] go [[Seán Mac Criomhthain]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="38" sha1="gc9kg8qbc1bhva3cvtgijj6d8lkwmeq" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh [[Seán Mac Criomhthain]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Teamplaid:Bogsa Mìle Bliadhna</title>
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      <comment>Bhog Mullafacation an leathanach [[Teamplaid:Bogsa Mìle Bliadhna]] go [[Teimpléad:Bogsa Mìle Bliadhna]]: Ag bogadh go teideal ceart</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Miotaseolaíocht Ho-Chunk</title>
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      <text bytes="887" sha1="llzbwt4ddjh7wti5ykokhqoeghgzlxj" xml:space="preserve">Is náisiún Meiriceánach Dúchasach a labhraíonn Siouan iad na '''Hocągara''' (Ho-Chungara) nó '''na Hocąks''' ( Ho-Chunks ) a tháinig ó [[Wisconsin]] agus thuaisceart [[Illinois]] sna Stáit Aontaithe Mhéiriceá ó dhúchas. Mar gheall ar imirce éigeantach sa 19ú haois, is dhá threibh ar leith iad anois; Náisiún Ho-Chunk Wisconsin agus Treibh Winnebago Nebraska . &lt;ref name=&quot;MPM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.mpm.edu/index.php/plan-visit/educators/wirp/nations/ho-chunk|title=Ho-Chunk &amp;#124; Milwaukee Public Museum|access-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706064723/https://www.mpm.edu/index.php/plan-visit/educators/wirp/nations/ho-chunk|archive-date=2020-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is iad na pobail Chiwere ( Iowa, Otoe, agus Missouria ) is gaire dá ngaol, agus tá na Dhegiha ( Quapaw, Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, agus Osage ) gaire freisin ach níos fuide.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Folláine</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371226962|Well-being]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2192" sha1="luy8pzsx6arbtxa8vmv76f1eq1rqwdc" xml:space="preserve">Is '''éard is folláine''' {{Efn|also spelled ''wellbeing''&lt;ref&gt;{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bache|Scott|2018}} | {{harvnb|Sora|Caballer|García-Buades|2021|loc=§ Introduction}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ann ná rud nach bhfuil go hionstraimeach maith do dhuine. Ar a dtugtar ''leas'' agus ''cáilíocht na beatha'' freisin, is tomhas é ar cé chomh maith agus atá saol duine ag dul. Sa chiall is leithne, clúdaíonn sé cothromaíocht gach gné dhearfach agus dhiúltach de shaol duine ar fud and domhain. Ar bhealach níos simplí, ní thagraíonn sé ach do chéimeanna dearfacha agus tá codarsnacht ann le droch-bhail, a thugann le fios cinn dhiúltacha. Sa chiall seo, is é an fholláine an rud a lorgaíonn [[Féinspéiseachas|egoistigh]] dóibh féin de ghnáth agus a bhíonn sé mar aidhm ag altruigh feabhas a chur ar dhaoine eile, rud a fheidhmíonn mar phríomhsprioc i go leor iarrachtaí aonair agus sochaíocha.

Pléann taighdeoirí cineálacha éagsúla folláine de réir mar a thomhaistear iad, cé leis a mbaineann siad, agus cén réimse den saol a mbíonn tionchar acu air. Tagraíonn folláine shuibiachtúil don chaoi a mothaíonn duine faoina shaol agus a dhéanann sé measúnú air. Cuimsíonn folláine oibiachtúil fachtóirí is féidir a mheas ó pheirspictíocht sheachtrach, amhail sláinte, ioncam agus slándáil. Baineann folláine aonair le cáilíocht beatha duine ar leith, ach tomhaiseann folláine pobail cé chomh maith agus a fheidhmíonn agus a rathaíonn grúpa daoine. I measc na gcineálacha folláine a bhaineann le réimsí sonracha den saol tá folláine fhisiciúil, shíceolaíoch, mhothúchánach, shóisialta agus eacnamaíoch.

Tá sé mar aidhm ag teoiricí folláine a gnéithe riachtanacha a aithint. Áitíonn héadónachas go mbraitheann folláine sa deireadh thiar ar chothromaíocht an phléisiúir thar [[Pian|an bpian]] . [[Fonn|Deir]] teoiricí mianta gurb é sásamh mianta foinse na folláine. Deir teoiricí liosta oibiachtúla gur teaglaim d'eilimintí éagsúla atá freagrach as folláine. 

Uaireanta bíonn duine áirithe mar MrBeast nó Mark Rober a cabhraíonn le duine gan go leor folláinne. Déanann siad airgead chun cabhair leo.</text>
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      <text bytes="2196" sha1="dxextt4gi1o179nv0fry2o21ltuaq15" xml:space="preserve">Is '''éard is folláine''' {{Efn|also spelled ''wellbeing''&lt;ref&gt;{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bache|Scott|2018}} | {{harvnb|Sora|Caballer|García-Buades|2021|loc=§ Introduction}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ann ná rud nach bhfuil go hionstraimeach maith do dhuine. Ar a dtugtar ''leas'' agus ''cáilíocht na beatha'' freisin, is tomhas é ar cé chomh maith agus atá saol duine ag dul. Sa chiall is leithne, clúdaíonn sé cothromaíocht gach gné dhearfach agus dhiúltach de shaol duine ar fud and domhain. Ar bhealach níos simplí, ní thagraíonn sé ach do chéimeanna dearfacha agus tá codarsnacht ann le droch-bhail, a thugann le fios cinn dhiúltacha. Sa chiall seo, is é an fholláine an rud a lorgaíonn [[Féinspéiseachas|egoistigh]] dóibh féin de ghnáth agus a bhíonn sé mar aidhm ag altruigh feabhas a chur ar dhaoine eile, rud a fheidhmíonn mar phríomhsprioc i go leor iarrachtaí aonair agus sochaíocha.

Pléann taighdeoirí cineálacha éagsúla folláine de réir mar a thomhaistear iad, cé leis a mbaineann siad, agus cén réimse den saol a mbíonn tionchar acu air. Tagraíonn folláine shuibiachtúil don chaoi a mothaíonn duine faoina shaol agus a dhéanann sé measúnú air. Cuimsíonn folláine oibiachtúil fachtóirí is féidir a mheas ó pheirspictíocht sheachtrach, amhail sláinte, ioncam agus slándáil. Baineann folláine aonair le cáilíocht beatha duine ar leith, ach tomhaiseann folláine pobail cé chomh maith agus a fheidhmíonn agus a rathaíonn grúpa daoine. I measc na gcineálacha folláine a bhaineann le réimsí sonracha den saol tá folláine fhisiciúil, shíceolaíoch, mhothúchánach, shóisialta agus eacnamaíoch.

Tá sé mar aidhm ag teoiricí folláine a gnéithe riachtanacha a aithint. Áitíonn héadónachas go mbraitheann folláine sa deireadh thiar ar chothromaíocht an phléisiúir thar [[Pian|an bpian]] . [[Fonn|Deir]] teoiricí mianta gurb é sásamh mianta foinse na folláine. Deir teoiricí liosta oibiachtúla gur teaglaim d'eilimintí éagsúla atá freagrach as folláine. 

Uaireanta bíonn duine áirithe mar [[MrBeast]] nó Mark Rober a cabhraíonn le duine gan go leor folláinne. Déanann siad airgead chun cabhair leo.</text>
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      <text bytes="495" sha1="al7s9hkkuokreidvuuv1j56nrt7dqjg" xml:space="preserve">Is Youtuber, fear gnó agus aisteor meiriceánach é James Stephen &quot;Jimmy&quot; Donaldson (Rugadh Bealtaine 7, 1998).Is é bunaitheoir Beast Industries a bhfuil go leor gnó cosúil le Burgar MrBeast, Feastables, Lunchly agus rudaí eile. Déanann sé físeáin [[YouTube]] ardluais atá bunaithe ar dhúshláin mhionsonraithe a bhfuil clú agus cáil orthu ar an bpraghas ollmhór a bhfuil ar na físeáin Le breis is 500 milliún síntiúsóir, is é a phríomhchainéal an ceann is mó ar YouTube.</text>
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