Vicipéid:Cabhair

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      <comment>Féach freisin [[Cabhair:Clár ábhair]]</comment>
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Is cicipléid shaor í Vicipéid atá á comhscríobh ag a lucht léite. Sna hailt seo a leanas tá treoir agus fáisnéis le fáil faoi léamh, scríobh agus bheith páirteach sa suíomh seo.

==Faoin Vicipéid==
* [[Vicipéid:Faoi|Faoin Vicipéid]]
* [[Vicipéid:Fáilte, a núíosaigh|Fáilte, a núíosaigh]]
* [[Vicipéid:Ceisteanna Coiteanta|Ceisteanna Coiteanta]]

==Conas é sin a dhéanamh?==
* [[Vicipéid:Conas alt a chur in eagar|Conas alt a chur in eagar]]
* [[Vicipéid:Conas leathanach iontach a scríobh|Conas leathanach iontach a scríobh]]
* [[Vicipéid:Lámhleabhar Stíle|Lámhleabhar Stíle]]

==Teagmháil==
* [[Vicipéid:Halla baile|Halla baile]]
* [[Vicipéid:Fabht-thuairiscí|Fabht-thuairiscí agus moltaí teicniúla]]
* [[Vicipéid:Vicipéideoirí|Vicipéideoirí]]
* [[meta:Main Page|Meitea-Vicipéid]], suíomh chun na Vicipéide a phlé


&lt;!-- Naisc idirtheangacha --&gt;

[[bg:Уикипедия:Първи стъпки]]
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  <page>
    <title>Clannad</title>
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Grúpa ceoil as [[Gaoth Dobhair]] i [[Contae Dhún na nGall|nDún na nGall]], [[Éire]], is ea '''Clannad'''. Aithnítear Clannad ar an gcéad mhórghrúpa ceoil a chuir an Ghaeilge i lár an aonaigh sa 20ú haois.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/clannad-croibhriste-ag-bas-noel-ui-dhugain-duine-de-bhunaitheoiri-an-ghrupa/|teideal=Clannad ‘croíbhriste’ ag bás Noel Uí Dhúgáin, duine de bhunaitheoirí an ghrúpa|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thaistil siad ar fud na hEorpa sna [[1970idí]] lena gcuid ceol traidisiúnta agus thuill siad clú domhanda leis an cheirnín Gaeilge &quot;[[Theme From Harry's Game]]&quot; in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.ccdhunnangall.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0A1AB57C-8995-4477-B12E-3C4E5A19274B/0/DCCAnnualRep2005IRISH.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-04-18 |archivedate=2007-11-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119014313/http://www.ccdhunnangall.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0A1AB57C-8995-4477-B12E-3C4E5A19274B/0/DCCAnnualRep2005IRISH.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá gradam [[Gradam Grammy|Grammy]], Meteor, BAFTA, Billboard agus Ivor Novello buaite acu agus níos mó ná 15 milliún ceirnín díolta acu idir 1970-2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.wliw.org/21pressroom/c/clannad-live-at-christ-church-cathedral-dublin/802/|teideal=Clannad Live at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|údar=Brian Lee|dáta=2012-02-10|language=en-US|work=WLIW21 Pressroom|dátarochtana=2022-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Tabhairne Leo (95480806).jpg|mion|Tábhairne Leo|220x220px]]
[[Íomhá:Clannad2.gif|deas|mion|220x220px|An dara albam a d'eisigh Clannad, ''Clannad 2, 1974''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Clannad 2|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clannad_2&amp;oldid=1349120296|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-04-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maire i lár  &amp; Noel Duggan (ar chlé), Ciarán Ó Braonáin, Pól Ó Braonáin &amp; Pádraig Ó Dúgáin (ar dheis)]]
[[Íomhá:Clannad collage.jpg|mion|Ciarán Brennan, [[Moya Brennan]], Noel Duggan, Pól Brennan, c. 2013|220x220px]]
[[Íomhá:FIL 2013 - Clannad - 8391.JPG|mion|Moya Brennan, 2013|330x330px]]
[[Íomhá:Clannadleos.jpg|mion|230px|Clannad ag buaileadh i dTábhairne Leo sa bhliain 2005.]]

== Baill ==
Tá baill Chlannad go léir gaolta lena chéile:&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/fonn-ceoil-croileabhar.pdf|teideal=Fonn Ceoil|údar=cogg|dátarochtana=2022|archivedate=2021-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208171146/https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/fonn-ceoil-croileabhar.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Moya Brennan|Máire Brennan]]: guth agus an chruit.
* Pól Brenann: an fheadóg mhór, giotár, guth agus cnaguirlisí
* Ciaran Brennann: dord agus méarchlár.
* [[Na deartháireacha Noel agus Pádraig Ó Dugáin|Pádraig Duggan]] (d'éag 2016): giotár agus maindilín
* [[Na deartháireacha Noel agus Pádraig Ó Dugáin|Noel Duggan]] (d'éag 2022): giotár agus guth.
* Eithne Brennan, [[Eithne Ní Bhraonáin]] nó [[Enya]], an deirfiúr níos óige: Bhí sí sa ghrúpa ó 1982 – 1983 (méarchláraí agus cúlamhránaí) ach d‟fhág sí an grúpa chun casadh ina haonair.

Ba iad na deartháireacha Ciarán agus Pól Ó Braonáin, agus beirt uncail leo, Noel agus Pádraig Ó Dugáin, a bhí sa ghrúpa ar dtús, agus [[Máire Ní Bhraonáin]], deirfiúr le Ciarán agus Pól. 

'Sé '''Clann a'''s '''D'''óbhair foinse ainm an ghrúpa. Clannad a tugadh ar an ngrúpa ceoil as Dobhar i nGaoth Dobhair i dtús na 70idí de bhrí gur de dhá chlann iad de chlann ceoil Uí Dhúgáin i nDobhar,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=An ceoltóir Pádraig Ó Dúgáin tar éis bháis|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2016/0809/808045-padraig-o-dugain-tar-eis-bhais/|date=2016-08-09|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ón tús chas Clannad saothair thraidisiúnta Ghaelacha le tionlacan fuaimíochta agus uirlisí traidisiúnta. Chan siad as Gaeilge. Bhailigh siad seanleaganacha amhrán óna dteaghlach, óna gcomharsana agus ó na hoileánaigh i nDún na nGall. Bhí cóirithe nua-aimseartha le harmóin acu. 

Chuaigh snagcheol i bhfeidhm orthu. Sna [[1980idí]], thosaigh an grúpa ag baint úsáide as fuaimeanna sintéiseacha.

== Stair ==
Ghlac na baill páirt i gcomórtais [[Slógadh]] don óige sa bhliain 1970 agus cuireadh dhá rian dá gcuid ar cheirnín speisialta a cuireadh amach mar chomóradh ar an bhféile sin: amhrán dá gcuid féin 'Lisa', agus an t-amhrán traidisiúnta 'Thíos Cois na Trá'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://siopa.gael-linn.ie/en/clannad-2-lp|teideal=Clannad 2 LP|language=en|work=Gael Linn|dátarochtana=2022-10-17|archivedate=2022-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018000756/https://siopa.gael-linn.ie/en/clannad-2-lp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://gripsweat.com/item/352602354177/slgadh-70-rare-1970-gael-linn-live-vinyl-lp-with-2-live-songs-by-clannad|teideal=Gripsweat - Slógadh 70 - Rare 1970 Gael-Linn live vinyl LP with 2 live songs by Clannad!|work=gripsweat.com|dátarochtana=2022-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Meascadh ceol Gaelach, [[snagcheol]] agus stíleanna eile chun stíl dá gcuid féin a chumadh. Bhí traidisiún an cheoil ag muintir Uí Bhraonáin agus Uí Dhúgáin, mar go raibh Leo Brennan ina cheoltóir le seobhanna, agus a bhean Máire 'Baba' Ní Dhugáin ina múinteoir ceoil. 

Ba é a mbua ag Féile Cheoil Tíre Leitir Ceanainn i 1973 a chuir ar chonair shiúlach an cheoil iad agus a shaothraigh aitheantas agus rathúlacht idirnáisiúnta dóibh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/maire-ni-bhraonain-1952-2026-chuaigh-a-siodulacht-mhaorga-uasal-i-gcion-ar-na-milte/|teideal=MÁIRE NÍ BHRAONÁIN 1952-2026: Chuaigh a síodúlacht mhaorga uasal i gcion ar na mílte…|údar=Lillis Ó Laoire|dáta=16 Aibreán 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eisíodh an chéad albam i [[1973]] agus chaith an grúpa na blianta ag taisteal ar fud na h[[Éire]]ann agus na h[[Eoraip|Eorpa]].

D’éirigh go maith ó thús leis an mbanna agus lena gceol sainiúil, ar mheascán é den cheol traidisiúnta agus stíleanna eile ceoil. 

Thug siad a chéad turas le Clannad ar Mheiriceá sa mbliain 1979 agus dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin thug siad an [[sintéiseoir]] isteach sa ngrúpa, rud a spreag an t-ainm don chéad albam eile Fuaim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Rath domhanda ===
Ba i 1982 a bhain siad cáil idirnáisiúnta amach leis an bport  &quot;''[[Theme From Harry's Game]]''&quot;. Ba iad an lipéad ceoil RCA a d’eisigh ‘[[Theme From Harry's Game|Theme From Harry’s Game]]’ mar shingil. Ní raibh aon siúl leis an rath a bhain an rian amach, ná an lorg a d’fhágfadh sé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/ceol/40-bliain-o-bhi-amhran-gaeilge-ar-top-of-the-pops/|teideal=40 bliain ó bhí amhrán Gaeilge ar Top of the Pops…|údar=Seán Ó Dubhchon|dáta=28ú Samhain 2022|language=ga-IE|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2022-12-01}}{{Dead link|date=Aibreán 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ba eagrán stairiúil é an [[Top of the Pops (clár BBC)|Top of the Pops]] a craoladh ar an 11 Samhain 1982. Ba iad Clannad an t-aon bhanna a chan i nGaeilge ar ''Top of the Pops'' riamh 

Nuair a d'éirigh go maith leo i gcairteanna na Breataine, tháinig tús le Clannad mar ghrúpa ceoil domhanda. Mar gheall ar rath an amhráin seo bhain siad duais mór Ivor Novello. 

Agus in 1984 rinne Clannad an ceol fá choinne sraith ''Robin Hood'' de chuid an [[BBC]], d'eisigh siad an t-albam ''Legend''. Dá bharr seo, bhain siad [[BAFTA]], ba iad an chéad grúpa Éireannach a bhain a leithéid. 

I [[1985]] tháinig ceirnín fíor-rathúil eile, ''Macalla''. Ba seo ceann de na ceirníní is mó a d'eisigh an grúpa, d'éirigh go maith leis na hamhráin &quot;''Closer To Your Heart''&quot; agus &quot;''Almost Seems (Too Late To Turn)''&quot;. Ach ba é an t-amhrán a cheoil siad le [[Bono]] an t-amhrán ba cháiliúla: rinne &quot;''In A Lifetime''&quot; go maith ar fud na cruinne.

Lean Clannad ar aghaidh ag déanamh ceirníní stairiúla, cé gur éirigh go maith le fuaim s'acu féin agus leis an phopcheol, d'fhan siad dílis dá dúchais féin. Chuir siad leaganacha úra do seanamhráin ar cheirníní s'acu, mar shampla, &quot;''Tráthnóna Beag Aréir''&quot; agus &quot;''Buachaill Ón Éirne''&quot;.

Chruthaigh Clannad gur ghrúpa den scoth a bhí iontu i 1997, nuair a bhain siad duais [[Grammy]] fá choinne an albaim ''Landmarks''. Ó shin, níor eisigh siad aon ábhar nua, ach i ndiaidh iad a theacht le chéile i [[2007]] ag féile [[Celtic Connections]] agus ag na Meteor Ireland Music Awards, dúirt siad gur mhian leofa pilleadh ar ais go dtí an stiúideo.

Bhí os cionn 15 milliún albam díolta ag Clannad ar fud an domhain idir 1970-2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/clannad-croibhriste-ag-bas-noel-ui-dhugain-duine-de-bhunaitheoiri-an-ghrupa/|teideal=Clannad ‘croíbhriste’ ag bás Noel Uí Dhúgáin, duine de bhunaitheoirí an ghrúpa|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Céad slán ===
Ar 18 Feabhra 2023, bhí an [[Airéine O3]] i mBaile Átha Cliath lán go doras nuair a chas Clannad a phort deiridh in Éirinn tar éis leathchéad bliain. Bhí go leor de phobal [[Gaoth Dobhair|Ghaoth Dobhair]] i measc na mílte a tháinig chun a meas do laochra a mbaile féin a chur in iúl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/gailearai-cead-slan-le-clannad-a-thug-an-ceol-gaelach-ar-fud-an-domhain-mhoir/|teideal=GAILEARAÍ: Céad slán le Clannad a thug an ceol Gaelach ar fud an domhain mhóir|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair [[Na deartháireacha Noel agus Pádraig Ó Dugáin|na deartháireacha Pádraig agus Noel Ó Dugáin]] bás in 2016 agus 2022 faoi seach.

Bronnadh Saoirse Chontae Dhún na nGall ar an bhuíon cheoil ag searmanas speisialta i dTeach an Chontae, Leifear, ar an 17 Bealtaine 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/gne-alt-fograiochta-saoirse-chontae-dhun-na-ngall-bronnta-ar-chlannad/|teideal=GNÉ-ALT FÓGRAÍOCHTA: Saoirse Chontae Dhún na nGall bronnta ar Chlannad|dáta=2024-05-23|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dioscliosta ==

* 1973 - ''Clannad'' '''nó''' ''The Pretty Maid''
* 1975 - ''Clannad 2''
* 1976 - ''Dúlamán''
* 1979 - ''Clannad In Concert'' [Beo]
* 1980 - ''Crann Úll''
* 1982 - ''Fuaim''
* 1983 - ''Magical Ring''
* 1984 - ''Legend''
* 1985 - ''Macalla''
* 1987 - ''Sirius''
* 1988 - ''Atlantic Realm'' [Fuaimriain]
* 1989 - ''Past Present''
* 1989 - ''The Angel and the Soldier Boy'' [Fuaimriain]
* 1990 - ''Anam''
* 1993 - ''Banba''
* 1996 - ''Lore''
* 1997 - ''Landmarks''
* 1998 - ''An Díolaim''
* 2003 - ''The Best Of Clannad: In A Lifetime''
* 2005 - ''Clannad: Live In Concert, 1996''
* 2013 - ''Nádúr''
[[Íomhá:Sleev10.jpg|mion|Clúdach an cheirnín, [[1982]]]]

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Moya Brennan]]
* [[Na deartháireacha Noel agus Pádraig Ó Dugáin]]
* [[Enya]]
* [[Theme From Harry's Game|Theme from Harry's Game]]
* [[Gaoth Dobhair]]

== Naisc ==
* [http://www.clannad.ie Suíomh oifigiúil]
* [http://tuairisc.ie/an-ceoltoir-padraig-o-dugain-as-gaoth-dobhair-duine-de-bhunaitheoiri-clannad-imithe-ar-shli-na-firinne/ Tuairisc 2016-08-09: An ceoltóir Pádraig Ó Dúgáin as Gaoth Dobhair, duine de bhunaitheoirí Clannad, imithe ar shlí na fírinne]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Grúpaí ceoil bunaithe sa bhliain 1970]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Gaoth Dobhair]]
[[Catagóir:Bannaí a chanann i nGaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Clannad]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ailiútaigh</title>
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Is iad na h'''Ailiútaigh''' (ainm féin: ''Unangax'', ''Unangan'', nó ''Unanga'') [[Na Meiriceánaigh Dhúchasacha|muintir dhúchasach]] na n[[Oileáin Ailiúit]] in [[Alasca]], ([[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]), agus in Chukotka in oirthuaisceart na [[An Rúis|Rúise]]. Tá 17,000 Ailiútaigh ina gcónaí sna Stáit Aontaithe agus suas le 500 sa Rúis.

Labhraíonn siad an teanga [[An Ailiúitis|Ailiúitis]] go traidisiúnta, teanga atá gaolta leis [[an Ionúitis]]. Tá Ailiúitis ag timpeall ar 150 duine sna Stáit Aontaithe, daoine aosta sa chuid is mó, agus roinnt céadta duine sa Rúis. Béarla nó Rúisis sa chuid is mó a labhraíonn na hAiliútaigh sa lá atá inniu ann.

[[Íomhá:Greany Attu Woman.jpg|220x220px|thumb|clé|Bean Ailiútach agus a páiste, 1941]]
[[Íomhá:Aleut in Festival Dress in Alaska, Watercolor by Mikhail T. Tikhanov in 1818 with the original in the Collection of the Scientific Research Museum of the Russian Academy of Fine Arts (cropped).png|clé|mion|298x298px|pictiúr in 1818 le Mikhail T. Tikhanov ]]
[[Íomhá:Aleut.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|ca. 1820.]]
[[Íomhá:Modèle réduit de kayak Unangax-Château-Musée de Boulogne-sur-Mer (2).jpg|clé|mion|283x283px|Kayak, 1875]]

== Cultúr agus Ceirdeanna ==

Déanann na hAiliútaigh bád cáiliúil atá cosúil le [[cadhc]] nó [[Curach|curach]]. ''Iqyax'' nó ''badairka'' an focal atá air. Déantar an iqyax as adhmad éadrom agus craiceann [[Mór-rón|mór-róin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.native-languages.org/definitions/iqyax.htm|teideal=Iqyax|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá clúdach uisce-obach air freisin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://iscc.marinersmuseum.org/watercraft/baidarka/|teideal=Baidarka|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coilíniú na Rúise ==
Tháinig ceannaithe fionnaidh Rúiseacha go hOileáin Ailiúit i 1745. Bhí na ceannaithe fionnaidh ar lorg ainmhithe fionnaitheacha.  D’fhuadaigh na trádálaithe Rúiseacha mná agus páistí na nAiliútach, rud a chuir iallach ar na fir Ailiútacha ainmhithe fionnaitheacha a sheilg. Ar Oileán Attu, dhúnmharaigh na ceannaithe fionnaidh 15 bhean agus páiste mar shampla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/636.html|teideal=1745: Russians enslave Unangan (Aleut) people|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throid na hAiliútaigh in aghaidh [[Impireacht na Rúise|impiriúlachas na Rúise]] i 1763.  Chreach na hAiliútaigh 4 bhád Rúiseacha agus mharaigh siad beagnach dhá chéad ceannaí fionnaidh Rúiseach.  D'ionsaigh na ceannaithe fionnaidh Rúiseacha na hAiliútaigh ina dhiaidh sin. Chaill na hAiliútaigh an cogadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://usrussiarelations.org/2/timeline/first-contact/4|teideal=1763–64 Russian Fur Traders Clash with Aleut Natives|language=en|dátarochtana=2023-09-24|archivedate=2022-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819054429/https://usrussiarelations.org/2/timeline/first-contact/4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Choinscríobh na Rúisigh leath na bhfear Aliliútach mar shealgairí agus choinnigh siad na mná agus na páistí ina ngiall.  Mar sin, sheilg na hAiliútaigh dobhráin mara do na Rúisigh gan stad.  Laghdaigh faoina leath drochshaol an daonra Ailiútaigh idir 1750 agus 1800.  Thaistil na sealgairí Ailiútacha go hOileánrach Alastair agus go California freisin sa naoú haois déag ina n-iqyax leosan mar chonscríofaigh Rúiseacha ar thóir dobhráin mara. Thit an daonra Ailiúitach fiche a cúig faoin gcéad ó ghalar sa naoú haois déag freisin. Bhain an Choilíneacht Rúiseach úsáid as na hAiliútaigh chun bia a fháil ón muir agus ó na hoileáin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://iacsi.hi.is/issues/2010_volume_4/4_article_vol_4.pdf|teideal=The Aleuts and the Pacific Eskimo in the colonial economy of Russian Alaska in the mid 19th century|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tháinig an [[Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach na Rúise|Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach]] go hOileáin Ailiúit agus go [[Kodiak, Alasca|Kodiak]] sna 1790daí agus sa naoú haois déag.  Ba chasta an scéal é.  Nuair a chonaic na manaigh an drochshaol a bhí ann, d’éirigh siad na hAiliútaigh a chosaint ón mí-úsáid.  Thug an eaglais cabhair do na hAiliútaigh a scríobh ina dteanga féin chomh maith.  Ach ag an am céanna, ghlac an Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach páirt sa straitéis choilíneach.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-oct-01-na-churches1-story.html|teideal=In Alaska, a Tradition of Russian Faith|údar=Sam Howe Verhovek|dáta=2006-10-01|language=en-US|work=Los Angeles Times|dátarochtana=2023-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.aleutcorp.com/ Suíomh an Aleut Corporation, dáta rochtana: 16-7-2015]
* [http://www.aleutians.org Músaem na nAiliútach, 16-7-2015]
* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/636.html Amlíne Bhundúchasach le NIH]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Catagóir:Alasca]]
[[Catagóir:An Rúis]]
[[Catagóir:Bundúchasaigh Mheiriceá]]
[[Catagóir:Grúpaí eitneacha san Áise]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ned Kelly</title>
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        <username>TheUltimateGenealogy</username>
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Ba é '''Edward &quot;Ned&quot; Kelly''' ([[Gaeilge]]: ''Éadbhard Ó Ceallaigh''; [[Meitheamh]], [[1854]]/Meitheamh, [[1855]] - [[11 Samhain]] [[1880]]) an [[meirleach]]&lt;ref&gt;ach tugann na hAstrálaigh &quot;bushrangers&quot; ar na &quot;ceithearnaigh coille&quot; a bhí gníomhach faoin tuaith sa dara leath den naoú haois déag ... agus ba Ghaeil iad cuid nach beag acu. &lt;/ref&gt; ba mhó cáil san [[An Astráil|Astráil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-ned-kelly-agus-cail-ghaeil-na-hastraile.aspx|teideal=Ned Kelly agus Cáil Ghaeil na hAstráile|údar=Bearnaí Ó Doibhlin|dáta=2013|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ní raibh sé ach cúig bliana is fiche nuair a crochadh é sa bhliain 1880. D’éirigh leis an-cháil a bhaint amach i rith a shaoil ghairid, áfach.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-ned-kelly-laoch-no-cladhaire.aspx|teideal=Ned Kelly - laoch nó cladhaire?|údar=Dáithí Ó Colchúin|dáta=EAGRÁN 5 · MEÁN FÓMHAIR 2001|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Peter Carey|date=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/snj.truehistoryofkel0001care|title=True History of the Kelly Gang|journal=|volume=|issue=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-leargas-ar-eireannaigh-na-hastraile.aspx|teideal=Léargas ar Éireannaigh na hAstráile|údar=Bearnaí Ó Doibhlin|dáta=2011|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Íomhá:Ned kelly 1874.jpg|clé|mion|191x191px|Ned Kelly in 1874]]

== Beathaisnéis ==
[[Íomhá:Ned Kelly boxing.jpg|clé|mion|233x233px|[[Dornálaíocht|trodaíocht dhorn-nochta]] i mBeechworth, [[Victoria (An Astráil)|Victoria]], 1874]]

=== Sinsearacha ===
Ba de bhunadh Éireannach é Ned Kelly. B’as Contae Aontroma a mháthair. Ba mhac le [[Inimirce|inimirceach]] Éireannach as [[Contae Thiobraid Árann|Tiobraid Árann]] é, John &quot;Red&quot; Kelly, a cuireadh chun na [[An Tasmáin|Tasmáine]] sa bhliain 1841, ós rud gur ghoid sé dhá mhuicín. Chaith sé seacht mbliana faoi ghlas sular scaoileadh saor é agus bhuail sé le Ellen Quinn, as [[Contae Aontroma]]. Pósadh iad ar [[18 Samhain]] [[1850]] agus rugadh ochtar páiste dóibh: Mary, Annie, Ned, Maggie, Jim, Dan, Kate agus Grace. 

=== Coireanna ===
[[Íomhá:NedKelly dock.jpg|clé|mion|158x158px|os comhair na cúirte, ó ''The Illustrated Australian News'', 1880]]
Chaith Ned, a dheartháir Dan agus beirt comhghleacaí leo, an drong Kelly, blianta ar a dteitheadh de bharr eachtra inar maraíodh triúr póilíní. Le linn an ama sin robáil siad dhá bhanc agus rinne siad coireanna eile.  

=== Gabhadh ===
[[Íomhá:Ned Kelly trial.jpg|clé|mion|150x150px|os comhair na cúirte, ó ''The Illustrated Australian News'', 1880]]
Bhí na póilíní sa tóir ar dhrong an Cheallaigh ar feadh dhá bhliain. Ar deireadh thiar tháinig an drong Kelly go Glenrowan, áit ar chaith siad dhá lá ag réiteach d’ionsaí na bpóilíní.&lt;ref&gt;Ach ní ócáid róghruama a bhí sa deireadh seachtaine. Bhí sé de cháil ar an Glenrowan Inn go mbíodh uaineoil rósta den scoth le fáil ann. Chaith Ned agus a chomhluadar cuid den deireadh seachtaine ag damhsa cuadraille le bean an tí agus a hiníon agus seinneadh neart ceoil ar an gconsairtín.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nuair a thug na póilíní ruathar faoin áit, maraíodh a thriúr comrádaí, Gaeil gach mac máthar acu, agus gabhadh Ned. 

[[Íomhá:Story-of-the-kelly-gang-capture2-1906.jpg|clé|mion|150x150px|Scannán sa bhliain 1906, ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'' ]]
=== Triail agus basú ===
Nuair a ghabh na póilíní Ned i [[Glenrowan]], [[Victoria]], cuireadh chun a thrialach i [[Melbourne]] Victoria é, agus daoradh é chun báis.     

Glactar leis go forleathan anois nár tugadh cothrom na Féinne dó agus é ar a thriail. Shínigh 60,000 duine achainí thrócaire ag an am.  

Dhaor an [[breitheamh]], an [[Ridire]] Redmond Barry – [[Éireannach]] eile-– chun báis é. Maítear go raibh na focail dheireanacha cháiliúla seo aige: “Such is Life”.  

Crochadh an Ceallach ar [[11 Samhain]] [[1880]], gan ach cúig bliana is fiche slánaithe aige. 

D’iarr an Ceallach ar na húdaráis a chorp a chur i d[[talamh]] coisricthe, ach caitheadh a [[Corp an duine|chorp]] in aolchlais le coirp na gcimí eile a crochadh um an dtaca sin. 

== Oidhreacht ==
Is é Ned Kelly an Gael is clúití i stair na hAstráile   Mar bharr ar an donas, tá tionchar thar na bearta ag an gCeallach ar an dóigh a dhéanann bunáite muintir na hAstráile meas ar cháil na nGael abhus anois.

Reáchtáladh a thórramh sa bhliain 2013 i dtuaisceart [[Victoria (An Astráil)|Victoria]], an ceantar a thugann lucht na turasóireachta Kelly Country (dúiche Uí Chadhla is dócha, nó arís Uí Chaollaí, mar ba le Tiobraid Árann iad, nó arís ar ais, Uí Cheallaigh).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21077457|teideal=Ned Kelly: The outlaw who divides a nation|dáta=2013-01-20|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|dátarochtana=2020-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ceiliúradh [[Aifreann]] éagnairce i bparóiste Naomh Pádraig in [[Wangaratta]], an baile is mó i ndúiche Uí Cheallaigh, i mí Eanáir 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-ned-kelly-agus-cail-ghaeil-na-hastraile.aspx|teideal=Ned Kelly agus Cáil Ghaeil na hAstráile|údar=Bearnaí Ó Doibhlin|dáta=2013|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Scannáin ==
Tá sé ráite gurb é naoú huair déag a bhfuil scéal Ned Kelly tugtha chuig an scáileán beag is mór agus gach duine ó [[Heath Ledger]] go [[Mick Jagger]] tar éis a léiriú féin a dhéanamh ar an laoch / fhrithlaoch de bhunadh na hÉireann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sceal-mhadra-na-n-ocht-gcos-deanta-den-true-history-of-the-kelly-gang/|teideal=Scéal mhadra na n-ocht gcos déanta den True History of the Kelly Gang|údar=Breandán M Mac Gearailt|dáta=15 Márta 2020|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1906]] : ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ó [[Charles Tait]]
* [[1951]] : ''The Glenrowan Affair'', ó Rupert Kathner
* [[1970]] : ''Ned Kelly'', ó Tony Richardson, le [[Mick Jagger]] i ról Ned Kelly
* [[2003]] : ''Ned Kelly'', ó Gregor Jordan, le [[Heath Ledger]] i ról Ned Kelly

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Ned}}
[[Catagóir:Stair na hAstráile]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1855]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1880]]
[[Catagóir:Dúnmharfóirí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine Astrálacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine de bhunadh na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Coirpigh Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Robálaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Teaghlach Kelly]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stailc agus Frithdhúnadh 1913 (Baile Átha Cliath)</title>
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      <text bytes="26221" sha1="1l8rj37vw834j60kljv87p9asm7vhzb" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

[[Íomhá:1913 Bileog.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Bileog ón mbliain 1913 ag áitiú ar an lucht oibre gan éadaí de dhéantús na sáraitheoirí stailce a chaitheamh]]
Is éard a bhí i '''Stailc agus Frithdhúnadh na bliana 1913 i mBaile Átha Cliath''' ná aighneas oibreachais idir timpeall is 20,000 oibrí agus 300 fostóir i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]], príomhchathair na hÉireann. Mhair an t-aighneas ón [[26 Lúnasa]] [[1913]] go dtí an [[18 Eanáir]] [[1914]], agus glactar leis gurbh í an díospóid thionsclaíoch ba mhó agus ba throime i [[stair na hÉireann]] í. Theastaigh ó na hoibrithe, i measc éileamh eile, an ceart chun dul i gceardchumann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.anpost.ie/NR/rdonlyres/B4EF5059-D14D-4381-B9E3-3462500B5C49/0/K7465ANPOST_Schoolbag_LPlanSecondary1913Lockout_IRISH_v12.pdf|teideal=Frithdhúnadh Mór 1913|údar=anpost.ie|dáta=2013|dátarochtana=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.coisceim.ie/1913.html|teideal=1913: Mícheál Ó Maoláin|údar=Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh (Eag)|dáta=2013|dátarochtana=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba iad [[Séamas Ó Lorcáin]] agus [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]] ceannairí an lucht oibre. Is féidir a rá faoin gcéad fhear acu gurbh eisean bunaitheoir agus &quot;athair&quot; an cheardchumannachais agus na gluaiseachta lucht oibre in Éirinn; rinneadh laoch náisiúnta den dara fear nuair a cuireadh chun báis é i ndiaidh [[Éirí Amach na Cásca]]. Cé nár baineadh cuspóirí na n-oibrithe amach, d'fhoghlaim an lucht oibre ceacht tábhachtach faoin gceardchumannachas agus faoin dlúthpháirtíocht, ceacht a chuaigh chun tairbhe dóibh ina dhiaidh sin.

== Cúlra na nImeachtaí ==
[[Íomhá:Workers on the steps of Liberty Hall.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Delia Larkin (chun tosaigh, i lár) le hoibrithe an ''Irish Worker'' ar chéimeanna Halla na Saoirse]]

=== Na Plódcheantair i mBaile Átha Cliath ===
Ceann de na príomhchúiseanna leis an achrann ab ea go raibh bochtáin na príomhchathrach i gcruachás ar fad. Sa bhliain 1913, bhí duine as gach triúr i mBaile Átha Cliath ina chónaí sna plódcheantair.

{{Main|Tionóntán}}
{{Main|An Músaem Tionóntán}}

Bhí mortlaíocht na naíonán an-ard i measc na mbocht: fuair 143 as gach 1,000 leanbh bás agus iad ina naíonáin. Thairis sin, bhí na [[galar|galair]] ag leathadh gan srian sna tionóntáin, chomh plódaithe is a bhí na daoine agus chomh gann is a bhí an leigheas. Ba í [[an eitinn]] an galar ab fhairsinge acu, agus í á tógáil is ag marú roimpi go sciobtha. Foilsíodh tuarascáil sa bhliain 1912 a dúirt go raibh líon na mbásanna de dheasca eitinne 50 faoin gcéad ní b'airde in Éirinn ná i [[Sasana]] agus in [[Albain]], agus gurb ar na daoine bochta ba mheasa a shiúil an eitinn.

Ba léir a dhonacht is a bhí na tionóntáin ar an [[2 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]], seachtain i ndiaidh thús na stailce, nuair a thit dhá theach tionóntáin ar Shráid an Teampaill (''Church Street'') as a chéile gan choinne agus maraíodh seachtar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.historyireland.com/the-church-street-disaster-september-1913/|teideal=The Church Street disaster, September 1913|language=en|work=History Ireland|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Vulture of dartry hall.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Cartún aoire comhaimseartha de [[William Martin Murphy]] dar teideal ''The Demon of Death'']]
Ó nach raibh mórán post ar fáil don sclábhaí gan scileanna, bhí an bochtanas ag dul i ngéire ar lucht oibre den chineál sin. Ní raibh aon duine ag troid ar a son sular tháinig gluaiseacht na gceardchumann ar an bhfód. Thairis sin, chaithfeadh na daoine seo dul in iomaíocht le chéile faoi gach aon phost a tharla ar fáil, agus ba é an té a ghlacfadh leis an bpá ab ísle a gheobhadh an obair.

=== Séamas Ó Lorcáin agus an ITGWU ===
Ba é [[Séamas Ó Lorcáin]] ceann feadhna an lucht oibre san aighneas, agus é i ndiaidh an-dintiúir a bhaint amach i ngluaiseacht na gceardchumann. Fuair sé an chéad taithí ar an gceardchumannachas in Éirinn sa bhliain 1907, nuair a chuaigh sé go [[Béal Feirste]] le dul i gceannas ar chraobh áitiúil an NUDL, ceardchumann na ndugairí a bhí bunaithe sa [[An Bhreatain|Bhreatain Mhór]]. Roimhe sin, chaith sé seal ag obair ina dhugaire i [[Liverpool|Learphall]]. I mBéal Feirste dó d'eagraigh an Lorcánach stailc na ndugairí is na n-oibrithe iompair. I mBéal Feirste a d'fhorbair sé a oirbheartaíocht féin, is é sin, cur chuige na stailce comhbhá. Is é is brí le &quot;stailc chomhbhá&quot; ná lucht oibre nach bhfuil páirteach sa choimhlint iad féin a bheith ag dul ar stailc le tacú leo siúd atá. D'éirigh go measartha leis an stailc i mBéal Feirste, agus thuill sí clú agus cáil don Lorcánach i measc lucht oibre na hÉireann.

Mar sin féin, bhí a chur chuige ina ábhar conspóide i measc na gceardchumannaithe féin, agus sa deireadh, cuireadh go Baile Átha Cliath é. Bhí na hoibrithe neamhoilte i mBaile Átha Cliath go mór mór faoi chois ag na fostóirí. An fostóir a raibh amhras air go raibh duine dá lucht oibre ag iarraidh dul i gceardchumann, d'fhéadfadh sé an t-oibrí sin a chur ar an liosta dubh, ionas nach mbeadh fostóir ar bith sásta é a fhostú agus é briste as a phost. Mar sin féin, chrom an Lorcánach ar na hoibrithe neamhoilte a bhréagadh isteach sna ceardchumainn. Cúis imní a bhí ann don NUDL, nach raibh fonnmhar achrann lánscála a tharraingt anuas orthu le fostóirí Bhaile Átha Cliath. Mar sin, cuireadh an Lorcánach ar fionraí mar thimire de chuid an NUDL sa bhliain 1908. Ansin, d'fhág an Lorcánach an NUDL, agus i mí Eanáir [[1909]] bhunaigh sé a cheardchumann féin, [[Ceardchumann Iompair agus Ilsaothair na hÉireann|Ceardchumann Oibrithe Iompair agus Ilsaothair na hÉireann (ITGWU)]].

Ba é an ITGWU an chéad cheardchumann in Éirinn a dhírigh ar na hoibrithe oilte agus neamhoilte araon. Níorbh fhada gur bhunaigh sé craobhacha i gcathracha eile na hÉireann seachas Baile Átha Cliath. Bhain an Lorcánach leas as an gceardchumann lena chuid tuairimí sindeacáiteacha a chraobhscaoileadh. Chreid sé go mbeadh sé indéanta réabhlóid [[Sóisialachas|shóisialach]] a chur i gcrích tríd an gceardchumannachas agus tríd an lucht oibre a chur ag dul ar ollstailc. Ní raibh rath ar stailceanna an ITGWU sna blianta 1908-1910, ach ón mbliain 1911 amach bhí ag éirí leo, agus bhuaigh siad stailceanna a raibh baint acu le carraeirí agus le lucht oibre iarnróid. Sna blianta 1911-1913, d'fhás ballraíocht an cheardchumainn ó cheithre mhíle go deich míle duine. Chuir an fhorbairt seo imní ar na fostóirí, nó ba ábhar míshuaimhnis dóibh an ráchairt a bhí ar an gceardchumann nua.
[[Íomhá:Connolly.james.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Séamus Ó Conghaile]]

=== An Conghaileach agus Páirtí Lucht Oibre na hÉireann ===

Bhí ról tábhachtach i bhforbairt na gluaiseachta lucht oibre ag [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]], Marxach a rugadh i n[[Dún Éideann]] in [[Albain]]. Bhí bua na hóráidíochta ag an gConghaileach díreach cosúil leis an Lorcánach, agus thug na daoine aird ar a chuid óráidí sráide i mBaile Átha Cliath. Bhí [[náisiúnachas in Éirinn|náisiúnachas Éireannach]] á chraobhscaoileadh aige chomh maith leis an sóisialachas. Sa bhliain 1896 bhunaigh an Conghaileach Páirtí Sóisialach Poblachtach na hÉireann, agus dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin chuir sé an nuachtán ''The Workers' Republic'' (&quot;Poblacht an Lucht Oibre&quot;) ar bun. Sa bhliain 1910 chuaigh an Conghaileach leis an ITGWU, agus sa bhliain 1911 cheap an ceardchumann ina thimire é do lucht oibre Bhéal Feirste. Sa bhliain 1912, chuir an Conghaileach agus an Lorcánach [[Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)|Páirtí Lucht Oibre na hÉireann]] ar bun, páirtí a bhí ceaptha mar ghuth an lucht oibre sa pharlaimint nua Éireannach a bhí le teacht ar an bhfód de thoradh an [[Rialtas Dúchais|Rialtais Dúchais]] (''Home Rule''). Mar a thit na cúrsaí amach, áfach, cuireadh an Rialtas Dúchais ar fionraí nuair a thosaigh [[an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]], agus i ndiaidh Éirí Amach na Cásca sa bhliain 1916, tháinig gluaiseacht mhíleata náisiúnaíoch chun saoil a bhí dírithe ar an neamhspleáchas iomlán a bhaint amach don tír in áit an Rialtais Dúchais. Mar sin, fágadh an pharlaimint sin sa liombó.

=== Uilliam Máirtín Ó Murchadha agus na Fostóirí ===
[[Íomhá:William Martin Murphy Oil Painting by William Orpen.jpg|mion|clé|220px|William Martin Murphy, mar a phéinteáil William Orpen é]]
Fear gnó mór-ratha a bhí in [[William Martin Murphy|Uilliam Máirtín Ó Murchadha]] (''William Martin Murphy'') a rugadh in aice le [[Baile Chaisleáin Bhéarra]] i g[[Contae Chorcaí]] i mí na Nollag [[1844]]; i m[[Beanntraí]] a tógadh é. Sa bhliain [[1913]] bhí sé ina chathaoirleach ar Chomhlacht Aontaithe Tramanna Bhaile Átha Cliath (''Dublin United Tramway Company''), agus ba leisean an siopa ilrannach Clery's chomh maith leis an óstán Imperial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/James_Larkin |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-01-26 |archivedate=2015-07-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711203151/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/James_Larkin }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí na nuachtáin ''[[Irish Independent]]'', ''Evening Herald'' agus ''Irish Catholic'' faoina smacht freisin, agus bhí sé ina mhór-scairshealbhóir sa chomhlacht farantóireachta ''B&amp;I Line''. Bhí sé ar dhuine den bheagán [[Caitliceachas|Caitliceach]] a bhí chun tosaigh i saol gnó na hÉireann ag an am, nuair a bhí [[an Chinsealacht Phrotastúnach]] fós i réim.
[[Íomhá:Imperial-Hotel-(old-Clerys-building)-3-Dublin-Sep2016.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Foirgneamh Clery's ar Shráid Uí Chonaill, mar a raibh an tOstán Imperial]]
[[Náisiúnachas in Éirinn|Náisiúnaí]] tábhachtach a bhí in Ó Murchadha freisin, agus seal caite ina Theachta Parlaiminte in [[Westminster]] aige. Sa saol príobháideach bhí clú an fhir chineálta fhlaithiúil air, agus bhí pá ard ag a lucht oibre i gcomparáid leis na gnólachtaí eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Desmond|first=Barry|title=No Workers' Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/noworkersrepubli0000desm|year=2009|publisher=Watchword|isbn=9780955724930|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noworkersrepubli0000desm/page/19 19]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mar sin féin, bhí saol crua acu siúd a bhí ag obair dó. Chaithfeadh an lucht oibre seacht n-uaire déag an chloig a chur díobh ag obair in aghaidh an lae, má bhí gá leis. Bhí siad faoi dhiansmacht an fhostóra agus faoi dhiansúil an bhrathadóra.
Bhí Ó Murchadha go mór mór in aghaidh na gceardchumann, ó bhí sé den tuairim nár chóir d'aon duine ón taobh amuigh ladar a chur ina chuid gnóthaí, agus thar aon rud eile bhí sé in aghaidh an Lorcánaigh, agus meas an réabhlóidí dhainséaraigh aige air.

I mí Iúil [[1913]] tháinig trí chéad fostóir le chéile agus Ó Murchadha sa chathaoir ar an gcruinniú, agus chinn siad ar cur le chéile in aghaidh na gceardchumann. Bhí Ó Murchadha agus na fostóirí eile meáite ar féachaint chuige nach bhféadfadh an ITGWU fódú ceart a dhéanamh i measc lucht oibre [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]].
Ar an [[15 Lúnasa]] [[1913]] bhris Ó Murchadha dhá scór oibrí as a bpoist a bhí, dar leis, ina mbaill den cheardchumann. I rith na chéad seachtaine eile tugadh bata agus bóthar do thrí chéad duine eile.
[[Íomhá:Irish Independent First Issue 1905 01 02.png|mion|clé|220px|An chéad eagrán den ''Irish Independent'', 1905]]

== Imeachtaí na Díospóide ==

=== Tús na Stailce ===

Ar an 26 Lúnasa chuaigh lucht oibre Chomhlacht Aontaithe Tramanna Bhaile Átha Cliath ar stailc. D'fhéach an Lorcánach chuige go raibh an stailc ar cois faoin am chéanna is a reáchtáil [[Cumann Ríoga Bhaile Átha Cliath]] a sheó capall, is é sin, Seó Capall Bhaile Átha Cliath. Mar sin, tharraing an stailc uasmhéid an mhíchompoird ar mhuintir na príomhchathrach agus rinne sí uasmhéid an dochair do ghnóthaí Uí Mhurchadha. Ar an nóiméad réamhshocraithe thréig na tiománaithe agus na stiúrthóirí a gcuid tramanna scun scan, gan aon duine a fhágáil ina mbun. Ba é frithbhuille Uí Mhurchadha agus breis is ceithre chéad fostóir eile sa chathair gur chuir siad d'fhiacha ar a lucht oibre gealladh scríofa a shíniú nach rachaidís san ITGWU agus nach nglacfaidís páirt i stailceanna comhbhá.

=== Géarú an Aighnis ===

D'imir na fostóirí frithdhúnadh ar a gcuid lucht oibre, agus iad ag tabhairt isteach sáraitheoirí stailce ón mBreatain Mhór agus ó áiteanna eile in Éirinn. Bhí lucht oibre Bhaile Átha Cliath ar an mblár folamh ar fad i gcomparáid lena gcomhleithéidí sa chuid eile den [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Ríocht Aontaithe]], agus chaithfidís maireachtáil i dtuilleamaí pé deonachán a gheobhaidís ó Chomhdháil na gCeardchumann (TUC) sa Bhreatain Mhór agus ó fhoinsí eile in Éirinn, agus an ITGWU á roinnt go gortach ar na stailceoirí de réir a dhualgais féin. Suim £150,000 ar fad a cuireadh ar fáil dóibh ar an gcuma sin.

Ar an [[27 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]] tháinig an chéad long bhia, an ''SS Hare'', i dtír i mBaile Átha Cliath ó Salford i Sasana agus 60,000 beartán bia ar bord a roinneadh ar theaghlaigh na stailceoirí ó Halla na Saoirse; tháinig longa eile ina diaidh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.siptu.ie/ss-hare-docks-in-dublin-17637/|teideal=SS Hare docks in Dublin|údar=SIPTU|dáta=2013|language=en|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tháinig na sluaite móra de stailceoirí ag déanamh picéid leis na sáraitheoirí a imeaglú. Ón taobh eile de, d'ionsaigh constáblaí ó [[Póilíní Chathair Átha Cliath|Phóilíní Chathair Átha Cliath]] mórchruinnithe an lucht oibre le gabháil de smachtíní ar na hoibrithe.

=== Domhnach na Fola, 31 Lúnasa 1913 ===
[[Íomhá:Such Meeting or Assemblage is seditious... (9621476054).jpg|mion|clé|220px|An forógra ó E. G. Swifte, Príomh-Ghiúistís Rannánach Phóilíní Chathair Átha Cliath, a chuir cosc ar an gcruinniú ar Shráid Sackville]]
Ar an [[31 Lúnasa]] [[1913]], d'ionsaigh na péas daoine ar Shráid Sackville (inniu [[Sráid Uí Chonaill]]) i lár Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/St%C3%B3r-Staire.pdf|teideal=Stór Staire|údar=Seán Delap  (COGG)|dáta=|dátarochtana=2020|archivedate=2024-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607154557/https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/St%C3%B3r-Staire.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Bhí mé ar Shráid Uí Chonaill tráthnóna amháin nuair a tháinig Séamas Ó Lorcáin amach ar bhalcóin an óstáin. Bhí féasóg bhréige air ionas nach n-aithneofaí é. Labhair sé agus an slua ag déanamh gártha agus ag béiceadh in aghaidh na bhfostóirí. Tháinig na póilíní anuas go tapa ó thaobhanna éagsúla, bhí an slua teanntaithe acu, agus bhuail siad duine ar bith a bhí sa tslí orthu lena smachtíní. Chonaic mé mná á leagan agus na póilíní á gciceáil. Rith mé ar luas lasrach suas taobhshráid; ag an taobh eile den tsráid bhí na póilíní ag bualadh daoine a bhí sínte agus iad gortaithe ar an talamh, agus á mbualadh arís agus arís eile&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Ernie O'Malley|date=1936|url=|title=On Another Man's Wound|journal=|volume=|issue=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[Íomhá:Stakingen in Ierland met confrontaties tussen de stakers en de politie in Sackville Street, SFA022820567.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Achrann idir na stailceoirí agus na póilíní ar Shráid Sackville, 1913]]
Seo mar a chuir nuachtán an lae dár gcionn síos ar chuid de na himeachtaí:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ar 5.30 p.m. nó mar sin ar Shráid Camden, rinne slua iarracht iallach a chur ar na tiománaithe as sé thram a gcuid lámh tiomána a thabhairt uathu. Iarradh ar na giollaí tram freisin na tramanna a fhágáil. Dhiúltaigh na tiománaithe agus na giollaí géilleadh don tslua. Thosaigh siadsan ag caitheamh cloch agus diúracán leis na tramanna. Ní raibh ach beagán de na póilíní ar an láthair ag an am. Chaith an slua clocha leo chomh maith. Níorbh fhada gur tháinig cúnamh chuig na póilíní. Thug siad sé ruathar smachtíní ar a laghad faoi na daoine a bhí sa slua agus scaip siad iad sa deireadh.&lt;ref&gt;Freeman's Journal, 1 Meán Fómhair 1913&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ar an lá céanna, rinne ceardchumannaithe a bhí ag filleadh ó shlógadh i bPáirc Croydon (Marino inniu) ionsaí ar na póilíní.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://spiritof1913.wordpress.com/tag/croydon-park/|teideal=Croydon Park|language=en|work=Spirit of 1913|dátarochtana=2020-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair beirt fhear oibre bás, James Nolan agus John Byrne, nuair a d'ionsaigh na constáblaí cruinniú ar Shráid Sackville agus gortaíodh idir 400 agus 600 duine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://centenaries.ucd.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/83980-UCD-Decade-of-Centenaries_A5-IRISH_FA_download_v2.pdf|teideal=Decade of Centenaries|údar=COBÁC|dáta=2016|dátarochtana=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baineadh feidhm as marcshlua mar iarracht ar an gcíréib a smachtú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dublintenementexperience.wordpress.com/2013/08/30/the-baton-charge-batons-from-the-national-museum/|teideal=The Baton Charge! Batons from the National Museum|údar=dublintenementexperience|dáta=2013-08-30|language=en|work=Dublin Tenement Experience|dátarochtana=2020-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tugann gluaiseacht lucht oibre na hÉireann &quot;Domhnach na Fola&quot; ar na himeachtaí seo i gcónaí (cé go n-aithnítear dhá &quot;Dhomhnach Fola&quot; eile i [[stair na hÉireann]] san [[20ú haois|fhichiú haois]]), in [[Domhnach na Fola (1920)|1920]] agus [[Domhnach na Fola (1972)|1972]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/battle-engaged-1.1522282|teideal=Battle engaged|údar=Adrian Grant|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2020-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiosrúchán Askwith ===
Ar an [[26 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]] cheap Bord Trádála na Breataine binse fiosrúcháin faoi chathaoirleacht an Ridire George Askwith leis an aighneas a réiteach. Mhol sé don lucht oibre éirí as an stailc chomhbhá, mhol sé do na fostóirí éirí as an bhfrithdhúnadh, agus mhol sé córas eadrána a bhunú. Ghlac an ceardchumann leis na moltaí ach dhiúltaigh na fostóirí dóibh ar an [[6 Deireadh Fómhair]].

=== Scéim na Leanaí agus an Eaglais ===
I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1913 chuir an sóisialaí Sasanach Dora Montefiore scéim chun cinn a thabharfadh clann na stailceoirí go dtí [[An Bhreatain|an Bhreatain]] faoi chúram lucht na gceardchumann thall. Níor cheadaigh an [[Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach|Eaglais Chaitliceach]] a cur i gcrích, áfach: labhair Ardeaspag Bhaile Átha Cliath, William Walsh, ina coinne ar eagla go gcaillfeadh na leanaí a gcreideamh thall, agus chuir sagairt bac orthu ag na duganna. Thaobhaigh an Eaglais leis na fostóirí le linn na díospóide, agus shíl na heaglaisigh, is cosúil, gur [[Réabhlóid|réabhlóidí]] dainséarach sóisialach a bhí sa Lorcánach.
[[Íomhá:Larkin statue, Belfast (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1377274.jpg|mion|clé|220px|An Lorcánach, nó James Larkin, a bhí i gceannas ar na hoibrithe le linn an Fhrithdhúnta ([[Dealbhóireacht|dealbh]] i mBéal Feirste)]]

=== Príosúnacht an Lorcánaigh agus Arm Cathartha na hÉireann ===
Ar an [[28 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1913]] ciontaíodh an Lorcánach i gcion ceannairce agus gearradh seacht mí príosúnachta air, ach de bharr an fheachtais mhóir a rinneadh ar a shon, scaoileadh saor é ar an [[13 Samhain]] agus gan ach seacht lá dhéag curtha isteach aige.

Roimhe sin, ar an [[1 Samhain]] [[1913]], fuair James Byrne, rúnaí chraobh Bhré agus Dhún Laoghaire den ITGWU, bás den niúmóine a tholg sé agus é ar stailc ocrais is tarta i bPríosún Mhuinseo. &quot;Mairtíreach ar son chúis naofa na saoirse&quot; a thug an Conghaileach air ina óráid ag an tsochraid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://historyireland.com/james-byrne-martyr-sacred-cause-liberty/|teideal=James Byrne — 'a martyr to the sacred cause of liberty'|language=en|work=History Ireland|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cor a thabhairt in aghaidh an chaim, bhunaigh an Lorcánach, [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]] agus Séamus Roibeard de Faoite (''Jack White''), iar-Chaptaen in [[Arm na Breataine|Arm na Breataine Móire]], [[Arm Cathartha na hÉireann]] i mí na Samhna 1913, mílíste lucht oibre a chosnódh léirsithe an lucht oibre.
[[Íomhá:Countessmarkieviczandchildren.jpg|mion|clé|220px|An Chuntaois [[Constance Gore-Booth Markiewicz|Markievicz]] lena leasmhac agus lena hiníon]]

=== Maireann an Frithdhúnadh ===
Ar feadh cúig mhí bhí na mílte is na hathmhílte de lucht oibre Bhaile Átha Cliath díomhaoin agus ar an ngannchuid. Is é an chiall a bhain an t-''[[Irish Independent]]'' as an scéal gurbh é an Lorcánach an bithiúnach, ach ar ndóigh, ba le hÓ Murchadha na nuachtáin seo.&lt;ref&gt; Maume, Patrick: ''The Irish Independent and Empire, 1891-1919'', Simon Potter (ed.) Newspapers and Empire in Ireland and Britain: Reporting the British Empire c.1857-1921 (Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2004) leathnaigh 124–42.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]] agus William O'Brien ina gceannairí tábhachtacha sa cheardchumann freisin, agus fuair na stailceoirí tacaíocht ó phearsana éifeachtacha cosúil le [[Pádraig Mac Piarais]], an Chuntaois [[Constance Gore-Booth Markiewicz|Markievicz]] agus [[William Butler Yeats]]. Bhí cead cainte acu seo sna clómheáin, cé go raibh na meáin féin ag cur in aghaidh an Lorcánaigh.

I mí na Nollag 1913 bhí Alice Brady, cailín cúig bliana déag d'aois a bhí ina ball den ITGWU, ag filleadh abhaile le beartán bia ón gceardchumann nuair a scaoil sáraitheoir stailce, Patrick Traynor, urchair isteach i slua. Buaileadh sa lámh í, agus fuair sí bás den teiteanas ar an [[1 Eanáir]] [[1914]]. Saoradh Traynor ar chúiseamh dúnmharaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/themes/lockout/guides|teideal=Lockout|language=en|work=Century Ireland (RTÉ)|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Deireadh an Fhrithdhúnta ===
[[Íomhá:JimLarkin.JPG|mion|clé|220px|Dealbh an Lorcánaigh ar [[Sráid Uí Chonaill|Shráid Uí Chonaill]], [[Baile Átha Cliath]]]]
Faoi dheireadh na bliana 1913 bhí an Lorcánach agus an Conghaileach ag impí ar lucht oibre na Breataine Móire dul ar stailc chomhbhá le tacaíocht a léiriú do mhuintir Bhaile Átha Cliath. Ag comhdháil speisialta de chuid an TUC i Londain ar an [[9 Nollaig]] [[1913]], áfach, diúltaíodh do bheart comhbhá le 2,280,000 vóta in aghaidh 203,000 — buille marfach ar chás na stailceoirí. Bhí cuid mhór de na hoibrithe ag stiúgadh le hocras cheana féin, agus iad sásta a ghealladh nach rachaidís in aon cheardchumann, chomh géar is a bhí obair, bia agus beatha ag teastáil uathu. Faoin [[18 Eanáir]] [[1914]] bhí na hoibrithe ag filleadh ar an obair ina sluaite, agus bhí an frithdhúnadh thart.

Rinne an díospóid an-dochar don ITGWU, agus drochbhuillí eile ab ea imeacht an Lorcánaigh go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe sa bhliain 1914 agus bású an Chonghailigh i ndiaidh Éirí Amach na Cásca 1916. Mar sin féin, chrom William O'Brien agus [[Thomas Johnson]] ar an gceardchumann a atógáil, agus sa bhliain 1919, sháraigh a bhallraíocht figiúirí na bliana 1913.

Cé nár éirigh leis an ITGWU (agus ceardchumann eile ba lú ná é, an UBLU, ag cabhrú leis) ardú pá ná feabhas ar na coinníollacha oibre a bhaint amach do na hoibrithe, ba mhór millteanach an t-athrú taoide é an t-aighneas seo i stair an lucht oibre in Éirinn. Bhí an lucht oibre tar éis tuiscint a fháil ar an dlúthpháirtíocht mar choincheap. Ní rithfeadh le haon fhostóir feasta iarracht a dhéanamh leis an gceardchumann a chloí mar a rinne Ó Murchadha. Bhí na gnóthais féin i mBaile Átha Cliath thíos go dona leis an bhfrithdhúnadh, agus d'fhág an díospóid cuid mhór acu ina bhféimhigh.
[[Íomhá:William Butler Yeats by George Charles Beresford.jpg|mion|clé|220px|William Butler Yeats, 1911]]

=== ''September 1913'' le Yeats ===

Le linn an fhrithdhúnta, ar an [[8 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]], d'fhoilsigh [[William Butler Yeats]] san ''Irish Times'' an dán ar a dtugtar ''September 1913'' inniu. &quot;Romance in Ireland&quot; an teideal a bhí air ar dtús, agus is ar chonspóid eile a bhain le hÓ Murchadha a scríobhadh é, is é sin, an chointinn faoi ghailearaí ealaíne a thógáil i mBaile Átha Cliath do phictiúir Hugh Lane. Thug Yeats féin le fios, áfach, nach raibh an dá aighneas scartha óna chéile. Tá an dán ar cheann de na dánta is cáiliúla dár tháinig ó pheann an fhile, agus léirítear ann an dímheas a bhí aige ar an meánaicme Chaitliceach chomh hiomlán is a bhí sí faoi smacht na hEaglaise.

I mí na Samhna 1913 cháin Yeats go géar, i litir dar teideal &quot;Dublin Fanaticism&quot; san ''Irish Worker'', an bhrúidiúlacht a d'imir na póilíní ar an lucht oibre.

=== Oidhreacht ===
Mhair [[Arm Cathartha na hÉireann]] i ndiaidh an fhrithdhúnta, agus ghlac sé páirt in Éirí Amach na Cásca in [[1916]]. Sa bhliain [[1979]] nochtadh dealbh den Lorcánach de chuid an dealbhóra Oisín Kelly ar Shráid Uí Chonaill, agus focail as óráid dá chuid greanta uirthi i nGaeilge, i mBéarla agus i bhFraincis: &quot;Ní uasal aon uasal ach sinne bheith íseal: Éirímis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ria.ie/2016/01/29/modern-ireland-in-100-artworks-jim-larkin-statue-on-oconnell-street/|teideal=Modern Ireland in 100 Artworks: Jim Larkin Statue on O'Connell Street|údar=Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|dáta=2016|language=en|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Comóradh céad bliain an fhrithdhúnta sa bhliain [[2013]].

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ceardchumann Iompair agus Ilsaothair na hÉireann]]
* [[Arm Cathartha na hÉireann]]
* [[Séamas Ó Lorcáin]]
* [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]]
* [[Tionóntán]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Stair Chontae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Ceardchumainn]]
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      <text bytes="25702" sha1="5zod7ciokog8dbvrzd3whcjy65q90hk" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}Is éard a bhí i '''Stailc agus Frithdhúnadh na bliana 1913 i mBaile Átha Cliath''' ná aighneas oibreachais idir timpeall is 20,000 oibrí agus 300 fostóir i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]], príomhchathair na hÉireann. Mhair an t-aighneas ón [[26 Lúnasa]] [[1913]] go dtí an [[18 Eanáir]] [[1914]], agus glactar leis gurbh í an díospóid thionsclaíoch ba mhó agus ba throime i [[stair na hÉireann]] í. Theastaigh ó na hoibrithe, i measc éileamh eile, an ceart chun dul i gceardchumann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.anpost.ie/NR/rdonlyres/B4EF5059-D14D-4381-B9E3-3462500B5C49/0/K7465ANPOST_Schoolbag_LPlanSecondary1913Lockout_IRISH_v12.pdf|teideal=Frithdhúnadh Mór 1913|údar=anpost.ie|dáta=2013|dátarochtana=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.coisceim.ie/1913.html|teideal=1913: Mícheál Ó Maoláin|údar=Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh (Eag)|dáta=2013|dátarochtana=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba iad [[Séamas Ó Lorcáin]] agus [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]] ceannairí an lucht oibre. Is féidir a rá faoin gcéad fhear acu gurbh eisean bunaitheoir agus &quot;athair&quot; an cheardchumannachais agus na gluaiseachta lucht oibre in Éirinn; rinneadh laoch náisiúnta den dara fear nuair a cuireadh chun báis é i ndiaidh [[Éirí Amach na Cásca]]. Cé nár baineadh cuspóirí na n-oibrithe amach, d'fhoghlaim an lucht oibre ceacht tábhachtach faoin gceardchumannachas agus faoin dlúthpháirtíocht, ceacht a chuaigh chun tairbhe dóibh ina dhiaidh sin.

[[Íomhá:1913 Bileog.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Bileog ón mbliain 1913 ag áitiú ar an lucht oibre gan éadaí de dhéantús na sáraitheoirí stailce a chaitheamh]]
[[Íomhá:Workers on the steps of Liberty Hall.jpg|mion|deas|220px|Delia Larkin (chun tosaigh, i lár) le hoibrithe an ''Irish Worker'' ar chéimeanna Halla na Saoirse]][[Íomhá:Vulture of dartry hall.jpg|mion|deas|220px|Cartún aoire comhaimseartha de [[William Martin Murphy]] dar teideal ''The Demon of Death'']]
[[Íomhá:Connolly.james.jpg|mion|220px|Séamus Ó Conghaile]][[Íomhá:William Martin Murphy Oil Painting by William Orpen.jpg|mion|deas|220px|William Martin Murphy, mar a phéinteáil William Orpen é]]
[[Íomhá:Such Meeting or Assemblage is seditious... (9621476054).jpg|mion|deas|220px|An forógra ó E. G. Swifte, Príomh-Ghiúistís Rannánach Phóilíní Chathair Átha Cliath, a chuir cosc ar an gcruinniú ar Shráid Sackville]][[Íomhá:Imperial-Hotel-(old-Clerys-building)-3-Dublin-Sep2016.jpg|mion|deas|220px|Foirgneamh Clery's ar Shráid Uí Chonaill, mar a raibh an tOstán Imperial]]
[[Íomhá:Larkin statue, Belfast (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1377274.jpg|mion|deas|220px|An Lorcánach, nó James Larkin, a bhí i gceannas ar na hoibrithe le linn an Fhrithdhúnta ([[Dealbhóireacht|dealbh]] i mBéal Feirste)]][[Íomhá:JimLarkin.JPG|mion|deas|220px|Dealbh an Lorcánaigh ar [[Sráid Uí Chonaill|Shráid Uí Chonaill]], [[Baile Átha Cliath]]]]
[[Íomhá:William Butler Yeats by George Charles Beresford.jpg|mion|deas|220px|William Butler Yeats, 1911]][[Íomhá:Countessmarkieviczandchildren.jpg|mion|deas|220px|An Chuntaois [[Constance Gore-Booth Markiewicz|Markievicz]] lena leasmhac agus lena hiníon]]

== Cúlra ==

=== Na tionóntáin i mBaile Átha Cliath ===
Ceann de na príomhchúiseanna leis an achrann ab ea go raibh bochtáin na príomhchathrach i gcruachás ar fad. Sa bhliain 1913, bhí duine as gach triúr i mBaile Átha Cliath ina chónaí sna tionóntáin.

{{Main|Tionóntán}}
{{Main|An Músaem Tionóntán}}

Bhí mortlaíocht na naíonán an-ard i measc na mbocht: fuair 143 as gach 1,000 leanbh bás agus iad ina naíonáin. Thairis sin, bhí na [[galar|galair]] ag leathadh gan srian sna tionóntáin, chomh plódaithe is a bhí na daoine agus chomh gann is a bhí an leigheas. Ba í [[an eitinn]] an galar ab fhairsinge acu, agus í á tógáil is ag marú roimpi go sciobtha. Foilsíodh tuarascáil sa bhliain 1912 a dúirt go raibh líon na mbásanna de dheasca eitinne 50 faoin gcéad ní b'airde in Éirinn ná i [[Sasana]] agus in [[Albain]], agus gurb ar na daoine bochta ba mheasa a shiúil an eitinn.

Ba léir a dhonacht is a bhí na tionóntáin ar an [[2 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]], seachtain i ndiaidh thús na stailce, nuair a thit dhá theach tionóntáin ar Shráid an Teampaill&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''Church Street''&lt;/ref&gt;  as a chéile gan choinne agus maraíodh seachtar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.historyireland.com/the-church-street-disaster-september-1913/|teideal=The Church Street disaster, September 1913|language=en|work=History Ireland|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ó nach raibh mórán post ar fáil don sclábhaí gan scileanna, bhí an bochtanas ag dul i ngéire ar lucht oibre den chineál sin. Ní raibh aon duine ag troid ar a son sular tháinig gluaiseacht na gceardchumann ar an bhfód. Thairis sin, chaithfeadh na daoine seo dul in iomaíocht le chéile faoi gach aon phost a tharla ar fáil, agus ba é an té a ghlacfadh leis an bpá ab ísle a gheobhadh an obair.

=== Séamas Ó Lorcáin agus an ITGWU ===
Ba é [[Séamas Ó Lorcáin]] ceann feadhna an lucht oibre san aighneas, agus é i ndiaidh an-dintiúir a bhaint amach i ngluaiseacht na gceardchumann. Fuair sé an chéad taithí ar an gceardchumannachas in Éirinn sa bhliain 1907, nuair a chuaigh sé go [[Béal Feirste]] le dul i gceannas ar chraobh áitiúil an NUDL, ceardchumann na ndugairí a bhí bunaithe sa [[An Bhreatain|Bhreatain Mhór]]. Roimhe sin, chaith sé seal ag obair ina dhugaire i [[Liverpool|Learphall]]. I mBéal Feirste dó d'eagraigh an Lorcánach stailc na ndugairí is na n-oibrithe iompair. I mBéal Feirste a d'fhorbair sé a oirbheartaíocht féin, is é sin, cur chuige na stailce comhbhá. Is é is brí le &quot;stailc chomhbhá&quot; ná lucht oibre nach bhfuil páirteach sa choimhlint iad féin a bheith ag dul ar stailc le tacú leo siúd atá. D'éirigh go measartha leis an stailc i mBéal Feirste, agus thuill sí clú agus cáil don Lorcánach i measc lucht oibre na hÉireann.

Mar sin féin, bhí a chur chuige ina ábhar conspóide i measc na gceardchumannaithe féin, agus sa deireadh, cuireadh go Baile Átha Cliath é. Bhí na hoibrithe neamhoilte i mBaile Átha Cliath go mór mór faoi chois ag na fostóirí. An fostóir a raibh amhras air go raibh duine dá lucht oibre ag iarraidh dul i gceardchumann, d'fhéadfadh sé an t-oibrí sin a chur ar an liosta dubh, ionas nach mbeadh fostóir ar bith sásta é a fhostú agus é briste as a phost. Mar sin féin, chrom an Lorcánach ar na hoibrithe neamhoilte a bhréagadh isteach sna ceardchumainn. Cúis imní a bhí ann don NUDL, nach raibh fonnmhar achrann lánscála a tharraingt anuas orthu le fostóirí Bhaile Átha Cliath. Mar sin, cuireadh an Lorcánach ar fionraí mar thimire de chuid an NUDL sa bhliain 1908. Ansin, d'fhág an Lorcánach an NUDL, agus i mí Eanáir [[1909]] bhunaigh sé a cheardchumann féin, [[Ceardchumann Iompair agus Ilsaothair na hÉireann|Ceardchumann Oibrithe Iompair agus Ilsaothair na hÉireann (ITGWU)]].

Ba é an ITGWU an chéad cheardchumann in Éirinn a dhírigh ar na hoibrithe oilte agus neamhoilte araon. Níorbh fhada gur bhunaigh sé craobhacha i gcathracha eile na hÉireann seachas Baile Átha Cliath. Bhain an Lorcánach leas as an gceardchumann lena chuid tuairimí sindeacáiteacha a chraobhscaoileadh. Chreid sé go mbeadh sé indéanta réabhlóid [[Sóisialachas|shóisialach]] a chur i gcrích tríd an gceardchumannachas agus tríd an lucht oibre a chur ag dul ar ollstailc. Ní raibh rath ar stailceanna an ITGWU sna blianta 1908-1910, ach ón mbliain 1911 amach bhí ag éirí leo, agus bhuaigh siad stailceanna a raibh baint acu le carraeirí agus le lucht oibre iarnróid. Sna blianta 1911-1913, d'fhás ballraíocht an cheardchumainn ó cheithre mhíle go deich míle duine. Chuir an fhorbairt seo imní ar na fostóirí, nó ba ábhar míshuaimhnis dóibh an ráchairt a bhí ar an gceardchumann nua.
=== An Conghaileach agus Páirtí Lucht Oibre na hÉireann ===

Bhí ról tábhachtach i bhforbairt na gluaiseachta lucht oibre ag [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]], Marxach a rugadh i n[[Dún Éideann]] in [[Albain]]. Bhí bua na hóráidíochta ag an gConghaileach díreach cosúil leis an Lorcánach, agus thug na daoine aird ar a chuid óráidí sráide i mBaile Átha Cliath. Bhí [[náisiúnachas in Éirinn|náisiúnachas Éireannach]] á chraobhscaoileadh aige chomh maith leis an sóisialachas. Sa bhliain 1896 bhunaigh an Conghaileach Páirtí Sóisialach Poblachtach na hÉireann, agus dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin chuir sé an nuachtán ''The Workers' Republic'' (&quot;Poblacht an Lucht Oibre&quot;) ar bun. Sa bhliain 1910 chuaigh an Conghaileach leis an ITGWU, agus sa bhliain 1911 cheap an ceardchumann ina thimire é do lucht oibre Bhéal Feirste. Sa bhliain 1912, chuir an Conghaileach agus an Lorcánach [[Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)|Páirtí Lucht Oibre na hÉireann]] ar bun, páirtí a bhí ceaptha mar ghuth an lucht oibre sa pharlaimint nua Éireannach a bhí le teacht ar an bhfód de thoradh an [[Rialtas Dúchais|Rialtais Dúchais]] (''Home Rule''). Mar a thit na cúrsaí amach, áfach, cuireadh an Rialtas Dúchais ar fionraí nuair a thosaigh [[an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]], agus i ndiaidh Éirí Amach na Cásca sa bhliain 1916, tháinig gluaiseacht mhíleata náisiúnaíoch chun saoil a bhí dírithe ar an neamhspleáchas iomlán a bhaint amach don tír in áit an Rialtais Dúchais. Mar sin, fágadh an pharlaimint sin sa liombó.

=== William Martin Murphy agus na Fostóirí ===
Fear gnó mór-ratha a bhí in [[William Martin Murphy]] a rugadh in aice le [[Baile Chaisleáin Bhéarra]] i g[[Contae Chorcaí]] i mí na Nollag [[1844]]; i m[[Beanntraí]] a tógadh é. Sa bhliain [[1913]] bhí sé ina chathaoirleach ar Chomhlacht Aontaithe Tramanna Bhaile Átha Cliath (''Dublin United Tramway Company''), agus ba leisean an siopa ilrannach Clery's chomh maith leis an óstán Imperial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/James_Larkin |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-01-26 |archivedate=2015-07-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711203151/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/James_Larkin }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí na nuachtáin ''[[Irish Independent]]'', ''Evening Herald'' agus ''Irish Catholic'' faoina smacht freisin, agus bhí sé ina mhór-scairshealbhóir sa chomhlacht farantóireachta ''B&amp;I Line''. Bhí sé ar dhuine den bheagán [[Caitliceachas|Caitliceach]] a bhí chun tosaigh i saol gnó na hÉireann ag an am, nuair a bhí [[an Chinsealacht Phrotastúnach]] fós i réim.

[[Náisiúnachas in Éirinn|Náisiúnaí]] tábhachtach a bhí i Murphy freisin, agus seal caite ina Theachta Parlaiminte in [[Westminster]] aige. Sa saol príobháideach bhí clú an fhir chineálta fhlaithiúil air, agus bhí pá ard ag a lucht oibre i gcomparáid leis na gnólachtaí eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Desmond|first=Barry|title=No Workers' Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/noworkersrepubli0000desm|year=2009|publisher=Watchword|isbn=9780955724930|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noworkersrepubli0000desm/page/19 19]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mar sin féin, bhí saol crua acu siúd a bhí ag obair dó. Chaithfeadh an lucht oibre seacht n-uaire déag an chloig a chur díobh ag obair in aghaidh an lae, má bhí gá leis. Bhí siad faoi dhiansmacht an fhostóra agus faoi dhiansúil an bhrathadóra.

Bhí Murphy go mór mór in aghaidh na gceardchumann, ó bhí sé den tuairim nár chóir d'aon duine ón taobh amuigh ladar a chur ina chuid gnóthaí, agus thar aon rud eile bhí sé in aghaidh an Lorcánaigh, agus meas an réabhlóidí dhainséaraigh aige air.

I mí Iúil [[1913]] tháinig trí chéad fostóir le chéile agus Murphy sa chathaoir ar an gcruinniú, agus chinn siad ar cur le chéile in aghaidh na gceardchumann. Bhí Murphy agus na fostóirí eile meáite ar féachaint chuige nach bhféadfadh an ITGWU fódú ceart a dhéanamh i measc lucht oibre [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]].
Ar an [[15 Lúnasa]] [[1913]] bhris Murphy dhá scór oibrí as a bpoist a bhí, dar leis, ina mbaill den cheardchumann. I rith na chéad seachtaine eile tugadh bata agus bóthar do thrí chéad duine eile.
== Imeachtaí ==

=== Tús na Stailce ===

Ar an 26 Lúnasa chuaigh lucht oibre Chomhlacht Aontaithe Tramanna Bhaile Átha Cliath ar stailc. D'fhéach an Lorcánach chuige go raibh an stailc ar cois faoin am chéanna is a reáchtáil [[Cumann Ríoga Bhaile Átha Cliath]] a sheó capall, is é sin, Seó Capall Bhaile Átha Cliath. Mar sin, tharraing an stailc uasmhéid an mhíchompoird ar mhuintir na príomhchathrach agus rinne sí uasmhéid an dochair do ghnóthaí Uí Mhurchadha. Ar an nóiméad réamhshocraithe thréig na tiománaithe agus na stiúrthóirí a gcuid tramanna scun scan, gan aon duine a fhágáil ina mbun. Ba é frithbhuille Uí Mhurchadha agus breis is ceithre chéad fostóir eile sa chathair gur chuir siad d'fhiacha ar a lucht oibre gealladh scríofa a shíniú nach rachaidís san ITGWU agus nach nglacfaidís páirt i stailceanna comhbhá.

=== Géarú an Aighnis ===

D'imir na fostóirí frithdhúnadh ar a gcuid lucht oibre, agus iad ag tabhairt isteach sáraitheoirí stailce ón mBreatain Mhór agus ó áiteanna eile in Éirinn. Bhí lucht oibre Bhaile Átha Cliath ar an mblár folamh ar fad i gcomparáid lena gcomhleithéidí sa chuid eile den [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Ríocht Aontaithe]], agus chaithfidís maireachtáil i dtuilleamaí pé deonachán a gheobhaidís ó Chomhdháil na gCeardchumann (TUC) sa Bhreatain Mhór agus ó fhoinsí eile in Éirinn, agus an ITGWU á roinnt go gortach ar na stailceoirí de réir a dhualgais féin. Suim £150,000 ar fad a cuireadh ar fáil dóibh ar an gcuma sin.

Ar an [[27 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]] tháinig an chéad long bhia, an ''SS Hare'', i dtír i mBaile Átha Cliath ó Salford i Sasana agus 60,000 beartán bia ar bord a roinneadh ar theaghlaigh na stailceoirí ó Halla na Saoirse; tháinig longa eile ina diaidh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.siptu.ie/ss-hare-docks-in-dublin-17637/|teideal=SS Hare docks in Dublin|údar=SIPTU|dáta=2013|language=en|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tháinig na sluaite móra de stailceoirí ag déanamh picéid leis na sáraitheoirí a imeaglú. Ón taobh eile de, d'ionsaigh constáblaí ó [[Póilíní Chathair Átha Cliath|Phóilíní Chathair Átha Cliath]] mórchruinnithe an lucht oibre le gabháil de smachtíní ar na hoibrithe.

=== Domhnach na Fola, 31 Lúnasa 1913 ===

Ar an [[31 Lúnasa]] [[1913]], d'ionsaigh na péas daoine ar Shráid Sackville (inniu [[Sráid Uí Chonaill]]) i lár Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/St%C3%B3r-Staire.pdf|teideal=Stór Staire|údar=Seán Delap  (COGG)|dáta=|dátarochtana=2020|archivedate=2024-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607154557/https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/St%C3%B3r-Staire.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Bhí mé ar Shráid Uí Chonaill tráthnóna amháin nuair a tháinig Séamas Ó Lorcáin amach ar bhalcóin an óstáin. Bhí féasóg bhréige air ionas nach n-aithneofaí é. Labhair sé agus an slua ag déanamh gártha agus ag béiceadh in aghaidh na bhfostóirí. Tháinig na póilíní anuas go tapa ó thaobhanna éagsúla, bhí an slua teanntaithe acu, agus bhuail siad duine ar bith a bhí sa tslí orthu lena smachtíní. Chonaic mé mná á leagan agus na póilíní á gciceáil. Rith mé ar luas lasrach suas taobhshráid; ag an taobh eile den tsráid bhí na póilíní ag bualadh daoine a bhí sínte agus iad gortaithe ar an talamh, agus á mbualadh arís agus arís eile&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Ernie O'Malley|date=1936|url=|title=On Another Man's Wound|journal=|volume=|issue=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Seo mar a chuir nuachtán an lae dár gcionn síos ar chuid de na himeachtaí:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ar 5.30 p.m. nó mar sin ar Shráid Camden, rinne slua iarracht iallach a chur ar na tiománaithe as sé thram a gcuid lámh tiomána a thabhairt uathu. Iarradh ar na giollaí tram freisin na tramanna a fhágáil. Dhiúltaigh na tiománaithe agus na giollaí géilleadh don tslua. Thosaigh siadsan ag caitheamh cloch agus diúracán leis na tramanna. Ní raibh ach beagán de na póilíní ar an láthair ag an am. Chaith an slua clocha leo chomh maith. Níorbh fhada gur tháinig cúnamh chuig na póilíní. Thug siad sé ruathar smachtíní ar a laghad faoi na daoine a bhí sa slua agus scaip siad iad sa deireadh.&lt;ref&gt;Freeman's Journal, 1 Meán Fómhair 1913&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ar an lá céanna, rinne ceardchumannaithe a bhí ag filleadh ó shlógadh i bPáirc Croydon (Marino inniu) ionsaí ar na póilíní.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://spiritof1913.wordpress.com/tag/croydon-park/|teideal=Croydon Park|language=en|work=Spirit of 1913|dátarochtana=2020-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair beirt fhear oibre bás, James Nolan agus John Byrne, nuair a d'ionsaigh na constáblaí cruinniú ar Shráid Sackville agus gortaíodh idir 400 agus 600 duine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://centenaries.ucd.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/83980-UCD-Decade-of-Centenaries_A5-IRISH_FA_download_v2.pdf|teideal=Decade of Centenaries|údar=COBÁC|dáta=2016|dátarochtana=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baineadh feidhm as marcshlua mar iarracht ar an gcíréib a smachtú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://dublintenementexperience.wordpress.com/2013/08/30/the-baton-charge-batons-from-the-national-museum/|teideal=The Baton Charge! Batons from the National Museum|údar=dublintenementexperience|dáta=2013-08-30|language=en|work=Dublin Tenement Experience|dátarochtana=2020-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tugann gluaiseacht lucht oibre na hÉireann &quot;Domhnach na Fola&quot; ar na himeachtaí seo i gcónaí (cé go n-aithnítear dhá &quot;Dhomhnach Fola&quot; eile i [[stair na hÉireann]] san [[20ú haois|fhichiú haois]]), in [[Domhnach na Fola (1920)|1920]] agus [[Domhnach na Fola (1972)|1972]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/battle-engaged-1.1522282|teideal=Battle engaged|údar=Adrian Grant|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2020-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiosrúchán Askwith ===
Ar an [[26 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]] cheap Bord Trádála na Breataine binse fiosrúcháin faoi chathaoirleacht an Ridire George Askwith leis an aighneas a réiteach. Mhol sé don lucht oibre éirí as an stailc chomhbhá, mhol sé do na fostóirí éirí as an bhfrithdhúnadh, agus mhol sé córas eadrána a bhunú. Ghlac an ceardchumann leis na moltaí ach dhiúltaigh na fostóirí dóibh ar an [[6 Deireadh Fómhair]].

=== Scéim na Leanaí agus an Eaglais ===
I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1913 chuir an sóisialaí Sasanach Dora Montefiore scéim chun cinn a thabharfadh clann na stailceoirí go dtí [[An Bhreatain|an Bhreatain]] faoi chúram lucht na gceardchumann thall. Níor cheadaigh an [[Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach|Eaglais Chaitliceach]] a cur i gcrích, áfach: labhair Ardeaspag Bhaile Átha Cliath, William Walsh, ina coinne ar eagla go gcaillfeadh na leanaí a gcreideamh thall, agus chuir sagairt bac orthu ag na duganna. Thaobhaigh an Eaglais leis na fostóirí le linn na díospóide, agus shíl na heaglaisigh, is cosúil, gur [[Réabhlóid|réabhlóidí]] dainséarach sóisialach a bhí sa Lorcánach.
=== Príosúnacht an Lorcánaigh agus Arm Cathartha na hÉireann ===
Ar an [[28 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1913]] ciontaíodh an Lorcánach i gcion ceannairce agus gearradh seacht mí príosúnachta air, ach de bharr an fheachtais mhóir a rinneadh ar a shon, scaoileadh saor é ar an [[13 Samhain]] agus gan ach seacht lá dhéag curtha isteach aige.

Roimhe sin, ar an [[1 Samhain]] [[1913]], fuair James Byrne, rúnaí chraobh Bhré agus Dhún Laoghaire den ITGWU, bás den niúmóine a tholg sé agus é ar stailc ocrais is tarta i bPríosún Mhuinseo. &quot;Mairtíreach ar son chúis naofa na saoirse&quot; a thug an Conghaileach air ina óráid ag an tsochraid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://historyireland.com/james-byrne-martyr-sacred-cause-liberty/|teideal=James Byrne — 'a martyr to the sacred cause of liberty'|language=en|work=History Ireland|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cor a thabhairt in aghaidh an chaim, bhunaigh an Lorcánach, [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]] agus Séamus Roibeard de Faoite (''Jack White''), iar-Chaptaen in [[Arm na Breataine|Arm na Breataine Móire]], [[Arm Cathartha na hÉireann]] i mí na Samhna 1913, mílíste lucht oibre a chosnódh léirsithe an lucht oibre.
=== Maireann an Frithdhúnadh ===
Ar feadh cúig mhí bhí na mílte is na hathmhílte de lucht oibre Bhaile Átha Cliath díomhaoin agus ar an ngannchuid. Is é an chiall a bhain an t-''[[Irish Independent]]'' as an scéal gurbh é an Lorcánach an bithiúnach, ach ar ndóigh, ba le hÓ Murchadha na nuachtáin seo.&lt;ref&gt; Maume, Patrick: ''The Irish Independent and Empire, 1891-1919'', Simon Potter (ed.) Newspapers and Empire in Ireland and Britain: Reporting the British Empire c.1857-1921 (Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2004) leathnaigh 124–42.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]] agus William O'Brien ina gceannairí tábhachtacha sa cheardchumann freisin, agus fuair na stailceoirí tacaíocht ó phearsana éifeachtacha cosúil le [[Pádraig Mac Piarais]], an Chuntaois [[Constance Gore-Booth Markiewicz|Markievicz]] agus [[William Butler Yeats]]. Bhí cead cainte acu seo sna clómheáin, cé go raibh na meáin féin ag cur in aghaidh an Lorcánaigh.

I mí na Nollag 1913 bhí Alice Brady, cailín cúig bliana déag d'aois a bhí ina ball den ITGWU, ag filleadh abhaile le beartán bia ón gceardchumann nuair a scaoil sáraitheoir stailce, Patrick Traynor, urchair isteach i slua. Buaileadh sa lámh í, agus fuair sí bás den teiteanas ar an [[1 Eanáir]] [[1914]]. Saoradh Traynor ar chúiseamh dúnmharaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/themes/lockout/guides|teideal=Lockout|language=en|work=Century Ireland (RTÉ)|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Deireadh an Fhrithdhúnta ===
Faoi dheireadh na bliana 1913 bhí an Lorcánach agus an Conghaileach ag impí ar lucht oibre na Breataine Móire dul ar stailc chomhbhá le tacaíocht a léiriú do mhuintir Bhaile Átha Cliath. Ag comhdháil speisialta de chuid an TUC i Londain ar an [[9 Nollaig]] [[1913]], áfach, diúltaíodh do bheart comhbhá le 2,280,000 vóta in aghaidh 203,000 — buille marfach ar chás na stailceoirí. Bhí cuid mhór de na hoibrithe ag stiúgadh le hocras cheana féin, agus iad sásta a ghealladh nach rachaidís in aon cheardchumann, chomh géar is a bhí obair, bia agus beatha ag teastáil uathu. Faoin [[18 Eanáir]] [[1914]] bhí na hoibrithe ag filleadh ar an obair ina sluaite, agus bhí an frithdhúnadh thart.

Rinne an díospóid an-dochar don ITGWU, agus drochbhuillí eile ab ea imeacht an Lorcánaigh go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe sa bhliain 1914 agus bású an Chonghailigh i ndiaidh Éirí Amach na Cásca 1916. Mar sin féin, chrom William O'Brien agus [[Thomas Johnson]] ar an gceardchumann a atógáil, agus sa bhliain 1919, sháraigh a bhallraíocht figiúirí na bliana 1913.

Cé nár éirigh leis an ITGWU (agus ceardchumann eile ba lú ná é, an UBLU, ag cabhrú leis) ardú pá ná feabhas ar na coinníollacha oibre a bhaint amach do na hoibrithe, ba mhór millteanach an t-athrú taoide é an t-aighneas seo i stair an lucht oibre in Éirinn. Bhí an lucht oibre tar éis tuiscint a fháil ar an dlúthpháirtíocht mar choincheap. Ní rithfeadh le haon fhostóir feasta iarracht a dhéanamh leis an gceardchumann a chloí mar a rinne Murphy. Bhí na gnóthais féin i mBaile Átha Cliath thíos go dona leis an bhfrithdhúnadh, agus d'fhág an díospóid cuid mhór acu ina bhféimhigh.
=== ''September 1913'' le Yeats ===

Le linn an fhrithdhúnta, ar an [[8 Meán Fómhair]] [[1913]], d'fhoilsigh [[William Butler Yeats]] san ''Irish Times'' an dán ar a dtugtar ''September 1913'' inniu. &quot;Romance in Ireland&quot; an teideal a bhí air ar dtús, agus is ar chonspóid eile a bhain le hÓ Murchadha a scríobhadh é, is é sin, an chointinn faoi ghailearaí ealaíne a thógáil i mBaile Átha Cliath do phictiúir Hugh Lane. Thug Yeats féin le fios, áfach, nach raibh an dá aighneas scartha óna chéile. Tá an dán ar cheann de na dánta is cáiliúla dár tháinig ó pheann an fhile, agus léirítear ann an dímheas a bhí aige ar an meánaicme Chaitliceach chomh hiomlán is a bhí sí faoi smacht na hEaglaise.

I mí na Samhna 1913 cháin Yeats go géar, i litir dar teideal &quot;Dublin Fanaticism&quot; san ''Irish Worker'', an bhrúidiúlacht a d'imir na póilíní ar an lucht oibre.

=== Oidhreacht ===
Mhair [[Arm Cathartha na hÉireann]] i ndiaidh an fhrithdhúnta, agus ghlac sé páirt in [[Éirí Amach na Cásca]] in [[1916]]. 

Sa bhliain [[1979]] nochtadh dealbh den Lorcánach de chuid an dealbhóra Oisín Kelly ar Shráid Uí Chonaill, agus focail as óráid dá chuid greanta uirthi i nGaeilge, i mBéarla agus i bhFraincis: &quot;Ní uasal aon uasal ach sinne bheith íseal: Éirímis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ria.ie/2016/01/29/modern-ireland-in-100-artworks-jim-larkin-statue-on-oconnell-street/|teideal=Modern Ireland in 100 Artworks: Jim Larkin Statue on O'Connell Street|údar=Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|dáta=2016|language=en|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ceardchumann Iompair agus Ilsaothair na hÉireann]]
* [[Arm Cathartha na hÉireann]]
* [[Séamas Ó Lorcáin]]
* [[Séamus Ó Conghaile]]
* [[Tionóntán]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

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[[Íomhá:Urumqi_panorama.jpg|mion|350px|deas|Radharc lár [[Ürümqi]] ón [[Sliabh Dearg]] (Hong Shan)]]
Tír i lár na h[[An Áise|Áise]] is ea '''an Turcastáin Thoir''' atá á rialú ag [[Daon-Phoblacht na Síne]]. Tá thart ar 20,000,000 duine ina gcónaí ann. 

[[Íomhá:Karakorum-kirguiz-d01.jpg|thumb|Gar don [[Mórbhealach Carrachóram]] sa Turcastáin Thoir]]

Is é [[Ürümqi]] an [[Príomhchathair|phríomhchathair]]. Tá [[achar]] timpeall 1,660,000 km² aige, níos mó ná [[Antartaice]]. De réir inimirce ón t[[An tSín|Sín]], tá na daoine dúchasacha ina mionlach anois i dTurcastáin Thoir, go háirithe sna cathracha. Bíonn foréigean polaitiúil, mar buamaí, ó am go ham. Is [[An tIoslam|Moslamaigh]] iad an chuid is mó den daonra.

== Naisc ==
* [http://www.uygur.org/ Ionad Eolais Tuircistean Thoir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502065219/http://www.uygur.org/ |date=2010-05-02 }}

[[Íomhá:Kokbayraq_flag.svg|thumb|left|200px|Bratach an Turcastáin Thoir]]
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[[Íomhá:Cludach ShankillButchers Dillon.jpg|thumb|200px|Cludach leabhair do &quot;The Shankill Butchers&quot; le [[Martin Dillon]]]]Drong de dhúnmharfóirí srathacha ab ea '''Búistéirí na Seanchille''' a bhí gníomhach i m[[Béal Feirste]] sna [[1970idí]]. Mharaigh na Búistéirí thart ar 23 Caitliceach agus 8 Protastúnach,  dream dílseoirí síceapatacha a d’fhuadaigh, a chiapaigh agus a mharaigh  31 duine ar a laghad, ag gearradh sceadamán na n-íobartach go minic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-majella-o-hare-nach-maireann-agus-daoine-eile.aspx|teideal=Majella O Hare, Nach Maireann agus Daoine Eile|údar=Robert McMillen|dáta=Aib 2011|language=ga-IE|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2023-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Glactar leis go coitianta gur [[Sraithmharfóir|sraithmharfóireacht]] [[Síceapaite|shíceapatach]], seachas dúnmharfóireacht sheicteach, a bhí idir lámhaibh acu, ach nuair a bhí na Búistéirí i mbun oibre, bhí an foréigean seicteach agus [[na Trioblóidí]] go han-dona ar fud [[Tuaisceart Éireann|Thuaisceart Éireann]]. Mar sin bhí an drong ábalta a gcuid coireanna a chur i ngníomh faoi bhrat an tseicteachais, agus i ndáiríre ba dheacair an dá rud sin a aithint thar a chéile go minic.

== Lenny Murphy - an Ceannaire ==

Ba é Lenny Murphy ceannaire na mBúistéirí. Tháinig sé chun saoil i mBéal Feirste ar an [[2 Márta]] [[1952]], agus is é an t-ainm a baisteadh air ná Hugh Leonard Thompson Murphy. Bhí an sloinne Gaelach sin Murphy, nó Ó Murchú, ag cur isteach ar na comharsana, agus is é an tátal a bhain cuid acu gur Caitlicigh faoi cheilt ab ea muintir Mhurphy. Is iomaí uirísliú a d'fhulaing a gclann ar scoil agus i measc lucht a gcomhaoise de dheasca an tsloinne. De thoradh na ráflaí faoi [[Caitliceachas|Chaitliceachas]] an teaghlaigh, freisin, sheachnaíodh tuismitheoirí Lenny cuideachta na gcomharsan, rud nach ndearna ach tuilleadh seantithe a tharraingt anuas orthu. 

Ar scoil dó, ní raibh Lenny ina fhoghlaimeoir mhaith, ach san am céanna, d'éirigh sé sciliúil ag ionramháil daoine. Bhí sé ábalta a dhíoltas a agairt orthu siúd a bhí ag spochadh faoina shloinne, ó bhí drong de mhaistíní móra earcaithe aige le hé a chosaint. Ag fás anuas dó, chuaigh sé le mionghadaíocht agus le hógchiontacht eile, agus tharraing sé súil na bpéas air féin.
[[Íomhá:Flag of the Ulster Volunteer Force.svg|clé|mion|Bratach Fhórsa Óglaigh Uladh]]
I ndiaidh dó an scoil a fhágáil, thosaigh Lenny ag dul timpeall na dtithe tábhairne, agus fuair sé aithne ar amhais mhóra ón tSeanchill, fir den chineál a bhí díreach ag bunú dronga Protastúnacha sceimhlitheoireachta. Nuair a thosaigh na scliúchais sráide idir na [[Protastúnachas|Protastúnaigh]] agus na Caitlicigh, agus na Protastúnaigh ag ionsaí cheantar Caitliceach na bhFál i Mí Lúnasa [[1969]], ghlac Lenny páirt sna himeachtaí go díograiseach. I ndiaidh na bulaíochta a thuill a shloinne Gaelach dó i rith bhlianta a chéad óige, theastaigh uaidh a léiriú don tsaol mhór gur Protastúnach go smior a bhí ann, agus ba é an dóigh ab fhearr le sin a dhéanamh ná na Caitlicigh a ghéarleanúint.

== Bunú na Droinge ==

Sna blianta 1970-71, bhí Murphy ina bhall [[UVF|d'Fhórsa Óglaigh Uladh (UVF)]], agus é ag bailiú a bhaicle féin ina thimpeall as measc fhir óga na gciorcal seo. B'iad Robert &quot;Basher&quot; Bates agus Samuel &quot;Big Sam&quot; McAllister an bheirt fhear acu siúd ba mhó a bhí páirteach ina chuid coireanna ina dhiaidh sin. Fear lasánta cantalach ab ea Basher a rachadh ag cur i dtíortha le fearg go furasta, agus é sásta glacadh le horduithe ó Murphy, cé go raibh Murphy cúpla bliain ní b'óige ná eisean. Bhí clú an bhruíonachais agus an fhoréigin air, agus é ag gabháil de bhuidéal bhriste ar dhaoine le linn na trodaíochta sa teach tábhairne. Maidir le McAllister, mionghadaí a bhí ann thar aon rud eile.

San am seo, is é sin, i dtús na seachtóidí, bhí na grúpaí paraimíleatacha ag earcú fir nua go tapa, agus an oiread fir óga a bhí ag tonnadh isteach, ach ní raibh siad ábalta roghnachas ná scagadh a dhéanamh ar na hearcaigh nua. Dá dheasca sin, bhí cuid mhaith gnáthchoirpeoirí agus ógchiontóirí in ann seangú isteach le buntáiste a ghlacadh ar na [[Trioblóidí]] ar a ndóigh féin. Daoine acu siúd ab ea Lenny, Big Sam agus Basher.
Rinne Lenny Murphy a dhícheall gan an iomarca airde den chineál mhícheart a tharraingt air féin. Ní thaobhódh sé cuideachta na sceimhlitheoirí móra Protastúnacha go poiblí. Ina áit sin, bhí sé á thaispeáint féin in áiteanna siamsaíochta agus ag cur chuma an bhanaí agus an bhuachaill báire air féin. 

=== An Chéad Dúnmharú - Francis Arthurs ===

Ba é dúnmharú Francis Arthurs an chéad ainghníomh den tsaghas seo a raibh baint ag Lenny leis. Ar an [[21 Iúil]] [[1972]], stop scata Dílseoirí tacsaí an fhir seo leis an tiománaí a fhuadach. D'aithin siad go raibh sé ag teacht ó cheantar Chaitliceach, agus is é an chiall a bhain siad as go raibh sé ag déanamh treaspáis ar thailte naofa Protastúnacha. Bhuail siad sa chloigeann é agus thug siad go dtí club Dílseoirí timpeall [[Bóthar na Seanchille|Bhóthar na Seanchille]] é. Ansin, fuair Arthurs leadhbairt leanúnach thar oíche. Ba é Lenny Murphy ba mhó a bhí i mbun na hoibre seo. Rinne sé a dhícheall le bheith ar an duine ba bhrúidiúla dá raibh i láthair, agus é ag déanamh sceanaigh ar an íobartach. Le teacht na maidine, maraíodh Arthurs le hurchar agus dumpáladh an corpán. 
[[Íomhá:Bunch of Grapes.JPG|mion|Anseo a dúnmharaíodh James Craig.]]

=== Dúnmharú Thomas Madden ===

Ón lá sin ar aghaidh, ar a laghad, b'ar an sceanach ba mhó a d'aithneofaí lorg láimhe Murphy. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, maraíodh Tom Madden, fear oibre muilinn, ar an dóigh chéanna. Trí seachtaine roimh a bhás, fuadaíodh é agus tugadh greidimíní dó i gclub Protastúnach, ach scaoileadh saor leis sa deireadh. B'éigean dó tailte na bProtastúnach a thrasnú go tráthrialta leis an muileann a bhaint amach, agus ba í an chomaitéireacht sin a chaill é. Cheap na Dílseoirí in athuair é, agus ghabh Lenny Murphy de scian mhór búistéireachta air, go dtí go raibh Madden ag guí go marófaí é - chuala bean sa chomharsanacht ag impí é istoíche. Níorbh í an sceanairt a mharaigh é, áfach, nó tachtadh é le sreang. Nuair a fuarthas a chorp, chuntais na péas 147 gcneá scine air.

=== Misean Murdair William Pavis agus Príosúnú Mhurphy ===

Faoin am seo, rinneadh cúpla dúnmharú eile sa cheantar a raibh an chuma chéanna orthu. Níor ciontaíodh aon duine sna coireanna seo riamh, ach tá sé dealraitheach go leor go raibh páirt ag Lenny Murphy sna dúnmharuithe seo. Misean paraimíleatach a tharraing súil na bpéas air. Is é an duine a bhí le marú an iarracht sin ná William Pavis, Protastúnach a bhí sa phríosún toisc gur dhíol sé airm thine le sagart Caitliceach faoi choim. Seanchairde ab ea Pavis agus an sagart, agus iad ag dul ag sealgaireacht in éineacht. Cairdeas pearsanta a bhí ann a thosaigh roimh laethanta na dTrioblóidí. Is é an tuiscint a bhain na Dílseoirí as seo, áfach, gur díoltóir gunnaí a bhí i bPavis agus gnóthaí aige leis an [[An tIRA Sealadach|IRA]]. Mar sin, chinn an tUVF ar é a mharú. I Mí Mheán Fómhair [[1972]], d'fhág Pavis Príosún Bhóthar Chroimghlinne ar a onóir, agus ar an lá deireanach sula bhfillfeadh sé go dtí an príosún, mharaigh Murphy agus Dílseoir eile, Mervyn Connor, é. Ní dhearnadh sceanairt de an iarracht seo: scaoil Murphy urchar sa chloigeann aige, agus as go brách leis agus lena chomhchoirpeoir.
[[Íomhá:EPIC Woodvale.JPG|mion|Anseo a dúnmharaíodh Bates:  Ionad Léirithe na nIar-Phríosúnach, Bóthar Ghleann na Coille]]
Cúpla mí ina dhiaidh sin, gabhadh Murphy agus Connor, agus rinneadh príosúnaigh díobh. D'aithin na húdaráis gurbh é Murphy an bithiúnach ba mhó acu, agus gurbh é leas an phobail ar fad é Murphy a choinneáil istigh. Thosaigh siad ag margáil le Connor, a bhí an-scanraithe ag Murphy, iompú ina fhinné stáit agus fianaise a thabhairt in aghaidh Mhurphy. Fuair Murphy amach faoi seo, áfach, agus d'imeaglaigh sé Connor chun an milleán a ghlacadh air féin. Ina dhiaidh sin, mharaigh sé Connor. Ní raibh na húdaráis ábalta Murphy a chiontú i ndúnmharú Pavis, agus mar sin, b'éigean scaoileadh saor leis sa deireadh. Coinníodh sa charcair ar feadh tamaill é, áfach, mar phionós as na hiarrachtaí a rinne sé éalú as an bpríosún nuair nach raibh an fiosrú críochnaithe go fóill.

=== Scaoilte Saor Arís ===

Ar an [[13 Bealtaine]] [[1975]], d'fhág Murphy príosún [[An Cheis Fhada|na Ceise Fada]]. San am seo, tháinig scoilt idir na sean-Dílseoirí a bhí fanta sa bhraighdeanas agus na sceimhlitheoirí óga a bhí taobh amuigh. Faoi thionchar [[Sóisialachas|an tSóisialachais]] agus na smaointeoireachta nua-aoisí eile a bhí ag éirí coitianta i measc na bPoblachtánach, d'fhéach lucht na carcrach - daoine cosúil le Gusty Spence - le hidé-eolaíocht chasta pholaitiúil a fhorbairt do ghluaiseacht na nDílseoirí. Ní raibh mórán suime ag na fir óga amuigh i dteoiricí na gcrannlaochra, nó ní dheachaigh siad sna Dílseoirí ar lorg ceachtanna polaitiúla, ach ar lorg sceitimíní na gleice armtha. Fir ab ea iad seo a d'fhear fíorchaoin fáilte roimh Lenny Murphy nuair a d'fhill sé ar an tSeanchill, ó b'eisean an cineál ceannaire a bhí ag teastáil uathu. Bhíodh sé ag gnáthú an ''Brown Bear'', teach tábhairne i [[Bóthar na Seanchille|mBóthar na Seanchille]], agus ba ghnách le muintir an cheantair tagairt dá dhrong mar &quot;lucht an ''Brown Bear''&quot;. Ón tús, bhí iompairc agus iomaíocht áirithe le haithint idir lucht an ''Brown Bear'' agus iad siúd a thagadh le chéile sa ''Windsor Bar'', píosa éigin bealaigh ar shiúl ón ''Brown Bear''.
[[Íomhá:Berlin Arms, Shankill Road, Belfast. - panoramio.jpg|mion|An pub úd ''Berlin Arms'', inniu ''Bar Berlin'', chois [[Bóthar na Seanchille|Bhóthar na Seanchille]]]]
Ba iad Basher agus Big Sam a chabhraigh le Lenny baicle dá chuid féin a bhailiú timpeall air féin. D'éirigh le coirpeoir óg eile, fear darbh ainm William Moore, mórtachas maith a dhéanamh le Lenny. Fear údarásúil ab ea Lenny mar a chonacthas dó é, fear a raibh staidiúir an oifigigh agus an fhíorshaighdiúra air, agus chuaigh sé go mór mór i gcion ar Moore. Cé go raibh taifead coiriúil aige ón mbliain [[1966]] anuas, ní raibh na péas in ann gníomhaíocht pharaimíleata a shamhlú leis. Thairis sin, bhí sé ag obair ina thiománaí tacsaí - ceann de na [[Tacsaithe Dubha Bhéal Feirste|tacsaithe dubha]] - agus é ina bhall de chumann tiománaithe tacsaí na Seanchille.
[[Íomhá:Shankill bonfire - panoramio.jpg|mion|Tine chnámh chois [[Bóthar na Seanchille|Bhóthar na Seanchille]]]]
I Meán Fómhair [[1975]], bhí Lenny tar éis an oiread fear a fhruiliú agus go raibh a dhrong inchomórtais le muintir an ''Windsor Bar''. Thairis sin, nuair a bhí baicle láidir dá chuid féin aige, d'fhéadfadh sé a chuid dúnmharuithe agus coireanna eile a dhéanamh beag beann ar lucht ceannais an UVF. Bhí fiche fear ann anois, agus iad ina mionchoirpigh agus ina n-ógchiontóirí, an chuid ba mhó acu. Bhí fuath na ndaol acu do na Caitlicigh, agus iad sochomhairleach go leor, má bhí duine chomh dásachtach le Murphy i gceannas orthu.

=== An tIonsaí ar an Siopa Biotáille ===
[[Íomhá:Welcome to the Shankill - panoramio.jpg|mion|Fógrán fáilte chois [[Bóthar na Seanchille|Bhóthar na Seanchille]]]]
Ar an [[2 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1975]], d'ionsaigh ceathrar fear den drong - Lenny féin, Moore, fear darbh ainm William Arlow Green agus a dheartháir siúd Thomas Noel Green siopa biotáille a bhí suite idir na Fáil agus an tSeanchill. Nuair a bhí a chuid fear ag bagairt a gcuid gunnaí ar fhoireann an tsiopa, bhí Lenny ag éileamh airgid agus ag siortú na háite go léir ag iarraidh teacht ar chiste an tsiopa. Ní raibh airgead le fáil san áit, agus mharaigh Murphy agus a chuid fear beirt bhan meánaosta agus beirt fhear óg a bhí ag obair ansin: Frances Donnelly agus Marie McGrattan, ar deirfiúracha iad, chomh maith le Gerard Grogan agus Thomas Osborne. Bhí siombailí Caitliceacha le feiceáil timpeall na háite, agus an ceathrar acu ina gCaitlicigh fosta. Ba é Thomas Osborne an t-aon duine acu nach bhfuair bás ar an toirt, ach goineadh go tromchúiseach é, agus shíothlaigh sé san ospidéal i gceann trí seachtaine eile.

Rug na péas ar Noel agus William Green, agus cuireadh ceastóireacht ar an mbeirt deartháireacha, ach níor baineadh oiread is focal astu faoi ról Murphy agus Moore sna himeachtaí. Is é an scéal a d'inis William do na péas nach raibh i gceist ach gnáthrobáil a ndearnadh praiseach di agus gur maraíodh foireann an tsiopa de thaisme. Le fírinne, áfach, ba léir do na péas cheana féin go raibh cuma an mhurdair sheictigh ar an iomlán. Sa deireadh, phléadáil na deartháireacha ciontach, agus cuireadh sa phríosún iad. Bhí siad chomh scanraithe roimh Murphy agus nach rithfeadh leo sceitheadh air. Mar sin, tháinig na fíorchiontóirí - Murphy agus Moore - slán.
[[Íomhá:UK mural, Shankill - panoramio.jpg|mion|[[Bóthar na Seanchille]]: siombailí a sheasann don Ríocht Aontaithe agus do na tíortha a bhaineann léi]]

== Tús na Búitséireachta: Dúnmharú Francis Crossan ==

Bhí baint éigin, dá laghad í, ag imeachtaí an tsiopa biotáille le hoibríochtaí an [[UVF]]. Ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, chrom an drong ar na dúnmharuithe búitséireachta beag beann ar lucht ceannais na bparaimíleatach. Bhí an tUVF díreach ag iarraidh cuma ní ba saighdiúrtha, ní ba mhíleata a chur orthu féin, agus lucht ceannais an ghrúpa ag lochtú na n-&quot;eilimintí coiriúla&quot; a bhí ag baint a n-úsáide féin as ainm an UVF. 
Ba é ba spreagadh don chéad mhurdar búitséireachta ná an dóigh ar dúnmharaíodh ceathrar saighdiúirí óga Briotanacha in Ard Mhacha Theas san oíche idir an 23ú agus an [[24 Samhain|24ú Samhain]] [[1975]]. Thug an ''Belfast News Letter'' an-chur síos ar an eachtra, agus nuair a casadh Lenny Murphy agus a chuid cairde ar a chéile an chéad uair eile, thug siad an leabhar go n-agróidís díoltas ar an bpobal Caitliceach. Le teacht an tráthnóna, thosaigh an drong ag pleanáil an mhurdair. Bhí Lenny inbharúla nár chóir airm thine a úsáid. Ina n-áit siúd, thug Moore leis sceana búistéireachta ón [[seamlas]], agus bhí an ceann feadhna breá sásta leo. I ndiaidh an tráthnóna agus tús na hoíche a chaitheamh i mbun ólacháin, chuaigh Lenny Murphy, Moore, Archie Waller agus Benjamin &quot;Pretty Boy&quot; Edwards ar bhord tacsaí, agus iad ag dul ar stádar ó Bhóthar na Seanchille trasna Bhóthar Chroimghlinne síos Bóthar Aontroma a fhad le Sráid Clifton. Thóg siad aicearra ar ais ansin. 
[[Íomhá:Gazirdanniibi (Sami butcher knife).jpg|clé|mion|[[scian|Scian]] mhór búistéireachta]]
Tamall roimh a haon a chlog istoíche, chuir Murphy agus a chairde sonrú i bhfear a bhí ag déanamh a bhealaigh síos Sráid na Leabharlainne i dtreo an Aibhinne Ríoga. Francis Crossan a bhí ar an bhfear, agus Caitliceach a bhí ann. Thug siad Crossan go dtí an tSeanchill agus iad ag tabhairt greidimíní dó, agus ansin, chinn Lenny go raibh sé in am an fear a mharú. Chaith sé tamall ag gearradh giotaí de [[Muineál|mhuineál]] Chrossan leis an [[scian]] mhór búistéireachta a fuair sé ó Moore, go dtí go raibh [[An Cloigeann|cloigeann]] an íobartaigh ar tí titim dá ghuaillí. D'fhág Murphy agus a lucht leanúna corpán Chrossan ina luí i Sráid Wimbledon, áit ar tháinig muintir na comharsanachta air an lá arna mhárach.

=== An Lámhach sa Ghlúin, agus sa Droim ===

Mar a dúradh roimhe seo, bhí an lucht ceannais nua díreach ag iarraidh na gnáthchoirpeoirí a ruaigeadh a raibh éirithe leo seangú isteach san UVF, agus le nach dtuigfí gur daoine acu siúd iad féin, thoiligh Murphy agus a dhrong cabhrú leis an lucht ceannais san obair seo. Is é an jab a fuair siad ná triúr ciontóirí a cheapadh agus pionós a chur orthu. Bhí baint ag an triúr le drong an ''Windsor Bar'', agus iad tar éis buirgléireacht a dhéanamh i dteach seanmhná Protastúnaí. Socraíodh go lámhachfaí sa ghlúin iad, mar ba nós leis na paraimíleataigh, agus tugadh an triúr acu go dtí an ''Brown Bear'' le go gcuirfí ceastóireacht orthu. Bhí Murphy ábalta iad a imeaglú chun a gcoireanna a admháil, ach nuair a bhí an pionós ag dul dóibh, bhí an oiread faitís ar dhuine acu - fear darbh ainm Stewartie Robinson, a raibh clú an [[Spraoithiomáint|spraoithiománaí]] mhóir air - is go ndearna sé iarracht éalú. Lámhach duine de lucht leanúna Murphy, Archie Waller, sa droim é - is dócha gur rud a bhí ann a rinne Waller ina ainneoin féin - agus bhí Robinson marbh ar an toirt. Dumpáladh a chorpán i bhfad ón áit ar fágadh an bheirt eile ina luí - bacach is mar a bhí siad, bhí siad beo, ar a laghad. Ina dhiaidh sin, rinne Murphy a dhícheall a shéanadh go mbeadh baint ar bith ag bás Robinson le glúinlámhach na beirte eile. 

Mar sin féin, fuair drong an ''Windsor Bar'' amach faoina raibh déanta, agus ó ba é Waller a bhí siad a mhilleánú faoi bhás Robinson, mharaigh siad é go gairid ina dhiaidh sin. Tháinig fearg mhór ar dhrong an ''Brown Bear'', agus chinn siad ar dhíoltas a agairt ar dhúnmharfóirí Waller. Bhí duine de na dúnmharfóirí, Roy Stewart, ina bhoc chomh mór i measc na nDílseoirí agus go raibh eagla ar Mhurphy é a mharú, ach ní raibh sa bheirt eile acu, Noel &quot;Nogi&quot; Shaw agus Dessie Balmer, ach gnáthsceimhlitheoirí nach n-aireodh aon duine tábhachtach uaidh dá maródh lucht an ''Brown Bear'' iad, dar le Murphy.
Mar sin féin, nuair a tháinig lucht an ''Brown Bear'' le chéile i dtolglann an ''Lawnbrook Social Club'' ar an 30 Samhain leis an scéal a phlé, d'ordaigh Murphy dá chuid fear an triúr go léir a mharú. San am céanna, bhí teachtaireacht curtha aige faoi choim chuig Stewart, le go bhféadfadh seisean dul i bhfolach go ceann tamaill. Chuaigh Moore, McAllister agus Bates go dtí an ''Windsor Bar'' le cur in iúl do ghnáthóirí na háite go raibh Stewart, Shaw, agus Balmer ag teastáil ó Lenny Murphy. Agus an cháil a bhí ar Lenny i measc na nDílseoirí, ní fhéadfá diúltú don chineál sin cuiridh. Mar a thiontaigh an scéal amach, áfach, ní raibh ach Shaw ann agus é ag ól ina aonar. Nuair a tháinig an triúr trasna air, chimigh siad é ar an toirt agus thug siad go Club Caidrimh Lawnbrook é. Sa chlub, tugadh an ghnáthleadhbairt dó, agus nuair a d'admhaigh Shaw, stócach óg ocht mbliana déag, go raibh sé ciontach i ndúnmharú Waller, mharaigh Lenny Murphy é le ceithre urchar sa chloigeann.

=== Dúnmharú Bhóthar Cliftonville ===
[[Íomhá:Belfast Cliftonville-Crusaders map.png|clé|mion|Cliftonville, Béal Feirste]]
Ní raibh Murphy féin róshásta Protastúnaigh a mharú, agus i ndiaidh na Nollag, chrom sé ar ais ar na Caitlicigh. Sa bhliain 1976, ba é marú Ted McQuaid an chéad choir den chineál seo a rinne an drong. Mhaígh Murphy gur áit mhaith ab ea Bóthar Cliftonville le Caitlicigh a mharú, agus ar an 10 Eanáir, chuir sé beart leis an mbriathar. Ag a leathuair tar éis a trí a chlog, chuir Murphy agus Moore sonrú i nDeirdre McQuaid, bean óg a bhí díreach ag filleadh abhaile ó chóisir, agus chinn siad ar an gcailín a mharú. Ansin, áfach, tháinig a fhear céile, Ted, i láthair, agus d'éirigh leis é féin a chur idir piléir na mBúistéirí agus an cailín. Leag Murphy an fear le dhá urchar, agus nuair a thit Ted McQuaid as a sheasamh, lean Murphy leis ag loscadh urchair go dtí go raibh sé cinnte go raibh an fear gonta go héag. Ansin, ghlan na Búistéirí leo as an áit go sciobtha le tacsaí Moore.

=== Díoltas as Dúnmharú na bPéas ===
[[Íomhá:Img rucbadge.png|clé|mion|Suaitheantas Chonstáblacht Ríoga Uladh]]
Ar an [[6 Feabhra]] [[1976]], mharaigh [[An tIRA Sealadach|na Sealadaigh]] beirt phéas de chuid [[Constáblacht Ríoga Uladh|Chonstáblacht Ríoga Uladh]]. Cé nach raibh mórán grá ag Lenny Murphy do na péas, bhí sé barúlach gur ionsaí a bhí ann ar a phobal féin - tar éis an tsaoil, ba Phrotastúnaigh iad formhór mór na bpéas - agus chinn sé ar dhíoltas a imirt ar na Caitlicigh as a raibh déanta ag na Sealadaigh. Mar sin, chuaigh siad ar lorg creiche, agus tháinig siad ar Thomas Joseph Quinn, fear beag scothaosta a bhí ag dul le druncaeireacht ó cailleadh a bhean chéile cúpla bliain roimhe sin. Phioc siad suas é, thug siad greidimíní dó agus d'iompair siad i dtacsaí Moore é go dtí an áit ar maraíodh é. Rinne Murphy sceanach gránna ar mhuineál Quinn, agus ansin, dumpáladh an corpán. An lá arna mhárach, an 7 Feabhra, ghlaoigh duine den drong ar iriseoir de chuid an ''Sunday News'' ar an teileafón, agus é ag áitiú go raibh sé ag labhairt thar cionn grúpa sceimhlitheoireachta a dtugadh ''Ulster Young Militants'' (&quot;Ógánaigh Chathacha Uladh&quot; as Gaeilge, b'fhéidir) air féin, agus go raibh na &quot;hógánaigh chathacha&quot; tar éis &quot;saighdiúir de chuid an IRA&quot; a mharú. Ba ó Murphy a tháinig an glao seo, ach ba é an t-aon ainm a thug an scairteoir air féin ná ''Major Long''.

=== An tIonsaí ar an Leoraí ===
[[Íomhá:ProvisionalIRAGalbally.jpg|clé|mion|Sealadaigh - óglaigh ón IRA Sealadach]]
San am céanna, bhí plean ní b'fhadálaí idir lámhaibh ag Murphy. Bhí deichniúr fear oibre Protastúnach maraithe ag na [[Na Sealadaigh|Sealadaigh]] i Mí Eanáir, agus Murphy meáite ar sluamharú a dhéanamh ar Chaitlicigh mar dhíoltas. Bhí Murphy tar éis leoraí a thabhairt faoi deara ag iompar fir oibre Chaitliceacha go tráthrialta trí cheantar na Seanchille, mar a bhí tuigthe aige. Scéal eile, áfach, nach Caitlicigh amháin a bhí i gceist.
[[Íomhá:Cambrai Street, Belfast - geograph.org.uk - 1460121.jpg|clé|mion|Sráid Cambrai]]
Shocraigh Murphy gurbh é an áit ab fhearr leis an leoraí a ionsaí ná bothóg nuachtán a dtugadh muintir an cheantair Tigh Adair uirthi, i gcúinne Shráid Cambrai agus Bhóthar na Seanchille. B'é an lá a roghnaigh sé don ionsaí ná an Luan, an [[9 Feabhra]] [[1976]]. Bhí an sluamharú pleanáilte go cruinn aige, ach níor bhac sé le cuimhne a choinneáil ar aghaidheanna na bhfear a bhíodh an leoraí a iompar. Dá mbacfadh, d'aithneodh sé nárbh iad na Caitlicigh a fuair sé roimhe Dé Luain, ach foireann eile ar fad d'fhir oibre - agus iad ina bProtastúnaigh. Ábhar imní ab ea do na Caitlicigh an turas a chur díobh tríd an gceantar Protastúnach gach lá, agus mar sin, d'éirigh siad as an mbealach seo a úsáid idir an dá linn. Mar a thaispeáin imeachtaí an Luain, bhí cúis thar a bheith maith acu leis an gcinneadh sin.

Fuair Lenny Murphy agus triúr eile de na búistéirí - Moore agus &quot;Basher&quot; Bates ina measc - fo-mheaisínghunna agus raidhfil ó na paraimíleataigh, agus ansin, ghoid Murphy gluaisteán le haghaidh an ionsaí. Chuaigh na fir ar bhord an ghluaisteáin ghoidte - Ford Cortina a bhí ann - agus thiomáin Murphy a fhad le tigh Adair, áit ar stad siad le fanacht le leoraí na bhfear oibre. 

Tháinig an leoraí go pointeáilte, pháirceáil an tiománaí í agus chuaigh sé isteach ag ceannach nuachtán an lae. Nuair a tháinig Henry McClelland, an tiománaí, amach as siopa na nuachtán, chonaic sé go raibh ceathrar fear ag smúrthacht timpeall na leoraí a raibh púicíní orthu, agus airm throma thine leo. Tuigeadh do McClelland gur sceimhlitheoirí Protastúnacha a bhí aige anseo, agus scairt sé orthu: ''Protastúnaigh iad go léir'', ag tagairt do phaisinéirí na leoraí.

Ní raibh gar ann. Thosaigh na Búistéirí ag criathrú na leoraí le piléir, agus nuair a bhí ocht n-urchar déag scaoilte acu, d'éalaigh siad ón áit. Bhí beirt fhear - Archie Hanna agus Raymond Carlisle - tar éis bháis, agus beirt eile - James Wylie agus Louis Magee - gonta go tromchúiseach. Chaith Wylie agus Magee tréimhse fhada san ospidéal, agus ina dhiaidh sin féin, bhíodh dúlagar intinne ag luí ar Wylie chomh minic is gur loit sé a shaol go dona. 

I ndiaidh an ionsaí, chuala Murphy ar an raidió gur Protastúnaigh ab ea iad siúd a básaíodh nó a goineadh san ionsaí. Ní nárbh ionadh, ba leasc leis a admháil go poiblí go raibh sé tar éis comhreiligiúnaigh dá chuid féin a mharú. Mar sin, chinn sé díoltas a choire féin a agairt ar na Caitlicigh.

=== Dúnmharú Francis Rice ===

Fear oibre dífhostaithe ab ea Francis Dominic Rice a thagadh go minic go club Caitliceach ar imeall lár na cathrach. Bhí sé ceithre bliana fichead d'aois. Ag a haon a chlog i ndiaidh an mheán oíche, ar an [[27 Feabhra]] [[1976]], bhí sé díreach ag filleadh ón gclub, nuair a casadh Lenny Murphy agus triúr eile de na Búistéirí - Moore agus &quot;Basher&quot; ina measc - air agus iad ag tiomáint timpeall ar an tacsaí ar lorg Caitlicigh. Bhí beirt bhan óg ar bhord an tacsaí acu chomh maith. Rinne Murphy corpchuardach ar Rice agus tháinig sé ar chárta ballraíochta an chlub Chaitlicigh.

Bhí an scéal socraithe leis sin, agus an bás daite do Rice. Mar ba nós leis na Búitséirí faoin am seo, fuair sé greidimíní agus leadhbairt ar dtús, agus ina dhiaidh sin, thug na murdaróirí go dtí cúlshráid bheag é le hé a mharú. Thosaigh Murphy ag gearradh an mhuiníl de, slis i ndiaidh slise, agus nuair a bhuail lann na scine cnámh droma an íobartaigh, bhí an obair críochnaithe. D'éalaigh na Búistéirí leo ar an tacsaí agus d'fhág siad an corpán ina luí sa chúlsráid. Seanbhean a raibh cónaí uirthi sa chomharsanacht ba thúisce a tháinig ar an gcorpán.

== An Chéad Bhotún a Rinne na Búistéirí ==

Ar an 2 Márta, rinne na Búistéirí an chéad bhotún a chuir ar cumas na bhfórsaí slándála teacht ar lorg na droinge. Ag a deich roimh a trí istoíche, d'fhéach siad le beirt bhan óg Caitliceach - Mary Murray agus Margaret McCartney - a mharú a bhí ag teacht abhaile ó Bhaile Meánach. Bhí siad ag tiomáint a ngluaisteáin síos Bóthar Cliftonville, nuair a thug na Búistéirí comhartha dóibh stad. Shíl na mná gurbh iad na péas a bhí ann, agus stop siad go humhal. Ansin, loisc na Búistéirí a gcuid arm tine ina dtreo. Bhuail trí philéar Mary, ach mar sin féin, d'éirigh léi an carr a thosú agus éalú a dhéanamh. Tugadh Mary go dtí an t-[[ospidéal]], agus tháinig Margaret as an eachtra gan ghránú. 
[[Íomhá:Wheelbarrow bomb disposal device being operated by a team from 321 EOD MOD 45159057.jpg|clé|mion|Arm na Breataine ag stiúradh gléas diúscartha buamaí]]
Bhí patról de chuid Arm na Breataine cóngarach don áit, áfach, agus nuair a chuala sáirsint an phatróil na hurchair, thug sé ordú dá chuid saighdiúirí bheith ar a bhfaichill. Ar a mbealach abhaile, fuair na Búitséirí rompu an patról seo. Bhagair na saighdiúirí ar na Búitséirí stad, ach nuair nár thug siad siúd aird ar bith ar na comharthaí, d'aimsigh na saighdiúirí cúpla urchar ar ghluaisteán na mBúitséirí. Níor buaileadh aon duine acu siúd, ach fágadh lorg na bpiléar ar an gcarr. Ní ba thábhachtaí fós, bhí an carr feicthe ag na saighdiúirí, agus leid a bhí ann do na péas a bhí ag iarraidh na dúnmharuithe búistéireachta a fhiosrú.
[[Íomhá:South Belfast 1981.jpg|clé|mion|Arm na Breataine i nDeisceart Bhéal Feirste i dtús na n-ochtóidí]]
Thriail na Búistéirí na péas a chur ó rian, nó chuir siad an carr trí thine agus fuair siad carr eile le dul abhaile. Mar sin féin, chuir na fórsaí slándála cron iontu, agus stop siad an carr. Ghabh na saighdiúirí Lenny Murphy, ó bhí a ainm ar liosta na bparaimíleatach - b'airí amhrais é mar sin - agus thug siad go dtí stáisiún na bpéas é. Ansin dó, rinne sé iarracht iarsmaí na n-urchar a ghlanadh dá chuid éadaí, rud a thug duine de na constáblaí faoi deara. Thuig an constábla go raibh Murphy ag iarraidh rud éigin a choinneáil faoi cheilt, agus ar eagla na heagla, d'fhéach sé chuige go bhfuair foireann fóiréinsice na bpéas samplaí as éadaí Murphy.

Bhí na péas tar éis teacht ar an bpiostal ar baineadh úsáid as san ionsaí ar Mary Murphy agus ar Margaret McCartney. Anois, áfach, theastaigh uathu lorg luaidhe a aithint in éadaí Murphy a thaispeánfadh gurbh eisean a bhí ag beartú an phiostail. Maidir leis an gceastóireacht, b'fhollas do na péas ón tús nach raibh gar ann, ó nach bhfreagródh Murphy ceist ar bith dá gcuirfí air. Mar sin, b'éigean dóibh scaoileadh saor leis an bhfear sa deireadh, agus iad ag iarraidh a dhóthain scóid a ligean leis is go gcrochfadh sé é. Nuair a chonacthas Murphy ag lorg an phiostail san áit a bhfuair na péas é, ní raibh aon mhoill orthu é a ghabháil in athuair.

Ní raibh ach fianaise imthoisceach ag na péas in aghaidh Murphy, ach mar sin féin, chinn siad ar é a ionchúiseamh faoi iarracht dhúnmharaithe na beirte ban. Bhí na péas suite siúráilte go raibh an príomh-Bhúistéir acu anseo, agus mura raibh sé indéanta an dlí a chur air faoi na murdair bhúistéireachta, d'fhéadfaí pionós a ghearradh air as an gcoir eile seo, ar a laghad.

Bhí Murphy ina phríosúnach anois, agus é ag fanacht leis an triail. Ach má bhí, d'fhan sé i gceannas ar lucht a leanúna, agus iadsan ag marú tuilleadh daoine de réir a chuid orduithe.

=== Ródach Mór an ''Chlorane Bar'' ===

Ba é an t-ionsaí ar an ''Chlorane Bar'' an chéad mhórchoir eile a rinne na Búistéirí. Teach tábhairne ab ea an ''Chlorane Bar'' agus é suite ar thalamh neodrach idir ceantar na bhFál agus ceantar na Seanchille, rud a d'fhág go raibh daoine ón dá phobal ag gnáthú na háite. Teach dhá urlár a bhí ann le beár poiblí thíos an staighre agus tolglann thuas an staighre. Ar an [[5 Meitheamh]] [[1976]], tháinig ceathrar gunnadóirí isteach an doras agus iad ag scairteadh ar na custaiméirí Protastúnacha dul ar thaobh amháin agus ar na Caitlicigh dul ar thaobh eile. Ansin, thosaigh an mhurdaróireacht. 
Maraíodh fear an tí, Caitliceach cnagaosta darbh ainm Jimmy Coyle, le hurchar a bhuail sa chroí é. Duine eile a fuair bás san ionsaí ab ea Edward Farrell, seanchara le Coyle agus gnáthchustaiméir san áit. Lámhachadh sa droim é nuair a rinne sé iarracht na leithris a bhaint amach le dul ar foscadh i gceann acu. Daniel McNeill a bhí ar an tríú fear a maraíodh. Íorónta go leor, bhí na péas den tuairim go raibh baint éigin aige leis an UVF. Thairis sin, shíothlaigh Samuel Corr, fear meánaosta a bhí gonta go héag, sular tháinig na hotharcharranna. Protastúnach a bhí ann chomh maith. Fuair fear eile - John Martin - bás san ospidéal tar éis dhá sheachtain a chaitheamh ag éileamh. Goineadh daoine eile go tromchúiseach. Dealraíonn sé nach raibh na murdaróirí ábalta a néaróga féin a choinneáil faoi stiúir cheart, nó cé go ndearna siad iarracht gan dochar a dhéanamh d'aon duine dá bpobal féin, níorbh é lá an roghnachais lá an lámhaigh.

Níorbh é Murphy, agus é ag fanacht leis an triail sa phríosún, a d'ordaigh an t-eirleach seo. Bhí sé socraithe ag lucht an ''Windsor Bar'' agus ag Búitséirí an ''Brown Bear'' le chéile.

=== Dúnmharú Cornelius Neeson ===

Ar an [[1 Lúnasa]] [[1976]], rith le Moore agus McAllister dúnmharú a dhéanamh as a stuaim féin, beag beann ar Murphy agus ar bhoic mhóra ghluaiseacht na nDílseoirí. Chuaigh siad ag iascach sna seanbhráití timpeall ar Bhóthar Cliftonville, agus ansin, tháinig siad ar fhear meánaosta darbh ainm Cornelius Neeson, agus é ag filleadh abhaile óna chuid oibre i gclub biongó. Ghabh McAllister de thua ar Neeson, agus nuair a thit Neeson as a sheasamh, thosaigh Moore ag tabhairt ciceanna sa chloigeann dó. D'fhág siad Neeson ina luí ar an tsráid agus é ag saothrú an bháis, agus chonaic gluaisteánaí éigin é ansin sula raibh sé básaithe. D'fhéach an gluaisteánaí chuige gur tugadh Neeson go dtí an t-ospidéal, ach shíothlaigh sé ansin. Bhí carr na gciontóirí feicthe ag an ngluaisteánaí, agus é in ann comharthaí sóirt McAllister a thabhairt do na péas, ach níor shamhlaigh aon duine an choir leis na Búistéirí ar dtús. 
[[Íomhá:Escape from HM Prison Maze, 1974 (7 of 9) (37696547344).jpg|clé|mion|Príosún [[An Cheis Fhada|na Ceise Fada]] sna seachtóidí]]
I rith na míonna i ndiaidh dhúnmharú Neeson, ní raibh na Búitséirí ach ag ól sa ''Brown Bear'' agus ag plé chruachás a gceannaire sa phríosún. Nuair a bhí Murphy tugtha go dtí [[an Cheis Fhada]], thosaigh sé ag tabhairt orduithe don drong faoi ainghníomhartha nua.

=== Dúnmharú Stephen McCann ===

Má fuair Murphy é féin i dtóin an phríosúin, níor maolaíodh ar dhrochobair na droinge. Nuair a tháinig duine de lucht a leanúna ar cuairt chuige an chéad uair ar an gCeis Fhada dó, dúirt sé leis an gcuairteoir gur theastaigh tuilleadh dúnmharuithe uaidh - dúnmharuithe a mbeadh lorg a láimhe féin orthu - le fiosrú na bpéas a chur ar strae. Ba é Moore an duine a cheap Murphy mar cheann feadhna don bhaicle a fhad is a d'fhanfadh sé féin i mbraighdeanas. Bhí Moore an-dílis do Murphy, agus é chomh heolach ar theorainneacha an dá phobal sa chathair agus a bhí sé oilte ar cheird na dúnmharfóireachta i ndiaidh a phrintiseachta faoi Murphy. Thairis sin, bhí dúchas agus comhábhair an dúnmharfóra ann mar dhuine.

Stephen McCann a bhí ar an chéad íobartach eile. Fear óg a bhí ann agus é aon bhliain is fiche d'aois. Bhí sé i ndiaidh scíth cúpla bliain a ghlacadh ón scoil lena mharana a dhéanamh ar chúrsaí a shaoil, agus é ag tosú ag foghlaim léinn arís. Buachaill íogair a bhí ann a raibh na Trioblóidí ag déanamh cuid mhaith buartha dó. Bhí sé ag suirí le cailín óg darbh ainm Frances Tohill, agus iad ag caint faoi phósadh. Ar an [[30 Deireadh Fómhair]], [[1976]], cúpla uair an chloig i ndiaidh an mheán oíche, tháinig na Búistéirí trasna ar Stephen agus Frances a bhí díreach tar éis an oíche a chur díobh ag spaisteoireacht na sráideanna le chéile.

Sciob siad Stephen leo os comhair shúile a chailín, agus thug siad go dtí Sráid Brockmount é, áit ar fhág Moore an gluaisteán le dul ar lorg na scine móire i dteach duine den drong. Idir an dá linn, bhí na Búistéirí eile ag bualadh Stephen. Níor baineadh mórán úsáide as an scian leis an íobartach a chéasadh an turas seo, áfach, nó nuair a tháinig na fir go dtí an áit a raibh Stephen le marú, scaoil Moore urchar i gcloigeann an bhuachalla, agus bhí sé marbh ar an toirt. Ina dhiaidh sin, tugadh íde don chorpán leis an scian.
[[Íomhá:Tennant Street - geograph.org.uk - 584532.jpg|clé|mion|Sráid Tennant
]]
Tháinig Frances slán agus chuir sí fios ar na péas, agus ní raibh siad i bhfad ag teacht ar an gcorpán, nó chuala duine de na comharsana an t-urchar a mharaigh Stephen McCann agus chuaigh sé i dteagmháil le stáisiún na bpéas i Sráid Tennant. Mar sin, fuarthas an buachaill marbh roimh an maidneachan féin.

Chuaigh dúnmharú Stephen McCann go mór mór i bhfeidhm ar na péas, chomh cosúil is a bhí sé le duine clainne dá gcuid féin - fear óg míshuaimhneach a bhíodh ag streachailt leis ag iarraidh oideachas a bhaint amach dó féin agus socrú síos sa saol, cé go raibh na Trioblóidí ag cur as dó go dona. D'éirigh le plean Murphy, áfach, nó chuir dúnmharú Stephen ó rian iad, agus tháinig amhras orthu, an raibh Murphy bainteach leis na dúnmharuithe búistéireachta ar aon nós, i ndeireadh na dála.

=== An Clampar leis an UDA agus Dúnmharú Jim Moorehead ===
[[Íomhá:UDA mural, East Belfast - panoramio.jpg|clé|mion|Múrphictiúr de chuid Chumann Cosanta Uladh (an tUDA)]]
Go gairid i ndiaidh mharú Stephen McCann, bhí trioblóidí príobháideacha ag Sam McAllister le [[Cumann Cosanta Uladh]] (an tUDA). Ar an [[20 Nollaig]] [[1976]], mharaigh McAllister i dtroid fear óg darbh ainm Thomas Easton, a bhí ina óglach de chuid an Chumainn. Mar dhíoltas, shocraigh lucht an Chumainn McAllister a lámhach sa ghlúin. Ó bhí a bhean chéile ag iompar clainne, d'iarr sé ar lucht an Chumainn gan é a lámhach sa ghlúin ach sna lámha, agus an lámhach féin a chur ar fionraí go dtí go mbeadh an leanbh saolaithe. Bhí lucht an Chumainn sásta a achainí a dhéanamh, agus sa deireadh thiar thall, níor goineadh go róthromchúiseach é, ionas nach raibh a chuid cneácha ach tamall gairid ag bisiú.

Ar an lá deireanach de Mhí Eanáir [[1977]], thángthas trasna ar chorpán Jim Moorehead, fear tríocha bliain a bhí ina oifigeach de chuid an UDA. Bhí sé fágtha in aice le ceantar Caitliceach, ach b'iad na Búistéirí a mharaigh Moorehead. Dhá lá roimhe sin, d'fhág Moorehead Club Sóisialta Sráid Rumford le dul ar lorg Jim Craig, cara leis a bhí ina bhoc mór san UDA chomh maith. Bhuail sé isteach i gcúpla teach tábhairne, ach níor tháinig sé ar Craig. Scéal eile ar fad, áfach, go raibh Sam McAllister, Basher Bates, agus William Moore ag ól sa ''Windsor Bar'', agus nuair a chonaic siad Moorehead ag teacht isteach, chinn siad ar é a mharú. Níl a fhios ag aon duine fios fátha an dúnmharaithe seo. Dealraíonn sé nach raibh ann ach gur chuir cosúlacht Moorehead isteach ar an triúr, nó bhí craiceann cuíosach dorcha agus folt dubh gruaige aige, rud a d'fhág go raibh sé ag breathnú cosúil le coimhthíoch - is é an leasainm a bhí air ná an ''Nigger''. Maraíodh Moorehead istigh ar an leithreas, agus tugadh an ghnáthíde dá chorpán le scian. Ansin, d'ordaigh siad do na custaiméirí bailiú leo as an áit, ghlan siad na hiarsmaí fola a bhí fágtha sa leithreas, agus chaith siad an corpán amach faoin aer, taobh istigh de chúlchlós an tí. B'ansin a d'fhág siad thar oíche é, ach an lá arna mhárach, fuair siad amach go raibh óglach de chuid Chumann Cosanta Uladh maraithe acu. Ansin, tháinig deifir orthu fáil réitithe den chorpán.

Ó bhí clampar ag McAllister leis an UDA tamall roimh dhúnmharú Moorehead, d'fhéadfá a shíleadh gur díoltas a bhí i gceist leis an gcoir seo. De réir na ráiteas a bhreac na péas síos ó na Búistéirí ní ba deireanaí, áfach, ní raibh ann ach rud a rith leo, agus sin ar chúiseanna ciníochais thar aon rud eile.

Rinne Cumann Cosanta Uladh (an tUDA) a bhfiosrú féin ar dhúnmharú Moorehead ina dhiaidh sin, de réir na tuisceana a bhí acu ar dhomhnán beag na nDílseoirí. Chuir lucht an Chumainn le chéile liosta de dhaoine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ciontach sa choir seo. D'éirigh leis na péas cóip den liosta seo a fháil. D'fhág an Cumann an milleán ar Óglaigh Uladh (an tUVF), cé gur dumpáladh an corpán i Sráid Adela i gceantar Caitliceach leis an dúnmharú a chur i leith an IRA. Is ar éigean is féidir a rá go raibh an Cumann ar an lorg ceart, áfach, nó ní raibh aon duine de na Búistéirí luaite ar an liosta. 

=== Dúnmharú Joseph Morrissey ===

Caitliceach ab ea an chéad duine eile a tharraing súil na mBúistéirí air féin, fear darbh ainm Joseph Morrissey. Bhí sé dhá bhliain déag is dhá scór d'aois. Fear meánaosta a bhí ann, mar sin, agus é ag caitheamh a chuid ama ag bothántaíocht timpeall agus ag cóstóireacht ó phub go pub. Bhí na Búistéirí ar a ngnáthstádar, nuair a chuir siad sonrú i Morrissey, leathuair tar éis an mheán oíche ar an tríú lá de Mhí Mheán Fómhair 1977.

Thuirling Sam McAllister agus Arthur McClay den charr leis an mbearna a bhaint de Morrissey, agus William Moore ag tiomáint an ghluaisteáin ón taobh eile i dtreo an íobartaigh. Chuir Morrissey troid ar a shon féin, ach nuair a ghabh McClay de thua air, thit sé as a sheasamh. Ansin, agus an gluaisteán ag teacht a fhad leis, d'éirigh Morrissey ina sheasamh arís, agus é ag iarraidh é féin a chosaint. Sa deireadh, áfach, chloígh na dúnmharfóirí é, agus nuair a caitheadh isteach sa charr é, tugadh buille eile tua dó. 

Thiomáin an triúr Búistéirí go dtí Bóthar na Seanchille le stopadh ag cara dá gcuid. Ansin dóibh, d'imir siad a gcuid seanchleas ar an bhfear bocht. Ar dtús, chéas siad é le scian búistéara, agus ansin, mharaigh siad é. B'é William Moore a ghearr a scornach, agus é ag déanamh gaisce go bhféadfadh sé dul in iomaíocht le Murphy féin, chomh cruálach is a bhí sé.

=== Dúnmharú Francis Cassidy ===

I ndeireadh Mhí Márta, tháinig ordú ó Murphy féin, agus é ina phríosúnach, cuairt a thabhairt ar cheantar na bhFál d'aon turas le Caitliceach a cheapadh is a chéasadh chun báis. Níor éirigh leis an misean seo ar dtús. Thug patról na mBúistéirí greidimíní do Phrotastúnach mheánaosta amháin, ach níor mharaigh siad é, siúd is gur fágadh cithréim air go lá a bháis. 
[[Íomhá:Falls rd pub.jpg|clé|mion|Pub i m[[Bóthar na bhFál]]]]
Ar an 29ú Márta, ghlac Moore, Davy Bell – fear a thionlaic Moore ar an turas neamhthorthúil go dtí [[Bóthar na bhFál|ceantar na bhFál]] roimhe sin – fear darbh ainm Norman Waugh agus fear eile nach bhfuair na péas amach faoi ach a leasainm, ”Winkie” - ghlac siad an cinneadh Caitliceach eile a mharú. Ansin, chuaigh siad a fhad le Sráid Spamount i dTuaisceart Bhéal Feirste, áit ar casadh fear singil meánaosta orthu darbh ainm Francis Cassidy. Bhí Cassidy tar éis airneán a dhéanamh i dteach a dheirféar. Ag a haon a chlog istoíche d'fhág sé slán ag bean an tí le filleadh abhaile. Ní raibh a áit féin ach faoi scread asail de theach a dheirféara, ach mar sin féin, bhí sé de mhí-ádh air gur tháinig na Búistéirí an bealach sular bhain sé amach a árasán.

Maraíodh Cassidy de réir an tsean-nóis imeachta, ach an iarraidh seo, cuireadh deireadh ar an obair le hurchar. Nuair a chuir na péas ceastóireacht ar William Moore i bhfad i ndiaidh na n-imeachtaí, thugadh sé ”an buachaill” ar Cassidy, cé gur fear meánaosta a bhí ann. Is amhlaidh go raibh na fir eile i ndiaidh Cassidy a threascairt as aithne cheana féin nuair a fuair Moore an chéad spléachadh air, agus is é an tátal a bhain sé as éadaí galánta an fhir gur fear óg a bhí ann.

== Finné na Corónach ==

I Mí Bealtaine [[1977]], d'fhéach na Búistéirí le Gerard McLaverty, fear óg fiche bliain d'aois, a mharú ar an tseandóigh. Thug siad an-íde dó, ach sa deireadh thiar thall, tháinig sé as, beo ar éigean. Nuair a bhisigh sé an oiread agus go raibh cead ag na péas é a chur faoi agallamh, bhí sé in ann mionchur síos a thabhairt ar chomharthaí sóirt na bhfear a chéas é. 

Thug na péas McLaverty timpeall na Seanchille i gcarr le go mbainfeadh sé lán a shúl as na fir gharbha ghairgeacha a bhí ag siúl na sráide. D'aithin an finné Sam McAllister agus Benny Edwards, beirt fhear a raibh aithne ag na péas orthu cheana féin. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, chuaigh tascfhórsaí péas ag ardú William Moore, Sam McAllister, agus Benny Edwards leo. Ní bhfuair siad Edwards sa bhaile, ach ón taobh eile de, d'aimsigh siad ceárta iomlán de sceana búistéara i dteach McAllister.

Dá bharr seo, bhí na péas ábalta na Búistéirí a chur i dtóin phríosúin, nó an chuid ba thábhachtaí acu, ar aon dul. Is é sin, - an chuid ba thábhachtaí acu, cé is moite den ruifíneach ba mhó ar fad, Lenny Murphy féin.

Maidir le McLaverty, tháinig sé beo as na Trioblóidí, ach fuair sé bás le [[Croí|taom croí]] i Márta 2008.

== Filleadh Murphy ==

Tháinig athrú mór cuma ar an UVF in Iarthar Bhéal Feirste idir an dá linn, agus Lenny Murphy sa phríosún. D'éirigh an tUVF agus an tUDA as a bheith ag cur mionchogaíochta ar a chéile, nó roinn siad a gcuid bráití eatarthu go cothrom. Chuir na sceimhlitheoirí Protastúnacha inneall ceart cogaidh ar a gcuid eagraíochtaí, ionas nach bhféadfadh mioncheannaire aonair cosúil le Murphy bheith ag rith damhsa beag beann ar bhoic mhóra na heagraíochta. Níor thuig Murphy, áfach, go raibh ré eile ann. Chrom sé ar a sheanobair arís a thúisce is a d'fhág sé an príosún.
[[Íomhá:Shankill shops.png|mion|Siopaí,  [[Bóthar na Seanchille]]]]

=== Dúnmharú Norman Maxwell ===

Scaoileadh saor é ó Phríosún Bhóthar Chroimghlinne, áit ar haistríodh é tar éis dó tús a phríosúnachta a chur de ar an gCeis Fhada. An lá arna mhárach, rinne sé an chéad dúnmharú. Nuair a bhí sé ag ceiliúradh a shaoirse le cairde i gceann de na tithe tábhairne cois Bhóthar na Seanchille, tháinig bacach d'fhear isteach arbh ainm dó Norman Maxwell. Protastúnach a bhí ann, fear bocht a chaitheadh a chuid ama ina lóisteoir i dtithe dídine Arm an tSlánaithe, mura raibh luach an phionta aige. Ghlac Murphy col leis an bhfear seo ar an toirt, agus é ag déanamh gur brathadóir nó spiaire de chineál éigin a bhí ann, de chuid an IRA nó na bpéas b'fhéidir, nó ní raibh aithne aige féin ná ag aon duine eile ag a bhord ar Maxwell.

Thug Murphy agus a chairde leadhbairt uafásach do Maxwell, agus ansin, thiomáin Murphy gluaisteán thar an bhfear bocht cúpla uair lena chinntiú go raibh sé marbh i gceart. Ansin, dumpáladh an corpán i gceantar Caitliceach lena thabhairt le fios do na péas gurbh iad an tIRA a mharaigh an fear. Bhí a fhios ag na póilíní nach raibh i Maxwell ach meisceoir bocht nach ndéarfadh le haon duine gur cham a ghaosán. B'é an tátal a bhain na péas as an scéal gur dúnmharú seicteach de dhéantús an IRA a bhí i gceist. Is é an rud a shíl siad nach mbacfadh aon duine ná aon dream le fear chomh neamhthábhachtach le Maxwell a mharú, ach amháin le buille a bhualadh ar phobal na bProtastúnach go léir.

=== Fuadach agus Dúnmharú Joseph Donegan ===

I ndiaidh dhúnmharú Maxwell, chuaigh Lenny Murphy ar lorg comhchoirpeach nua le drong búistéireachta dá chuid féin a chur i dtoll le chéile arís. Cé go raibh ceannairí ghluaiseacht na nDílseoirí éirithe míshásta le Murphy, bhí meas an laoich ag roinnt mhaith Protastúnach air i gcónaí, agus iad an-fhonnmhar cabhrú leis.

Bhí Murphy ag imeacht le haer an tsaoil, á thaispeáint féin i dtábhairní na Seanchille agus ag déanamh spallaíochta leis na girseacha, ó thréig a bhean chéile é le fada. Níor thaitin a chuid geáitsí le ceannairí an UVF, nó bhí siad den tuairim nárbh é seo an cineál íomhá a bhí ag teastáil ón eagraíocht. Cheannaigh Murphy carr gleoite galánta ó fhear darbh ainm Brian Smyth, iarsceimhlitheoir de chuid an UVF a chuaigh le díoltóireacht na ngluaisteán. Ní raibh Murphy sásta iomlán an phraghais a íoc le Smyth, agus nuair a thosaigh an díoltóir ag éileamh an fhuilligh ar an gcustaiméir, mharaigh Murphy é.

Ar an [[22 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1982]], d'fhuadaigh an tIRA '''Tommy Cochrane''', Protastúnach agus sáirsint in [[Arm na Breataine]]. Le díoltas a agairt ar na Caitlicigh as an bhfuadach seo, chinn Murphy ar phríosúnach agus giall a dhéanamh de dhuine acu siúd. Mar sin, shealbhaigh seisean agus a chuid cairde tacsaí dubh den chineál a shamhlaítear le Béal Feirste. Ansin, chuaigh siad ag tiomáint timpeall na bhFál le súil is go dtiocfaidís trasna ar Chaitliceach a d'fhéadfaidís a chimiú leis an IRA a bhrú chun a shaoirse a ligean le Cochrane arís. Nó sin é an tsiocair a bhí ag Murphy. Le fírinne, ní raibh i gceist aige ach an t-íobartach a chéasadh is a mharú mar ba ghnách leis, mar gheall ar an sult saobh Sádach amháin.

Ar an 23ú Deireadh Fómhair, bhí '''Joseph Donegan''', siúinéir dífhostaithe, amuigh ag déanamh aeir. Fear neamhpholaitiúil ar fad a bhí ann nach raibh baint ar bith aige leis na paraimíleataigh, agus é ag caitheamh a chuid ama ag imirt púil agus ag ól i gcuideachta a chuid cairde. Nuair a bhí sé ag filleadh abhaile ón bpub go gairid i ndiaidh an mheán oíche, ní raibh súil ná coinne aige leis go raibh tacsaí bréige ag cúrsáil na bhFál ar lorg Caitliceach le fuadach. Chroith sé lámh i dtreo an chéad tacsaí dhuibh a chonaic sé chuige, ach b'é an mí-ádh a bhí air ná gurbh é Murphy agus lucht a leanúna a bhí ag tiomáint an tacsaí. Chuaigh Donegan ar bord agus dúnadh doras an ghluaisteáin ina dhiaidh. Ansin, thug an tacsaí a haghaidh ar cheantar na bProtastúnach, agus nuair a thug, thosaigh Murphy ag oibriú a dhoirne is a chos ar an bpaisinéir.

Thug drong Murphy an fear bocht go dtí teach folamh ina raibh cónaí ar Murphy roimhe sin. B'ansin a céasadh is a maraíodh é. An iarracht seo, chuaigh Murphy i dtuilleamaí greamaire leis na fiacla a bhaint de dhrandal an íobartaigh. Tharraing sé amach fiacail i ndiaidh a chéile, agus nuair a bhí Donegan básaithe sa deireadh, ní raibh ach cúpla fiacail fágtha istigh – bhí Murphy tar éis an chuid eile acu a réabadh amach is a chaitheamh timpeall.

Bhí sé de mheabhraíocht i Murphy, áfach, a ainm a fhiafraí de Donegan sular mharaigh sé é. Ansin, chuaigh sé ag margáil leis na Caitlicigh, agus é ag tabhairt le tuiscint dóibh go raibh Donegan beo i gcónaí agus go mbeadh sé sásta é a mhalartú le Cochrane: dá ligfeadh an tIRA a anam is a shaoirse leis an Sáirsint, bheadh sé féin fonnmhar Donegan a scaoileadh saor. Bhí Murphy ag brath ar an gcorpán a chur i bhfolach taobh amuigh den chathair. Nuair a bhí a chuid cúlaistíní díreach leis an bhfear marbh a chaitheamh ar bhord gluaisteáin a d'iompródh as Béal Feirste é, chuaigh lánúin óg thar bráid. Shíl na sceimhlitheoirí go raibh an marbhán tugtha faoi deara ag an dís óg, agus chuaigh siad i scaoll: d'éalaigh siad béal a gcinn, agus d'fhág siad an corpán ina ndiaidh. Tháinig fir oibre de chuid na longcheártan trasna ar an marbhán nuair a bhí siad ag dul chun oibre an lá arna mhárach. 

I ndiaidh na fionnachtana seo, d'achainigh muintir Donegan ar an IRA an Sáirsint Cochrane a scaoileadh saor mar sin féin, gan díoltas a imirt air as bás an ghéill Chaitlicigh. Ní raibh gar ann. D'fhág na Sealadaigh corpán Cochrane in aice leis an Teorainn beagnach seachtain i ndiaidh bhás Donegan.
[[Íomhá:CrumlinRdGaol.Int.JPG|mion| Bóthar na Croimghlinne]]

=== Bás Murphy ===

Cé go bhfuair na péas amach go gasta an áit ar céasadh is ar maraíodh Donegan, níor éirigh leo Murphy a chiontú i ndúnmharú an fhir. Ó tharla go raibh cónaí ar Murphy san áit sin ní ba mhoiche, ní chiontódh lorg a chuid méar é: bheadh rian a lámh fud fad an tí cibé, cuma cé acu a bhí baint aige leis an gcoir nó nach raibh.

Mar sin, thit sé ar chrann na sceimhlitheoirí féin pionós a ghearradh do Murphy. Bhí an tUVF agus an tUDA ar aon fhocal go gcaithfeadh Murphy imeacht de dhroim an domhain. Bhí a chuid ainghníomhartha ag tarraingt na sluaite de phéas go dtí na plódcheantair Phrotastúnacha, agus iad ag smúrthacht timpeall is ag cur sonrú sna camghnóthaí a bhí idir lámhaibh ag na paraimíleataigh. An rud is annamh is iontach, bhí an tIRA agus an tINLA ag aontú leis na Dílseoirí air seo.

Ar an [[16 Samhain]] [[1982]], bhí Murphy díreach ag páirceáil a chairr ar chúl theach a bhanchara, nuair a stop veain ghorm in aice leis. Phreab beirt fhear as an veain agus gach duine acu ag aimsiú a phiostail féin ar Murphy. Criathraíodh cloigeann agus colainn an bhúistéara mhóir le piléir, agus bhí sé marbh a thúisce is a thit sé as a sheasamh.

B'iad na Sealadaigh a ghlac orthu freagracht as marú Murphy. Mar sin féin, bíonn teoiricí éagsúla ag dul timpeall faoi chúlra a bháis. Is iomaí duine a chreideann go ndeachaigh na Dílseoirí is na Poblachtánaigh i gcomhar le chéile le Murphy a chur chun báis.

== Príosún ==
Ar an [[20 Feabhra]] [[1979]], gearradh téarma príosúin ar Bhúistéirí na Seanchille.

== Foinsí ==

* DILLON, Martín: ''The Shankill Butchers''. A Case Study of Mass Murder. Arrow Books, Londain 1990.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Béal Feirste]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí foréigin le linn na dTrioblóidí]]
[[Catagóir:Dúnmharfóirí srathacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brú na Bóinne</title>
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{{Glanadh}}

Tá '''Brú na Bóinne''' suite i g[[Contae na Mí]], idir [[An Uaimh]] agus [[Droichead Átha|Droichead]] [[Baile Átha Cliath|Átha]]. Tá na suíomhanna [[An Réamhstair|réamhstairi]]úla is cáiliúla in [[Éire|Éirinn]] ann, ina measc [[Sí an Bhrú]] agus [[Cnobha]]. Thosaigh tógáil an [[tuama seomrach]] i mBrú na Bóinne thart ar 3200 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.worldheritageireland.ie/bru-na-boinne/|teideal=Brú na Bóinne {{!}} World Heritage {{!}} World Heritage Ireland|language=en|work=www.worldheritageireland.ie|dátarochtana=2018-12-04|archivedate=2017-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830102826/http://www.worldheritageireland.ie/bru-na-boinne/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Tá an suíomh súite ar thailte saibhir Ghleann na Bóinne agus thóg pobal [[Feirmeoir|feirmeoireachta]] na struchtúir. Tá Cnóbha agus Brú na Bóinne ainmnithe mar Láithreán Oidhreachta Domhanda ag UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.newgrange.com/|teideal=Newgrange Stone Age Passage Tomb - Boyne Valley, Ireland|language=en|work=www.newgrange.com|dátarochtana=2018-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/s?txt=knowth&amp;str=on|teideal='knowth'|language=en|work=Logainm.ie|dátarochtana=2018-12-04T17:23:23Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:Newgrange.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Sí an Bhrú]] i mBrú na Bóinne.|clé]][[Íomhá:Wakeman Newgrange tumulus chamber cross section.png|mion|200x200px|Tras-alt trasna|clé]]

== Sí an Bhrú ==
{{Main|Sí an Bhrú}}
Is tuama cloiche ón g[[An Chianaois|cianaois]] é seo. Tá an tuama ochtú méadar ar trastomhas. Ag bonn am tuama tá 97 cloch cholbha, cuid acu atá maisithe go mór le h[[ealaín]] meigiliteacha. Is é an dá chloch is mó maisithe ná cloch iontrála agus cloch cholbha 52, díreach ar chúl an tuama. Tá sé déanta suas de chlocha uisce rollta ó ardáin [[An Bhóinn|Abhainn na Bóinne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=2018-12-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newgrange&amp;oldid=871505198|title=Newgrange|language=en|journal=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuid den ábhar a chruthaíonn an séadchomhartha a tháinig ó na [[Beanna Boirche]] agus [[Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin|Sléibhte Chill Mhantái]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n cosúil le Grianchloch bhán agus bholláin eibhir bhabhta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Íomhá:Corbelled House on Grootfontein Farm, off the R63 interior roof.JPG|mion|'''Díon Coirbéalta'''|alt=|265x265px|clé]]
Síneann an sliocht le haghaidh 19 méadar nó thart ar an tríú cuid den bhealach isteach i lár an déanmhais, atá os comhair an Oirdheiscirt. Mar thoradh ar an sliocht istigh go dtí seomra ciorcail le díon coirbéalta. Tar éis 5,000 bhliain tá an díon fós uiscedhíonach.  

=== Ealaín ===
[[Íomhá:Newgrange Entrance.jpg|mion|200x200px|Cloch Iontrála agus Bosca díon|clé]]
Ba é ealaín an ama seo tús ré nua. Léirigh sé scil ardchaighdeáin agus tús na dteicnící nua. Is féidir é seo a fheiceáil i cloch chobha 52 agus an cloch iontrála. Úsáidtear réimse leathan siombailí, mar shampla ciorcail, bíseanna, stuanna, patrún rachtán agus muileataí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Teicnící snoíodóireachta ag baint úsáide as cloch ghéar a thug an tionchar seo. Creideann seandálaithe go ndearnadh an chuid is mó de na carbháin a thógáil sula gcuirtear na clocha ar bun, cé go raibh an chloch iontrála snoite in situ sula gcuirfí na crainn chraobh in aice leis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=George Eogan|date=1984-03|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500067676|title=Newgrange. Archaeology, Art and Legend. By Michael J. O'Kelly. (New Aspects of Antiquity.) 25 × 19·5 cm. Pp. 240, 157 ills. (inc. 13 col.). London: Thames and Hudson, 1982. ISBN 0-500-39015-0. £16·00.|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|volume=64|issue=01|pages=134–136|doi=10.1017/s0003581500067676|issn=0003-5815}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Stair ==
D'fhoghlaim daoine neoiliteach barraí a ardú agus beostoic intíre a choinneáil agus ní raibh siad ag brath níos mó ar shealbhaigh, iascaireacht agus plandaí fiáine a bhailiú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Neolithic-Period|teideal=Neolithic Period {{!}} Definition &amp; Facts|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|dátarochtana=2018-12-04T16:41:38Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tógáil ===
Toisc gur tógadh Brú na Bóinne i 3200 BC tá sé níos sine ná [[Stonehenge]] agus [[Pirimid Giza]] san Éigipt, chomh maith le cultúr Mycenaean an Ghréig ársa a chuaigh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Léiríonn anailís gheolaíoch go bhfuil na mílte de phóróga a chuireann an chairn, tháinig sé ó ardáin Abhainn na Bóinne. Freisin, ba é an t-ábhar tógála a úsáideadh chun an tuama a thógáil cloch gléineach ón trá chreagach ag Clocherhead, Co Lú, thart. 20 km san oirdheisceart. D'fhéadfaí na bloic cloiche greywacke a iompar go dtí suíomh Brú Na Bóinne ag muir agus suas Abhainn na Bóinne trína áirithiú go dtí an taobh thíos de bháid ag taoide íseal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.boynevalleytours.com/newgrange.htm|teideal=Newgrange Stone Age Passage Tomb in the Boyne Valley|work=www.boynevalleytours.com|dátarochtana=2018-12-04T16:57:08Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mhol Frank Mitchell go bhféadfaí an séadchomhartha a thógáil laistigh de chúig bliana, ag brath ar a mheastachán ar líon dócha na n-áitritheoirí áitiúla i rith na Neoiliteach agus an méid ama a d'fhéadfaidís a bheith dírithe ar a thógáil seachas feirmeoireacht. Mar sin féin, rinne Michael a cháineadh an meastachán seo. J. O'Kelly agus a fhoireann seandálaíochta, a chreid go dtógfadh sé tríocha bliain ar a laghad a thógáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Íomhá:2013_Solstice_Newgrange.jpg|clé|mion|[[Brú na Bóinne]], 21-23 Nollaig, tá an tuama lán le [[solas]], solas beannaitheach]]

=== Adhlacadh ===
Taispeánann tochailtí taiscí de chnámh dhaonna dóite agus neamhchónaitheach sa sliocht, rud a léirigh go raibh corpaí daonna curtha go deimhin taobh istigh, agus cuid acu a bhí créamtha. Ó scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an gcnámh neamhchónaitheach, léiríodh gur tháinig sé ar a laghad dhá dhuine ar leithligh, ach bhí cuid mhór dá gcnámharlaigh ar iarraidh, agus bhí an méid a bhí fágtha scaipthe faoin sliocht. Fuarthas go leor eile de na déantúsáin sa tseirbhís sna céadta bliain roimhe sin trí chuairt a thabhairt ar ársaitheoir agus do thurasóirí, cé go ndearnadh an chuid is mó díobh sin agus iad ar iarraidh nó a bhí ar siúl i mbailiúcháin phríobháideacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Is léir go leanfadh an suíomh go raibh tábhacht dóiteán ag baint leis san Iarann Aois. I measc rudaí éagsúla a thaisceadh níos déanaí timpeall an tuama tá dhá chrochán déanta as boinn óir Rómhánach 320-337 AD (anois in Ard-Mhúsaem na hÉireann) agus seodra óir Rómhánach lena n-áirítear dhá bráisléad, dhá fháinní, agus muince, anois sna bailiúcháin de Mhúsaem na Breataine&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=5016&amp;plaA=5016-3-1|teideal=Collection search: You searched for|language=en-GB|work=British Museum|dátarochtana=2018-12-04T17:11:26Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suíomh agus rochtain ==

Ní bhíonn turas treoraithe ach rochtain ar an tuama. Tosaíonn turais ag Ionad Cuairteoirí Bhrú na Bóinne óna ndéantar cuairteoirí ar an suíomh. Chun taithí a fháil ar an bhfeiniméan ar maidin Solstice an Gheimhridh ón taobh istigh de thuama, caithfidh duine crannchur a iontráil ag an ionad léiriúcháin. Ag deireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair gach bliain, tarraingíonn páistí scoile áitiúla 50 ainm, 10 ainm ar gach maidin go bhfuil an seomra soilsithe, bronntar dhá áit sa seomra do gach ceann de na buaiteoirí crannchuir. Tarraingítear liosta cúlchiste freisin, má tá an liosta cúltaca ann i gcás nach féidir teagmháil le duine a bhfuil a n-ainm a tharraingt ar an liosta tosaigh nó má fhaigheann sé go bhfuil sé dodhéanta taisteal go Brú Na Bóinne ar an dáta a sannadh iad. I 2018 bhí beag nach 30,000 iontrálacha. Ba é an tOllamh Michael J. O'Kelly an chéad duine san am nua-aimseartha chun an ócáid seo a urramú an 21 Nollaig 1967. Tá an t-ailíniú gréine ag Brú na Bóinne  an-chruinn i gcomparáid le feiniméin chomhchosúla ag uaigheanna pasáiste eile ar nós Dubhadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Tá Brú Na Bóinne suite 8.4 ciliméadar (5.2 míle) siar ó Dhroichead Átha i gContae na Mí. Tá an t-ionad léiriúcháin suite ar bhruach theas na habhann agus tá an tuama suite ar thaobh thuaidh na habhann. Tabharfaidh críochnú turas Brú na Bóinne i ngach cuairteoir taobh istigh den tuama nuair a dhiúltaíonn an treoir turas ansin na soilse, agus ansin castar ar na cinn ag fanacht ar solas na gréine a bheadh le feiceáil ar an gheimhreadh Solstice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Is féidir leat Cnóbha agus Dubhadh a rochtain ón ionad freisin

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Grianstad an gheimhridh]]
* [[Sí an Bhrú]]
* [[Maes Howe]] ar [[Inse Orc]] na h[[Albain|Alban]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Contae na Mí]]
[[Catagóir:Grianstadanna]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreáin Oidhreachta Domhanda]]
[[Catagóir:An Chré-umhaois]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coláiste Naomh Antaine</title>
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Coláiste oiliúna do bhráithre Proinsiasacha Éireannacha a bhí i g'''Coláiste Naomh Antaine i [[Lobháin]]''' (nó '''Coláiste na nGael''') san Ísiltír Spáinneach, a bhí lárnach i bhfeachtas an fhrith-reifirméisin in [[Éire|Éirinn]], agus i gcur chun cinn na litríochta clóite [[Gaeilge]] sa [[17ú haois]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.jesuit.ie/news/celebrating-400-years-of-the-irish-college-louvain/|teideal=Celebrating 400 years of the Irish College, Louvain|dáta=2007-06-19|language=en|work=Jesuits Ireland|dátarochtana=2022-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bunú an Choláiste ==
Bunaíodh Coláiste Naomh Antaine san Ísiltír Spáinneach ([[An Bheilg]] sa lá inniu) sa bhliain 1607 mar choláiste oiliúna do noibhéisigh agus do [[Ord na bProinsiasach|bhráithre Proinsiasacha]] as [[Éire|Éirinn]]. Ba é [[Flaithrí Ó Maolchonaire]], bráthar Proinsiasach agus Easpag Thuama (1609), a bhunaigh an coláiste le cead [[Rí na Spáinne]], [[Pilib II na Spáinne|Philip II]]. Ní raibh sa choláiste ar dtús ach foirgneamh beag a bhí ar chúl shéipéal [[Naomh Antaine]]. Ceal spáis b'éigean áit nua a lorg.
Bliain tar éis a bhunaithe tháinig Ó Néill, [[Aodh Ó Néill|(Iarla Thír Eoghain)]] agus Ó Dónaill, [[Ruairí Ó Dónaill]] ar cuairt ar an gcoláiste ar an 9 Samhain 1607. Chaitheadar an geimhreadh sa choláiste sular thugadar aghaidh ó dheas ar [[an Róimh]].

I 1617 tógadh an coláiste atá ann inniu. 

== Stair ==
De ghnáth bhíodh idir tríocha agus dhá scór bráithre sa teach agus théadh roinnt acu go hÉirinn agus go [[Albain|hAlban]] ina misinéirí. Bhí ardchlú ar an gColáiste mar ionad léinn agus is ann, leis, a forbraíodh an chlódóireacht Ghaeilge; is iomaí sin saothar [[creideamh|creidimh]], staire agus leabhar tagartha Gaeilge a cuireadh i gcló sa Choláiste. Bhí spiorad an Fhrith-Reifirméisin le sonrú go láidir sna saothair sin agus chuaigh siad i bhfeidhm go mór ar lucht creidimh in Éirinn, in [[Ulaidh|Ultaibh]] go háirithe. Comhairleoirí leis na ceannairí Ultacha a bhí ag cur fúthu in Ísiltír na Spáinne a bhí sna Proinsiasaigh agus nuair a ceapadh Aodh Mac Aingil ina Ardshéiplíneach don Reisimint Ghaelach agus ina Bhardach ar an gColáiste araon neartaigh ar an tábhacht a bhí ag an gColáiste. 

Bhí dlúthbhaint ag lucht an Choláiste le roinnt pleananna a beartaíodh maidir le hionradh a dhéanamh ar Éireann ar chostas na Spáinne, ionradh ina mbeadh reisimintí Gaelacha i Mór-Roinn na [[Eoraip|hEorpa]] ar thús cadhnaíochta. Tháinig meath ar líon na bProinsiasach tar éis ré [[Oilibhéar Cromail|Chromail]] agus is ionad cultúrtha Teach San Antoine anois ar a dtugtar ''The Louvain Institute for Ireland in Europe'' ('Insitiúid [[Lováin]] ar mhaithe le hÉirinn san Eoraip').

== An Chlólann ==
Ba ghearr go raibh an coláiste i gcroílár fheachtas na bProinsiasach in aghaidh an [[reifirméisin]] in Éirinn. Chuir na Proinsiasaigh rompu clólann a bhunú chun ábhar spioradálta a leathadh in Éirinn. Chuir siad clólann agus cló Gaelach á ndéanamh i 1611, agus ba an i 1616 a clóbhualadh leabhar an athar Fhlaithrí féin, ''Desiderius'', nó ''Sgathán an Chrábhaidh''. I 1618 foilsíodh Scathán Shacramuinte na hAithrídhe le hAodh Mac Cathmhaoil (Aodh mac Aingil). Chomh maith leis na leabhair dhiaganta d'fhoilsigh na bráithre ábhar eile i nGaeilge. 

B'as an gcoláiste a cuireadh [[Micheál Ó Cléirigh]] go hÉirinn chun ábhar a bhailiú do [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]]. D'fhoilsigh na Bráithre [[Foclóir nó Sanasán Nua|foclóir Gaeilge Uí Chléirigh]] sa bhliain 1643.
Bhí an sagart [[Brian Mac Giolla Coinnigh]] ina ghairdian ar an gcoláiste ó na blianta 1637-1641, agus foilsíodh a ''Riaghuileacha Threas Uird S. Froinsias'' i Lobháin sa bhliain 1641.

Ba i gColáiste Naomh Antaine a chaith an captaen [[Somhairle Mac Domhnaill]] deireadh a shaoil. Ceaptar gur ag an gcoláiste a d'fhág sé [[Duanaire Finn]], an leabhar laoithe fiannaíochta a chur sé á scríobh c.1630.

== Naisc agus Eolas ==
* ''Aodh Mac Aingil agus an Scoil Nua-Ghaeilge i Lobháin'', Tomás Ó Cléirigh, An Gúm, 1935, 1985
* ''Rialachas San Froinsias'', Pádraig Ó Súilleabháin OFM, Institiúid Ardléinn Bhaile Átha Cliath, 1953
* ''Louvain'', Henry, Gráinne, ''The Encyclopedia of Ireland'', Gill &amp; Macmillan Ltd, 2003

* http://thevoice.studentenweb.org/archive/year5/Year5Issue4screen.pdf{{Dead link|date=Lúnasa 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* http://www.kuleuven.ac.be/ck/international/ckint-nr04-p08.pdf{{Dead link|date=Feabhra 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* http://www.louvaininstitute.com/history.asp/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011021207/http://www.louvaininstitute.com/history.asp |date=2008-10-11 }} (Suíomh Gréasáin &quot;The Louvaine Institute for Ireland in Europe&quot;)
*[http://www.leuveninstitute.eu Coláiste na nGael i Leuven inniu]

== Féach freisin ==
* ''[[Foclóir nó Sanasán Nua]]''

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colaiste Naomh Antaine}}
[[Catagóir:Ollscoileanna]]
[[Catagóir:Coláistí na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Beilge]]
[[Catagóir:An Bheilg]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MP3</title>
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      <text bytes="1279" sha1="gnwijvf3z7amv2tio1dkxuwdn4gv3qi" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Formáid Chomhaid}}

Is formáid ionchódaithe fhuaime í '''MP3''' (nó '''MPEG-1, Sraith 3''' mar a thugtar uirthi go foirmeálta). Stóráiltear [[comhbhrú fuaime|fuaim chomhbhrúite]] i gcomhaid MP3. Baineann MP3 úsáid as [[algartam comhbhrúite le cailliúint]] sa phróiseas comhbhrúite. Éiríonn leis an bpróiseas seo [[cóimheas comhbhrúite sonraí|cóimheas comhbhrúite]] de tuairim agus 10:1 amach gan mórán titim i gcaighdeán na fuaime. Tá clú agus cáil ag baint le MP3 mar mhodh le [[comhad fuaime|comhaid fhuaime]] a chomhbhrú, go háirithe len iad a híoschóipeáil ón [[Idirlíon]].

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/fhg/iis/EN/bf/amm/index.jsp Fraunhofer IIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426121900/http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/fhg/iis/EN/bf/amm/index.jsp |date=2007-04-26 }}
* [http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/fhg/iis/EN/bf/amm/mp3history/mp3history01.jsp Scéal MP3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209235131/http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/fhg/iis/EN/bf/amm/mp3history/mp3history01.jsp |date=2007-02-09 }} — le Fraunhofer IIS (i mBéarla)

{{Síol-ríomhaireacht}}

[[Catagóir:Ceol taifeadta]]
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  <page>
    <title>Dolly Parton</title>
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Amhránaí, cumadóir amhrán, aisteoir agus daonchara Meiriceánach ab ea '''Dolly Rebecca Parton''' ([[19 Eanáir]] [[1946]] i Pittman Center, [[Tennessee]], [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|na Stáit Aontaithe]] – [[25 Lúnasa]] [[2026]] i [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Tennessee). Duine de na ceoltóirí ba mhó tionchar i stair an [[Ceol tuaithe|cheoil tuaithe]] a bhí inti, agus &quot;Banríon an Cheoil Tuaithe&quot; a tugadh uirthi go coitianta. Scríobh sí breis is 3,000 amhrán agus díoladh níos mó ná 100 milliún taifead léi ar fud an domhain.

== Óige agus oideachas ==
Rugadh Dolly Parton i mbothán aon seomra cois na habhann Little Pigeon i gContae Sevier in oirthear Tennessee ar an 19 Eanáir 1946. Ba í an ceathrú duine de dháréag clainne í. Ba iad Robert Lee Parton (1921–2000), fear a shaothraigh a bheatha ag feirmeoireacht tobac agus ag obair sa tógáil, agus Avie Lee Owens (1923–2003) a tuismitheoirí. Tógadh an chlann ar Locust Ridge, áit a raibh saol na bochtaineachta acu. Níor éirigh riamh lena hathair léamh ná scríobh a fhoghlaim, ach dúirt Parton gurbh eisean an duine ba chliste dár casadh uirthi riamh.

Ba ó thaobh a máthar a tháinig an ceol chuici. Thosaigh sí ag canadh sa séipéal in aois a sé bliana, thosaigh sí ag seinm an ghiotáir in aois a seacht mbliana, agus fuair sí a céad ghiotár ceart in aois a hocht mbliana. Bhí sí ag canadh ar an raidió agus ar an teilifís go háitiúil in oirthear Tennessee agus í ina páiste, agus bhí sí le cloisteáil ar ''The Cas Walker Show'' agus í deich mbliana d'aois. Rinne sí a céad taifeadadh, &quot;Puppy Love&quot;, agus í trí bliana déag d'aois. Chríochnaigh sí an mheánscoil i Sevier County High School i [[Sevierville, Tennessee|Sevierville]] i 1964, agus bhog sí go Nashville an lá dár gcionn.

== Tús a gairme ==
Ba mar chumadóir amhrán a bhain sí an chéad rath amach. In éineacht lena huncail Bill Owens scríobh sí amhráin do cheoltóirí eile, ina measc Bill Phillips agus Skeeter Davis, agus chuaigh cuid acu sna cairteacha. Shínigh sí conradh le Monument Records i 1965. Ba é &quot;Dumb Blonde&quot; (1967) an chéad amhrán dá cuid a chuaigh sna cairteacha ceoil tuaithe, agus tháinig a céadalbam, ''Hello, I'm Dolly'', amach an bhliain chéanna.

I 1967 thug an t-amhránaí Porter Wagoner cuireadh di páirt a ghlacadh ina chlár teilifíse agus ina sheó bóthair, agus chuir sé ina luí ar RCA Victor conradh a thairiscint di. Chaith siad seacht mbliana ag obair le chéile agus bhí sraith fhada de dhísréid rathúla acu. I 1970 chuaigh a leagan de &quot;Mule Skinner Blues&quot; go dtí uimhir a trí sna cairteacha, agus i 1971 bhí a céad amhrán aonair ag barr na gcairteacha, &quot;Joshua&quot;. Ina dhiaidh sin tháinig &quot;Coat of Many Colors&quot; (1971), amhrán faoin gcóta ildaite a rinne a máthair di as ceirteacha, agus &quot;Jolene&quot; (1973), a chuaigh go huimhir a haon i Meiriceá i mí Feabhra 1974 agus go huimhir a seacht sa [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Ríocht Aontaithe]] i 1976.

Scar sí le Wagoner i 1974. Scríobh sí &quot;I Will Always Love You&quot; mar shlán aige, agus chuaigh an t-amhrán sin go barr chairt an cheoil tuaithe i 1974 agus arís i 1982. Nuair a d'iarr bainisteoir [[Elvis Presley]], an Coirnéal Tom Parker, leath na gceart foilsitheoireachta uirthi sula dtaifeadfadh Presley an t-amhrán, dhiúltaigh sí — cinneadh a thuill na milliúin dollar di ina dhiaidh sin, go háirithe nuair a rinne [[Whitney Houston]] leagan de don scannán ''The Bodyguard'' i 1992. Díoladh breis is 40 milliún cóip den leagan sin ar fud an domhain.

== Rath idirnáisiúnta ==
Ó 1976 amach dhírigh Parton ar lucht éisteachta níos leithne. Ba é ''Here You Come Again'' (1977) an chéad albam dá cuid a dhíol milliún cóip, agus bhuaigh sí [[Grammy|Duais Grammy]] air i 1978. I 1980 ghlac sí páirt sa scannán ''9 to 5'' in éineacht le [[Jane Fonda]] agus [[Lily Tomlin]]; chuaigh an t-amhrán teidil, a scríobh sí féin, go huimhir a haon i gcairt an cheoil tuaithe agus sa chairt phopcheoil araon i mí Feabhra 1981, agus ainmníodh don [[Duaiseanna an Acadaimh|Oscar]] don Amhrán Bunaidh is Fearr é. I 1983 chaith &quot;Islands in the Stream&quot;, dísréad le [[Kenny Rogers]] a scríobh na [[Bee Gees]], coicís ag barr chairt phop na Stát Aontaithe. Idir 1974 agus 1980 bhí ocht n-amhrán aici ag uimhir a haon sna cairteacha ceoil tuaithe, agus idir 1981 agus 1985 bhí dhá cheann déag acu i measc na ndeich n-amhrán ab airde sna cairteacha.

== Scannáin agus teilifís ==
Chomh maith le ''9 to 5'', bhí príomhpháirteanna aici in ''The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas'' (1982), ''Rhinestone'' (1984), ''Steel Magnolias'' (1989), ''Straight Talk'' (1992) agus ''Joyful Noise'' (2012). Ainmníodh don Oscar den dara huair í as an amhrán &quot;Travelin' Thru&quot; (2005) a scríobh sí don scannán ''Transamerica''. Scríobh sí an ceol do ''9 to 5: The Musical'' freisin, dráma ceoil a osclaíodh i Nua-Eabhrac i 2009 agus a thuill ainmniúchán Tony di.

== An gormfhéar agus na blianta deiridh ==
I 1987 tháinig ''Trio'' amach, albam a rinne sí le hEmmylou Harris agus [[Linda Ronstadt]] agus a bhuaigh Grammy. Ag deireadh na 1990idí d'fhill sí ar cheol traidisiúnta na sléibhte le sraith albam [[Gormfhéar (ceol)|gormfhéir]]: ''The Grass Is Blue'' (1999), ''Little Sparrow'' (2001) agus ''Halos &amp; Horns'' (2002). Bhuaigh ''The Grass Is Blue'' Grammy don albam gormfhéir ab fhearr.

Cuireadh isteach i Halla na Laochra Ceoil Tuaithe (''Country Music Hall of Fame'') í i 1999 agus i Halla na Laochra do Chumadóirí Amhrán (''Songwriters Hall of Fame'') i 2001. I mí na Bealtaine 2022 cuireadh isteach sa [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Halla na Laochra Rac-cheoil]] í, cé gur dhiúltaigh sí don onóir ar dtús toisc gur cheap sí nach raibh sé ann ach do cheoltóirí rac-cheoil. Ba é ''Rockstar'' (2023), an chéad albam rac-cheoil dá cuid, an t-albam stiúideo aonair deireanach aici; bhí [[Paul McCartney]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Elton John]], [[Sting]], [[Sheryl Crow]] agus [[Miley Cyrus]] ar na haíonna air, agus is ag uimhir a trí i gcairt albam na Stát Aontaithe a thosaigh sé — an áit ab airde a bhain aon albam aonair dá cuid amach riamh. I mí na Samhna 2024 d'eisigh sí ''Smoky Mountain DNA – Family, Faith &amp; Fables'', albam ina raibh seacht n-amhrán is tríocha agus baill dá muintir féin páirteach ann.

== Gnó agus daonchairdeas ==
D'oscail Parton an pháirc shiamsaíochta théama Dollywood i Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, i 1986, agus ba mhór an tacaíocht do gheilleagar an cheantair í. Bhunaigh sí ''Dolly Parton's Imagination Library'' (Leabharlann Samhlaíochta Dolly Parton) i 1995 in ómós dá hathair, scéim a chuireann leabhar amháin sa phost gach mí, saor in aisce, chuig gach páiste cláraithe ón mbreith go dtí aois a cúig. Faoi 2026 bhí breis is 300 milliún leabhar tugtha amach ag an scéim sna Stáit Aontaithe, i gCeanada, sa Ríocht Aontaithe, san Astráil agus in Éirinn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://imaginationlibrary.com/about-us/ |teideal=About Dolly Parton's Imagination Library |foilsitheoir=Dolly Parton's Imagination Library |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 2020 bhronn sí milliún dollar ar thaighde in Ollscoil Vanderbilt a chuidigh le vacsaín Moderna in aghaidh [[COVID-19]] a fhorbairt. Ar an 16 Samhain 2025 bronnadh Gradam Daonchairdis Jean Hersholt (''Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award'') uirthi ag Duaiseanna an Acadaimh — an chéad Oscar a bronnadh riamh uirthi — agus ba í Lily Tomlin a thug di é.

== Éire ==
I 1990, agus í ar saoire i [[Contae Chiarraí]], stop Parton gan choinne i dteach tábhairne [[Páidí Ó Sé|Pháidí Uí Shé]] i [[Ceann Trá]]. Chan sí &quot;Coat of Many Colors&quot; don slua a bhí istigh, agus [[Séamus Ó Beaglaoich]] agus Steve Cooney á tionlacan. Craoladh an t-ábhar ar an gclár ''Cúrsaí'' ar [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]] ar an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0929/731153-dolly-parton-in-kerry/ |teideal=Dolly Parton In Kerry |foilsitheoir=Cartlann RTÉ |dáta=1990-10-01 |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh tús le ''Dolly Parton's Imagination Library'' i bPoblacht na hÉireann i 2019.

== Bás ==
Phós Parton Carl Dean ar an 30 Bealtaine 1966 in Ringgold, Georgia. Ní raibh clann orthu, agus choinnigh Dean é féin as radharc an phobail ar feadh a shaoil. Cailleadh é i mí an Mhárta 2025 in aois a 82 bliain. Bhí drochshláinte ar Parton féin ina dhiaidh sin — fadhbanna leis an gcóras imdhíonachta, deacrachtaí díleá agus clocha duáin ina measc — agus chuir sí seónna a bhí beartaithe aici i [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] ar athló. Ar an 14 Lúnasa 2026 rinne sí físeán ina teach i Nashville á rá nach mbeadh sí in ann freastal ar oscailt turais nua i Dollywood de bharr a sláinte.

Cuireadh isteach in Ionad Leighis Ollscoil Vanderbilt i Nashville í go luath maidin Dé hAoine, an 21 Lúnasa 2026, le fadhbanna duáin agus le galar uath-imdhíonachta, agus fuair sí bás ann maidin Dé Máirt, an 25 Lúnasa 2026, in aois a 80 bliain. Ba é a nia Bryan Seaver a d'fhógair an scéal ar na meáin shóisialta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2026/0825/1589206-dolly-parton-music-legend-dies-aged-80/ |teideal=Dolly Parton's career spanned six decades |foilsitheoir=RTÉ |dáta=2026-08-25 |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Níor foilsíodh cúis a báis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/08/25/nx-s1-3650175/dolly-parton-obituary |teideal=Dolly Parton, one of country music's most singular performers, has died at age 80 |foilsitheoir=NPR |dáta=2026-08-25 |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oidhreacht agus gradaim ==
Bhí cúig shingil is fiche dá cuid ag uimhir a haon i gcairteacha ceoil tuaithe na Stát Aontaithe, an líon céanna a bhí ag Reba McEntire agus an líon is mó ag aon amhránaí mná. Bhain 44 albam dá cuid áit amach i measc na ndeich n-albam ceoil tuaithe ab airde, an líon is mó ag aon cheoltóir, agus chuaigh 110 singil dá cuid sna cairteacha thar thréimhse daichead bliain. Bhuaigh sí aon Ghrammy dhéag agus trí Emmy, agus ainmníodh don Oscar faoi dhó í. Ainmníodh an chaora chlónáilte Dolly ina honóir i 1996.

== Dioscliosta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=50%
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Bliain
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Albam
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Cairteacha&lt;ref name=&quot;DollyPartonAHistory&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.lpdiscography.cz/p/Parton/parton2.htm |teideal=LP Discography - Dolly Parton Discography |dátarochtana=2009-01-25 |archivedate=2008-12-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210164734/http://www.lpdiscography.cz/p/Parton/parton2.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Teastais
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Lipéad
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
! width=&quot;45&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|US Country]]
! width=&quot;45&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|US 200]]
! width=&quot;45&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! &lt;small&gt;[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DollyPartonASearch&quot;&gt;[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;artist=Dolly%20Parton&amp;format=ALBUM&amp;go=Search&amp;perPage=50 RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Dolly Parton]&lt;/ref&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;[[Ceanada|CDA]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DollyPartonCRIA&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php |teideal=CRIA Certification Database |dátarochtana=2009-01-25 |archivedate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074458/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1967
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Hello, I'm Dolly]]''
| 11
| —
| —
| —
| —
| Monument
|-
| 1968
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Just Because I'm a Woman (1968 album)|Just Because I'm a Woman]]''
| 22
| —
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;26&quot;| RCA
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1969
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad)]]''
| 15
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy]]''
| 6
| 194
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1970
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Fairest of Them All (Dolly Parton album)|The Fairest of Them All]]''
| 13
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 1971
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Golden Streets of Glory]]''
| 22
| —
| — 
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Joshua (Dolly Parton album)|Joshua]]''
| 16
| 198
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Coat of Many Colors]]''
| 7
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1972
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Touch Your Woman]]''
| 19
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[My Favorite Songwriter: Porter Wagoner]]''
| 33
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1973
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[My Tennessee Mountain Home]]''
| 19
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Bubbling Over]]''
| 14
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1974
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Jolene (album)|Jolene]]''
| 6
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Love Is Like a Butterfly]]''
| 7
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1975
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Bargain Store]]''
| 9
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Dolly: The Seeker/We Used To]]''
| 14
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1976
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[All I Can Do]]''
| 3
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1977
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[New Harvest - First Gathering|New Harvest... First Gathering]]''
| 1
| 71
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Here You Come Again]]''
| 1
| 20
| —
| Platanam
| Ór
|-
| 1978
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Heartbreaker (Dolly Parton album)|Heartbreaker]]''
| 1
| 27
| —
| Ór
| Ór
|-
| 1979
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Great Balls of Fire (Dolly Parton album)|Great Balls of Fire]]''
| 4
| 40
| —
| Ór
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1980
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Dolly, Dolly, Dolly]]''
| 7
| 71
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[9 to 5 and Odd Jobs]]''
| 1
| 11
| —
| Ór
| Ór
|-
| 1982
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Heartbreak Express]]''
| 5
| 106
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1983
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Burlap &amp; Satin]]''
| 5
| 127
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1984
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Great Pretender (Dolly Parton album)|The Great Pretender]]''
| 7
| 73
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1985
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Real Love (Dolly Parton album)|Real Love]]''
| 9
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1987
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Rainbow (Dolly Parton album)|Rainbow]]''
| 18
| 153
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| Columbia
|-
| 1989
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[White Limozeen]]''
| 3
| —
| —
| Ór
| —
|-
| 1990
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Home for Christmas (Dolly Parton album)|Home for Christmas]]''
| 74
| —
| —
| Ór
| —
|-
| 1991
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Eagle When She Flies]]''
| 1
| 24
| —
| Platanam
| Ór
|-
| 1993
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Slow Dancing with the Moon]]''
| 4
| 16
| —
| Platanam
| Ór
|-
| 1995
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Something Special (Dolly Parton album)|Something Special]]''
| 10
| 54
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1996
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Treasures (Dolly Parton album)|Treasures]]''
| 21
| 122
| —
| —
| —
| Rising Tide
|-
| 1998
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Hungry Again]]''
| 23
| 167
| 41
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Blue Eye/MCA
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1999
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Precious Memories (Dolly Parton album)|Precious Memories]]''
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Grass Is Blue]]''
| 24
| 198
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| Sugar Hill
|-
| 2001
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Little Sparrow]]''
| 12
| 97
| 30
| —
| —
|-
| 2002
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Halos &amp; Horns]]''
| 4
| 58
| 37
| —
| —
|-
| 2003
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[For God and Country (album)|For God and Country]]''
| 23
| 167
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 2005
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Those Were the Days (Dolly Parton album)|Those Were the Days]]''
| 9
| 48
| 35
| —
| —
|-
| 2008
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Backwoods Barbie]]''
| 2
| 17
| 35
| —
| —
| Dolly
|-
| 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Better Day]]''
| 11
| 51
| 9
| —
| —
| Dolly/Warner Music Nashville
|-
| 2014
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Blue Smoke (albam)|Blue Smoke]]''
| 2
| 6
| 2
| —
| —
| Dolly/Sony Masterworks
|-
| 2016
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Pure &amp; Simple (albam)|Pure &amp; Simple]]''
| 1
| 11
| 2
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dolly/RCA
|-
| 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[I Believe in You (albam)|I Believe in You]]''
| 20
| 173
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[A Holly Dolly Christmas]]''
| 1
| 16
| 16
| Ór
| —
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Butterfly
|-
| 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Run, Rose, Run (albam)|Run, Rose, Run]]''
| 4
| 34
| 23
| —
| —
|-
| 2023
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Rockstar (albam)|Rockstar]]''
| 1
| 3
| 5
| Ór
| —
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Ciallaíonn &quot;—&quot; nár bhain an t-albam áit amach sna cairteacha nó nach bhfuair sé teastas&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Ceol tuaithe]]
* [[Johnny Cash]]
* [[Kenny Rogers]]
* [[Loretta Lynn]]
* [[Whitney Houston]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Nasc seachtrach ==
* [http://www.dollyparton.com Suíomh oifigiúil]
* [https://imaginationlibrary.com/ Dolly Parton's Imagination Library]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parton, Dolly}}

[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1946]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2026]]</text>
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      <text bytes="17415" sha1="4it4xv346mds1jph6rv84yqln4ev6oj" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca_Sonraí_Duine}}
Amhránaí, cumadóir amhrán, aisteoir agus daonchara Meiriceánach ab ea '''Dolly Rebecca Parton''' ([[19 Eanáir]] [[1946]] i Pittman Center, [[Tennessee]], [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|na Stáit Aontaithe]] – [[25 Lúnasa]] [[2026]] i [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Tennessee). Duine de na ceoltóirí ba mhó tionchar i stair an [[Ceol tuaithe|cheoil tuaithe]] a bhí inti.  Tugadh &quot;Banríon an Cheoil Tíre&quot; uirthi go coitianta. Scríobh sí breis is 3,000 amhrán agus díoladh níos mó ná 100 milliún taifead léi ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=An t-amhránaí Dolly Parton tar éis bháis|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0825/1589215-an-t-amhranai-dolly-parton-tar-eis-bhais/|date=2026-08-25|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Óige agus oideachas ==
Rugadh Dolly Parton i mbothán aon seomra cois na habhann Little Pigeon i gContae Sevier in oirthear Tennessee ar an 19 Eanáir 1946. Ba í an ceathrú de dháréag clainne í. Ba iad Robert Lee Parton (1921–2000), fear a shaothraigh a bheatha ag feirmeoireacht tobac agus ag obair sa tógáil, agus Avie Lee Owens (1923–2003) a tuismitheoirí. Tógadh an chlann ar Locust Ridge, áit a raibh saol na bochtaineachta acu. Níor éirigh riamh lena hathair léamh ná scríobh a fhoghlaim, ach dúirt Parton gurbh eisean an duine ba chliste dár casadh uirthi riamh.

Ba ó thaobh a máthar a tháinig an ceol chuici. Thosaigh sí ag canadh sa séipéal in aois a sé bliana agus fuair sí a céad ghiotár in aois a hocht mbliana. Bhí sí ag canadh ar an raidió agus ar an teilifís go háitiúil in oirthear Tennessee agus í ina páiste, agus bhí sí le cloisteáil ar ''The Cas Walker Show'' agus í deich mbliana d'aois. Rinne sí a céad taifeadadh, &quot;Puppy Love&quot;, agus í trí bliana déag d'aois. Chríochnaigh sí an mheánscoil i Sevier County High School i [[Sevierville, Tennessee|Sevierville]] i 1964, agus bhog sí go Nashville an lá dár gcionn.

== Tús a gairme ==
Ba mar chumadóir amhrán a bhain sí an chéad rath amach. In éineacht lena huncail Bill Owens scríobh sí amhráin do cheoltóirí eile, ina measc Bill Phillips agus Skeeter Davis, agus chuaigh cuid acu sna cairteacha. Shínigh sí conradh le Monument Records i 1965. Ba é &quot;Dumb Blonde&quot; (1967) an chéad amhrán dá cuid a chuaigh sna cairteacha ceoil tuaithe, agus tháinig a céad albam, ''Hello, I'm Dolly'', amach an bhliain chéanna.
[[Íomhá:Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton 1969.jpg|clé|mion|264x264px|Porter Wagoner agus [[Dolly Parton]] in 1969: chaith siad seacht mbliana ag obair le chéile agus bhí sraith fhada de [[Dísréad|dhísréid]] rathúla acu.]]
I 1967 thug an t-amhránaí Porter Wagoner cuireadh di páirt a ghlacadh ina chlár teilifíse agus ina sheó bóthair, agus chuir sé ina luí ar RCA Victor conradh a thairiscint di. Chaith siad seacht mbliana ag obair le chéile agus bhí sraith fhada de [[Dísréad|dhísréid]] rathúla acu. 

I 1970 chuaigh a leagan de &quot;Mule Skinner Blues&quot; go dtí uimhir a trí sna cairteacha, agus i 1971 bhí a céad amhrán aonair ag barr na gcairteacha, &quot;Joshua&quot;. 

Ina dhiaidh sin tháinig &quot;Coat of Many Colors&quot; (1971) amach, amhrán faoin gcóta ildaite a rinne a máthair di as ceirteacha, agus &quot;Jolene&quot; (1973), a chuaigh go huimhir a haon i Meiriceá i mí Feabhra 1974 agus go huimhir a seacht sa [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Ríocht Aontaithe]] i 1976.

Scar sí le Wagoner i 1974. Scríobh sí &quot;I Will Always Love You&quot;, agus chuaigh an t-amhrán sin go barr chairt an cheoil tuaithe i 1974 agus arís i 1982. Nuair a d'iarr bainisteoir [[Elvis Presley]], an Coirnéal Tom Parker, leath na gceart foilsitheoireachta uirthi sula dtaifeadfadh Presley an t-amhrán, dhiúltaigh sí — cinneadh a thuill na milliúin dollar di ina dhiaidh sin, go háirithe nuair a rinne [[Whitney Houston]] leagan de don scannán ''The Bodyguard'' i 1992. Díoladh breis is 40 milliún cóip den leagan sin ar fud an domhain.

== Rath idirnáisiúnta ==
Ó 1976 amach dhírigh Parton ar lucht éisteachta níos leithne. Ba é ''Here You Come Again'' (1977) an chéad albam dá cuid a dhíol milliún cóip, agus bhuaigh sí [[Grammy|Duais Grammy]] air i 1978. I 1980 ghlac sí páirt sa scannán ''9 to 5'' in éineacht le [[Jane Fonda]] agus [[Lily Tomlin]]; chuaigh an t-amhrán teidil, a scríobh sí féin, go huimhir a haon i gcairt an cheoil tuaithe agus sa chairt phopcheoil araon i mí Feabhra 1981, agus ainmníodh don [[Duaiseanna an Acadaimh|Oscar]] don Amhrán Bunaidh is Fearr é. 

I 1983 chaith &quot;Islands in the Stream&quot;, dísréad le [[Kenny Rogers]] a scríobh na [[Bee Gees]], coicís ag barr chairt phop na Stát Aontaithe. Idir 1974 agus 1980 bhí ocht n-amhrán aici ag uimhir a haon sna cairteacha ceoil tuaithe, agus idir 1981 agus 1985 bhí dhá cheann déag acu i measc na ndeich n-amhrán ab airde sna cairteacha.

== Scannáin agus teilifís ==
Chomh maith le ''9 to 5'', bhí príomhpháirteanna aici in ''The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas'' (1982), ''Rhinestone'' (1984), ''Steel Magnolias'' (1989), ''Straight Talk'' (1992) agus ''Joyful Noise'' (2012). Ainmníodh don Oscar den dara huair í as an amhrán &quot;Travelin' Thru&quot; (2005) a scríobh sí don scannán ''Transamerica''. Scríobh sí an ceol do ''9 to 5: The Musical'' freisin, dráma ceoil a osclaíodh i Nua-Eabhrac i 2009 agus a thuill ainmniúchán Tony di.

== An gormfhéar agus na blianta deiridh ==
I 1987 tháinig ''Trio'' amach, albam a rinne sí le hEmmylou Harris agus [[Linda Ronstadt]] agus a bhuaigh Grammy. Ag deireadh na 1990idí d'fhill sí ar cheol traidisiúnta na sléibhte le sraith albam [[Gormfhéar (ceol)|gormfhéir]]: ''The Grass Is Blue'' (1999), ''Little Sparrow'' (2001) agus ''Halos &amp; Horns'' (2002). Bhuaigh ''The Grass Is Blue'' Grammy don albam gormfhéir ab fhearr.

Cuireadh isteach i Halla na Laochra Ceoil Tuaithe (''Country Music Hall of Fame'') í i 1999 agus i Halla na Laochra do Chumadóirí Amhrán (''Songwriters Hall of Fame'') i 2001. I mí na Bealtaine 2022 cuireadh isteach sa [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Halla na Laochra Rac-cheoil]] í, cé gur dhiúltaigh sí don onóir ar dtús toisc gur cheap sí nach raibh sé ann ach do cheoltóirí rac-cheoil. Ba é ''Rockstar'' (2023), an chéad albam rac-cheoil dá cuid, an t-albam stiúideo aonair deireanach aici; bhí [[Paul McCartney]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Elton John]], [[Sting]], [[Sheryl Crow]] agus [[Miley Cyrus]] ar na haíonna air, agus is ag uimhir a trí i gcairt albam na Stát Aontaithe a thosaigh sé — an áit ab airde a bhain aon albam aonair dá cuid amach riamh. I mí na Samhna 2024 d'eisigh sí ''Smoky Mountain DNA – Family, Faith &amp; Fables'', albam ina raibh seacht n-amhrán is tríocha agus baill dá muintir féin páirteach ann.

== Gnó agus daonchairdeas ==
D'oscail Parton an pháirc shiamsaíochta théama Dollywood i Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, i 1986, agus ba mhór an tacaíocht do gheilleagar an cheantair í. Bhunaigh sí ''Dolly Parton's Imagination Library'' (Leabharlann Samhlaíochta Dolly Parton) i 1995 in ómós dá hathair, scéim a chuireann leabhar amháin sa phost gach mí, saor in aisce, chuig gach páiste cláraithe ón mbreith go dtí aois a cúig. Faoi 2026 bhí breis is 300 milliún leabhar tugtha amach ag an scéim sna Stáit Aontaithe, i gCeanada, sa Ríocht Aontaithe, san Astráil agus in Éirinn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://imaginationlibrary.com/about-us/ |teideal=About Dolly Parton's Imagination Library |foilsitheoir=Dolly Parton's Imagination Library |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 2020 bhronn sí milliún dollar ar thaighde in Ollscoil Vanderbilt a chuidigh le vacsaín Moderna in aghaidh [[COVID-19]] a fhorbairt. Ar an 16 Samhain 2025 bronnadh Gradam Daonchairdis Jean Hersholt (''Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award'') uirthi ag Duaiseanna an Acadaimh — an chéad Oscar a bronnadh riamh uirthi — agus ba í Lily Tomlin a thug di é.

== Éire ==
I 1990, agus í ar saoire i [[Contae Chiarraí]], stop Parton gan choinne i dteach tábhairne [[Páidí Ó Sé|Pháidí Uí Shé]] i [[Ceann Trá]]. Chan sí &quot;Coat of Many Colors&quot; don slua a bhí istigh, agus [[Séamus Ó Beaglaoich]] agus [[Steve Cooney]] á tionlacan. Craoladh an t-ábhar ar an gclár ''Cúrsaí'' ar [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]] ar an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0929/731153-dolly-parton-in-kerry/ |teideal=Dolly Parton In Kerry |foilsitheoir=Cartlann RTÉ |dáta=1990-10-01 |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Cuireadh tús le ''Dolly Parton's Imagination Library'' in Éirinn i 2019.

== Pearsanta ==
Phós Parton Carl Dean ar an 30 Bealtaine 1966 in Ringgold, Georgia. Ní raibh clann orthu, agus choinnigh Dean é féin as radharc an phobail ar feadh a shaoil. 

Cailleadh Carl Dean i mí an Mhárta 2025 in aois a 82 bliain. Bhí drochshláinte ar Parton féin ina dhiaidh sin — fadhbanna leis an gcóras imdhíonachta, deacrachtaí díleá agus clocha duáin ina measc — agus chuir sí seónna a bhí beartaithe aici i [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] ar athló. Ar an 14 Lúnasa 2026 rinne sí físeán ina teach i Nashville á rá nach mbeadh sí in ann freastal ar oscailt turais nua i Dollywood de bharr a sláinte.

Cuireadh isteach in Ionad Leighis Ollscoil Vanderbilt i Nashville í go luath maidin Dé hAoine, an 21 Lúnasa 2026, le fadhbanna duáin agus le galar uath-imdhíonachta, agus fuair sí bás ann maidin Dé Máirt, an 25 Lúnasa 2026, in aois a 80 bliain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2026/0825/1589206-dolly-parton-music-legend-dies-aged-80/ |teideal=Dolly Parton's career spanned six decades |foilsitheoir=RTÉ |dáta=2026-08-25 |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/08/25/nx-s1-3650175/dolly-parton-obituary |teideal=Dolly Parton, one of country music's most singular performers, has died at age 80 |foilsitheoir=NPR |dáta=2026-08-25 |dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oidhreacht agus gradaim ==
Bhí cúig shingil is fiche dá cuid ag uimhir a haon i gcairteacha ceoil tuaithe na Stát Aontaithe, an líon céanna a bhí ag Reba McEntire agus an líon is mó ag aon amhránaí mná. Bhain 44 albam dá cuid áit amach i measc na ndeich n-albam ceoil tuaithe ab airde, an líon is mó ag aon cheoltóir, agus chuaigh 110 singil dá cuid sna cairteacha thar thréimhse daichead bliain. Bhuaigh sí aon Ghrammy dhéag agus trí Emmy, agus ainmníodh don Oscar faoi dhó í. Ainmníodh an chaora chlónáilte Dolly ina honóir i 1996.

== Dioscliosta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=50%
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Bliain
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Albam
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Cairteacha&lt;ref name=&quot;DollyPartonAHistory&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.lpdiscography.cz/p/Parton/parton2.htm |teideal=LP Discography - Dolly Parton Discography |dátarochtana=2009-01-25 |archivedate=2008-12-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210164734/http://www.lpdiscography.cz/p/Parton/parton2.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Teastais
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Lipéad
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
! width=&quot;45&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|US Country]]
! width=&quot;45&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|US 200]]
! width=&quot;45&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! &lt;small&gt;[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DollyPartonASearch&quot;&gt;[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;artist=Dolly%20Parton&amp;format=ALBUM&amp;go=Search&amp;perPage=50 RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Dolly Parton]&lt;/ref&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;[[Ceanada|CDA]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DollyPartonCRIA&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php |teideal=CRIA Certification Database |dátarochtana=2009-01-25 |archivedate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074458/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1967
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Hello, I'm Dolly]]''
| 11
| —
| —
| —
| —
| Monument
|-
| 1968
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Just Because I'm a Woman (1968 album)|Just Because I'm a Woman]]''
| 22
| —
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;26&quot;| RCA
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1969
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad)]]''
| 15
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy]]''
| 6
| 194
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1970
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Fairest of Them All (Dolly Parton album)|The Fairest of Them All]]''
| 13
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 1971
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Golden Streets of Glory]]''
| 22
| —
| — 
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Joshua (Dolly Parton album)|Joshua]]''
| 16
| 198
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Coat of Many Colors]]''
| 7
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1972
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Touch Your Woman]]''
| 19
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[My Favorite Songwriter: Porter Wagoner]]''
| 33
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1973
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[My Tennessee Mountain Home]]''
| 19
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Bubbling Over]]''
| 14
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1974
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Jolene (album)|Jolene]]''
| 6
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Love Is Like a Butterfly]]''
| 7
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1975
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Bargain Store]]''
| 9
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Dolly: The Seeker/We Used To]]''
| 14
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1976
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[All I Can Do]]''
| 3
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1977
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[New Harvest - First Gathering|New Harvest... First Gathering]]''
| 1
| 71
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Here You Come Again]]''
| 1
| 20
| —
| Platanam
| Ór
|-
| 1978
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Heartbreaker (Dolly Parton album)|Heartbreaker]]''
| 1
| 27
| —
| Ór
| Ór
|-
| 1979
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Great Balls of Fire (Dolly Parton album)|Great Balls of Fire]]''
| 4
| 40
| —
| Ór
| —
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1980
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Dolly, Dolly, Dolly]]''
| 7
| 71
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[9 to 5 and Odd Jobs]]''
| 1
| 11
| —
| Ór
| Ór
|-
| 1982
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Heartbreak Express]]''
| 5
| 106
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1983
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Burlap &amp; Satin]]''
| 5
| 127
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1984
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Great Pretender (Dolly Parton album)|The Great Pretender]]''
| 7
| 73
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1985
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Real Love (Dolly Parton album)|Real Love]]''
| 9
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1987
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Rainbow (Dolly Parton album)|Rainbow]]''
| 18
| 153
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| Columbia
|-
| 1989
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[White Limozeen]]''
| 3
| —
| —
| Ór
| —
|-
| 1990
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Home for Christmas (Dolly Parton album)|Home for Christmas]]''
| 74
| —
| —
| Ór
| —
|-
| 1991
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Eagle When She Flies]]''
| 1
| 24
| —
| Platanam
| Ór
|-
| 1993
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Slow Dancing with the Moon]]''
| 4
| 16
| —
| Platanam
| Ór
|-
| 1995
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Something Special (Dolly Parton album)|Something Special]]''
| 10
| 54
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1996
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Treasures (Dolly Parton album)|Treasures]]''
| 21
| 122
| —
| —
| —
| Rising Tide
|-
| 1998
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Hungry Again]]''
| 23
| 167
| 41
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Blue Eye/MCA
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1999
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Precious Memories (Dolly Parton album)|Precious Memories]]''
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[The Grass Is Blue]]''
| 24
| 198
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| Sugar Hill
|-
| 2001
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Little Sparrow]]''
| 12
| 97
| 30
| —
| —
|-
| 2002
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Halos &amp; Horns]]''
| 4
| 58
| 37
| —
| —
|-
| 2003
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[For God and Country (album)|For God and Country]]''
| 23
| 167
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 2005
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Those Were the Days (Dolly Parton album)|Those Were the Days]]''
| 9
| 48
| 35
| —
| —
|-
| 2008
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Backwoods Barbie]]''
| 2
| 17
| 35
| —
| —
| Dolly
|-
| 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Better Day]]''
| 11
| 51
| 9
| —
| —
| Dolly/Warner Music Nashville
|-
| 2014
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Blue Smoke (albam)|Blue Smoke]]''
| 2
| 6
| 2
| —
| —
| Dolly/Sony Masterworks
|-
| 2016
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Pure &amp; Simple (albam)|Pure &amp; Simple]]''
| 1
| 11
| 2
| —
| —
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dolly/RCA
|-
| 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[I Believe in You (albam)|I Believe in You]]''
| 20
| 173
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[A Holly Dolly Christmas]]''
| 1
| 16
| 16
| Ór
| —
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Butterfly
|-
| 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Run, Rose, Run (albam)|Run, Rose, Run]]''
| 4
| 34
| 23
| —
| —
|-
| 2023
| align=&quot;left&quot;| ''[[Rockstar (albam)|Rockstar]]''
| 1
| 3
| 5
| Ór
| —
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Ciallaíonn &quot;—&quot; nár bhain an t-albam áit amach sna cairteacha nó nach bhfuair sé teastas&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Ceol tuaithe]]
* [[Johnny Cash]]
* [[Kenny Rogers]]
* [[Loretta Lynn]]
* [[Whitney Houston]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Nasc seachtrach ==
* [http://www.dollyparton.com Suíomh oifigiúil]
* [https://imaginationlibrary.com/ Dolly Parton's Imagination Library]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parton, Dolly}}

[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1946]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aidan Price</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-25T20:17:41Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1753" sha1="gyoke77hwqwm6x7bgdhmlkn52wv7skm" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Is imreoir [[sacar|peile]] [[Éire]]annach é '''Aidan Price''' (a rugadh ar an [[8 Nollaig]] [[1981]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]]), atá ag imirt faoi láthair le [[St Patrick's Athletic Football Club|St Patrick's Athletic]] na [[Bohemian Football Club|Bóithéimigh]]. D'imir sé roimhe sin le [[Shamrock Rovers Football Club|Shamrock Rovers]] i [[League of Ireland|Sraith na hÉireann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/teams/first-team/first-team-squad |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2010-05-10 |archivedate=2012-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308171249/http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/teams/first-team/first-team-squad }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cosantóir]] atá ann.

D'imir sé le [[Kilkenny City Association Football Club|Kilkenny City]] go tús na bliana 2006, ansin d'aistrigh go Shamrock Rovers. D'aimsigh sé a chéad chúl do Rovers ar an 7 Meitheamh 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/archive/39-2008-match-reports/330-rovers-2-sligo-rvs-1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2010-05-10 |archivedate=2012-09-10 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120910183534/http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/archive/39-2008-match-reports/330-rovers-2-sligo-rvs-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Liosta trófaí ==
* '''[[League of Ireland First Division]]: 1''' 
** 2006

* '''[[Shamrock Rovers Football Club#Imreoir.C3.AD|SRFC Imreoir na bliana]]: 1''' 
** 2006

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Féach freisin ==

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

{{Síol-peileadóirsacair-éire|Price, Aidan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Price, Aidan}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1981]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Imreoirí League of Ireland]]
[[Catagóir:Imreoirí Shamrock Rovers Football Club|Price, Aidan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cnoc Lín</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326837</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-26T00:39:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="8116" sha1="2xkdhibpd63x47ez80boclnp386drq4" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is ceantar i n[[deisceart Bhaile Átha Cliath]] é '''Cnoc Lín'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1165836|title=Cnoc Lín/Knocklyon {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; nó '''Cnoc Liamhna''' ([[Béarla]]: ''Knocklyon''). Bhí 4,014 duine ina gcónaí ann sa bhliain 2006.

Tá Cnoc Liamhna suite ag bun Shléibhte Bhaile Átha Cliath agus ó dheas den [[An Dothra|Dothra]].  Rith an abhainn ó Cipiúr na Droim, Tamhlacht, Teach na Gúise agus Cnoc Liamhna. Is ceantar an-óigeanta é agus tá an ceantar suite in aice le go leor ceantar an-óigeanta freisin, mar shampla, [[Teach Mealóg]], Teach an Gúise, agus [[Tír an Iúir]]. 

== Spórt ==
Tá go leor áiseanna spóirt agus áineasa sa Chnoc Liamhna. Tá ionad pobail, cumann badmantan&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.knocklyonbadminton.com/index.html|teideal=Knocklyon Badminton Club|work=www.knocklyonbadminton.com|dátarochtana=2018-12-05|archivedate=2019-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908213334/http://www.knocklyonbadminton.com/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;, cumann CLG, cumann sacair, agus cumann lúthchleasaíochta ann.

==== Cumann CLG ====
Is é Baile Buadáin Naomh Éanna&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.bodengaa.ie/about_us/about_us.43.html|teideal=About Us - Ballyboden St. Enda's GAA - Gaelic Football, Hurling, Camogie, and Ladies Football - Dublin, Leinster, Ireland.|work=www.bodengaa.ie|dátarochtana=2018-12-05|archivedate=2012-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311101201/http://www.bodengaa.ie/about_us/about_us.43.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; an t-ainm atá ar an gcumann CLG sa Chnoc Liamhna. Is é an dara cumann is mó sa tír.  Bhunaigh Baile Buadáin Naomh Éanna i 1969.  Rinneadh an Wandarers Baile Buadáin (1910) agus Naomh Éanna Rath Fearnáin (1966) a chónascadh i 1969.  Tá níos mó ná 70 foireann ag imirt le haghaidh an chumainn gach bliain. Imríonn siad peil Ghaelach, iomáint agus camógaíocht.  Gach samhradh, déanann siad campa samhraidh.  Anseo, freastalaíonn níos mó ná 500 páistí agus foghlaimíonn siad scileanna nua agus téann siad go dtí an Zú agus Páirc an Chrócaigh.  Tá go leor daoine cáiliúla sa domhan CLG as Baile Buadáin Naomh Éanna.  Mar shampla: Michael Darragh McCauley, David Curtin, Síle Nic Coitir agus Martina Farrell.

==== Club Peile ====
Is é Club Peile Knocklyon United&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.knocklyonunitedfc.yourclub.ie/news/|teideal=KNOCKLYON UNITED FC YOUR CLUB -|work=www.knocklyonunitedfc.yourclub.ie|dátarochtana=2018-12-05|archivedate=2017-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118192950/http://www.knocklyonunitedfc.yourclub.ie/news}}&lt;/ref&gt; an t-ainm atá ar an gclub sacair sa Chnoc Liamhna.  Bhunaigh an club i 1984 agus anois tá níos mó ná 550 imreoir idir 5 agus 20 bliain d’aois ann. Tá “Nursery” acu.  Dé Sathairn, téann buachaillí óga go dtí na páirceanna i gCnoc Liamhna agus foghlaimíonn siad na bunscileanna le haghaidh sacair.  Toilíonn na tuismitheoirí a cúnamh den “Nursery”.  Tá an club ag brath go mór ar oibrithe deonacha.

==== Cumann Lúthchleasaíochta ====
Is é Brothers Pearse&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://brospearse.com/|teideal=Home|language=en-US|work=Brothers Pearse AC|dátarochtana=2018-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; an t-ainm atá ar an gcumann lúthchleasaíochta sa Chnoc Liamhna.  Bhunaigh an cumann lúthchleasaíochta sa bhliain 1956.  Tá sé suite i bpáirc an Cherryfield. Tá timpeall 400 duine ag rith leis an gcumann gach seachtain.  

== Gasóga ==
Bhunaigh an grúpa Scouts Cnoc Liamhna i 1976.  Bhí grúpa an-mhór i dTír an Iúir agus ba mhaith leis an Cairmilíteach an rud cosúil é i gCnoc Liamhna.  Ba é Noel Geoghegan an chéad cheannaire.  Sa “Scouting Ireland” níor fhreastail na cailíní mar ní raibh cead acu, ach sa Chnoc Liamhna bhí cead ag na cailíní i 1983.  Anois, freastalaíonn níos mó ná 300 daoine óga, buachaillí agus cailíní, gach seachtain sa 112ú Scouts Den. Tá ceithre ghrúpa ann, Beavers, Cubs, Scouts agus Ventures.  Anseo, foghlaimíonn siad scileanna nua faoin saol mór amuigh faoin spéir.  Tá campa samhraidh gach bliain don Beavers, Cubs, Scouts agus Ventures.  Téann siad thar lear gach dara bliain.  Mar shampla; Málta, an Eilvéis agus an Ungáir.

== Na Scoileanna ==
Tá dhá bhunscoil ann. Scoil Cholmcille Naofa agus Gaelscoil Chnoc Liamhna is ainm dóibh.  Is é Scoil Cholmcille Naofa an scoil a bhfuil an líon is mó daltaí inti ar fud na hÉireann.  D’oscail siad na doirse i 1976 agus tar éis tríocha bliain, in 2008, fuair siad an cead pleanála le haghaidh síneadh.  Ansin d’oscail siad na doirse nua in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.stcolmcilles.org/history.html|teideal=History|language=en|work=St. Colmcille's S.N.S|dátarochtana=2018-12-05T10:45:45Z|archivedate=2019-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222658/http://www.stcolmcilles.org/history.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

D’oscail siad na doirse do Ghaelscoil Chnoc Liamhna i 1996 agus anois tá 234 dalta acu.

Tá meánscoil amháin i gCnoc Lín.  Pobalscoil Naomh Cholmcille is ainm di.  D’oscail siad na doirse in 2000. Anois freastalaíonn níos mó ná 700 dalta agus tá timpeall 56 duine ar an bhfoireann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.stcolmcilles.ie/|teideal=St Colmcille's CS|language=en|work=St Colmcille's CS|dátarochtana=2018-12-05T10:47:20Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Córas Iompair Poiblí ==
Níl córas iompair poiblí an-mhaith ag Cnoc Liamhna.  Tá dhá bhealach bus ag dul tríd an gceantar; 15 &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/15/|teideal=15 - Dublin Bus|work=www.dublinbus.ie|dátarochtana=2018-12-05T11:06:28Z|archivedate=2018-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204225717/http://dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/15/}}&lt;/ref&gt;agus 15b.  Téann dhá bhealach go dtí lár na cathrach, trí Thír an Iúir, Teach Mealóg agus [[Rath Maonais]].  Níl aon bhealach [[Luas (tram)|Luas]] in aice le Cnoc Liamhna.  Tá bealach Leas i nDún Droma agus Tamhlacht.

Téann an mótorbhealach M50 tríd an gceantar.  

== Áiseanna ==

==== Ionad siopadóireachta ====
Tá ionad siopadóireachta beag i gCnoc Liamhna.  Tá go leor áiseanna ann.  Mar shampla, siopa gruagaire, tirimghlantóirí, siopa leabhar, Credit Union, An Post, nuachtánaí, siopa caife agus SuperValu.   Tá an t-ionad siopadóireachta suite in aice leis an bhunscoil, eaglais agus an t-ionad spóirt.   

==== Tithe tábhairne ====
Ar an saolta seo in Éirinn tá pubchultúr an-láidir agus is é an rud céanna sa Chnoc Liamhna.  Tá dhá theach tábhairne sa gceantar; Delaney’s agus The Blue Haven.  D'oscail Delaney's i 1934 ach bhí an teaghlach ina gcónaí sa gceantar ó 1842.  D'oscail The Blue Haven i 1955.  Ní raibh cead ag na cailíní dul isteach in The Blue Haven go dtí le déanaí.

== Géarchéim thithíochta ==
Ar na saolta seo, tá géarchéim thithíochta i gCnoc Liamhna.  Is ceantar an-óigeanta é; tá go leor clanna óga agus is rud an-mhaith é sin maidir leis na cumainn agus na clubanna.  Tá go leor áiseanna le haghaidh daoine óga (na scoileanna, na cumainn, na gasóga, srl.) ach ar an drochuair, níl dóthain tithe le haghaidh na clanna.  Tá an chomhairle contae ag déanamh iarracht dul i ngleic leis an bhfadhb, ach anois tá siad ag smaoineamh faoi tithe a dhéanamh ar na páirceanna Knocklyon United.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.echo.ie/news/article/houses-football-club-pitches|teideal=Plans to construct houses on football club’s pitches|language=en-gb|work=www.echo.ie|dátarochtana=2018-12-06}}{{Dead link|date=Feabhra 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 


== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Síol-tír-ie}}
{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}

[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Átha Cliath]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neamhspleáchas (polaitíocht)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35983</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nasc chuig [[Neamhspleách]]</comment>
      <origin>1326796</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="493" sha1="gesdhoynfz3jtjgzqgguzv32dvtz7tx" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:BEP-GIRSCH-Declaration of Independence (Trumbull).jpg|mion|Forógra na Saoirse, John Trurnbull (1818)]]
Is éard is '''neamhspleáchas''' ann ó thaobh na [[Polaitíocht|polaitíochta]] ná 
* [[Neamhspleách|polaiteoir neamhspleách]], iarrthóirí nó ionadaithe nach bhfuil nasctha le [[páirtí polaitíochta]] ar leith,
* [[Tír|tíortha]] nach bhfuil nasctha le chéile, is araile.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Páirtithe polaitíochta]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326797</id>
      <parentid>1326796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T13:55:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Gramadach difriúil</comment>
      <origin>1326797</origin>
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      <text bytes="494" sha1="2e7d4rbpkyzdxop2nf0pwhg53esrz77" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:BEP-GIRSCH-Declaration of Independence (Trumbull).jpg|mion|Forógra na Saoirse, John Trurnbull (1818)]]
Is éard is '''neamhspleáchas''' ann ó thaobh na [[Polaitíocht|polaitíochta]] ná: 
* [[Neamhspleách|Polaiteoir neamhspleách]], iarrthóirí nó ionadaithe nach bhfuil nasctha le [[páirtí polaitíochta]] ar leith.
* [[Tír|Tíortha]] nach bhfuil nasctha le chéile, is araile.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Páirtithe polaitíochta]]</text>
      <sha1>2e7d4rbpkyzdxop2nf0pwhg53esrz77</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jimmy Wales</title>
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    <id>36507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326802</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-25T14:55:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sin scigaithris</comment>
      <origin>1326802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="10749" sha1="a9t2m06yjlfdmy6kr8kk6yo06kfdopq" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Fiontraí gnó Meiriceánach-Briotanach agus iar-thrádálaí airgeadais is ea '''Jimmy Donal &quot;Jimbo&quot; Wales''' (a rugadh an 7 Lúnasa 1966 i [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]]; deir Wales féin, agus deir foinsí eile, gurb é an 8 Lúnasa an dáta ceart).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogoway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rogoway|first=Mike|date=July 27, 2007|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2007/07/on_wikipedia_and_its_founders.html|teideal=Wikipedia &amp; its founder disagree on his birth date|work=Silicon Forest|foilsitheoir=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=October 31, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá cáil air go príomha mar chomhbhunaitheoir na ciclipéide ar líne [[Wikipedia]] agus mar chomhbhunaitheoir [[Fandom (suíomh gréasáin)|Fandom]] (Wikia roimhe seo), seirbhís óstála vící. Tá sé fós gníomhach le [[Fondúireacht Wikimedia]] mar bhall boird.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/jimmy-wales/|teideal=Wales, Jimmy|údar=Claire M. Wilson|dáta=2010-07-13|language=en|work=Encyclopedia of Alabama|dátarochtana=2026-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:At Chuck E Cheese for my birthday, 2000-08-22 (5357386961) (cropped to Jimmy Wales).jpg|clé|mion|422x422px|2000:  Bhunaigh sé &quot;Nupedia&quot;]]
[[Íomhá:Jimmy Wales Fundraiser Appeal.JPG|clé|mion|276x276px|2008]]
[[Íomhá:News-Jimmy-Wales-Parody-Picture.png|clé|mion|290x290px|Fear na Bliana 2005 (scigaithris)]]
[[Íomhá:147 GD-Preis 5280.jpg|clé|mion|290x290px|2011]]
[[Íomhá:Lodewijk-H&amp;K-april2011.pdf|clé|mion|220x220px|2011]]

[[File:2014-03-14 CeBIT Global Conferences, Jimmy Wales, Founder Wikipedia, (26) On stage showing the world for Wikipedia Zero (500 millions), while Brent Goff is still listening.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales ag Comhdháil 2014 [[CeBIT]] agus é ag labhairt faoi [[Wikipedia Zero]], clár a chuireann Wikipedia ar fáil saor in aisce i dtíortha an Deiscirt.|clé|220x220px]]
== Tús a shaoil agus oideachas ==
Saolaíodh Wales do Jimmy Wales, bainisteoir i siopa grósaera, agus do Doris Wales, múinteoir bunscoile i scoil phríobháideach a bhunaigh a máthair féin i Huntsville. Sa teach scoile úd, nach raibh ach aon tseomra amháin ann, a bhfuair Jimmy Wales óg agus an triúr eile den chlann a gcuid bunoideachais. Faoi aois a cheithre bliana, bhí léamh aige. Bhí an ''World Book Encyclopedia'' ceannaithe ag a mháthair ó fhear díolacháin, agus bhain Jimmy sult as a léamh. D'éirigh sé mar nós aige an [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] a léamh chomh maith. Nuair a bhí sé 12 bliain d'aois, thosaigh sé ag freastail ar an Randolph School, ardscoil i Huntsville. Cé go raibh sé costasach orthu, chuir tuismitheoirí Jimmy Wales béim ón tús ar an [[oideachas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

Ag aois a sé bliana déag, chuaigh Wales isteach in Ollscoil Auburn, agus fuair sé céim bhaitsiléara in airgeadas ann sa bhliain 1986; an bhliain chéanna, phós sé Pamela Green. Ansin fuair sé céim mháistir san airgeadas ó Ollscoil Alabama sa bhliain 1988. 

Chuaigh sé isteach i gclár dochtúireachta ina dhiaidh sin agus é ag múineadh airgeadais in Ollscoil Indiana, ach d'fhág sé an clár sin gan críochnú. Le linn na tréimhse sin, agus é an-tógtha le fealsúnacht Ayn Rand, bhunaigh sé an Ayn Rand Philosophy Discussion List, fóram ríomhphoist a bhí luath go leor mar chineál meán sóisialta.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 1992, d'fhág Wales Ollscoil Indiana agus bhog sé go Chicago, áit ar tháinig sé chun bheith ina thrádálaí. Sin an obair a thuill an t-airgead a thug ar chumas dó tosú ar a chuid fiontar idirlín féin ina dhiaidh sin. Scar sé féin agus Green an bhliain dár gcionn.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

== Bomis agus Nupedia ==

Sa bhliain 1996, chuir Wales agus beirt pháirtí gnó, Tim Shell agus Michael Davis, comhlacht Idirlín ag obair darb ainm Bomis, cineál fáinne [[idirlín]] dírithe ar na fir, a chuir fóraim agus suíomhanna eile siamsaíochta, spóirt, ficsin eolaíochta srl le fáil dóibh, grianghraif anghrácha san áireamh ar feadh tamaill. D'éirigh Wales as an bhfiontar sin sa bhliain 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2000, cheap Wales fear darb ainm [[Larry Sanger]] — mac léinn dochtúireachta san fhealsúnacht in Ollscoil Stáit Ohio, agus duine a bhí páirteach freisin i ngrúpa Ayn Rand — mar phríomheagarthóir ar thionscadal ciclipéide nua i mBéarla, [[Nupedia]]. Bhí Nupedia á scríobh ag saineolaithe agus iad ag obair ar bhunús breithnithe piaraí. Ní raibh Nupedia ag dul chun cinn go maith, áfach, agus mhol Ben Kovitz, cara le Sanger a raibh taithí aige ar ríomhchlárú, dóibh feidhm a bhaint as vící-bhogearraí le marbhántacht Nupedia a shárú.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

D'éist siad lena chomhairle agus rinne siad vící den Nupedia. Vící teoranta a bhí ann mar, cé go raibh na hailt le bheith curtha le chéile ag cibé daoine ón taobh amuigh a bhí sásta bheith páirteach san obair, bhí na hailt chríochnaithe le dul faoi inniúchadh saineolaithe Nupedia go fóill. Ach ní raibh na saineolaithe sásta bheith páirteach ann. Mar sin, ar an 15ú Eanáir 2001, d'fhoscail Wales an tionscadal don saol mór, le maoiniú ó Bomis. Faoi dheireadh na bliana sin, bhí breis is 15,000 alt sa chiclipéid nua a bhaist Sanger 'Wikipedia' air, agus timpeall 350 rannpháirtí ag cur léi.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

== Wikipedia agus Fondúireacht Wikimedia ==
D'fhás Wikipedia go han-tapa. Ach faoi dheireadh na bliana 2001, tháinig easaontas idir Sanger, ar mhian leis níos mó struchtúir, agus roinnt de na hoibrithe deonacha ba ghlóraí; d'iarr Wales ar Sanger imeacht as an tionscadal, cé gur luaigh sé deacrachtaí airgeadais mar chúis leis sin ar dtús. Tá díospóireacht leanúnach ann fós faoi cé a bhunaigh Wikipedia i ndáiríre: is minic a chreidtear gurbh é Sanger a thug isteach coincheap agus ainm na vící, agus gurbh é Wales is mó a fhaigheann creidiúint as an gcoincheap oscailte saor in aisce.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2002 bhog Wales go St. Petersburg, Florida, áit ar aistrigh ceanncheathrú Bomis freisin. Ansin, sa bhliain 2003, bhunaigh sé Fondúireacht Wikimedia, eagraíocht atá díolmhaithe ó cháin, chun beartas a leagan síos do Wikipedia agus dá tionscadail ghaolmhara agus chun airgead a bhailiú dóibh; d'aistrigh sé smacht an tsuímh uaidh féin chuig an bhFondúireacht ag an am céanna. Bhí Wales ina chathaoirleach ar bhord na Fondúireachta ó 2003 go 2006; ó shin, tá sé ina chathaoirleach oinigh agus tá suíochán ar leith aige ar an mbord mar &quot;bhunaitheoir an phobail&quot;. I 2008, cuireadh ina leith gur bhain sé úsáid phearsanta as airgead na Fondúireachta; b'éigean dó a chárta creidmheasa a thabhairt ar ais dá bharr, cé gur shéan sé féin agus stiúrthóir an bhoird araon aon mhí-úsáid airgid.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

Tugtar &quot;deachtóir cineálta&quot; ar Wales uaireanta, mar gheall ar an tionchar mór atá aige fós ar chúrsaí Wikipedia cé gur pobal oibrithe deonacha a scríobhann agus a chuireann in eagar an chuid is mó dá cuid ábhair. Cáineadh Wales freisin as beartas a thug isteach lena n-éilítear athbhreithniú ar athruithe ar altanna faoi dhaoine beo sula bhfoilsítear iad, rud a chuaigh glan i gcoinne sprid oscailte an tionscadail dar le go leor rannpháirtithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

== Wikia, Fandom, agus tionscadail eile ==
Sa bhliain 2004, chomhbhunaigh Wales agus [[Angela Beesley]], ball eile de bhord na Fondúireachta ag an am, Wikia, comhlacht a óstálann vící ar gach cineál ábhair, Wookieepedia (faoi Star Wars) agus Memory Alpha (faoi Star Trek) ina measc. Ba é Wales an príomhoifigeach feidhmiúcháin ar dtús, ach d'éirigh sé as an ról sin sa bhliain 2006. Athainmníodh Wikia mar Fandom sa bhliain 2016; tá Wales fós ina uachtarán ar an gcomhlacht.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2017, sheol sé [[WikiTribune]], suíomh nuachta gan fógraíocht a bhí bunaithe ar chomhoibriú idir iriseoirí gairmiúla agus an pobal; d'éirigh sé as bord [[The Guardian]] an bhliain chéanna mar gheall ar choinbhleacht leasa idir sin agus WikiTribune. Sa bhliain 2019, bhunaigh sé WT:Social, gréasán sóisialta gan fógraíocht mar mhalairt ar Facebook; ó shin, tá an tionscadal ar a dtugtar Trust Café anois.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

== Saol pearsanta ==
Phós Wales trí huaire. Idir 1986 agus 1993, bhí sé pósta le Pamela Green. Phós sé Christine Rohan sa bhliain 1997; rugadh iníon amháin dóibh, Kira, sular scar siad sa bhliain 2011. Sa bhliain 2012, phós sé Kate Garvey, iar-rúnaí do [[Tony Blair]]; tá beirt iníonacha acu. Bhog Wales go San Diego sa bhliain 1998, agus go Florida sa bhliain 2002; tá cónaí air in iarthar Londan ó 2013 i leith. Ghlac sé le saoránacht na Ríochta Aontaithe sa bhliain 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

== Aitheantas agus gníomhaíocht ==
Bronnadh dochtúireacht oinigh air ó Choláiste Knox in Illinois sa bhliain 2006. In 2013, bronnadh Bonn Niels Bohr UNESCO air as ucht a chuid oibre ar leathadh eolais, agus i 2017 fuair sé Bonn Uachtaráin Acadamh na Breataine.

Roghnaigh iris ''Time'' Wales mar dhuine dá 100 duine is mó tionchar ar domhan sa bhliain 2006. I dtimpeall 2012, bhí sé ina chomhairleoir deonach don rialtas sa Ríocht Aontaithe maidir le déanamh beartas oscailte don phobal. Sa bhliain 2023, bhí Wales ina dhuine de bhunaitheoirí ''Free Our Feeds'', tionscnamh atá ag iarraidh teicneolaíocht oscailte na meán sóisialta a chosaint ar smacht na mórchomhlachtaí teicneolaíochta.&lt;ref name=&quot;EofA&quot; /&gt;

I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2025, sheol comhlacht xAI de chuid [[Elon Musk]] [[Grok (bota comhrá)|Grokipedia]], ciclipéid a scríobhtar go huathoibríoch trí intleacht shaorga. I mí Feabhra 2026, ag Cruinniú Mullaigh AI Impact na hIndia i nDeilí, mhaign Wales nach raibh ann ach &quot;aithris chartúnach ar chiclipéid&quot; agus nach dtiocfadh léi riamh dul in iomaíocht le Wikipedia, toisc gur daoine a scríobhann ábhar Wikipedia agus a dhéanann é a sheiceáil, seachas intleacht shaorga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-21/wikipedia-founder-sees-no-threat-from-musk-s-grokipedia|teideal=Wikipedia Founder Sees No Threat From Musk's Grokipedia|údar=Sudhi Ranjan Sen agus Dan Strumpf|dáta=2026-02-21|language=en|work=Bloomberg|dátarochtana=2026-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc Sheachtracha ==
* [http://blog.jimmywales.com/ Jimmy Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011192814/http://blog.jimmywales.com/ |date=2004-10-11 }}, blag oifigiúil

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wales, Jimmy}}
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{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Is amhránaí í '''Mary Byrne''' (nó '''Máire Ní Bhroinn''' as Gaeilge) a bhfuair clú agus cáil nuair a tháinig sí sa 5ú áit san ''[[The X Factor (RA)|The X Factor]]'' sa bhliain 2010. Rugadh agus tógadh i m[[Baile Formaid]] í agus tá sí fós ina cónaí ann leis a hiníon, Deborah. Tar éis an X Factor, fuair sí margadh le Sony Éire agus rinne sí a céad albam leo. Tá dá shingil aici agus albam amháin eile. Seachas obair aonaracha, tá singil uimhir a haon aici le hamhránaithe eile as an X Factor, sraith a naoi- &quot;Heroes&quot;, scríofa le David Bowie. Ina measc na rudaí eile atá déanta ag Byrne tar éis an X Factor, chan sí le Niel Diamond san Aviva i [[Baile Átha Cliath|mBaile Átha Cliath]], chan sí os comhair [[Eilís II na Ríochta Aontaithe|Banríon Shasana]] agus d'obair sí le 'GREASE: The Musical'. Beidh Byrne ag glacadh páirt ar an dara sraith ''Celebrity [[Operation Transformation]]'' sa bhliain 2017.

== Cúlra ==
D'fhág Byrne an scoil nuair a bhí sí trí bliana déag d'aois, chun obair a dhéanamh le monarchaí ina ceantar dúchais. Tógadh i dteaghlach thar a beith dlúth í agus ceoltóirí ab ea iad uilig. Chuaigh sí ar cuairt go dtí [[an Fhrainc]] agus [[an Ghearmáin]] leis a poist ina hóige agus chaith sí tréimhsí thar sáile in [[Iosrael]] freisin. Bhí sí geallta le fear áirithe nuair a bhí sí ina fichidí ach chuir sí stop leis an bpósadh seachtain roimh an eachtra. Bhí sé ar intinn aici dul isteach leis na [[bean rialta|mná rialta]], ach thit sí i ngrá agus fuair sí amach go raibh sí ag iompar clainne. Dhiúltaigh athair a páiste an ghin agus d'fhág sé í. Ansin, d'fhullaing Byrne leis an ngalar dubhach agus bhí sé deacair di canadh os comhair dhaoine. Fuair sí postanna le Centra agus ansin Tesco, agus i 2008 ghlac sí páirt i gcomórtas [[Nollaig No 1]] ar [[TG4]] faoin ainm Mary Lee. Bhuaigh sí agus rinne sí singil as, 'Siúil Leat' an t-ainm a bhí ar an amhráin, ach ní bhfuair sé ach naoi íoslódáil déag.

== Ceol ==

=== The X Factor ===
I 2010, Tháinig an X Factor go hÉirinn agus rinne Byrne triail éisteachta leo. Chan sí 'I Who Have Nothing' agus dúirt sí leis na moltóirí go raibh muinín faighte aici don chéad uair ina saol. An ráiteas a bhí ag [[Louis Walsh]] tar éis an trial ná go raibh gach nóta chas i gceart aici. Dúirt Katy Perry nach raibh a fhios aici cén fáth nach raibh muinín ag Byrne roimhe sin. Cheap [[Cheryl Cole]] gur thriail éisteachta is fearr i [[Baile Átha Cliath|mBaile Átha Cliatha]] bhí ann, agus cheap [[Simon Cowell]] mar an gcéanna. Dúirt sé freisin ní amháin go raibh glóir iontach ag Mary ach go raibh sé tógtha léi mar dhuine. Sa deireadh, rinne na moltóirí vótáil i bhfabhar léi uilig, fuair sí pas sa ghrodchúrsa agus ansin sna 'tithe mholtóirí'.

Tar éis pas a fháil go dtí an stáise bheo, chan Byrne 'This Is A Man's World', cé go raibh sleamhnán aici agus nach raibh aithne mhaithe aici ar an amhráin. Fuair sí bualadh bos is faide sa stair an chláir agus fuair sí an chuid is mó de na vótaí phoiblí an oíche sin.

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Reacaireachtaí Mary Byrne ar an X Factor Sraith a Seacht''
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Cathain a bhí sé chas
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Amhrán 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Toradh
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Trial Éisteachta
| &quot;I Who Have Nothing&quot;
| Pas go dtí an ghrodchúrsa
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Tithe na Moltóirí 
| &quot;Fix You&quot;
| Pas go dtí an chlár bheo
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 1 
| &quot;It's a Man's Man's Man's World&quot;
| Slán
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 2 
| &quot;You Don't Have To Say You Love Me&quot;
| Slán
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 3 
| &quot;I Who Have Nothing&quot;
| Slán
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 4 
| &quot;Could It Be Magic&quot;
| Slán
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 5 
| &quot;There You'll Be&quot;
| Slán 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 6 
| &quot;Can You Feel the Love Tonight&quot;
| Slán
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 7 
| &quot;Something&quot;
| Slán
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Seachtain 8 
| &quot;All I Want Is You &amp; Brass in Pocket&quot;
| Bunthriúir
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Cath &lt;small&gt;(Seachtain 8) &lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;This Is My Life&quot;
| Slánaithe ag na mholtóirí 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Leath Ceannais
| &quot;Never Can Say Goodbye &amp; The Way We Were &quot;
| Bunbheirt
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Cath &lt;small&gt;(Leath Ceannais)&lt;/small&gt; 
| &quot;It's a Man's Man's Man's World&quot; 
| Díbeartha
|}

D'obair Byrne le Sony, Syco, agus Nigel Wright ar a céad albam, 'Mine &amp; Yours', a bhí scoilte ar an 25ú Márta 2011. Rinne an t-albam úsáid as roinnt amhráin a chas Byrne ar an X Factor, ach bhí amhráin eile air, ina measc an singil 'I Just Call You Mine'. D'éirigh Byrne leis an albam, mar fuair sé uimhir a haon ar an gcairt ar feadh coicíse agus fuair sé stádas platanam dúbailte. Chuaigh an singil go huimhir a sé ar an gcairt. Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, chuaigh an t-albam go huimhir a sé.

=== Obair Tar Éis An Comórtas ===
D'fhág Byrne a seanfhostóir, [[Tesco Ireland|Tesco]], nuair a bhí muinín aici go raibh a post mar amhránaí ag obair amach. Rinne sí an-chuid obair le [[RTÉ]] ar an raidió le Derek Mooney, agus chan sí 'White Christmas' leis an t-Orceastra Siansa RTÉ ag cheolchoirm Nollaig RTÉ. Ar maidin Lá Naomh Stiofán tar éis an X Factor, chan Byrne os comhair siopa Arnotts i mBaile Átha Cliath, agus bhí sí láithreach ag gheamaireacht le [[Jedward]] agus [[Linda Martin]] san Olympia. I 2011, thabhairt sí tacaíocht do Neil Diamond san Aviva agus fuair sí áit mar charachtar an Aingeal Déagóra i 'nGREASE: THE MUSICAL'. Sular Nollaig 2011, d'obair Byrne le hEddie Rowley ar leabhar, agus d'fhoilsigh leabhar dírbheatháisnéise Byrne 'This Is My Life'. Sa leabhar, leabhraíonn Byrne faoi caidrimh a theip orthu; an caidreamh leispiacha a bhí aici le comhoibhreoir ar feadh dhá bliain agus a cuid eachtraí ina hóige. Déanann sí cur síos ar bás a tuismitheoirí, [[néaltrú]] a máthair agus an t-éafacht a bhí aige uirthi. Bhí sé soiléar go raibh féinmheas ísil aici ach scríobhann sí faoin feabhsú a bhí uirthi agus a deis ar an X Factor. Fuair an leabhar léirmheasanna maithe, agus bhí sé ceithre seachtain ar an liosta sárdhíola.

=== Obair le Phil Coulter ===
I 2011, d'fhág Byrne Sony chun margadh a shíniú le Universal; a rinne teagmháil le Phil Coulter. Ghlac sé an cuireadh chun albam nua a chuir i láthair, agus scríobh sé amhrán iomlán nua di, 'Thank God That This Was My Life'. Ar an albam, ainmnaigh '...with Love', bhí amhráin níos boige air ná bhí ar 'Mine &amp; Yours' agus bhí an t-amhrán a chan Byrne ar Nollaig No 1 air; 'Never Never Never'. Cheap Coulter go mbeadh Byrne in ann a amhrán féin a chanadh freisin, amhrán a scríobh sé faoi a mhac; 'Scorn Not His Simplicity'. Rinne an t-albam go maith in Éirinn roimh an [[Nollaig]] 2011, agus chuaigh sé go huimhir a deich. 
{{Cquote|Tá mé thar a bheith sásta go bhfuil m'albam nua sna chairt; tá sé 100% Mary agus ní ar dhroim an X Factor.|20px||Mary Bryne in aggalamh le Digital Spy}}
Le linn Márta 2012, bhí '...With Love' scoilte sa Ríocht Aontaithe le Decca, agus chuaigh sé go fiche is a hocht ar an gcairt. Sheinn Byrne ar chlár Alan Titchmart, bhí sí i láthair ar 'Loose Women' agus 'This Morning', agus bhí sí ar QVC, mar a bhí le 'Mine &amp; Yours'.

In [[Aibreán]] 2012, thosaigh Byrne ag déanamh ceolchoirmeacha le Phil Coulter darbh ainm 'An Evening with Mary Byrne and Phil Coulter'. Sheinn an biert acu i [[Cill Airne|gCill Airne]], [[Caisleán an Bharraigh]] agus i [[Baile Átha Cliath|mBaile Átha Cliath]].

== Dioscliosta ==
=== Albaim Stiúdeo ===
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|+ Liosta albam stiúideo
|-
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|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Mine &amp; Yours''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 28 Márta, 2011
* Lipéad: Sony
* Formáid: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
| 1 || 6
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* [[Éire]]: 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |údar= |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum11.htm |teideal=The Irish Charts |foilsitheoir=Irishcharts.ie |dáta=1962-10-01 |dátarochtana=2013-08-09 |archivedate=2014-08-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819094149/http://irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum11.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]: Airgead&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|údar=|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/search.aspx|teideal=The Irish Charts|foilsitheoir=bpi.com|dáta=2013-09-22|dátarochtana=2013-08-09|archivedate=2017-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801142929/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/Search.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''...with Love''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 25 Samhain, 2011 (Éire)&lt;br /&gt;5 Márta 2012 (An Ríocht Aontaithe)
* Lipéad: Universal Éire &amp; Decca UK
* Formáid: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
| 10 || 28
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Éire: Ór&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |author= |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/gold11.htm |teideal=The Irish Charts |foilsitheoir=Irishcharts.ie |dáta=1962-10-01 |dátarochtana=2013-08-09 |archivedate=2018-07-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711234229/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/gold11.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Magic of the Musicals''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 28 Márta, 2014
* Lipéad: Hetton Records
* Formáid: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
| 10 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Mary Sings the Sixties''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 15 Meán Fómhair 2017
* Lipéad: Crashed Records
* Formáid: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
| 76 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an t-albam sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Singlí ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singil
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Buachphointe ar an gCairt
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire|ÉIRE]]
|-
| 2011
|align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;I Just Call You Mine&quot;
| 12
| ''Mine &amp; Yours''
|-
|}

=== Mar gné-ealínteoir ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí mar gné-ealaíonteóir
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Blian
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singil
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Buachphointe ar an gCairt
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire]]
|-
| 2010
|align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;Heroes&quot; &lt;small&gt;(mar pháirt le [[Iomaitheoirí The X Factor|hiomaitheoirí an X Factor]])&lt;/small&gt;
| 1 || 1
|}

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Iomaitheoirí The X Factor (RA)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byrne, Mary}}
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1959]]
[[Catagóir:Iomaitheoirí X Factor]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
      <sha1>gayet1exs1bza4ekz2mkdc6yh5ztf32</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Julia Child</title>
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      <text bytes="5119" sha1="cr408d25607u8inlrhj1gggcoj6phma" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Cócaire, údar agus pearsantacht [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] ab ea '''Julia Carolyn Child''' (née '''McWilliams'''; [[15 Lúnasa]] [[1912]] – [[13 Lúnasa]] [[2004]]). Cuimhnítear uirthi as [[cócaireacht na Fraince]] a chur os comhair na ndaoine sna Stáit Aontaithe lena leabhar cócaireachta úd, ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'', agus leis na cláracha teilifíse léi a tháinig ina dhiaidh, go mór mór ''The French Chef'', a chuaigh ar an aer den chéad uair sa bhliain 1963.
 
==Luashaol agus oideachas==
Mar Julia Carolyn McWilliams a rugadh Child in [[Pasadena, California]], iníon John McWilliams, Jr., céimí [[Ollscoil Princeton]] agus bainisteoir talún, agus a bhean chéile, Julia Carolyn (&quot;Caro&quot;) Weston, oidhrí comhlacht mhór páipéira raibh a hathair féin ina leasghobharnóir ar [[Massachusetts]]. Ba í Julia an duine ba shine de thriúr páistí&lt;ref&gt;The Biography of Julia Child, Noel Riley Fitch, pg. 169, paragraph 2...&quot;Dorothy (at six feet four)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;: John McWilliams III (1914–2002) a deartháir, agus Dorothy Dean Cousins (1917–2006) a deirfiúr.

Chuaigh Child ar scoil i g[[California]], ar scoil chónaí i gcás na hardscoile, an Branson School in Ross, California&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Baker-Clark|first1=Charles A.|title=Profiles from the kitchen : what great cooks have taught us about ourselves and our food|date=2006|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=9780813123981|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uvikAW_1V8C&amp;pg=PA52&amp;dq=Katherine+Branson+School&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=I5PqU4v2FYPsoATNmICQCQ&amp;ved=0CEEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Katherine%20Branson%20School&amp;f=false|accessdate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí Child sé throigh (1.88m) ar airde agus go maith ag spóirt; d'imir sí [[leadóg]], [[galf]], agus [[cispheil]] agus í ina páiste agus i g[[Coláiste Smith]] ní ba dhéanaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archive Interview&quot;&gt;{{Lua físeán | people = Michael Rosen (interviewer) |title=Julia Child&amp;nbsp;– Archive Interview, part 1 of 6 |medium=video |publisher=[[Archive of American Television]] |date=June 25, 1999 &lt;!--| time: 00:22--&gt; |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3u1ljheBtY&amp;feature=related |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408175729/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3u1ljheBtY&amp;feature=related |archivedate=2010-04-08 |accessdate=2013-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Agus Julia ag fás aníos bhí cócaire ag a teaghlach sa teach, ach níor fhoghlaim sí aon chócaireacht ón gcócaire. Dhéanadh a seanmháthair [[taoschnó]]nna agus ''crullers''. D'fhoghlaim Child an chócaireacht i ndiaidh bualadh le Paul, mar b'as teaghlach eisean a chuir an-spéis i m[[bia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fresh Air&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|teideal=Fresh Air with Terry Gross, October 7, 1983: Interview with Julia Child.
|date=October 7, 1983
|url=http://39ea54ff11b298f9bcaa-1b99eba380497722926169d6da8b098e.r2.cf5.rackcdn.com/2016/FA19831007-C.mp3
|website=Fresh Air with Terry Gross
|publisher=National Public Radio (U.S.) WHYY, Inc.
|oclc=959925340
|quote=&quot;Is féidir éisteacht leis an agallamh ach scrolladh síos go 'View online'.&quot;
|dátarochtana=Deireadh Fómhair 27, 2016
|archivedate=Deireadh Fómhair 11, 2016
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141317/http://39ea54ff11b298f9bcaa-1b99eba380497722926169d6da8b098e.r2.cf5.rackcdn.com/2016/FA19831007-C.mp3
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nuair a bhí a céim tríú leibhéil bainte amach aici, thug Child aghaidh ar [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]. D'oibrigh sí mar chóipscríbhneoir i roinn na fógraíochta ag W. &amp; J. Sloane, gnólacht a dhíol troscán do dhaoine rachmasacha. D'fhill sí go California i 1937, agus chaith sí cheithre bliana ag scríobh d'fhoilsicháin áitiúla, agus ag obair go deonach le [[Junior League]] Phasadena.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.ajli.org/women/2011/02/so-what-else-was-julia-child-known-for/|teideal=The Junior League Asks: So What Else Was Julia Child Known For?|dátarochtana=2016-10-27|archivedate=2016-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027124506/http://blog.ajli.org/women/2011/02/so-what-else-was-julia-child-known-for/}} Dáta rochtana: 27-10-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gairmshaol ==
Le linn an [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]], rinne Julia Child iarracht dul isteach sna ranna ban san Arm (na &quot;WACs&quot;) aus san Chabhlach (&quot;WAVE&quot;s) ach theip uirthi os rud í a bheith ró-ard. Sa deireadh, fuair sí post san OSS (an Oifig Fhaisnéise Rúnda). Chuir an OSS í go [[Kunming]], sa t[[An tSín|Sín]], agus ba ansin a chuir sí aithne ar an bhfear a phós sí, Paul Cushing Child, a bhí fostaithe ag an OSS freisin. Chaith siad tamall ag obair in [[Kandy]], sa t[[An tSiolóin|Siolóin]] ([[Srí Lanca]] inniu). 

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

==Naisc sheachtracha==
*[http://americanhistory.si.edu/kitchen/ Cistin Julia Child ag an [[Smithsonian Institution]], arna rochtain ar 27 D.F. 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610191406/http://americanhistory.si.edu/kitchen/ |date=2012-06-10 }}

{{síol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Child, Julia}}
[[Catagóir:Cócairí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1912]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2004]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Iarnród Éireann Vicipéid */ mír nua</comment>
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      <text bytes="5474" sha1="obasnefv0p60chs6f99z03izvkg7yo7" xml:space="preserve">Is fear óg as Éirinn dó. Tá cónaí air i gCondae Átha Cliath fosta.

== Teastaíonn cabhair uaim chun iontráil Vicipéid a cheartú ==

Dia duit, lig dom mé féin a chur in aithne: Is Ines mé agus is mac léinn Iodálach mé. Teastaíonn duine éigin uaim a labhraíonn Gaeilge agus atá toilteanach cabhrú liom feabhas a chur ar aistriúchán an ailt Vicipéid &quot;Andrea Benetti&quot; – atá ina healaíontóir cáiliúil. Seo é an nasc chuig an leathanach: https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Benetti 
Teastaíonn cabhair uaim chun an leathanach &quot;Andrea Benetti&quot; a fheabhsú, de réir na moltaí a luaitear ag tús an ailt. An féidir leat cabhrú liom, le do thoil? Murar féidir leat cabhrú liom, an bhféadfá a insint dom cén fáth ar féidir liom dul agus an fhadhb seo a réiteach? Go raibh míle maith agat. [[Úsáideoir:InesVerlicchi|InesVerlicchi]] ([[Plé úsáideora:InesVerlicchi|plé]]) 09:02, 12 Bealtaine 2025 (UTC)

== Cuireadh chuig Cruinniú Pobail – 27 Bealtaine  ==

A chara, Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú go maith :)

Tá Pobal Éireann Wikimedia | Wikimedia Community Ireland ag reáchtáil an chéad chruinniú pobail eile ar líne ar &lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Dé Máirt, 27 Bealtaine ag 18:00&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Ba bhreá linn tú a fheiceáil ann!

Is deis é seo do Vicipéidéirí gníomhacha le:

* Nuacht agus forbairtí a roinnt
* Smaointe nua agus dúshláin a phlé
* Vótáil ar an dréacht-Straitéis 2025–2028

&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Sonraí an chruinnithe:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Ar Google Meet: [https://meet.google.com/mnw-pubq-xyc&lt;nowiki&gt; meet.google.com/mnw-pubq-xyc]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Fón: +353 1 571 2001 | PIN: 202 328 238#

Is féidir an straitéis a léamh roimh ré anseo: [[commons:File:2025-2030_Strategic_Plan_Wikimedia_Community_Ireland-Draft.pdf|[nascaithe anseo]]]

Muna bhfuil tú in ann dul ach ba mhaith leat do thuairim nó moltaí ar an straitéis a thabhairt, seol r-phost chugam ag: &lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;oifigeach.gaeilge&lt;nowiki&gt;{{@}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;wikimedia.ie&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Le gach dea-ghuí,

Amy ~ [Úsáideoir:OifigeachWMIE] [[Úsáideoir:OifigeachWMIE|OifigeachWMIE]] ([[Plé úsáideora:OifigeachWMIE|plé]]) 14:05, 23 Bealtaine 2025 (UTC)

== Aiseolas &amp; Forbairt na Vicipéide ==

A chara, 

Táim ag dul i dteagmháil le Vicipéideoirí chun tuairimí agus ionchur a bhailiú. Ar dtús, an mbeadh 5 nóiméad agat chun [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1G8K7OH6DtjFcvDvZkn4ld7Ufcgrps3vj9dVY5qK178U/edit an tsuirbhé seo] a líon amach?

Chomh maith le sin, an mbeadh suim agat chur le Straitéis Vicipéide chun an t-ardán iontach seo a mhéadú agus a fhorbairt agus muid ag leanúint ar aghaidh? Beimid ag reáchtáil cruinnithe agus ag obair ar straitéis dhíreach don Vicipéid chun treochlár a chur le chéile.

Dá mbeadh aon cheist agat, ná bíodh drogall ort agus seol r-phoist chugam ar [mailto:oifigeach.gaeilge@wikimedia.ie oifigeach.gaeilge@wikimedia.ie] 

~ Amy  [[Úsáideoir:OifigeachWMIE|OifigeachWMIE]] ([[Plé úsáideora:OifigeachWMIE|plé]]) 17:40, 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 (UTC)

== Fáilte roimh do thuairim - forbairt Vicipéide ==

Cuimhneoidh tú, b'fhéidir, an tsuirbhe anruaidh. GRMMA as é a líonadh. 
Ag ár gcruinniú a bhí againn le déanaí bhíomar ag caint faoi fhorbairt Vicipéide - tá an chéad chéim bheo anois! Tá [[Vicipéid:Slí na Vicipéideoirí]] curtha suas agam mar áit lárnach don obair, agus [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|leathanach plé]] ann freisin.

Táimid ag bailiú tuairimí agus ag iarraidh ar dhaoine a bheith páirteach, cibé bealach is fusa duitse - bíodh sin trí smaoineamh a roinnt, ceist a chur, nó díreach súil a choinneáil ar an obair. Tá [[Vicipéid:Slí na Vicipéideoirí]] ar bun againn mar áit lárnach don obair seo - is féidir leat d'ainm a chur leis an liosta ann le bheith ar an eolas, agus tá [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|leathanach plé]] ann freisin más mhaith leat do chuid smaointe a chur isteach.

Má tá suim agat labhairt tuilleadh, is féidir leat teacht orm ar mo leathanach plé anseo, nó ríomhphost a chur chugam. 
Go raibh maith agat,
[[Úsáideoir:Amy Uí Ríordáin|Amy Uí Ríordáin]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Amy Uí Ríordáin|plé]]) 14:56, 13 Lúnasa 2026 (UTC)

:Is cuimhin liom, is cinnte sin. Chuir mé m'ainm leis mar a fheicfidh tú. É sin ráite, ní dóigh liom go bhfuil a lán le rá agam ach is dóigh liom go bhfuil sé feicthe agat gur chuir mé tús le glanadh na gcatagóirí a bhaineann le héin srl. Tá sé ar bun agam fá láthair na huaire agus beidh lear mór oibre i gceist leis fós ach táim sásta an feabhas a fheiceáil ar aon chaoi! [[Úsáideoir:An Sionnach Rua|An Sionnach Rua]] ([[Plé úsáideora:An Sionnach Rua|plé]]) 15:47, 13 Lúnasa 2026 (UTC)

== Iarnród Éireann Vicipéid ==

Beannachtaí, déanaim altanna faoi lómadóirí agus aonaid ilchineálacha i bpróiseáil iarnróid na hÉireann, mar sin tá ceist amháin agam, an bhfuil aon rud ar eolas agat faoi iompair iarnróid? Toisc go ndearna mé cúpla alt iarnróide a dhírigh ar lómadóirí díosail agus aonaid ilchineálacha as Éirinn, agus ba mhaith liom go ndéanfá athbhreithniú nó seiceáil ar mo chuid alt ar fad más Gaeilge shoiléir iad, ó thuit go bhfuil Gaeilge agat go maith. [[Úsáideoir:120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord|120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord]] ([[Plé úsáideora:120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord|plé]]) 16:32, 25 Lúnasa 2026 (UTC)</text>
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[[Catagóir: Teimpléid de réir tíre]]</text>
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      <comment>Catagóir níos sonraí</comment>
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[[Catagóir: An tSeapáin|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Castleknock Celtic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="544" sha1="n7a7eoykrs284lkwmpkeimg0h489nnp" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta‎}}

Is é '''Castleknock Celtic''' an club sacair is mó i g[[Caisleán Cnucha]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]].{{fíoras}} Tá an club lonnaithe ag Páirc Uí Phóirtéaraigh ar Bhóthar Bhaile an Phoirtéaraigh.

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.castleknockceltic.yourclub.ie/ Castleknock Celtic FC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215032127/http://www.castleknockceltic.yourclub.ie/ |date=2019-02-15 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{síol-ie}}
[[Catagóir:Clubanna sacair na hÉireann]]</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12218" sha1="qzhea4slo5t3l73rsiz2io4xrsthdz9" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]
* [[Speisialta:Statistics]] (23/10/25 -&gt; reatha)
** 134 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} duine ar bhonn rialta
** 62,524 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} alt
* [[:Catagóir:Leathanaigh le luas-scrios]]


* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Teimpléid|Teimpléid]] atá ar fáil
* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Wikidata list|Wikidata list]]s


* -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/An Féineachas|An Féineachas]]-
* -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Réigiúin|Réigiúin]]- (an tAontas Eorpach, NUTS, Conartha, Forais, Gníomhaireachtaí srl.)
* -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Lochanna|Lochanna]]-
* Timpeallacht
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Comhshaol|Comhshaol]]
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Téamh Domhanda|Téamh Domhanda]]
* -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Scéalta|Scéalta]]-
* ([[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Tuamaí|Tuamaí]])


{| class=wikitable
|-
! Dream !! Ríocht !! Ríthe
|-
| [[Laighin]] || [[Ríocht na Laighean]] || [[Ríthe na Laighean]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Connachta]] || [[Ríthe na gConnacht]]
|-
| [[Dáirine]] || [[Ríocht na Mumhan]] || [[Ríthe na Mumhan]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Ulaid]] || [[Ríthe na nUladh]]
|}


# ''[[:en:Eochu Buadach|Eochu Buadach]]'' - [[Eochu Buadach]]
# ''[[:en:Lughnasadh|Lughnasadh]]'' - [[Lughnasadh]]

== Eochu Buadach ==


Dar le hathleaganacha ar leith de [[Leabhar Gabhála na hÉireann]] (LGÉ), bhí '''Eochaidh Buach''' (Sean-Ghaeilge: '''Eochu Buadach''') mac  ''[[Dui Ladrach]]'' ina [[Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann|Ardrí na hÉireann]]. '' However, he is not included as a High King in other versions of the story. He was the father of two High Kings of Ireland, [[Úgaine Mór]] and [[Bodbchad]].

== Athleagan
'' According to the [[R. A. Stewart Macalister]] translation of Lebor Gabála Érenn, in part 5, page 265, it says:&lt;ref name=lge265 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable
! Sean-Ghaeilge !! NuaGhaeilge
|-
| valign=top | Iarom roscascladh flaithius Ulad ó Themur, conrogabsat flaithius Eochu Buadach mac Duach—athair Ugaine Móir, dia raba altram [[Cimbáeth|Cimbáeda meic Fintain]].
| Ina dhiaidh sin, scaradh Ulaidh ó Theamhraigh, agus thóg Eochaidh Buach mac Duach flaitheas [Éireann] - athair Úgaine Mhóir, a bhí féin ina athair altrama Chiombaoith mhic Fhiontain.
|}

'' Macalister says that it is an abstract from the Roll of the Kings from [[Óengus Olmucaid|Oengus Olmucach]] to Cimbáeth, appended to the '''Second Redaction (R²)'''. Macalister describes the text as an ''Emain Macha interpolation''.&lt;ref name=lge264 /&gt;  However, Macalister does not include Eochu Buadach as a High King in his main Ardríthe na hÉireann.

'' If Eochu Buadach was a High King of Ireland for any period of time, his reign would have been near the end of the reign of [[Cimbáeth]], and his reign ended in 661 BC, according to the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] timeline.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=lge265&gt;[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]], Cuid V, lch. 265; le [[R. A. Stewart Macalister|Robert Macalister]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lge264&gt;LGÉ, Cuid V, lch. 264.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Laigin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buadach, Eochu}}
[[Catagóir:Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann]]

== Lughnasadh ==
| holiday_name  = Lughnasadh
| type          = Pagan
| longtype      = Cultural,&lt;br /&gt;Pagan ([[Celtic polytheism]], [[Celtic neopaganism]])
| image         = Contemporary male Corn dolly.jpg
| caption       = A [[cereal|corn]] [[poppet|dolly]] representing the God [[Lugh]]
| nickname      = ''Lúnasa'' ([[Irish language|Modern Irish]])&lt;br /&gt;''Lùnastal'' ([[Scottish Gaelic]])&lt;br /&gt;''Luanistyn'' ([[Manx language|Manx Gaelic]])
| observedby    = Historically: [[Gaels]]&lt;br /&gt;Today: [[Irish people]], [[Scottish people]], [[Manx people]], [[Celtic Neopaganism|Celtic neopagans]], [[Wicca]]ns
| significance  = beginning of the harvest season
| date          = 1 August
| celebrations  = [[First Fruits|Offering of First Fruits]], feasting, [[handfasting (Neopaganism)|handfasting]], fairs, athletic contests
| relatedto     = [[Gathering Day|Calan Awst]], [[Lammas]]

'' '''Lughnasadh''', '''Lughnasa''' or '''Lúnasa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|n|@|s|@}} {{respell|LOO|nə|sə}}, {{IPA|ga|ˈl̪ˠuːnˠəsˠə|lang}}) is a [[Gaels|Gaelic]] festival marking the beginning of the harvest season. Historically, it was widely observed throughout Ireland, Scotland, and the [[Isle of Man]]. Traditionally, it is held on 1 August, or about halfway between the [[summer solstice]] and [[september equinox|autumn equinox]]. In recent centuries, some celebrations have shifted to Sundays near this date. Lughnasadh is one of [[Quarter days|the four]] Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with [[Samhain]], [[Imbolc]], and [[Beltane]]. It corresponds to the Welsh {{lang|cy|Gŵyl Awst}} and the English [[Lammas]]. 

'' Lughnasadh is mentioned in [[early Irish literature]] and has [[Celtic polytheism|pagan]] origins. The festival is named after the god [[Lugh]]. In the Middle Ages, it involved great gatherings that included ceremonies, athletic contests (most notably the [[Tailteann Games (ancient)|Tailteann Games]]), [[horse racing]], feasting, matchmaking, and trading. According to folklorist [[Máire MacNeill]], evidence suggests that the religious rites included an offering of the [[First Fruits]], a feast of the new food, the sacrifice of [[sacred bull|a bull]], and a ritual dance-play. In recent centuries, Lughnasadh gatherings have typically been held atop hills and mountains, including many of the same activities.

== Sanasaíocht 
In [[Old Irish]] the name was {{lang|sga|Lugnasad}} ({{IPA|ga|ˈl̪ˠʊɣnˠəsˠəd̪ˠ|label=Modern Irish:}}). This is a combination of {{lang|sga|Lug}} (the god [[Lugh]]) and {{lang|sga|násad}} (an assembly), which is unstressed when used as a suffix.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foclóir_Dineen&quot; /&gt; Another theory is that it originated from the word ''nás'' (death), rather than ''násad''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3SYDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=DIL+death+meaning+n%C3%A1s&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Ireland's Immortals: A History of the Gods of Irish Myth |date=2018-12-04 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18304-6 |pages=24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later spellings include {{lang|sga|Luᵹ̇nasaḋ}}, {{lang|sga|Lughnasadh}} and {{lang|sga|Lughnasa}}.

==Mythology and folklore
[[File:Testa in pietra con più facce, da corleck hill, co. di cavan, I-II secolo dc. 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Corleck Head]] is a carved stone head with three faces associated with a site of Lughnasadh celebrations in Ireland. It dates from the 1st or 2nd century AD.&lt;ref&gt; [[Eamonn P. Kelly | Kelly, Eamonn]]. &quot;The Iron Age&quot;. In Ó Floinn, Raghnal; Wallace, Patrick (eds). Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities. National Museum of Ireland, 2002. p. 142. {{isbn|978-0-7171-2829-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'' In [[Irish mythology]], Lughnasadh is said to have been founded by the god [[Lugh]] as a funeral feast and athletic competition—[[funeral games]]—to commemorate the death of an earth goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=Ronald |last2=Elder |first2=Laura |title=Festivals, Deaths, and the Sacred Landscape of Ancient Ireland |journal=[[Journal of Indo-European Studies]] |date=September 2003 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=307–336}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irish myths about Lughnasadh and Lughnasadh sites tend to feature a woman who is carried off or held against her will, and who dies of grief, shame, exhaustion, or unspecified natural causes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;/&gt; Parallels with the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] tale of [[Persephone]] have been noted.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;/&gt; A story about the Lughnasadh site of [[Teltown|Tailtin]] says the festival was founded by Lugh as funeral games in memory of his foster-mother [[Tailtiu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;monaghan297&quot;&gt;Monaghan, pp.297–299&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The story of La Lughnasa, first day of Ireland's ancient harvest festival |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934 |access-date=2023-07-10 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710124613/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 She was said to have died of exhaustion after clearing the plains of Ireland for agriculture.&lt;ref name=monaghan297 /&gt; Tailtiu may have been an earth goddess who represented the dying vegetation that fed mankind.&lt;ref name=&quot;monaghan436&quot;&gt;Monaghan, pp.436–437&lt;/ref&gt; Another tale, about the assembly site of [[an Nás]], says that Lugh founded the festival in memory of his two wives, the sisters Nás and Bói.&lt;ref name=Elder /&gt;
&lt;ref name=Coffey1913&gt;{{Cite book | last=Coffey | first=George | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xctAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lugh+commemoration+nas | title=New Grange (Brugh Na Boinne) and Other Incised Tumuli in Ireland: The Influence of Crete and the Ægean in the Extreme West of Europe in Early Times | date=1912 | publisher=Hodges, Figgis, &amp; Company, Limited | pages=26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Leviton2006&gt;{{Cite book | last=Leviton | first=Richard | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQiNBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=LUGH'S+FIRST+WIVES&amp;pg=PA275 | title=The Geomantic Year: A Calendar of Earth-Focused Festivals That Align the Planet with the Galaxy | date=2006-11-16 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=978-0-595-86056-2 | pages=275 | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 One theory is that it was a mourning (or wake) for the end of summer.
&lt;ref name=Franklin2001&gt;{{Cite book | last=Franklin | first=Anna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH77QJewHQIC&amp;dq=lughnasa+mourning&amp;pg=PA79 | title=Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest | last2=Mason | first2=Paul | date=2001 | publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide | isbn=978-0-7387-0094-6 | pages=79 | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

'' Folklorist Máire MacNeill extensively studied the later folklore and traditions of Lughnasadh. She concludes that the main theme is a struggle for the harvest between two gods.  One god, usually called [[Crom Dubh]] in later folklore, guards the grain as his treasure.  The other god, Lugh, must seize it for mankind.
&lt;ref name=macneill416&gt;MacNeill, Máire. ''The Festival of Lughnasa''. lch. 416&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=gabhann2000&gt;Mac Gabhann, Seamus. [http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/770/1/Landsmarks.pdf &quot;Landmarks of the people: Meath and Cavan places prominent in Lughnasa mythology and folklore&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815190657/http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/770/1/Landsmarks.pdf |date=15 August 2016 }}. ''Ríocht na Midhe'', 11. Meath Archaeological &amp; Historical Society, 2000. ll. 236–237&lt;/ref&gt;
 Sometimes, this was portrayed as a struggle over a woman called [[Eithne]], who represents the grain. Lugh also fights and defeats a figure representing blight.&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt;  MacNeill says that these themes can be seen in earlier Irish mythology, particularly in the tale of Lugh defeating [[Balor]],&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt; which seems to represent the overcoming of blight, drought and the scorching summer sun.
&lt;ref name=ogain1988&gt;Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Fionn Mac Cumhaill: Images of the Gaelic Hero''. Gill &amp; MacMillan, 1988. lch. 11&lt;/ref&gt;
 In surviving folklore, Lugh is usually replaced by [[Naomh Pádraig]], while Crom Dubh is a pagan chief who owns a granary or a bull and who opposes Patrick, but is overcome and [[Conversion to Christianity|converted]].  Crom Dubh is likely the same figure as [[Crom Cruach]] and shares some traits with an [[Dagda]] and [[Donn]].&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt; He may be based on an underworld god like [[Hades]] and [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]], who kidnaps the grain goddess Persephone but is forced to let her return to the world above before harvest time.
&lt;ref name=&gt;Anna Franklin &amp; Paul Mason. ''Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest''. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2001. p. 238&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

== Buntásc==

__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>qzhea4slo5t3l73rsiz2io4xrsthdz9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326849</id>
      <parentid>1326847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T06:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12257" sha1="g3vrbpnt5t5nmci4xrmalol4cllwxoo" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]
* [[Speisialta:Statistics]] (23/10/25 -&gt; reatha)
** 134 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} duine ar bhonn rialta
** 62,524 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} alt
* [[:Catagóir:Leathanaigh le luas-scrios]]


* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Teimpléid|Teimpléid]] atá ar fáil
* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Wikidata list|Wikidata list]]s


* Miotais agus stair na hÉireann 
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Scéalta|Scéalta]]-
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/An Féineachas|An Féineachas]]-
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Lochanna|Lochanna]]-
** ([[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Tuamaí|Tuamaí]])
* -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Réigiúin|Réigiúin]]- an tAontas Eorpach, NUTS, Conarthaí, Forais, Gníomhaireachtaí srl.
* Timpeallacht
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Comhshaol|Comhshaol]]
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Téamh Domhanda|Téamh Domhanda]]


{| class=wikitable
|-
! Dream !! Ríocht !! Ríthe
|-
| [[Laighin]] || [[Ríocht na Laighean]] || [[Ríthe na Laighean]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Connachta]] || [[Ríthe na gConnacht]]
|-
| [[Dáirine]] || [[Ríocht na Mumhan]] || [[Ríthe na Mumhan]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Ulaid]] || [[Ríthe na nUladh]]
|}


# ''[[:en:Eochu Buadach|Eochu Buadach]]'' - [[Eochu Buadach]]
# ''[[:en:Lughnasadh|Lughnasadh]]'' - [[Lughnasadh]]

== Eochu Buadach ==


Dar le hathleaganacha ar leith de [[Leabhar Gabhála na hÉireann]] (LGÉ), bhí '''Eochaidh Buach''' (Sean-Ghaeilge: '''Eochu Buadach''') mac  ''[[Dui Ladrach]]'' ina [[Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann|Ardrí na hÉireann]]. '' However, he is not included as a High King in other versions of the story. He was the father of two High Kings of Ireland, [[Úgaine Mór]] and [[Bodbchad]].

== Athleagan
'' According to the [[R. A. Stewart Macalister]] translation of Lebor Gabála Érenn, in part 5, page 265, it says:&lt;ref name=lge265 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable
! Sean-Ghaeilge !! NuaGhaeilge
|-
| valign=top | Iarom roscascladh flaithius Ulad ó Themur, conrogabsat flaithius Eochu Buadach mac Duach—athair Ugaine Móir, dia raba altram [[Cimbáeth|Cimbáeda meic Fintain]].
| Ina dhiaidh sin, scaradh Ulaidh ó Theamhraigh, agus thóg Eochaidh Buach mac Duach flaitheas [Éireann] - athair Úgaine Mhóir, a bhí féin ina athair altrama Chiombaoith mhic Fhiontain.
|}

'' Macalister says that it is an abstract from the Roll of the Kings from [[Óengus Olmucaid|Oengus Olmucach]] to Cimbáeth, appended to the '''Second Redaction (R²)'''. Macalister describes the text as an ''Emain Macha interpolation''.&lt;ref name=lge264 /&gt;  However, Macalister does not include Eochu Buadach as a High King in his main Ardríthe na hÉireann.

'' If Eochu Buadach was a High King of Ireland for any period of time, his reign would have been near the end of the reign of [[Cimbáeth]], and his reign ended in 661 BC, according to the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] timeline.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=lge265&gt;[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]], Cuid V, lch. 265; le [[R. A. Stewart Macalister|Robert Macalister]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lge264&gt;LGÉ, Cuid V, lch. 264.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Laigin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buadach, Eochu}}
[[Catagóir:Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann]]

== Lughnasadh ==
| holiday_name  = Lughnasadh
| type          = Pagan
| longtype      = Cultural,&lt;br /&gt;Pagan ([[Celtic polytheism]], [[Celtic neopaganism]])
| image         = Contemporary male Corn dolly.jpg
| caption       = A [[cereal|corn]] [[poppet|dolly]] representing the God [[Lugh]]
| nickname      = ''Lúnasa'' ([[Irish language|Modern Irish]])&lt;br /&gt;''Lùnastal'' ([[Scottish Gaelic]])&lt;br /&gt;''Luanistyn'' ([[Manx language|Manx Gaelic]])
| observedby    = Historically: [[Gaels]]&lt;br /&gt;Today: [[Irish people]], [[Scottish people]], [[Manx people]], [[Celtic Neopaganism|Celtic neopagans]], [[Wicca]]ns
| significance  = beginning of the harvest season
| date          = 1 August
| celebrations  = [[First Fruits|Offering of First Fruits]], feasting, [[handfasting (Neopaganism)|handfasting]], fairs, athletic contests
| relatedto     = [[Gathering Day|Calan Awst]], [[Lammas]]

'' '''Lughnasadh''', '''Lughnasa''' or '''Lúnasa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|n|@|s|@}} {{respell|LOO|nə|sə}}, {{IPA|ga|ˈl̪ˠuːnˠəsˠə|lang}}) is a [[Gaels|Gaelic]] festival marking the beginning of the harvest season. Historically, it was widely observed throughout Ireland, Scotland, and the [[Isle of Man]]. Traditionally, it is held on 1 August, or about halfway between the [[summer solstice]] and [[september equinox|autumn equinox]]. In recent centuries, some celebrations have shifted to Sundays near this date. Lughnasadh is one of [[Quarter days|the four]] Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with [[Samhain]], [[Imbolc]], and [[Beltane]]. It corresponds to the Welsh {{lang|cy|Gŵyl Awst}} and the English [[Lammas]]. 

'' Lughnasadh is mentioned in [[early Irish literature]] and has [[Celtic polytheism|pagan]] origins. The festival is named after the god [[Lugh]]. In the Middle Ages, it involved great gatherings that included ceremonies, athletic contests (most notably the [[Tailteann Games (ancient)|Tailteann Games]]), [[horse racing]], feasting, matchmaking, and trading. According to folklorist [[Máire MacNeill]], evidence suggests that the religious rites included an offering of the [[First Fruits]], a feast of the new food, the sacrifice of [[sacred bull|a bull]], and a ritual dance-play. In recent centuries, Lughnasadh gatherings have typically been held atop hills and mountains, including many of the same activities.

== Sanasaíocht 
In [[Old Irish]] the name was {{lang|sga|Lugnasad}} ({{IPA|ga|ˈl̪ˠʊɣnˠəsˠəd̪ˠ|label=Modern Irish:}}). This is a combination of {{lang|sga|Lug}} (the god [[Lugh]]) and {{lang|sga|násad}} (an assembly), which is unstressed when used as a suffix.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foclóir_Dineen&quot; /&gt; Another theory is that it originated from the word ''nás'' (death), rather than ''násad''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3SYDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=DIL+death+meaning+n%C3%A1s&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Ireland's Immortals: A History of the Gods of Irish Myth |date=2018-12-04 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18304-6 |pages=24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later spellings include {{lang|sga|Luᵹ̇nasaḋ}}, {{lang|sga|Lughnasadh}} and {{lang|sga|Lughnasa}}.

==Mythology and folklore
[[File:Testa in pietra con più facce, da corleck hill, co. di cavan, I-II secolo dc. 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Corleck Head]] is a carved stone head with three faces associated with a site of Lughnasadh celebrations in Ireland. It dates from the 1st or 2nd century AD.&lt;ref&gt; [[Eamonn P. Kelly | Kelly, Eamonn]]. &quot;The Iron Age&quot;. In Ó Floinn, Raghnal; Wallace, Patrick (eds). Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities. National Museum of Ireland, 2002. p. 142. {{isbn|978-0-7171-2829-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'' In [[Irish mythology]], Lughnasadh is said to have been founded by the god [[Lugh]] as a funeral feast and athletic competition—[[funeral games]]—to commemorate the death of an earth goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=Ronald |last2=Elder |first2=Laura |title=Festivals, Deaths, and the Sacred Landscape of Ancient Ireland |journal=[[Journal of Indo-European Studies]] |date=September 2003 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=307–336}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irish myths about Lughnasadh and Lughnasadh sites tend to feature a woman who is carried off or held against her will, and who dies of grief, shame, exhaustion, or unspecified natural causes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;/&gt; Parallels with the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] tale of [[Persephone]] have been noted.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;/&gt; A story about the Lughnasadh site of [[Teltown|Tailtin]] says the festival was founded by Lugh as funeral games in memory of his foster-mother [[Tailtiu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;monaghan297&quot;&gt;Monaghan, pp.297–299&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The story of La Lughnasa, first day of Ireland's ancient harvest festival |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934 |access-date=2023-07-10 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710124613/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 She was said to have died of exhaustion after clearing the plains of Ireland for agriculture.&lt;ref name=monaghan297 /&gt; Tailtiu may have been an earth goddess who represented the dying vegetation that fed mankind.&lt;ref name=&quot;monaghan436&quot;&gt;Monaghan, pp.436–437&lt;/ref&gt; Another tale, about the assembly site of [[an Nás]], says that Lugh founded the festival in memory of his two wives, the sisters Nás and Bói.&lt;ref name=Elder /&gt;
&lt;ref name=Coffey1913&gt;{{Cite book | last=Coffey | first=George | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xctAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lugh+commemoration+nas | title=New Grange (Brugh Na Boinne) and Other Incised Tumuli in Ireland: The Influence of Crete and the Ægean in the Extreme West of Europe in Early Times | date=1912 | publisher=Hodges, Figgis, &amp; Company, Limited | pages=26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Leviton2006&gt;{{Cite book | last=Leviton | first=Richard | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQiNBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=LUGH'S+FIRST+WIVES&amp;pg=PA275 | title=The Geomantic Year: A Calendar of Earth-Focused Festivals That Align the Planet with the Galaxy | date=2006-11-16 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=978-0-595-86056-2 | pages=275 | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 One theory is that it was a mourning (or wake) for the end of summer.
&lt;ref name=Franklin2001&gt;{{Cite book | last=Franklin | first=Anna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH77QJewHQIC&amp;dq=lughnasa+mourning&amp;pg=PA79 | title=Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest | last2=Mason | first2=Paul | date=2001 | publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide | isbn=978-0-7387-0094-6 | pages=79 | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

'' Folklorist Máire MacNeill extensively studied the later folklore and traditions of Lughnasadh. She concludes that the main theme is a struggle for the harvest between two gods.  One god, usually called [[Crom Dubh]] in later folklore, guards the grain as his treasure.  The other god, Lugh, must seize it for mankind.
&lt;ref name=macneill416&gt;MacNeill, Máire. ''The Festival of Lughnasa''. lch. 416&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=gabhann2000&gt;Mac Gabhann, Seamus. [http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/770/1/Landsmarks.pdf &quot;Landmarks of the people: Meath and Cavan places prominent in Lughnasa mythology and folklore&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815190657/http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/770/1/Landsmarks.pdf |date=15 August 2016 }}. ''Ríocht na Midhe'', 11. Meath Archaeological &amp; Historical Society, 2000. ll. 236–237&lt;/ref&gt;
 Sometimes, this was portrayed as a struggle over a woman called [[Eithne]], who represents the grain. Lugh also fights and defeats a figure representing blight.&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt;  MacNeill says that these themes can be seen in earlier Irish mythology, particularly in the tale of Lugh defeating [[Balor]],&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt; which seems to represent the overcoming of blight, drought and the scorching summer sun.
&lt;ref name=ogain1988&gt;Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Fionn Mac Cumhaill: Images of the Gaelic Hero''. Gill &amp; MacMillan, 1988. lch. 11&lt;/ref&gt;
 In surviving folklore, Lugh is usually replaced by [[Naomh Pádraig]], while Crom Dubh is a pagan chief who owns a granary or a bull and who opposes Patrick, but is overcome and [[Conversion to Christianity|converted]].  Crom Dubh is likely the same figure as [[Crom Cruach]] and shares some traits with an [[Dagda]] and [[Donn]].&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt; He may be based on an underworld god like [[Hades]] and [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]], who kidnaps the grain goddess Persephone but is forced to let her return to the world above before harvest time.
&lt;ref name=&gt;Anna Franklin &amp; Paul Mason. ''Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest''. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2001. p. 238&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

== Buntásc==

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    <revision>
      <id>1326863</id>
      <parentid>1326849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T07:45:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>1326863</origin>
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      <text bytes="12255" sha1="cr93at4c3jpoilsp5h0gy9rudoyyr13" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]
* [[Speisialta:Statistics]] (23/10/25 -&gt; reatha)
** 134 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} duine ar bhonn rialta
** 62,524 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} alt
* [[:Catagóir:Leathanaigh le luas-scrios]]


* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Teimpléid|Teimpléid]] atá ar fáil
* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Wikidata list|Wikidata list]]s


* Miotais agus stair na hÉireann 
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Scéalta|Scéalta]]-
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/An Féineachas|An Féineachas]]-
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Lochanna|Lochanna]]-
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Tuamaí|Tuamaí]]
* -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Réigiúin|Réigiúin]]- an tAontas Eorpach, NUTS, Conarthaí, Forais, Gníomhaireachtaí srl.
* Timpeallacht
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Comhshaol|Comhshaol]]
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Téamh Domhanda|Téamh Domhanda]]


{| class=wikitable
|-
! Dream !! Ríocht !! Ríthe
|-
| [[Laighin]] || [[Ríocht na Laighean]] || [[Ríthe na Laighean]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Connachta]] || [[Ríthe na gConnacht]]
|-
| [[Dáirine]] || [[Ríocht na Mumhan]] || [[Ríthe na Mumhan]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Ulaid]] || [[Ríthe na nUladh]]
|}


# ''[[:en:Eochu Buadach|Eochu Buadach]]'' - [[Eochu Buadach]]
# ''[[:en:Lughnasadh|Lughnasadh]]'' - [[Lughnasadh]]

== Eochu Buadach ==


Dar le hathleaganacha ar leith de [[Leabhar Gabhála na hÉireann]] (LGÉ), bhí '''Eochaidh Buach''' (Sean-Ghaeilge: '''Eochu Buadach''') mac  ''[[Dui Ladrach]]'' ina [[Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann|Ardrí na hÉireann]]. '' However, he is not included as a High King in other versions of the story. He was the father of two High Kings of Ireland, [[Úgaine Mór]] and [[Bodbchad]].

== Athleagan
'' According to the [[R. A. Stewart Macalister]] translation of Lebor Gabála Érenn, in part 5, page 265, it says:&lt;ref name=lge265 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable
! Sean-Ghaeilge !! NuaGhaeilge
|-
| valign=top | Iarom roscascladh flaithius Ulad ó Themur, conrogabsat flaithius Eochu Buadach mac Duach—athair Ugaine Móir, dia raba altram [[Cimbáeth|Cimbáeda meic Fintain]].
| Ina dhiaidh sin, scaradh Ulaidh ó Theamhraigh, agus thóg Eochaidh Buach mac Duach flaitheas [Éireann] - athair Úgaine Mhóir, a bhí féin ina athair altrama Chiombaoith mhic Fhiontain.
|}

'' Macalister says that it is an abstract from the Roll of the Kings from [[Óengus Olmucaid|Oengus Olmucach]] to Cimbáeth, appended to the '''Second Redaction (R²)'''. Macalister describes the text as an ''Emain Macha interpolation''.&lt;ref name=lge264 /&gt;  However, Macalister does not include Eochu Buadach as a High King in his main Ardríthe na hÉireann.

'' If Eochu Buadach was a High King of Ireland for any period of time, his reign would have been near the end of the reign of [[Cimbáeth]], and his reign ended in 661 BC, according to the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] timeline.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=lge265&gt;[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]], Cuid V, lch. 265; le [[R. A. Stewart Macalister|Robert Macalister]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lge264&gt;LGÉ, Cuid V, lch. 264.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Laigin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buadach, Eochu}}
[[Catagóir:Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann]]

== Lughnasadh ==
| holiday_name  = Lughnasadh
| type          = Pagan
| longtype      = Cultural,&lt;br /&gt;Pagan ([[Celtic polytheism]], [[Celtic neopaganism]])
| image         = Contemporary male Corn dolly.jpg
| caption       = A [[cereal|corn]] [[poppet|dolly]] representing the God [[Lugh]]
| nickname      = ''Lúnasa'' ([[Irish language|Modern Irish]])&lt;br /&gt;''Lùnastal'' ([[Scottish Gaelic]])&lt;br /&gt;''Luanistyn'' ([[Manx language|Manx Gaelic]])
| observedby    = Historically: [[Gaels]]&lt;br /&gt;Today: [[Irish people]], [[Scottish people]], [[Manx people]], [[Celtic Neopaganism|Celtic neopagans]], [[Wicca]]ns
| significance  = beginning of the harvest season
| date          = 1 August
| celebrations  = [[First Fruits|Offering of First Fruits]], feasting, [[handfasting (Neopaganism)|handfasting]], fairs, athletic contests
| relatedto     = [[Gathering Day|Calan Awst]], [[Lammas]]

'' '''Lughnasadh''', '''Lughnasa''' or '''Lúnasa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|n|@|s|@}} {{respell|LOO|nə|sə}}, {{IPA|ga|ˈl̪ˠuːnˠəsˠə|lang}}) is a [[Gaels|Gaelic]] festival marking the beginning of the harvest season. Historically, it was widely observed throughout Ireland, Scotland, and the [[Isle of Man]]. Traditionally, it is held on 1 August, or about halfway between the [[summer solstice]] and [[september equinox|autumn equinox]]. In recent centuries, some celebrations have shifted to Sundays near this date. Lughnasadh is one of [[Quarter days|the four]] Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with [[Samhain]], [[Imbolc]], and [[Beltane]]. It corresponds to the Welsh {{lang|cy|Gŵyl Awst}} and the English [[Lammas]]. 

'' Lughnasadh is mentioned in [[early Irish literature]] and has [[Celtic polytheism|pagan]] origins. The festival is named after the god [[Lugh]]. In the Middle Ages, it involved great gatherings that included ceremonies, athletic contests (most notably the [[Tailteann Games (ancient)|Tailteann Games]]), [[horse racing]], feasting, matchmaking, and trading. According to folklorist [[Máire MacNeill]], evidence suggests that the religious rites included an offering of the [[First Fruits]], a feast of the new food, the sacrifice of [[sacred bull|a bull]], and a ritual dance-play. In recent centuries, Lughnasadh gatherings have typically been held atop hills and mountains, including many of the same activities.

== Sanasaíocht 
In [[Old Irish]] the name was {{lang|sga|Lugnasad}} ({{IPA|ga|ˈl̪ˠʊɣnˠəsˠəd̪ˠ|label=Modern Irish:}}). This is a combination of {{lang|sga|Lug}} (the god [[Lugh]]) and {{lang|sga|násad}} (an assembly), which is unstressed when used as a suffix.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foclóir_Dineen&quot; /&gt; Another theory is that it originated from the word ''nás'' (death), rather than ''násad''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3SYDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=DIL+death+meaning+n%C3%A1s&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Ireland's Immortals: A History of the Gods of Irish Myth |date=2018-12-04 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18304-6 |pages=24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later spellings include {{lang|sga|Luᵹ̇nasaḋ}}, {{lang|sga|Lughnasadh}} and {{lang|sga|Lughnasa}}.

==Mythology and folklore
[[File:Testa in pietra con più facce, da corleck hill, co. di cavan, I-II secolo dc. 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Corleck Head]] is a carved stone head with three faces associated with a site of Lughnasadh celebrations in Ireland. It dates from the 1st or 2nd century AD.&lt;ref&gt; [[Eamonn P. Kelly | Kelly, Eamonn]]. &quot;The Iron Age&quot;. In Ó Floinn, Raghnal; Wallace, Patrick (eds). Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities. National Museum of Ireland, 2002. p. 142. {{isbn|978-0-7171-2829-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'' In [[Irish mythology]], Lughnasadh is said to have been founded by the god [[Lugh]] as a funeral feast and athletic competition—[[funeral games]]—to commemorate the death of an earth goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=Ronald |last2=Elder |first2=Laura |title=Festivals, Deaths, and the Sacred Landscape of Ancient Ireland |journal=[[Journal of Indo-European Studies]] |date=September 2003 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=307–336}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irish myths about Lughnasadh and Lughnasadh sites tend to feature a woman who is carried off or held against her will, and who dies of grief, shame, exhaustion, or unspecified natural causes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;/&gt; Parallels with the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] tale of [[Persephone]] have been noted.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hicks Elder&quot;/&gt; A story about the Lughnasadh site of [[Teltown|Tailtin]] says the festival was founded by Lugh as funeral games in memory of his foster-mother [[Tailtiu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;monaghan297&quot;&gt;Monaghan, pp.297–299&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The story of La Lughnasa, first day of Ireland's ancient harvest festival |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934 |access-date=2023-07-10 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710124613/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 She was said to have died of exhaustion after clearing the plains of Ireland for agriculture.&lt;ref name=monaghan297 /&gt; Tailtiu may have been an earth goddess who represented the dying vegetation that fed mankind.&lt;ref name=&quot;monaghan436&quot;&gt;Monaghan, pp.436–437&lt;/ref&gt; Another tale, about the assembly site of [[an Nás]], says that Lugh founded the festival in memory of his two wives, the sisters Nás and Bói.&lt;ref name=Elder /&gt;
&lt;ref name=Coffey1913&gt;{{Cite book | last=Coffey | first=George | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xctAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lugh+commemoration+nas | title=New Grange (Brugh Na Boinne) and Other Incised Tumuli in Ireland: The Influence of Crete and the Ægean in the Extreme West of Europe in Early Times | date=1912 | publisher=Hodges, Figgis, &amp; Company, Limited | pages=26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Leviton2006&gt;{{Cite book | last=Leviton | first=Richard | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQiNBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=LUGH'S+FIRST+WIVES&amp;pg=PA275 | title=The Geomantic Year: A Calendar of Earth-Focused Festivals That Align the Planet with the Galaxy | date=2006-11-16 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=978-0-595-86056-2 | pages=275 | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 One theory is that it was a mourning (or wake) for the end of summer.
&lt;ref name=Franklin2001&gt;{{Cite book | last=Franklin | first=Anna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH77QJewHQIC&amp;dq=lughnasa+mourning&amp;pg=PA79 | title=Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest | last2=Mason | first2=Paul | date=2001 | publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide | isbn=978-0-7387-0094-6 | pages=79 | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

'' Folklorist Máire MacNeill extensively studied the later folklore and traditions of Lughnasadh. She concludes that the main theme is a struggle for the harvest between two gods.  One god, usually called [[Crom Dubh]] in later folklore, guards the grain as his treasure.  The other god, Lugh, must seize it for mankind.
&lt;ref name=macneill416&gt;MacNeill, Máire. ''The Festival of Lughnasa''. lch. 416&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=gabhann2000&gt;Mac Gabhann, Seamus. [http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/770/1/Landsmarks.pdf &quot;Landmarks of the people: Meath and Cavan places prominent in Lughnasa mythology and folklore&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815190657/http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/770/1/Landsmarks.pdf |date=15 August 2016 }}. ''Ríocht na Midhe'', 11. Meath Archaeological &amp; Historical Society, 2000. ll. 236–237&lt;/ref&gt;
 Sometimes, this was portrayed as a struggle over a woman called [[Eithne]], who represents the grain. Lugh also fights and defeats a figure representing blight.&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt;  MacNeill says that these themes can be seen in earlier Irish mythology, particularly in the tale of Lugh defeating [[Balor]],&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt; which seems to represent the overcoming of blight, drought and the scorching summer sun.
&lt;ref name=ogain1988&gt;Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Fionn Mac Cumhaill: Images of the Gaelic Hero''. Gill &amp; MacMillan, 1988. lch. 11&lt;/ref&gt;
 In surviving folklore, Lugh is usually replaced by [[Naomh Pádraig]], while Crom Dubh is a pagan chief who owns a granary or a bull and who opposes Patrick, but is overcome and [[Conversion to Christianity|converted]].  Crom Dubh is likely the same figure as [[Crom Cruach]] and shares some traits with an [[Dagda]] and [[Donn]].&lt;ref name=macneill416 /&gt; He may be based on an underworld god like [[Hades]] and [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]], who kidnaps the grain goddess Persephone but is forced to let her return to the world above before harvest time.
&lt;ref name=&gt;Anna Franklin &amp; Paul Mason. ''Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest''. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2001. p. 238&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

== Buntásc==

__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neamhspleách</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>91629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326794</id>
      <parentid>1070951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T13:36:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nóta ceanntásca faoi pháirtithe mar eiseamláir [[Neamhspleáigh i dtreo Athrú]] agus [[Independent Ireland]]</comment>
      <origin>1326794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="302" sha1="r9zm0ndrr7ylq7xxp0ay0u8tw6thwea" xml:space="preserve">{{Nóta ceanntásca|Gan bheith measctha le pháirtithe mar eiseamláir [[Neamhspleáigh i dtreo Athrú]] agus [[Independent Ireland]] (Éire Neamhspleách)}}

Is éard is polaiteoir '''neamhspleách''' ann ná polaiteoir nach mbaineann le [[páirtí polaitíochta]] ar bith.

[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ABAIR</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>92184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326801</id>
      <parentid>1232722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T14:06:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mullafacation</username>
        <id>41387</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ [[:Catagóir:Láithreáin gréasáin na Gaeilge]]</comment>
      <origin>1326801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3843" sha1="rt3vyifa3gyii6jgydf35pzlfsukap2" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Cartoon Woman Working At A Call Centre.svg|mion|Pictúir de [[sintéis urlabhra|shintéis urlabhra]]]]
Tionscadal sintéise urlabhra [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] is ea '''ABAIR''', atá ar bun ag [[An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra, Coláiste na Tríonóide|Saotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra]] i g[[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na Tríonóide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/culra/|teideal=Cúlra|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324144418/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/culra/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá torthaí na hoibre (agus oibre na dtionscadal as a d'eascair sé) ar fáil mar &quot;ríomhchainteoir&quot; ar a suíomh idirlín '''abair.ie''' ó 2008 i leith.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://beo.ie/alt-caboigin-cainteach.aspx|teideal=Cabóigín cainteach|údar=Caoimhe Ní Laighin|dáta=Iúil 2008|foilsitheoir=Beo!|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215194736/http://beo.ie/alt-caboigin-cainteach.aspx|archivedate=2017-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá na guthanna ar fáil mar bhreiseán don léitheoir scáileáin NVDA freisin, agus is féidir iad a leabú i suíomhanna idirlín eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/rochtain/|teideal=Rochtain|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324143408/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/rochtain/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Feidhmeanna ==
Córas [[Sintéis Téacs-go-hUrlabhra|téacs-go-hurlabhra]] atá mar thoradh ag ABAIR, .i. córas a aistríonn téacs scríofa go fuaimeanna mar a bheadh duine daonna á léamh os ard. 

Is féidir leis an úsáideoir an guth a chur in oiriúint de réir mar is mian leo—chomh maith le canúint agus modh sintéise (féach thíos), is féidir luas agus tuinairde an léimh amach a athrú, agus guth baineann nó fireann a roghnú. 

== Cúlra ==
Tá ABAIR ina chomharba mar thionscadal ar WISPR (tionscadal a bhí taighdeoirí ó roinnt ollscoileanna in [[Éire|Éirinn]] agus i m[[Bangor]] na [[An Bhreatain Bheag|Breataine Bige]] páirteach ann), agus ar Chabóigín I ⁊ II.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Canúintí ==
Tá a rogha [[Canúint|canúna]] ag úsáideoir an tsuímh freisin:&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|teideal=Na Canúintí|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324140303/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Canúint Ghaeilge Uladh|Canúint Uladh]] ([[Gaoth Dobhair]])
* [[Gaeilge na Mumhan|Canúint na Mumhan]] ([[Corca Dhuibhne]])
* [[Gaeilge Laighean|Canúint Laighean]]/[[Gaeilge Chonnacht|Chonnacht]] ([[Ráth Cairn|Ráth Chairn]])

== Modhanna Sintéise ==
Baineadh úsáid as trí mhodh sintéise chun na guthanna a chruthú:&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|teideal=Glórtha|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324140303/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* HTS
* [[Líonraí Néaracha Domhaine]] (DNN)
* [[Roghnúchán Aonaid]]

== Féach Freisin ==

* [[An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra, Coláiste na Tríonóide]]
* [[CabairE|C''abair''E]]
* [[Intleacht shaorga|Intleacht Shaorga]]

== Naisc Sheachtracha ==

* [http://www.abair.ie www.abair.ie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103205122/https://abair.ie/ |date=2022-11-03 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Teicneolaíocht Teanga]]
[[Catagóir:Teicneolaíocht na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscadail Choláiste na Tríonóide]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreáin gréasáin na Gaeilge]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dara Dáil</title>
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[[Íomhá:Dáil Éireann meeting in the Mansion House, August, 1921 (17068860698).jpg|mion|An Dara Dáil ina suí i d[[Teach an Ardmhéara|Teach an Ard-Mhéara]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]], Lúnasa 1921|220x220px]]

Tháinig an '''Dara Dáil''' ([[An Béarla|Béarla]]: ''Second Dáil'') le chéile den chéad uair ar an [[16 Lúnasa]] [[1921]] agus shuigh sí go dtí an [[8 Meitheamh]] [[1922]]. Ba í parlaimint réabhlóideach Phoblacht na hÉireann í, poblacht neamhspleách a bhí fógartha ag [[Dáil Éireann]] i mí Eanáir 1919. Ba iad na comhaltaí a toghadh in [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1921|olltoghcháin na bliana 1921]] a bhí inti, ach níor ghlac ach comhaltaí [[Sinn Féin]] a suíocháin.&lt;ref name=&quot;en2ndDail&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Second Dáil|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar an [[7 Eanáir]] [[1922]] dhaingnigh sí an [[An Conradh Angla-Éireannach|Conradh Angla-Éireannach]] le 64 vóta in aghaidh 57, rud a chuir deireadh le [[Cogadh na Saoirse (Éire)|Cogadh na Saoirse]] agus as ar eascair bunú [[Saorstát Éireann|Shaorstát Éireann]] ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]].&lt;ref name=&quot;donegal&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.donegalcoco.ie/media/donegalcountyc/museum/From%20Conflict%20To%20Division%201919-%201925%20Donegal%20Reduced.pdf|teideal=Ó Choimhlint go Deighilt: Dún na nGall 1919–1925|údar=Comhairle Contae Dhún na nGall|dáta=2016|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721084601/https://www.donegalcoco.ie/media/donegalcountyc/museum/From%20Conflict%20To%20Division%201919-%201925%20Donegal%20Reduced.pdf|archivedate=2022-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba í an scoilt faoin gConradh a chothaigh [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann|Cogadh na gCarad]] ina dhiaidh sin.

== Cúlra ==
Ó [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1918|olltoghchán 1918]] i leith, bhí na feisirí a toghadh ar son [[Sinn Féin]] ag staonadh ó shuí i dTeach na dTeachtaí i Westminster, agus bhí [[Dáil Éireann]] bunaithe acu mar pharlaimint do phoblacht neamhspleách; ''[[Teachta Dála|Teachtaí Dála]]'' a thug siad orthu féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;en2ndDail&quot; /&gt;

I mí na Nollag 1920, i lár [[Cogadh na Saoirse (Éire)|Chogadh na Saoirse]], rith parlaimint na Breataine [[An tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann (1920)|an tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann]], acht a chuir [[Críochdheighilt na hÉireann|críochdheighilt]] i bhfeidhm trí dhá pharlaimint [[Rialtas Dúchais|Rialtais Dúchais]] a bhunú i dhá chuid éagsúla den tír. Fuair an tAcht aontú ríoga ar an [[23 Nollaig]] [[1920]].&lt;ref name=&quot;stairParl&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/visit-and-learn/history-and-buildings/history-of-parliament-in-ireland|teideal=Stair na Parlaiminte in Éirinn|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|dáta=2020-03-05|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mBealtaine 1921 tionóladh na chéad toghcháin do Theach na dTeachtaí i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]] agus do Theach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann, agus córas na vótála inaistrithe aonair in úsáid. Ar an [[10 Bealtaine]] [[1921]] ghlac an [[An Chéad Dáil|Chéad Dáil]] rún á rá go measfaí gur toghcháin do Dháil Éireann a bheadh sna toghcháin sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19210510&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-05-10/26/|teideal=President's Statement — Elections (Dáil Éireann, 10 Bealtaine 1921)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2020-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805195618/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-05-10/26/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olltoghchán 1921 ==
I nDeisceart Éireann ní raibh coimhlint i dtoghcheantar ar bith: bhuaigh Sinn Féin 124 de na 128 suíochán gan freasúra, agus chuaigh na ceithre shuíochán a bhí ag [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Ollscoil Bhaile Átha Cliath]] chuig Aontachtaithe Neamhspleácha.

I dtoghchán Thuaisceart Éireann bhuaigh [[Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh]] 40 de na 52 shuíochán, agus fuair Sinn Féin agus an Páirtí Náisiúnaíoch sé shuíochán an ceann. As na sé shuíochán a bhuaigh Sinn Féin sa Tuaisceart, bhí cúig cinn i seilbh daoine a bhí tofa i nDeisceart Éireann chomh maith;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;Ba iad an cúigear a toghadh i dhá thoghcheantar ná [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Art Ó Gríofa]], [[Seán Milroy]] agus [[Eoin Mac Néill]].&lt;/ref&gt; ní raibh ann, dá bhrí sin, ach 125 teachta de chuid Shinn Féin nuair a tháinig an Dara Dáil le chéile.&lt;ref name=&quot;en2ndDail&quot; /&gt;
[[Íomhá:Éamon_de_Valera_by_Underwood_&amp;_Underwood.jpg|mion|372x372px|[[Éamon de Valera]], [[Uachtarán]] Dháil Éireann, 1921-1922]]
[[Íomhá:Arthur_Griffith.jpg|mion|293x293px|Arthur Griffith,  [[Uachtarán]] Dháil Éireann, 1922]]

== An sos cogaidh ==
Ghlac an Dáil go fabhrach le moladh ón rí [[Seoirse V na Ríochta Aontaithe|Seoirse V]] ar an [[22 Meitheamh]] [[1921]] go dtiocfaí ar shos cogaidh, agus tháinig an sos i bhfeidhm ag meán lae ar an [[11 Iúil]] [[1921]]. Choinnigh formhór mór na gcomhraiceoirí leis fad a bhí obair na míonna ar bun chun conradh a shocrú.&lt;ref name=&quot;en2ndDail&quot; /&gt;

Chuir an sos ar chumas na Dála suí go poiblí gan baol gabhála den chéad uair ó cuireadh cosc uirthi i Meán Fómhair 1919. Bhí deis aici, dá bharr sin, suí níos minice agus tuairisciú níos iomláine a dhéanamh ar a cuid imeachtaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;dail100&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.dail100.ie/ga/debates-office/reporting-a-revolutionary-parliament/|teideal=Parlaimint réabhlóideach a thuairisciú|údar=Dáil100, Tithe an Oireachtais|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suíonna agus ionaid ==
Ba é an Seomra Darach i d[[Teach an Ardmhéara|Teach an Ard-Mhéara]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]] an chéad ionad suite a bhí ag an Dara Dáil. Shuigh sí freisin i g[[Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá in Éirinn|Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá]] agus, le linn dhíospóireachtaí an Chonartha, i g[[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na hOllscoile]] ar Ardán Phort an Iarla.&lt;ref name=&quot;oirTreaty&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/visit-and-learn/centenaries/treaty-debates/explore-the-treaty-debates/|teideal=Scrúdaigh Díospóireachtaí uile an Chonartha|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idir an sos cogaidh agus síniú an Chonartha, áfach, níor shuigh an Dara Dáil ach deich lá, agus níor phléigh sí go mion na roghanna a bhí ar fáil di.&lt;ref name=&quot;en2ndDail&quot; /&gt;

== Caibidlíocht an Chonartha ==
Le linn na Dara Dála chomhaontaigh Poblacht na hÉireann agus rialtas Briotanach [[David Lloyd George]] caibidlíocht shíochána a thionól. Ba é [[Éamon de Valera]], mar Uachtarán Dháil Éireann, an t-oifigeach ba shinsearaí sa Phoblacht ag an tráth sin, ach ba cheann rialtais amháin é ó thaobh teicniúil de. I mí Lúnasa 1921, chun a sheasamh sa chaibidlíocht a threisiú, leasaigh an Dáil bunreacht na Dála sa dóigh gur bronnadh an teideal ''Uachtarán na Poblachta'' air, agus rinneadh ceann stáit de dá réir.&lt;ref name=&quot;en2ndDail&quot; /&gt; Ba é ba chuspóir leis an athrú sin ná a chur ina luí ar na Breatanaigh gur idir dhá stát cheannasacha a bhí an chaibidlíocht ar siúl, agus toscairí creidiúnaithe ag na cinn stáit faoi seach: rí na Breataine agus uachtarán na hÉireann.

Idir an [[18 Lúnasa]] agus an [[14 Meán Fómhair]] [[1921]] phléigh an Dáil ceist na gcaibidlí i seacht suí a tionóladh go príobháideach, ó bhí an t-ábhar chomh leochaileach sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;oirTreaty&quot; /&gt; Ar an 14 Meán Fómhair dhaingnigh sí ceapachán [[Art Ó Gríofa|Airt Uí Ghríofa]], [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin|Mhichíl Uí Choileáin]], Robert Barton, [[Éamonn Ó Dúgáin|Éamoinn Uí Dhúgáin]] agus George Gavan Duffy mar thoscairí lánchumhachtacha don chomhdháil síochána i Sasana.&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19210914&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-09-14/|teideal=Dáil Éireann debate, 14 Meán Fómhair 1921|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2019-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041937/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-09-14/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí triúr acu — Ó Gríofa, Ó Coileáin agus Barton — ina mbaill den Aireacht. Shínigh na toscairí an Conradh Angla-Éireannach i [[Londain]] ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1921]], ach bhí sé faoi réir a dhaingnithe ag an Dáil.

== Díospóireacht an Chonartha ==
Thosaigh an díospóireacht ar an gConradh ar an [[14 Nollaig]] [[1921]] — i g[[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na hOllscoile]] ar Ardán Phort an Iarla an uair seo — agus lean sí ar aghaidh go dtí an [[7 Eanáir]] [[1922]]: trí lá dhéag díospóireachta ar fad. Ba é an rún a bhí faoi bhráid an Tí ná go bhfaomhfadh Dáil Éireann an conradh idir an Bhreatain Mhór agus Éire a síníodh i Londain an 6 Nollaig 1921.&lt;ref name=&quot;oirTreaty&quot; /&gt; Ba iad na díospóireachtaí seo an chéad phlé de chuid Shinn Féin ar ar tuairiscíodh go poiblí.

Ar an 7 Eanáir 1922 cheadaigh an Dáil an Conradh le 64 vóta in aghaidh 57.&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220107&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/|teideal=Debate on Treaty (Dáil Éireann, 7 Eanáir 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2019-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928094536/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Níor ceadaíodh ach aon vóta amháin do na teachtaí a bhí ag ionadaíocht do bhreis is toghcheantar amháin, ach ní athródh sin an toradh.

D'éirigh de Valera as an Uachtaránacht ó bhí sé i gceannas ar an mionlach a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha. Cuireadh a ainm ar aghaidh arís, ach cailleadh an vóta le 60 in aghaidh 58, agus tháinig [[Art Ó Gríofa]] i gcomharbacht air.&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220110&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-10/2/|teideal=Election of President (Dáil Éireann, 10 Eanáir 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2019-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831094244/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-10/2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lean na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha orthu ag freastal ar an Dáil, agus ba é de Valera céad Cheannaire an Fhreasúra i nDáil Éireann.

== An daingniú foirmiúil agus an Rialtas Sealadach ==
De réir théarmaí an Chonartha féin, ba ag cruinniú de na comhaltaí a toghadh chun suí i dTeach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann a bhí an daingniú le déanamh. Níor chomhlíon vóta na Dála an coinníoll sin, ó bhí ceathrar aontachtaithe as láthair agus comhalta amháin ó Thuaisceart Éireann i láthair. Tugadh an faomhadh riachtanach ag cruinniú ar leith ar an [[14 Eanáir]] [[1922]] ar fhreastail na haontachtaithe air agus a ndearna na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha baghcat air.&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220228&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-02-28/4/|teideal=President's Statement (Dáil Éireann, 28 Feabhra 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2019-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041934/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-02-28/4/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cheadaigh cruinniú an 14 Eanáir [[Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann (1922)|Rialtas Sealadach]] faoi cheannas Uí Choileáin chomh maith, rialtas a d'fheidhmigh taobh le taobh le rialtas Dála Uí Ghríofa agus baill i bpáirt ag an dá rialtas. Níor chruinniú de Theach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann féin a bhí ann, ámh, ach cruinniú de na daoine a toghadh chun suí ann: faoin Acht um Rialtas na hÉireann bhí ar Thiarna Leifteanant na hÉireann an Teach a ghairm agus bhí ar na comhaltaí móid dílseachta a thabhairt don rí, ach ba é Ó Gríofa a ghair cruinniú an 14 Eanáir agus níor thug na comhaltaí a bhí i láthair aon mhóid.&lt;ref name=&quot;en2ndDail&quot; /&gt;

== Comharbas agus deireadh na Dála ==
Faoi théarmaí an Chonartha, bhí tionól bunreachtúil le toghadh chun [[Bunreacht Shaorstát Éireann|bunreacht]] a dhréachtú do Shaorstát Éireann, bunreacht a bheadh i bhfeidhm faoin [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]]. D'fheidhmeodh an tionól céanna mar &quot;Pharlaimint Shealadach&quot; a mbeadh an Rialtas Sealadach freagrach di.

Tionóladh an [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1922|toghchán sin]] ar an [[16 Meitheamh]] [[1922]], de bhun rúin ón Dara Dáil ar an [[20 Bealtaine]] agus forógra ón Rialtas Sealadach ar an [[27 Bealtaine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220520&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-05-20/2/|teideal=National Coalition Panel Joint Statement (Dáil Éireann, 20 Bealtaine 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2018-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221036/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-05-20/2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220909&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-09-09/2/|teideal=Proclamations — Summoning and Proroguing of Parliament (Dáil Éireann, 9 Meán Fómhair 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2018-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021147/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-09-09/2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le rún na Dála ceadaíodh freisin an comhaontú idir Ó Coileáin agus de Valera, comhaontú a rinneadh in iarracht gan toradh cosc a chur ar chogadh cathartha. Ba é a bhí ann ná painéal comhrialtais náisiúnta a chur os comhair na dtoghthóirí, painéal a dhéanfadh ionadaíocht don dá thaobh sa Dáil agus in eagraíocht Shinn Féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220520&quot; /&gt;

Ar an [[8 Meitheamh]] [[1922]] chuir an Dara Dáil a cuid oibre ar athló go dtí an 30 Meitheamh 1922.&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220608&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-06-08/9/|teideal=Motion of Censure (Dáil Éireann, 8 Meitheamh 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archivedate=2018-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221023/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-06-08/9/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí sé beartaithe ag lucht an chomhaontaithe go dtiocfadh sí le chéile an lá sin agus go gceapfadh sí an Tríú Dáil go foirmiúil mar chomharba uirthi.&lt;ref name=&quot;laffan&quot;&gt;Laffan, Michael, ''The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), lch 411. ISBN 978-1-139-42629-9.&lt;/ref&gt; Nuair a bhris [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann|an cogadh cathartha]] amach ar an [[28 Meitheamh]], áfach, níor tharla cruinniú an 30 Meitheamh, agus chuir an Rialtas Sealadach an chéad chruinniú den Pharlaimint Shealadach ar athló arís agus arís eile go dtí an [[9 Meán Fómhair]].&lt;ref name=&quot;oir19220909&quot; /&gt; Faoin am sin bhí Ó Coileáin agus Ó Gríofa araon marbh, agus bhí rialtas na Dála agus an Rialtas Sealadach cumaiscthe faoi [[Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair]]. Ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]] tháinig an Bunreacht agus an Saorstát i bhfeidhm: rinneadh Ard-Chomhairle an tSaorstáit den Rialtas Sealadach, agus rinneadh teach íochtarach Oireachtas an tSaorstáit den Pharlaimint Shealadach. Mhair an cogadh cathartha go dtí Bealtaine 1923.

== Dlisteanachas poblachtach ==
Le linn an chogaidh chathartha, agus i mblianta ina dhiaidh sin, mhaígh de Valera agus teoiricithe poblachtacha eile go raibh an Dara Dáil ar marthain i gcónaí mar pharlaimint dhlisteanach na Poblachta.

I gcóras Westminster, tagann lánscor na parlaiminte roimh olltoghchán i gcónaí agus cuireann sé deireadh le téarma na parlaiminte reatha; meastar gurb é an chéad chruinniú de na comhaltaí nuathofa tús na parlaiminte nua. Briseadh an nós sin go follasach sa trasdul ón [[An Chéad Dáil|gCéad Dáil]] go dtí an Dara Dáil, agus go hintuigthe sna forálacha idirthréimhseacha a socraíodh i mBealtaine agus i Meitheamh 1922.&lt;ref name=&quot;laffan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mccullagh&quot;&gt;McCullagh, David, ''De Valera, Volume 1: Rise (1882–1932)'' (Gill &amp; Macmillan, 2017). ISBN 978-0-7171-5584-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;Ar an 10 Bealtaine 1921 ghlac an Chéad Dáil rún go measfaí gur toghcháin do Dháil Éireann iad na toghcháin pharlaiminteacha a bhí le teacht, agus go lánscoirfí an Dáil a bhí ann go huathoibríoch a luaithe a ghairfeadh an tUachtarán an comhlacht nua le chéile. Nuair a chruinnigh na teachtaí nuathofa i mí Lúnasa, dá réir sin, d'fhág an Ceann Comhairle an chathaoir ag de Valera, a dúirt go raibh an tseanDáil i seisiún go dtí an nóiméad sin agus go raibh an Dáil nua i seisiún feasta.&lt;/ref&gt; Sa dá chás, bhí na teachtaí ag iarraidh briseadh leanúnachais a sheachaint, briseadh a tharlódh dá lánscoirfí an tseanDáil agus dá dteipfeadh ar an toghchán beartaithe de bharr staid an tslándála.

Toisc nár tharla aon aistriú údaráis go sainráite, bhí sé ar chumas na bpoblachtach a mhaíomh go raibh an Dara Dáil ann i gcónaí, nach raibh dlisteanacht ag an tionól bunreachtúil nua agus gur ainm mícheart a bhí san ainm &quot;Tríú Dáil&quot;. Dá mba mhídhleathach an Tríú Dáil, ba mhídhleathach freisin bunreacht an tSaorstáit a d'achtaigh sí, agus an Saorstát féin. Ar an mbonn sin, staon na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha ó shuíocháin a ghlacadh sa Tríú Dáil. Tionóladh roinnt bheag cruinnithe siombalacha rúnda den &quot;Dara Dáil&quot; leanúnach, agus ba ag an gcéad cheann acu i nDeireadh Fómhair 1922 a ceapadh rialtas poblachtach faoi de Valera.&lt;ref name=&quot;pyne&quot;&gt;Pyne, Peter, &quot;The Third Sinn Féin Party: 1923–1926; I: Narrative Account&quot;, ''Economic and Social Review'', iml. 1, uimh. 1 (1969), lgh 29–50.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1924 bhunaigh de Valera Comhairle na dTeachtaí chun cur leis an líon a bhí ag dul i laghad de theachtaí na Dara Dála a toghadh in 1921, agus sin le staonairí de chuid Shinn Féin a toghadh in olltoghcháin 1922 agus 1923. Rinne T. Ryle Dwyer cur síos ar an socrú sin mar aitheantas gurbh í an Dara Dáil an t-údarás ''de jure'', gurbh í Comhairle na dTeachtaí an t-údarás &quot;''de jure de facto''&quot;, agus gurbh é Oireachtas an tSaorstáit an t-údarás &quot;''de facto de facto''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dwyer&quot;&gt;Dwyer, T. Ryle, ''De Valera: The Man and the Myths'' (Poolbeg, 1992), lch 134. ISBN 978-1-85371-180-0.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1925 tharraing coinbhinsiún de chuid an IRA a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha a dhílseacht siar ón rialtas poblachtach agus thug do Chomhairle Airm an IRA í.&lt;ref name=&quot;pyne&quot; /&gt; Bhí móid dílseachta tugtha don Phoblacht ag teachtaí na Dara Dála, agus mheas Sinn Féin gur sháraigh aon duine a thacaigh leis an gConradh nó le bunreacht an tSaorstáit — go follasach nó go hintuigthe — an mhóid sin agus gur fhág sé a shuíochán folamh dá bharr. Sa bhliain 1926 bhunaigh de Valera [[Fianna Fáil]] chun freasúra níos pragmataí ná freasúra Shinn Féin a chur ar fáil don Saorstát, agus an bhliain dár gcionn thréig an páirtí an staonadh agus ghlac sé a shuíocháin i nDáil an tSaorstáit.&lt;ref name=&quot;pyne&quot; /&gt; I mí an Mhárta 1928 thug [[Seán F. Lemass|Seán Lemass]] cur síos cáiliúil ar Fhianna Fáil mar pháirtí nach raibh ach beagán bunreachtúil.

I mí na Nollag 1938 tháinig seachtar de na daoine a toghadh in 1921 — daoine a mheas gurbh í an Dara Dáil an tionól dlisteanach deireanach, agus gur dhícháiligh na comhaltaí eile iad féin nuair a thug siad móid dílseachta don rí — le chéile le Comhairle Airm an IRA faoi cheannas Sheáin Russell. Shínigh siad údarás rialtas Dháil Éireann, mar a mheas siad, chuig an gComhairle Airm go dtí go bhféadfadh muintir na hÉireann uile Dáil nua a thoghadh go daonlathach.&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;Ba iad an seachtar ná [[Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Sceilg)|Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Sceilg)]], [[George Noble Plunkett|an Cunta Pluincéad]], [[William Stockley]], [[Máire Nic Shuibhne]], [[Brian Ó hUiginn]], [[Tom Maguire|Tomás Mag Uidhir]] agus [[Cathal Ó Murchadha]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ón lá sin amach mheas Comhairle Airm an IRA gurbh í féin rialtas dlisteanach na Poblachta.

Thréig [[Páirtí na nOibrithe|Sinn Féin Oifigiúil]] an staonadh in 1969–70 agus rinne Sinn Féin Sealadach amhlaidh in 1986. Coinníonn [[Sinn Féin Poblachtach]] leis an dearcadh gurbh í an Dara Dáil an reachtas dlisteanach deireanach in Éirinn.

== Baill shuntasacha ==
* [[Éamon de Valera]], Uachtarán Dháil Éireann agus Uachtarán na Poblachta, 1921–1922
* [[Art Ó Gríofa]], Uachtarán Dháil Éireann, 1922
* [[Eoin Mac Néill]], [[An Ceann Comhairle|Ceann Comhairle]]
* [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin]]
* [[Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair]]
* [[Cathal Brugha]]
* [[George Noble Plunkett|An Cunta Pluincéad]]
* [[Caoimhín Ó hUiginn]]
* [[Máire Nic Shuibhne]]
* [[Éamonn Ó Dúgáin]]

== Féach freisin ==
* [[An Chéad Dáil]]
* [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1921]]
* [[An Conradh Angla-Éireannach]]
* [[An tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann (1920)]]
* [[Críochdheighilt na hÉireann]]
* [[Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann (1922)]]
* [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann]]

== Nótaí ==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;n&quot;}}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/ Díospóireachtaí Thithe an Oireachtais] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716123026/https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/ |date=2025-07-16 }}
* [https://www.dail100.ie/ga/ Suíomh Dáil100]
* [https://repository.dri.ie/catalog/t148v311v Taifid Dháil Éireann 1919–1922] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326004953/https://repository.dri.ie/catalog/t148v311v |date=2025-03-26 }} (Stór Digiteach na hÉireann)

[[Catagóir:Cogadh na Saoirse in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Dáil Éireann]]
[[Catagóir:Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Albert Fry</title>
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      <text bytes="5930" sha1="h50zu4wasfrvdm4l2lxsyont3kt8w10" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}[[Íomhá:Loughanure.jpg|mion|Mín Corrbhaic ([[Loch an Iúir]])]]
Bhí cáil ar '''Albert Fry''' (1940 - [[5 Bealtaine]] [[2021]]) mar [[Gaeilgeoir|ghníomhaí teanga]], [[Ceoltóir|cheoltóir]], [[Ailtireacht|ailtire]] agus mar pheileadóir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/albert-fry-duine-de-mhorghaeil-na-heireann-ar-shli-na-firinne/|teideal=Albert Fry, duine de mhórGhaeil na hÉireann, ar shlí na fírinne|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí dáimh mhór aige le [[Gaeltacht Thír Chonaill]], áit a raibh teach aige i Mín Corrbhaic, gar do Chroithlí ([[Loch an Iúir]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/14478|teideal=Mín Corrbhaic/Meencorwick|language=ga|work=Logainm.ie|dátarochtana=2021-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir sé cúpla glúin faoi dhraíocht leis na leaganacha cruinne binne a bhí aige de chuid d'[[Amhrán|amhráin]] mhuintir [[Rann na Feirste]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Duine de Ghaeil mhóra Bhéal Feirste Albert Fry tar éis bháis|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0505/1214014-duine-de-ghaeil-mhora-bheal-feirste-albert-fry-tar-eis-bhais/|date=2021-05-05|language=en|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2890544-Albert-Fry|teideal=Albert Fry|language=en|work=Discogs|dátarochtana=2021-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Saol ==
Tógadh le Béarla Albert Fry i mBéal Feirste. Chuir sé suim sa Ghaeilge nuair a bhí sé ina ghasúr óg, agus thosaigh sé ag triall ar Ghaeltacht Rinn na Feirste i dTír Chonaill, áit ar fhoghlaim sé amhráin an cheantair sin.
[[Íomhá:The_Falls_Road_Library_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71078.jpg|mion|[[Bóthar na bhFál]]]]
Fear mór [[Cumann Lúthchleas Gael|CLG]] ab ea é. D’imir sé do Na Piarsaigh agus d’[[CLG Chontae Aontroma|Aontroim]] le linn na [[1950idí]] agus na [[1960idí]]. 

Láithreoir [[raidió]] agus [[Teilifís|teilifíse]] ab ea é chomh maith.

Ba é an chéad duine ón [[Tuaisceart Éireann|Tuaisceart]] a bhí ina uachtarán ar [[Conradh na Gaeilge|Chonradh na Gaeilge]] agus bhí sé an-ghníomhach i dtólamh i gCumann Chluain Ard Bhéal Feirste.

Bhí baint mhór ag Albert Fry le bunú agus forbairt [[Bunscoil Phobal Feirste|Bhunscoil Phobal Feirste]] sna [[1970idí]], an chéad [[Gaelscoil|Ghaelscoil]] sa Tuaisceart.

Sa bhliain 2015, bronnadh Gradam Mhic Ádhaimh ar Fry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tuarasc%C3%A1il/%C3%A9ir%C3%AD-amach-agus-an-teanga-faoi-chaibidil-i-mb%C3%A9al-feirste-1.2352422|teideal=Éirí Amach agus an teanga faoi chaibidil i mBéal Feirste|údar=Pól Ó Muirí|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2021-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ceol ==
[[Íomhá:GaelLinn.png|clé|mion]]
Chuir [[Gael Linn]] roinnt singil agus albam dá chuid amach sna 1960idí agus 1970idí.

* '''''Úr-chnoc Chéin Mhic Cáinte''''' (7&quot;, Singil)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ebay.ie/itm/324489651068|teideal=Albert Fry - Úr-chnoc Chéin Mhic Cáinte (7&quot;, Single)|language=en-ie|work=eBay|dátarochtana=2021-05-05|archivedate=2021-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505210023/https://www.ebay.ie/itm/324489651068}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Fáth Mo Bhuartha''''' (45*)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ebay.ie/itm/174705306247|teideal=Albert Fry &quot;Fath Mo Bhuartha&quot; Irish Press 45*|language=en-ie|work=eBay|dátarochtana=2021-05-05|archivedate=2021-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505210025/https://www.ebay.ie/itm/174705306247}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Maidin Luan Cincíse''''' (Singil, [[Gael Linn]], 1969)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.discogs.com/Albert-Fry-Maidin-Luan-Cinc%C3%ADse/master/663283|teideal=Albert Fry - Maidin Luan Cincíse|language=en|work=Discogs|dátarochtana=2021-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Tráthnóna Beag Aréir'''''  (albam, [[Gael Linn]], SKU: CEFCD193)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://siopa.gael-linn.ie/en/tr%C3%A1thn%C3%B3na-beag-ar%C3%A9ir|teideal=TRÁTHNÓNA BEAG ARÉIR|language=en|work=Gael Linn|dátarochtana=2021-05-05|archivedate=2021-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505210024/https://siopa.gael-linn.ie/en/tr%C3%A1thn%C3%B3na-beag-ar%C3%A9ir}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''''Thiar i dTír Chonaill''''' (Tor Ceirnín, 1976).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cic.ie/music/non-digital/thiar-i-dtir-chonaill-cd|teideal=Thiar i dTír Chonaill (Tape) {{!}} CIC|work=www.cic.ie|dátarochtana=2021-05-05|archivedate=2020-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211031123/https://www.cic.ie/music/non-digital/thiar-i-dtir-chonaill-cd}}&lt;/ref&gt;   I measc na n-amhrán atá le cloisteáil anseo tá ‘Méilte Cheann Dubhrann’ agus ‘Séimí Eoghainín Duibh
* '''''Albert Fry''' ‎''(LP, albam, [[Gael Linn|Gael-Linn]], 1979).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.itmacatalogues.ie//Default/en-GB/RecordView/Index/25357|teideal=Albert Fry [sound recording] / Albert Fry|work=www.itmacatalogues.ie|dátarochtana=2021-05-05|archivedate=2021-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505210027/http://www.itmacatalogues.ie//Default/en-GB/RecordView/Index/25357}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Mheall sí lena glórthaí mé''''' (Singil, [[Gael Linn]], 1979)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.itmacatalogues.ie//Default/en-GB/RecordView/Index/24282|teideal=Mheall sí lena glórthaí mé [sound recording] / Albert Fry|work=www.itmacatalogues.ie|dátarochtana=2021-05-05|archivedate=2021-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505210023/http://www.itmacatalogues.ie//Default/en-GB/RecordView/Index/24282}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Bunscoil Phobal Feirste]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Conradh na Gaeilge}}
{{Rialú údaráis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fry, Albert}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Béal Feirste]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2021]]
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[[Catagóir:Rann na Feirste]]
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe ar an Sean-Nós]]
[[Catagóir:Lucht Chonradh na Gaeilge]]
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    <title>Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste</title>
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      <text bytes="102" sha1="b63gfcgnf0a69kbemvbrggi747q2shs" xml:space="preserve">==Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste==
[[Catagóir:Seandálaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Meigealiteach na hÉireann]]</text>
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      <text bytes="101" sha1="po504o3pe5xhr6kxz16k0hu91mmr8zw" xml:space="preserve">==Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste==
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  <page>
    <title>Tuama pasáiste</title>
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      <text bytes="839" sha1="hb17ea5phd3vqfzre43etzycr45gmbh" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Seefin Passage Tomb -Blessington Lakes.png|mion|Seefin, [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]]]]
Is cineál [[séadchomhartha meigiliteach]] ón tréimhse [[Neoiliteach]] atá sa '''tuama pasáiste'''. Tá samplaí mórthaibhseacha i [[Sí an Bhrú]], agus [[Tuama Pasáiste an Chnoic Rua]]. Is é Sí an Bhrú, i g[[Contae na Mí]] an tuama pasáiste is cáiliúla in Éirinn. Tógadh é thart ar 3,000 R.C. Tá na tuamaí pasáiste ag Sí an Bhrú, [[Cnóbha]] agus [[Dubhadh]] mar chuid de [[Brú na Bóinne|Bhrú na Bóinne]], reilig de thuamaí pasáiste ar [[Abhainn na Bóinne]].  
== Féach freisin ==

* [[Sí an Bhrú]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste| ]]
[[Catagóir:An Ré Neoiliteach]]
[[Catagóir:Seandálaíocht]]
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  <page>
    <title>Gilbert de Clare</title>
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      <comment>Ag socrú athsheolta dúbailte → [[Strongbow]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="26" sha1="osi1w20gk6q6dzyvu0yj1f7himkcrd3" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh [[Strongbow]]</text>
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    <title>Ionsaí buamála ar Aerfort Chabúl (2021)</title>
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      <text bytes="9354" sha1="e9023k3pv4wioyt1c99rwiapxov2qb4" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}
Maraíodh 182 duine ar a laghad, páistí ina measc, in '''ionsaí buamála ar Aerfort Chabúl''' [[An Afganastáin|san Afganastáin]] ar an [[26 Lúnasa]] [[2021]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=13 duine maraithe in ionsaí buamála ag Aefort Chabúl|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0826/1243005-13-duine-maraithe-in-ionsai-buamala-ag-aefort-chabul/|date=2021-08-26|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí aistarraingt trúpaí SAM agus aslonnú ollmhór ar siúl sa tír ag an am. [[An Stát Ioslamach]] a rinne an t-ionsaí; tugtar ISIS-K ar an mbrainse seo den eagraíocht, ainm a thagann ón réigiún stairiúil Khorasan. An bonn a bhaint ó 'rialtas' an [[An Talaban|Talaban]] a bhí uathu go príomha, agus greadadh a thabhairt do na Meiriceánaigh ag an am céanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/tus-aite/2021/0827/1243260-ts-ite-d-haoine-27-lnasa-2021/|teideal=Tús Áite Dé hAoine 27 Lúnasa 2021|údar=curtha i láthair ag Fachtna Ó Drisceoil|dáta=2021-08-27|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2024-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:SPMAGTF-CR HKIA Ramp Ceremony.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Searmanas rampa ag Aerfort Chabúl do na saighdiúirí de chuid [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] a maraíodh san ionsaí.]]
[[Íomhá:SPMAGTF-CR HKIA Ramp Ceremony 2.jpg|mion|clé|220px|An searmanas céanna, 27 Lúnasa 2021.]]
[[Íomhá:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|mion|clé|220px|An 15 Lúnasa 2021, agus slua ollmhór ar bord eitleán McDonnell Douglas/Boeing ''C-17'' Globemaster.]]

== Cúlra ==
Rinne an Stát Ioslamach scrios ar fud na tíre roimh Lúnasa 2021. Mar shampla, i mBealtaine 2021, maraíodh 68 duine ar a laghad in [[Ionsaí buamála ar scoil i gCabúl (2021)|ionsaí buamála de chuid an Stáit Ioslamaigh ar scoil]] do chailíní i g[[Cabúl]]. Ionsaí seicteach a bhí i gceist.

Bhí tíortha an Iarthair ag féachaint leis na mílte duine a thabhairt amach as an Afganastáin ag an am — idir a gcuid saoránach féin agus muintir na háite — tar éis don Talaban teacht i réim. Ach bhí brú ar na Meiriceánaigh fanacht i gCabúl go ceann tamaill eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Brú ar Mheiriceánaigh fanacht i gCabúl go ceann tamaill eile|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0823/1242312-bru-ar-mheiriceanaigh-fanacht-i-gcabul-go-ceann-tamaill-eile/|date=2021-08-23|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí na mílte duine san aerfort agus lasmuigh de, agus iad ar fad ag iarraidh na cosa a thabhairt leo as an tír. Idir an 15 Lúnasa, nuair a ghlac an [[An Talaban|Talaban]] seilbh ar an tír, agus an 30 Lúnasa 2021, bhí nach mór 120,000 Afganastánach agus eachtrannach tar éis teitheadh ón Afganastáin ar eitiltí a d'eagraigh Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=2021 Kabul airlift|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Kabul_airlift&amp;oldid=1170199736|journal=Wikipedia|date=2023-08-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (theith 3.1 milliún duine as an tír in 2021–2022).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/8/16/afghans-fled-for-a-better-future-but-2-years-later-its-a-dream-for-most|teideal=Afghans fled for a better future but 2 years later, it’s a dream for most|údar=Ruchi Kumar|language=en|work=www.aljazeera.com|dátarochtana=2023-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an t-aerfort ina chíor thuathail de bharr na sluaite a bhí cruinnithe ann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ce-mhead-dochair-ata-deanta-ag-gearcheim-na-afganastaine-duachtaranacht-joe-biden/|teideal=Cé mhéad dochair atá déanta ag géarchéim na Afganastáine d’uachtaránacht Joe Biden?|údar=Máirín Ní Ghadhra|dáta=2021|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/kabul-na-hafganastaine-fagtha-ag-aoife-mcmanus-agus-i-anois-slan-sabhailte-in-islamabad-na-pacastaine/|teideal=Kabul na hAfganastáine fágtha ag Aoife McManus agus í anois slán sábháilte in Islamabad na Pacastáine|dáta=2021-08-19|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí na mílte saighdiúir Meiriceánach i mbun slándála thart ar an aerfort chun eitiltí an aslonnaithe a chosaint. Maraíodh roinnt daoine de bharr na sluaite ag an aerfort féin roimh an 26 Lúnasa.

== Imeachtaí ==
[[Íomhá:President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Terror Attack on Hamid Karzai International Airport.webm|mion|clé|220px|An tUachtarán [[Joe Biden|Biden]] ag labhairt ar an 26 Lúnasa 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Terror Attack on Hamid Karzai International Airport|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnjuG7K41LQ|date=2021-08-26|author=The White House}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ar an 25 Lúnasa 2021, thug rialtas SAM rabhadh go raibh ionsaí sceimhlitheoireachta á bheartú ag [[Daesh]] (antoiscigh Ioslamacha). Cuireadh comhairle ar dhaoine a bhí sáinnithe san Afganastáin gan aghaidh a thabhairt ar an aerfort i gCabúl de bharr chúrsaí slándála a bheith ag dul in olcas.

Tharla an t-ionsaí buamála ar an 26 Lúnasa ag Geata Abbey, ceann de na bealaí isteach san [[aerfort]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/dha-phleasc-lasmuigh-tarlaithe-lasmuigh-daerfort-kabul-agus-daoine-maraithe/|teideal=Dhá phléasc tarlaithe lasmuigh d’aerfort Kabul agus daoine maraithe|údar=tuairisc.ie|dáta=2021-08-26|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buamadóir féinmharaithe amháin a phléasc an t-ábhar pléascach.

Bhí trí dhuine dhéag d'fhórsaí armtha [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]], a bhí ar dualgas ag an ngeata, ina measc siúd a maraíodh.

Thug an [[An Stát Ioslamach|Stát Ioslamach]] le fios go raibh sé mar sprioc ag na buamadóirí féinmharaithe aistritheoirí agus daoine eile a d'oibrigh i gcomhpháirt leis na Meiriceánaigh a mharú san ionsaí.

Labhair an tUachtarán [[Joe Biden|Biden]] go poiblí ar an 26 Lúnasa 2021 chun a chuid gníomhartha a chosaint.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ionsaí de chuid na Stát Aontaithe ar mhisean daonnúil ==
Ar an 29 Lúnasa, [[Ionsaí de chuid na Stát Aontaithe ar mhisean daonnúil san Afganastáin, 2021|d'ionsaigh drón de chuid na Stát Aontaithe misean daonnúil]] de chuid ''Nutrition and Education International'' i gCabúl. Maraíodh deichniúr, seachtar páistí ina measc. Cheap na fórsaí Meiriceánacha go raibh ISIS-K i bhfolach san áit, ach ní raibh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21999275/|teideal=Tús Áite: An Afganastáin|údar=Tús Áite,  RnaG|dáta=2021-08-30|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2024-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinneadh iarracht an eachtra a cheilt. Ach tháinig an fhírinne amach trí seachtaine ina dhiaidh sin, agus foilsíodh físeán den ionsaí.

== Iarmhairtí ==
D'fhág an eitilt dheireanach de chuid arm na Stát Aontaithe Aerfort Chabúl ar an 30 Lúnasa 2021, rud a chuir deireadh le cogadh a mhair fiche bliain. Scaoil baill den Talaban urchair san aer mar cheiliúradh ar imeacht na Meiriceánach, agus éidí agus airm a d'fhág fórsaí SAM ina ndiaidh á n-iompar ag cuid acu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0831/1243837-buaileam-sciath-an-talaban-ag-aerfort-chabul/|teideal=Buaileam sciath an Talaban ag Aerfort Chabúl|údar=Nuacht RTÉ|dáta=2021-08-31|language=ga-IE|work=RTÉ|dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí an Mhárta 2025, ghabh fórsaí speisialta na Pacastáine Mohammad Sharifullah, fear a raibh baint aige le ISIS-K, ar an teorainn idir an Phacastáin agus an Afganastáin. Eiseachadadh chuig na Stáit Aontaithe é, agus cuireadh ina leith gur chuidigh sé le hionsaí Gheata Abbey a phleanáil agus gur scrúdaigh sé roimh ré an bealach a leanfadh an buamadóir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://abcnews.com/US/abbey-gate-terror-suspect-charged-extradited-us/story?id=119466134|teideal=Abbey Gate terror suspect charged and extradited to the US|údar=ABC News|dáta=2025-03-04|language=en|work=ABC News|dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Aibreáin 2026, chiontaigh giúiré cónaidhme in [[Virginia]] é as tacaíocht a thabhairt do ISIS-K, ach níor éirigh leis na giúróirí cinneadh d'aon ghuth a dhéanamh faoi cé acu ar bhásaigh daoine de dheasca na comhcheilge sin nó nár bhásaigh. De réir na gcúiseamh, maraíodh tuairim is 160 Afganastánach agus trí dhuine dhéag d'fhórsaí armtha na Stát Aontaithe ag Geata Abbey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2026/apr/29/mohammad-sharifullah-convicted-aiding-jury-deadlocks-alleged-role/|teideal=Man convicted of aiding IS group, but jury deadlocks on alleged role in deadly Kabul airport bombing|údar=Associated Press|dáta=2026-04-29|language=en|work=The Washington Times|dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ionsaí buamála ar scoil i gCabúl (2021)|Ionsaí buamála de chuid IS ar scoil i gCabúl, Bealtaine 2021]]
* [[Ionsaí de chuid na Stát Aontaithe ar mhisean daonnúil san Afganastáin, 2021]]
* [[Cogadh san Afganastáin (2001 - 2021)]]
* [[An Talaban]]
* [[An Stát Ioslamach]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Stair na hAfganastáine]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí sceimhlitheoireachta Ioslamacha]]
[[Catagóir:2021]]
[[Catagóir:Stát Ioslamach]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9355" sha1="suxyde9cqg8mkener1n6jwj1w7awdkt" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}
Maraíodh 182 duine ar a laghad, páistí ina measc, in '''ionsaí buamála ar Aerfort Chabúl''' [[An Afganastáin|san Afganastáin]] ar an [[26 Lúnasa]] [[2021]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=13 duine maraithe in ionsaí buamála ag Aefort Chabúl|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0826/1243005-13-duine-maraithe-in-ionsai-buamala-ag-aefort-chabul/|date=2021-08-26|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí aistarraingt trúpaí SAM agus aslonnú ollmhór ar siúl sa tír ag an am. [[An Stát Ioslamach]] a rinne an t-ionsaí; tugtar ISIS-K ar an mbrainse seo den eagraíocht, ainm a thagann ón réigiún stairiúil Khorasan. An bonn a bhaint ó 'rialtas' an [[An Talaban|Talaban]] a bhí uathu go príomha, agus greadadh a thabhairt do na Meiriceánaigh ag an am céanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/tus-aite/2021/0827/1243260-ts-ite-d-haoine-27-lnasa-2021/|teideal=Tús Áite Dé hAoine 27 Lúnasa 2021|údar=curtha i láthair ag Fachtna Ó Drisceoil|dáta=2021-08-27|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2024-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:C-17 carrying passengers out of Afghanistan.jpg|mion|clé|220px|An 15 Lúnasa 2021, agus slua ollmhór ar bord eitleán McDonnell Douglas/Boeing ''C-17'' Globemaster.]]
[[Íomhá:President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Terror Attack on Hamid Karzai International Airport.webm|mion|clé|220px|An tUachtarán [[Joe Biden|Biden]] ag labhairt ar an 26 Lúnasa 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Terror Attack on Hamid Karzai International Airport|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnjuG7K41LQ|date=2021-08-26|author=The White House}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Íomhá:SPMAGTF-CR HKIA Ramp Ceremony 2.jpg|mion|clé|220px|An searmanas céanna, 27 Lúnasa 2021.]]
[[Íomhá:SPMAGTF-CR HKIA Ramp Ceremony.jpg|mion|clé|220px|Searmanas rampa ag Aerfort Chabúl do na saighdiúirí de chuid [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] a maraíodh san ionsaí.]]


== Cúlra ==
Rinne an Stát Ioslamach scrios ar fud na tíre roimh Lúnasa 2021. Mar shampla, i mBealtaine 2021, maraíodh 68 duine ar a laghad in [[Ionsaí buamála ar scoil i gCabúl (2021)|ionsaí buamála de chuid an Stáit Ioslamaigh ar scoil]] do chailíní i g[[Cabúl]]. Ionsaí seicteach a bhí i gceist.

Bhí tíortha an Iarthair ag féachaint leis na mílte duine a thabhairt amach as an Afganastáin ag an am — idir a gcuid saoránach féin agus muintir na háite — tar éis don Talaban teacht i réim. Ach bhí brú ar na Meiriceánaigh fanacht i gCabúl go ceann tamaill eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Brú ar Mheiriceánaigh fanacht i gCabúl go ceann tamaill eile|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0823/1242312-bru-ar-mheiriceanaigh-fanacht-i-gcabul-go-ceann-tamaill-eile/|date=2021-08-23|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí na mílte duine san aerfort agus lasmuigh de, agus iad ar fad ag iarraidh na cosa a thabhairt leo as an tír. Idir an 15 Lúnasa, nuair a ghlac an [[An Talaban|Talaban]] seilbh ar an tír, agus an 30 Lúnasa 2021, bhí nach mór 120,000 Afganastánach agus eachtrannach tar éis teitheadh ón Afganastáin ar eitiltí a d'eagraigh Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=2021 Kabul airlift|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Kabul_airlift&amp;oldid=1170199736|journal=Wikipedia|date=2023-08-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (theith 3.1 milliún duine as an tír in 2021–2022).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/8/16/afghans-fled-for-a-better-future-but-2-years-later-its-a-dream-for-most|teideal=Afghans fled for a better future but 2 years later, it’s a dream for most|údar=Ruchi Kumar|language=en|work=www.aljazeera.com|dátarochtana=2023-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an t-aerfort ina chíor thuathail de bharr na sluaite a bhí cruinnithe ann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ce-mhead-dochair-ata-deanta-ag-gearcheim-na-afganastaine-duachtaranacht-joe-biden/|teideal=Cé mhéad dochair atá déanta ag géarchéim na Afganastáine d’uachtaránacht Joe Biden?|údar=Máirín Ní Ghadhra|dáta=2021|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/kabul-na-hafganastaine-fagtha-ag-aoife-mcmanus-agus-i-anois-slan-sabhailte-in-islamabad-na-pacastaine/|teideal=Kabul na hAfganastáine fágtha ag Aoife McManus agus í anois slán sábháilte in Islamabad na Pacastáine|dáta=2021-08-19|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí na mílte saighdiúir Meiriceánach i mbun slándála thart ar an aerfort chun eitiltí an aslonnaithe a chosaint. Maraíodh roinnt daoine de bharr na sluaite ag an aerfort féin roimh an 26 Lúnasa.

== Imeachtaí ==
Ar an 25 Lúnasa 2021, thug rialtas SAM rabhadh go raibh ionsaí sceimhlitheoireachta á bheartú ag [[Daesh]] (antoiscigh Ioslamacha). Cuireadh comhairle ar dhaoine a bhí sáinnithe san Afganastáin gan aghaidh a thabhairt ar an aerfort i gCabúl de bharr chúrsaí slándála a bheith ag dul in olcas.

Tharla an t-ionsaí buamála ar an 26 Lúnasa ag Geata Abbey, ceann de na bealaí isteach san [[aerfort]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/dha-phleasc-lasmuigh-tarlaithe-lasmuigh-daerfort-kabul-agus-daoine-maraithe/|teideal=Dhá phléasc tarlaithe lasmuigh d’aerfort Kabul agus daoine maraithe|údar=tuairisc.ie|dáta=2021-08-26|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buamadóir féinmharaithe amháin a phléasc an t-ábhar pléascach.

Bhí trí dhuine dhéag d'fhórsaí armtha [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]], a bhí ar dualgas ag an ngeata, ina measc siúd a maraíodh.

Thug an [[An Stát Ioslamach|Stát Ioslamach]] le fios go raibh sé mar sprioc ag na buamadóirí féinmharaithe aistritheoirí agus daoine eile a d'oibrigh i gcomhpháirt leis na Meiriceánaigh a mharú san ionsaí.

Labhair an tUachtarán [[Joe Biden|Biden]] go poiblí ar an 26 Lúnasa 2021 chun a chuid gníomhartha a chosaint.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ionsaí de chuid na Stát Aontaithe ar mhisean daonnúil ==
Ar an 29 Lúnasa, [[Ionsaí de chuid na Stát Aontaithe ar mhisean daonnúil san Afganastáin, 2021|d'ionsaigh drón de chuid na Stát Aontaithe misean daonnúil]] de chuid ''Nutrition and Education International'' i gCabúl. Maraíodh deichniúr, seachtar páistí ina measc. Cheap na fórsaí Meiriceánacha go raibh ISIS-K i bhfolach san áit, ach ní raibh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21999275/|teideal=Tús Áite: An Afganastáin|údar=Tús Áite,  RnaG|dáta=2021-08-30|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2024-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinneadh iarracht an eachtra a cheilt. Ach tháinig an fhírinne amach trí seachtaine ina dhiaidh sin, agus foilsíodh físeán den ionsaí.

== Iarmhairtí ==
D'fhág an eitilt dheireanach de chuid arm na Stát Aontaithe Aerfort Chabúl ar an 30 Lúnasa 2021, rud a chuir deireadh le cogadh a mhair fiche bliain. Scaoil baill den Talaban urchair san aer mar cheiliúradh ar imeacht na Meiriceánach, agus éidí agus airm a d'fhág fórsaí SAM ina ndiaidh á n-iompar ag cuid acu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0831/1243837-buaileam-sciath-an-talaban-ag-aerfort-chabul/|teideal=Buaileam sciath an Talaban ag Aerfort Chabúl|údar=Nuacht RTÉ|dáta=2021-08-31|language=ga-IE|work=RTÉ|dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí an Mhárta 2025, ghabh fórsaí speisialta na Pacastáine Mohammad Sharifullah, fear a raibh baint aige le ISIS-K, ar an teorainn idir an Phacastáin agus an Afganastáin. Eiseachadadh chuig na Stáit Aontaithe é, agus cuireadh ina leith gur chuidigh sé le hionsaí Gheata Abbey a phleanáil agus gur scrúdaigh sé roimh ré an bealach a leanfadh an buamadóir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://abcnews.com/US/abbey-gate-terror-suspect-charged-extradited-us/story?id=119466134|teideal=Abbey Gate terror suspect charged and extradited to the US|údar=ABC News|dáta=2025-03-04|language=en|work=ABC News|dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Aibreáin 2026, chiontaigh giúiré cónaidhme in [[Virginia]] é as tacaíocht a thabhairt do ISIS-K, ach níor éirigh leis na giúróirí cinneadh d'aon ghuth a dhéanamh faoi cé acu ar bhásaigh daoine de dheasca na comhcheilge sin nó nár bhásaigh. De réir na gcúiseamh, maraíodh tuairim is 160 Afganastánach agus trí dhuine dhéag d'fhórsaí armtha na Stát Aontaithe ag Geata Abbey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2026/apr/29/mohammad-sharifullah-convicted-aiding-jury-deadlocks-alleged-role/|teideal=Man convicted of aiding IS group, but jury deadlocks on alleged role in deadly Kabul airport bombing|údar=Associated Press|dáta=2026-04-29|language=en|work=The Washington Times|dátarochtana=2026-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ionsaí buamála ar scoil i gCabúl (2021)|Ionsaí buamála de chuid IS ar scoil i gCabúl, Bealtaine 2021]]
* [[Ionsaí de chuid na Stát Aontaithe ar mhisean daonnúil san Afganastáin, 2021]]
* [[Cogadh san Afganastáin (2001 - 2021)]]
* [[An Talaban]]
* [[An Stát Ioslamach]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Stair na hAfganastáine]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí sceimhlitheoireachta Ioslamacha]]
[[Catagóir:2021]]
[[Catagóir:Stát Ioslamach]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa</title>
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      <text bytes="13790" sha1="fg3dyu745i642d8dcq55jfkal0s3oxt" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Comórtas [[Slamfhilíocht|slamfhilíochta]] nó filíocht ó bhéal is ea '''[[Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa]]''' ina ghabhann &quot;filí na [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] in adharca a chéile chun duaiseanna iontacha airgid a bhaint.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/ceol/ta-culturlann-mcadam-o-fiaich-ag-ceiliuradh-10-mbliana-de-liu-lunasa/|teideal=Tá Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich ag ceiliúradh 10 mbliana de Liú Lúnasa|údar=|dáta=2024-08-23|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824222944/https://nos.ie/cultur/ceol/ta-culturlann-mcadam-o-fiaich-ag-ceiliuradh-10-mbliana-de-liu-lunasa/|archivedate=2024-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bíonn sé ar siúl gach bliain mar chuid den fhéile imill [[Liú Lúnasa]]. Áirítear é mar cheann de na himeachtaí is spleodraí i bhféilire na h[[Éire|Éireann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.boundlessandbare.com/bnd/2024/8/21/irelands-only-irish-language-poetry-slam-returns|teideal=Ireland's Only Irish-Language Poetry Slam Returns|dáta=2024-08-22|language=en-IE|work=[[Boundless &amp; Bare]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829171524/https://www.boundlessandbare.com/bnd/2024/8/21/irelands-only-irish-language-poetry-slam-returns|archivedate=29 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Roibeard Mac Maoláin]]|date=27 Lúnasa 2025|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/an-focal-deiridh-ag-padai-ag-slam-filiochta-2025/a1294734951.html|title=An focal deiridh ag Padaí ag Slam Filíochta 2025|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==
Tá an Slam Filíochta &quot;ag dul ó neart go neart ó cuireadh ar bun é&quot; in 2017 agus luaitear mar cheann de buaicphointí na Féile Liú Lúnasa é.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://us5.campaign-archive.com/?u=e21a94f6d04f3fb5cdf573a13&amp;id=badcd0c5e2|teideal=❗4 LÁ LE D'IARRATAS A CHUR ISTEACH AR AN SLAM FILÍOCHTA|work=|dátarochtana=2024-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824223321/https://mailchi.mp/culturlann/slam2024la|archivedate=2024-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/liu-lunasa-feile-na-ngael-og-ag-teacht-in-aibiocht-i-mbliana/a1373546543.html|teideal=Liú Lúnasa: Féile na nGael óg ag teacht in aibíocht i mbliana|údar=[[Roibeard Mac Maoláin]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2024|language=|work=[[Irish Independent]]|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828191109/https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/liu-lunasa-feile-na-ngael-og-ag-teacht-in-aibiocht-i-mbliana/a1373546543.html|archivedate=28 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Déanann sé &quot;ceiliúradh ar achan rud a sheasann an fhéile ar a son: An Ghaeilge, cultúr gaelach agus cultúr ar an imeall a chur chun cinn.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Tá an Slam tar éis &quot;clú nach beag&quot; a tharraingt ar an bhféile agus áiríonn na hiomaitheoirí mar spás tábhachtach é ó thaobh na cruthaitheachta de.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[MaryClaire Nic Uilliam]]|date=19 Lúnasa 2026|title=Liú Lúnasa ag ceiliúradh an deichiú Slam Filíochta|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 5|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/liu-lunasa-ag-ceiliuradh-an-deichiu-slam-filiochta/a/160172947.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cur chuige ==
Más iomaíoch an comórtas é, ní bhíonn nimh ar bith le mothú ann agus bíonn daoine ag tabhairt tacaíochta dá chéile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ainneoin na nduaiseanna a bhíonn le buachan, is ar an gcomhluadar agus tacaíocht is mó a chuireann na hiomaitheoirí béim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#EE8F46; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%; border: 1px solid black;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;
| Is preabchúirt í an Slam. Snagstáitse. Fás-aon-oireachtais. Aonach ársa úr-éigse.

Ócáid go dtagann gramaisc le chéile d’fhonn duine den slua a ghríosadh chun filíochta, agus tathant ar an té sin a gcéadfaithe a dhúiseacht agus a mbrionglóidí a bhriathrú.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |'''—Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://antultach.wordpress.com/2017/08/20/slamfiliochta/|teideal=Slam filíochta Liú Lúnasa|údar=[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]|dáta=2017-08-20|language=|work=[[An tUltach]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126131806/https://antultach.wordpress.com/2017/08/20/slamfiliochta/|archivedate=26 Samhain 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Rud nach ionann agus comórtais liteartha eile, bíonn tábhacht faoi leith ag baint le teacht i láthair sa Slam – &quot;Ní amháin go bhfuil tábhacht agus béim leagtha ar an chumadóireacht, tá tábhacht mhór leis an léiriú chomh maith: an bealach a chuirtear an píosa slam i láthair, tuin, guth, mothúchán, béim srl.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://miseciara.wordpress.com/2021/07/27/slam-liu-lunasa-2/|teideal=Slam Liú Lúnasa|údar=[[Ciara Ní É]]|dáta=27 Iúil 2021|work=Mise Ciara|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727163020/https://miseciara.wordpress.com/2021/07/27/slam-liu-lunasa-2/|archivedate=27 Iúil 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Níl teorainn ar bith ó thaobh ábhair ná stíle. Is cuma iad ciúin glórach, geal riabhach, éagsúil nó ait, lán imní nó grinn agus siamsaíochta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Tá &quot;scoth na bhfilí&quot; tar éis leas a bhaint as an &quot;ardán an-spéisiúil&quot; a chuireann an Slam Filíochta ar fáil dóibh chun dul i ngleic le réimse leathan téamaí ón ngéarchéim tithíochta go dtí stair fada na ndaoine [[Aiteach|aiteacha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/tugann-sam-leis-an-slam-agus-duais-500/40805669.html|teideal=Tugann Sam leis an Slam agus duais £500|dáta=01 Meán Fómhair 2021|language=|work=Irish Independent|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830195303/https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/tugann-sam-leis-an-slam-agus-duais-500/40805669.html|archivedate=30 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Buaiteoirí ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; style=&quot;border: 1px solid black;&quot; &quot;
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Bliain 
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Céad Áit
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Dara hÁit
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Tríú hÁit
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Moltóirí
|-
|'''2026'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/news/o-murchu-mac-gearailt-ni-e-buaiteoiri-slam-filiochta-2026/|teideal=Ó Murchú, Mac Gearailt, Ní É: Buaiteoirí Slam Filíochta 2026!|dáta=18 Lúnasa 2026|work=[[NÓS]]|dátarochtana=2026-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Eoin P. Ó Murchú|Eoin P Ó Murchú]]
|[[Cormac Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Ciara Ní É]]
|[[Seán Ó Muireagáin]], [[Bríd Ní Mhaoldomhnaigh]], [[Conor Torbóid]]
|-
|'''2025'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|[[Padaí de Cléir]]
|[[Donnchadh Millar Fitzsimions]]
|[[Cúán de Búrca]]
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]], [[Myra Zepf]]
|-
|'''2024'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/liulunasa/p/C_VTr2DMKA0/|teideal=Slam Filíochta 2024|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Ciara Ní É]]
|[[Cúán de Búrca]]
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Milène Fegan]], [[Máire Zepf]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]
|-
| '''2023'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/liulunasa/p/CwfCIufq6pi/|teideal=An Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa 2023!|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2023|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Cormac Mac Gearailt]]
| [[Pádaí de Cléir]]
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Ciara Ní É]], [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]] agus [[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]
|-
|'''2021'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sam-o-fearraigh/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa buaite ag Sam Ó Fearraigh|údar=|dáta=30 Lúnasa 2021|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301211848/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sam-o-fearraigh/|archivedate=1 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Sam Ó Fearraigh]]
le ‘''Seanchas na mBan''’
|[[Julie Goo]]
leis ‘''An Rás''’
|[[Eoin P. Ó Murchú]]
le ‘''Géarchéim''’
|[[Gráinne Ketelaar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Ciara Ní É]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]
|-
| '''2020'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa buaite ag Sinéad Ní Thuamáin|údar=|dáta=29 Lúnasa 2020|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=01 Meán Fómhair 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303062616/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|archivedate=03 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Sinéad Ní Thuamáin]]
le ‘''Comhrá Gan Mhaith''’
|[[Sam Ó Fearraigh]]
le ‘''Mise Aerach''’
|[[Ciara Ní É]]
le ‘''Smaointe faoi Chíocha''’
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-agus-imeachtai-eile/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa agus imeachtaí eile|údar=[[Sinéad Ní Uallacháin]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2020|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418132350/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-agus-imeachtai-eile/|archivedate=18 Aibreán 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/posts/pfbid0m5NWFPzsGnVuJgCYEXxL5FsMRwJKCh6Pj7BVX4xQeKKvJNViDcEYRswPNMsmmuvTl|teideal=SLAM FILÍOCHTA 2019|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=24 Lúnasa 2019|work=www.facebook.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
le ‘''Deor(a)-íocht''’&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/linte-scrite-i-ngarrai-mo-smaointe-dan-nua-dianghlasala-le-colm-mac-gearailt/|teideal='Línte scríte i ngarraí mo smaointe' - dán nua dianghlasála le Colm Mac Gearailt|údar=NÓS|dáta=2021-01-05|language=|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2024-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Dubhán Ó Longáin]]
|[[Maoilíosa Scott]]
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-margaret-thatcher-agus-tiuns/|teideal=Slam filíochta, Margaret Thatcher, agus tiúns - NÓS|dáta=17 Iúil 2019|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301220224/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-margaret-thatcher-agus-tiuns/|archivedate=1 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''2018'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTnIr8wsEck|teideal=Liú Lúnasa 2018 {{!}} Buaiteoirí Slam Filíochta|údar=[[BLOC]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2018|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Dubhán Ó Longáin]]
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh]]
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/posts/pfbid02MWpmkC6o9fQeDBg8crL475JdiZ34XYwtW52toZoGTExuJzRf6kXYijFY2WPiZVUPl|teideal=Slam Filíochta|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=8 Lúnasa 2018|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/gaeilge/2017/0828/900522-slam-bheal-feirste-ag-liu-lunasa/|teideal=Slam Bhéal Feirste ag Liú Lúnasa|údar=[[Siún Ní Dhuinn]]|dáta=21 Meán Fómhair 2021|work=[[RTÉ]]|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921214640/https://www.rte.ie/gaeilge/2017/0828/900522-slam-bheal-feirste-ag-liu-lunasa/|archivedate=21 Meán Fómhair 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''
|[[Milène Fegan]]
|[[Sionainn Ní Ghréacháin]]
le ‘''Airím Uaim''’
|Roinnte idir [[Dáire Ní Chanáin]] le ''‘Litir do mo Ghrá’'', agus [[Eoin P. Ó Murchú]]
|[[Seán Ó Muireagáin]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]
|}
Bronnadh Duais Aitheantais ag Slam '17 ar [[Tuán Ó Ruanaidh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/posts/pfbid025swiNURPovoZtdLJehzZ8k8FFyhmFErSEpofzbuoiMnUzPgMvnfreTpz9afZKVcRl|teideal=Facebook|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=24 Lúnasa 2017|work=www.facebook.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
*

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Liú Lúnasa]]
* [[Slamovision]]
* [[REIC]]
* [[Rapcheol Gaeilge]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slam Filiochta Liu Lunasa}}
[[Catagóir: Comórtais Filíochta Gaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais Filíochta|*]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais in ealaíona teangabhunaithe na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais sna healaíona teangabhunaithe]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais]]
[[Catagóir: Gradaim na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht ó bhéal i nGaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht na Gaeilge‎|*]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht ó bhéal|*]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht]]
[[Catagóir: Duaiseanna Liteartha na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Duaiseanna Liteartha]]
[[Catagóir: Ealaíona teangabhunaithe na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Ealaíona taibhiúcháin]]
[[Catagóir: Liú Lúnasa]]
[[Catagóir: Béal Feirste]]
[[Catagóir: Léiriúcháin bheo]]</text>
      <sha1>fg3dyu745i642d8dcq55jfkal0s3oxt</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326804</id>
      <parentid>1326803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:14:21Z</timestamp>
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        <id>4240</id>
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      <text bytes="13789" sha1="5gygz6avb9csoz19v9oxky8f9ik6xv6" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Comórtas [[Slamfhilíocht|slamfhilíochta]] nó filíocht ó bhéal is ea '''[[Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa]]''' ina ghabhann &quot;filí na [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] in adharca a chéile chun duaiseanna iontacha airgid a bhaint.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/ceol/ta-culturlann-mcadam-o-fiaich-ag-ceiliuradh-10-mbliana-de-liu-lunasa/|teideal=Tá Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich ag ceiliúradh 10 mbliana de Liú Lúnasa|údar=|dáta=2024-08-23|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824222944/https://nos.ie/cultur/ceol/ta-culturlann-mcadam-o-fiaich-ag-ceiliuradh-10-mbliana-de-liu-lunasa/|archivedate=2024-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bíonn sé ar siúl gach bliain mar chuid den fhéile imill [[Liú Lúnasa]]. Áirítear é mar cheann de na himeachtaí is spleodraí i bhféilire na h[[Éire|Éireann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.boundlessandbare.com/bnd/2024/8/21/irelands-only-irish-language-poetry-slam-returns|teideal=Ireland's Only Irish-Language Poetry Slam Returns|dáta=2024-08-22|language=en-IE|work=[[Boundless &amp; Bare]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829171524/https://www.boundlessandbare.com/bnd/2024/8/21/irelands-only-irish-language-poetry-slam-returns|archivedate=29 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Roibeard Mac Maoláin]]|date=27 Lúnasa 2025|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/an-focal-deiridh-ag-padai-ag-slam-filiochta-2025/a1294734951.html|title=An focal deiridh ag Padaí ag Slam Filíochta 2025|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==
Tá an Slam Filíochta &quot;ag dul ó neart go neart ó cuireadh ar bun é&quot; in 2017 agus luaitear mar cheann de buaicphointí na Féile Liú Lúnasa é.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://us5.campaign-archive.com/?u=e21a94f6d04f3fb5cdf573a13&amp;id=badcd0c5e2|teideal=❗4 LÁ LE D'IARRATAS A CHUR ISTEACH AR AN SLAM FILÍOCHTA|work=|dátarochtana=2024-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824223321/https://mailchi.mp/culturlann/slam2024la|archivedate=2024-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/liu-lunasa-feile-na-ngael-og-ag-teacht-in-aibiocht-i-mbliana/a1373546543.html|teideal=Liú Lúnasa: Féile na nGael óg ag teacht in aibíocht i mbliana|údar=[[Roibeard Mac Maoláin]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2024|language=|work=[[Irish Independent]]|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828191109/https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/liu-lunasa-feile-na-ngael-og-ag-teacht-in-aibiocht-i-mbliana/a1373546543.html|archivedate=28 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Déanann sé &quot;ceiliúradh ar achan rud a sheasann an fhéile ar a son: An Ghaeilge, cultúr gaelach agus cultúr ar an imeall a chur chun cinn.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Tá an Slam tar éis &quot;clú nach beag&quot; a tharraingt ar an bhféile agus áiríonn na hiomaitheoirí mar spás tábhachtach é ó thaobh na cruthaitheachta de.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[MaryClaire Nic Uilliam]]|date=19 Lúnasa 2026|title=Liú Lúnasa ag ceiliúradh an deichiú Slam Filíochta|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 5|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/liu-lunasa-ag-ceiliuradh-an-deichiu-slam-filiochta/a/160172947.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cur chuige ==
Más iomaíoch an comórtas é, ní bhíonn nimh ar bith le mothú ann agus bíonn daoine ag tabhairt tacaíochta dá chéile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ainneoin na nduaiseanna a bhíonn le buachan, is ar an gcomhluadar agus tacaíocht is mó a chuireann na hiomaitheoirí béim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#EE8F46; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%; border: 1px solid black;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;
| Is preabchúirt í an Slam. Snagstáitse. Fás-aon-oireachtais. Aonach ársa úr-éigse.

Ócáid go dtagann gramaisc le chéile d’fhonn duine den slua a ghríosadh chun filíochta, agus tathant ar an té sin a gcéadfaithe a dhúiseacht agus a mbrionglóidí a bhriathrú.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |'''—Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://antultach.wordpress.com/2017/08/20/slamfiliochta/|teideal=Slam filíochta Liú Lúnasa|údar=[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]|dáta=2017-08-20|language=|work=[[An tUltach]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126131806/https://antultach.wordpress.com/2017/08/20/slamfiliochta/|archivedate=26 Samhain 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Rud nach ionann agus comórtais liteartha eile, bíonn tábhacht faoi leith ag baint le teacht i láthair sa Slam – &quot;Ní amháin go bhfuil tábhacht agus béim leagtha ar an chumadóireacht, tá tábhacht mhór leis an léiriú chomh maith: an bealach a chuirtear an píosa slam i láthair, tuin, guth, mothúchán, béim srl.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://miseciara.wordpress.com/2021/07/27/slam-liu-lunasa-2/|teideal=Slam Liú Lúnasa|údar=[[Ciara Ní É]]|dáta=27 Iúil 2021|work=Mise Ciara|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727163020/https://miseciara.wordpress.com/2021/07/27/slam-liu-lunasa-2/|archivedate=27 Iúil 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Níl teorainn ar bith ó thaobh ábhair ná stíle. Is cuma iad ciúin glórach, geal riabhach, éagsúil nó ait, lán imní nó grinn agus siamsaíochta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Tá &quot;scoth na bhfilí&quot; tar éis leas a bhaint as an &quot;ardán an-spéisiúil&quot; a chuireann an Slam Filíochta ar fáil dóibh chun dul i ngleic le réimse leathan téamaí ón ngéarchéim tithíochta go dtí stair fada na ndaoine [[Aiteach|aiteacha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/tugann-sam-leis-an-slam-agus-duais-500/40805669.html|teideal=Tugann Sam leis an Slam agus duais £500|dáta=01 Meán Fómhair 2021|language=|work=Irish Independent|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830195303/https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/tugann-sam-leis-an-slam-agus-duais-500/40805669.html|archivedate=30 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Buaiteoirí ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; style=&quot;border: 1px solid black;&quot; &quot;
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Bliain 
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Céad Áit
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Dara hÁit
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Tríú hÁit
! style=&quot;color:black; background:#EE8F46; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px 10px 0px 10px;&quot; | Moltóirí
|-
|'''2026'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/news/o-murchu-mac-gearailt-ni-e-buaiteoiri-slam-filiochta-2026/|teideal=Ó Murchú, Mac Gearailt, Ní É: Buaiteoirí Slam Filíochta 2026!|dáta=18 Lúnasa 2026|work=[[NÓS]]|dátarochtana=2026-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Eoin P. Ó Murchú|Eoin P Ó Murchú]]
|[[Cormac Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Ciara Ní É]]
|[[Seán Ó Muireagáin]], [[Bríd Ní Mhaoldomhnaigh]], [[Conor Torbóid]]
|-
|'''2025'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|[[Padaí de Cléir]]
|[[Donnchadh Millar Fitzsimions]]
|[[Cúán de Búrca]]
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]], [[Myra Zepf]]
|-
|'''2024'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/liulunasa/p/C_VTr2DMKA0/|teideal=Slam Filíochta 2024|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Ciara Ní É]]
|[[Cúán de Búrca]]
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Milène Fegan]], [[Máire Zepf]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]
|-
| '''2023'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/liulunasa/p/CwfCIufq6pi/|teideal=An Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa 2023!|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2023|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Cormac Mac Gearailt]]
| [[Padaí de Cléir]]
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Ciara Ní É]], [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]] agus [[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]
|-
|'''2021'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sam-o-fearraigh/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa buaite ag Sam Ó Fearraigh|údar=|dáta=30 Lúnasa 2021|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=2024-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301211848/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sam-o-fearraigh/|archivedate=1 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Sam Ó Fearraigh]]
le ‘''Seanchas na mBan''’
|[[Julie Goo]]
leis ‘''An Rás''’
|[[Eoin P. Ó Murchú]]
le ‘''Géarchéim''’
|[[Gráinne Ketelaar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Ciara Ní É]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]
|-
| '''2020'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa buaite ag Sinéad Ní Thuamáin|údar=|dáta=29 Lúnasa 2020|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=01 Meán Fómhair 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303062616/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|archivedate=03 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Sinéad Ní Thuamáin]]
le ‘''Comhrá Gan Mhaith''’
|[[Sam Ó Fearraigh]]
le ‘''Mise Aerach''’
|[[Ciara Ní É]]
le ‘''Smaointe faoi Chíocha''’
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-agus-imeachtai-eile/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa agus imeachtaí eile|údar=[[Sinéad Ní Uallacháin]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2020|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418132350/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-agus-imeachtai-eile/|archivedate=18 Aibreán 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/posts/pfbid0m5NWFPzsGnVuJgCYEXxL5FsMRwJKCh6Pj7BVX4xQeKKvJNViDcEYRswPNMsmmuvTl|teideal=SLAM FILÍOCHTA 2019|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=24 Lúnasa 2019|work=www.facebook.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
le ‘''Deor(a)-íocht''’&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/linte-scrite-i-ngarrai-mo-smaointe-dan-nua-dianghlasala-le-colm-mac-gearailt/|teideal='Línte scríte i ngarraí mo smaointe' - dán nua dianghlasála le Colm Mac Gearailt|údar=NÓS|dáta=2021-01-05|language=|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2024-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Dubhán Ó Longáin]]
|[[Maoilíosa Scott]]
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-margaret-thatcher-agus-tiuns/|teideal=Slam filíochta, Margaret Thatcher, agus tiúns - NÓS|dáta=17 Iúil 2019|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301220224/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-margaret-thatcher-agus-tiuns/|archivedate=1 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''2018'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTnIr8wsEck|teideal=Liú Lúnasa 2018 {{!}} Buaiteoirí Slam Filíochta|údar=[[BLOC]]|dáta=28 Lúnasa 2018|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Dubhán Ó Longáin]]
|[[Colm Mac Gearailt]]
|[[Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh]]
|[[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Seán Ó Muireagáin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/posts/pfbid02MWpmkC6o9fQeDBg8crL475JdiZ34XYwtW52toZoGTExuJzRf6kXYijFY2WPiZVUPl|teideal=Slam Filíochta|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=8 Lúnasa 2018|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/gaeilge/2017/0828/900522-slam-bheal-feirste-ag-liu-lunasa/|teideal=Slam Bhéal Feirste ag Liú Lúnasa|údar=[[Siún Ní Dhuinn]]|dáta=21 Meán Fómhair 2021|work=[[RTÉ]]|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921214640/https://www.rte.ie/gaeilge/2017/0828/900522-slam-bheal-feirste-ag-liu-lunasa/|archivedate=21 Meán Fómhair 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''
|[[Milène Fegan]]
|[[Sionainn Ní Ghréacháin]]
le ‘''Airím Uaim''’
|Roinnte idir [[Dáire Ní Chanáin]] le ''‘Litir do mo Ghrá’'', agus [[Eoin P. Ó Murchú]]
|[[Seán Ó Muireagáin]], [[Réaltán Ní Leannáin]] agus [[Séamus Barra Ó Súilleabháin]]
|}
Bronnadh Duais Aitheantais ag Slam '17 ar [[Tuán Ó Ruanaidh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/posts/pfbid025swiNURPovoZtdLJehzZ8k8FFyhmFErSEpofzbuoiMnUzPgMvnfreTpz9afZKVcRl|teideal=Facebook|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|dáta=24 Lúnasa 2017|work=www.facebook.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
*

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Liú Lúnasa]]
* [[Slamovision]]
* [[REIC]]
* [[Rapcheol Gaeilge]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slam Filiochta Liu Lunasa}}
[[Catagóir: Comórtais Filíochta Gaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais Filíochta|*]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais in ealaíona teangabhunaithe na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais sna healaíona teangabhunaithe]]
[[Catagóir: Comórtais]]
[[Catagóir: Gradaim na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht ó bhéal i nGaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht na Gaeilge‎|*]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht ó bhéal|*]]
[[Catagóir: Filíocht]]
[[Catagóir: Duaiseanna Liteartha na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Duaiseanna Liteartha]]
[[Catagóir: Ealaíona teangabhunaithe na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir: Ealaíona taibhiúcháin]]
[[Catagóir: Liú Lúnasa]]
[[Catagóir: Béal Feirste]]
[[Catagóir: Léiriúcháin bheo]]</text>
      <sha1>5gygz6avb9csoz19v9oxky8f9ik6xv6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Loch Beara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119924</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mahagaja</username>
        <id>91</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>typo</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2850" sha1="ibsfrdpziy1h752vq8lb4ke4sru00sf" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Tíreolaíocht Fhisiceach}}

Is loch [[fionnuisce]] é ''' Loch Beara'''&lt;ref name=logainm/&gt;&lt;ref name=EPA/&gt; suite i dtuaisceart {{h|Contae Dhún na nGall}} sa ghleann feadh éasc-chrios Ghaoth Beara.

== Tíreolaíocht ==
Tá Loch Beara suite tuairim is {{convert|30|km|0}} taobh thiar de [[Leitir Ceanainn]], díreach lasmuigh den choirnéal thiar theas {{h|Páirc Náisiúnta Ghleann Bheatha}}.&lt;ref name=IFI/&gt;  Tá sé tuairim is {{convert|1.5|km|1|abbr=on}} ar fad agus {{convert|1|km|1|abbr=on}} ar leithead.

== Hidreolaíocht ==
Soláthraítear Loch Beara go formhór ag Abhainn Bheara a shreabhann isteach taobh ó thuaidh.  Ritheann an loch amach ó dheas insan Abhainn Ghaoth Beara isteach.  Tá an loch [[Innéacs Staide Trófaí|olagatrófach]].&lt;ref name=NPWS/&gt;

== Stair an dúlra ==
I measc na n-iasc i Loch Beara, tá [[breac donn]], [[bradán]] agus [[eascann]] atá i mbaol criticiúil.&lt;ref name=IFI/&gt;  Tá an loch lastigh den [[Limistéar faoi Chaomhnú Speisialta]] Phortach Chlochar na nGabhar agus Pháirc Náisiúnta Ghleann Bheatha, which also includes [[Loch Ghleann Bheatha]].&lt;ref name=NPWS/&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Liosta Lochanna na hÉireann]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=EPA&gt;{{cite report | last1 = Free | first1 = Gary | last2 = Little | first2 = Ruth | last3 = Tierney | first3 = Deirdre | last4 = Donnelly | first4 = Karol | last5 = Caroni | first5 = Rossana | name-list-style = amp | url = https://www.epa.ie/publications/research/water/Final-Report-(2000-FS1-M1).pdf#page=16 | title = A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes | date = 2006 | pages = 10 | publisher = [[Gníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil (Éire)]] | access-date = 11 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IFI&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://wfdfish.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Barra_report_2014.pdf | teideal = Water Framework Directive Fish Stock Survey of Lough Barra | foilsitheoir = Inland Fisheries Ireland | dáta = July 2014 | dátarochtana = 3 February 2016 | archivedate = 10 Bealtaine 2017 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510094330/http://wfdfish.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Barra_report_2014.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=logainm&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.logainm.ie/ga/1166331 | teideal = Loch Beara | foilsitheoir = [[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]] | dátarochtana = 3ú Feabhra 2016 | teanga = ga | work = [[logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NPWS&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY002047.pdf | teideal = Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park SAC | foilsitheoir = [[An tSeirbhís Páirceanna Náisiúnta agus Fiadhúlra]] | dátarochtana = 3ú Feabhra 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beara, Loch}}
[[Catagóir: Lochanna Chontae Dhún na nGall]]</text>
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        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Limistéir */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3319" sha1="tgwb84hw1apf1cn266bloitcvlc2rei" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceisteanna ==
=== Comhshaol nó Timpeallacht ===
* Comhshaol == dlí
** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Comhshaol%20/ comhshaol] ar téarma.
*** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/dl%C3%AD%20cosanta%20comhshaoil/ga/ dlí cosanta comhshaoil]
*** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/an%20Ghn%C3%ADomhaireacht%20Eorpach%20Comhshaoil/ga/ an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Comhshaoil]
* Timpeallacht == nádúr
** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/timpeallacht/ timpeallacht] ar téarma.
*** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Comhord%C3%BA%20an%20Eolais%20ar%20an%20Timpeallacht/ga/ Comhordú an Eolais ar an Timpeallacht]
** [https://www.focloir.ie/ga/dictionary/ei/environment environment] ar focloir.
** [[:Catagóir:Timpeallachtaí]]

=== (SPA / LCoS), (SAC / LCaS) ===
* {{lang-en|Special Protection Area (SPA)}}
** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Limist%C3%A9ar%20Cosanta%20Speisialta/ga/ '''L'''imistéar '''C'''osanta '''S'''peisialta (LCoS)]
** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Limist%C3%A9ar%20faoi%20Chosaint%20Speisialta/ga/ Limistéar faoi Chosaint Speisialta]
* {{lang-en|Special Area of Conservation (SAC)}}
** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Limist%C3%A9ar%20Caomhantais%20Speisialta/ga/ '''L'''imistéar '''C'''aomhantais '''S'''peisialta] (LCaS)
** [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Limist%C3%A9ar%20faoi%20Chaomhn%C3%BA%20Speisialta/ga/ Limistéar faoi Chaomhnú Speisialta]
** Is '''SAC''' é [https://www.logainm.ie/ga/s?txt=Oitir+na+hAbhann+Duibhe+LCS Oitir na hAbhann Duibhe LCS/Blackwater Bank SAC] (ar logainm.ie)

=== ''European Environment Agency'' ===
* {{lang-en|European Environment Agency (EEA)}} 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Chomhshaoil Eorpach]] ar vicipéid
* [https://www.tearma.ie/q/an%20Ghn%C3%ADomhaireacht%20Eorpach%20Comhshaoil/ga/ an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Comhshaoil] ar téarma.ie
* Cuardach ar [https://www.gaois.ie/ga/corpora/parallel?Query=European+Environment+Agency&amp;Language=en&amp;SearchMode=exact&amp;PerPage=50 gaois.ie]
** Ainm/Cusp/Tabh
*** an Ghníomhaireacht Chomhshaoil Eorpach (3)
*** an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Chomhshaoil (11)
*** An Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Comhshaoil (21)
** Gin
*** bunú na Gníomhaireachta Comhshaoil Eorpaí (1)
*** Ról na Gníomhaireachta Eorpaí Comhshaoil (11)
* Achoimre
** GCE: 5
** GEC(h): 44
* Cinneadh: an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Comhshaoil (cf téarma.ie)

=== Bithgheografach nó bitíreolaíoch ===

== Catagóirí ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach]]
** [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Dlí comhshaoil san Aontas Eorpach]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Limistéir Cosanta Speisialta]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Limistéir Cosanta Speisialta na hÉireann]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Limistéir Caomhantais Speisialta]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Limistéir Caomhantais Speisialta na hÉireann]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Natura 2000]]

== Limistéir ==
=== LCoS ===

=== LCaS ===
# ''[[:en:Cloonee and Inchiquin Loughs, Uragh Wood|Cloonee and Inchiquin Loughs, Uragh Wood]]'' - [[xxx]]

== Eile ==
# Single-use plastics

== Buntásc ==
* Le scrios
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Limistéir Speisialta|Limistéir Speisialta]]
** [[Liosta Limistéar faoi Chosaint Speisialta]]
** [[:Catagóir:Catagóir:Limistéir Cosanta Speisialta]]
** [[:Catagóir:Limistéir faoi Chosaint Speisialta]]
** [[:Catagóir:Limistéir faoi Chaomhnú Speisialta]]
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Tuamaí</title>
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      <text bytes="9626" sha1="pl8eeqykkak43n448creqp3agvg7v3c" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste na hÉireann]]

== Tuamaí pasáiste na hÉireann ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last= Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features ==
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.

'' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods ==
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult ==
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==International connections==
The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;Kador et al., Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cassidy | first1 = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin|first2 = Ros|last3 = Kador|first3 = Thomas|last4 = Lynch|first4 = Ann|last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton|last6 = Woodman|first6 = Peter C.|last7 = Murphy|first7 = Eileen|last8 = Ramsey|first8= Greer|last9 = Dowd|first9 = Marion|last10 = Noonan|first10 = Alice|last11 = Campbell|first11 = Ciarán|last12 = Jones|first12 = Eppie R.|last13 = Mattiangeli|first13 = Valeria|last14 = Bradley|first14 = Daniel G.| year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Unopened monuments==
Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated. Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples ==
* [[Newgrange]]
* [[Knowth]]
* [[Dowth]]
* [[Fourknocks Passage Tomb|Fourknocks]]
* [[Rathcoran]]
* [[Loughcrew]]
* [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]
* [[Carrowmore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Megalithic monuments in Ireland]]
[[Category:Burial monuments and structures in Ireland]]
[[Category:Tombs in the Republic of Ireland]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
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      <text bytes="9501" sha1="qlfspqguescjv2s9g22odpjbz8ono1e" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste na hÉireann]]

== Tuamaí pasáiste na hÉireann ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.

'' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Unopened monuments==
Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated. Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples ==
* [[Newgrange]]
* [[Knowth]]
* [[Dowth]]
* [[Fourknocks Passage Tomb|Fourknocks]]
* [[Rathcoran]]
* [[Loughcrew]]
* [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]
* [[Carrowmore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Megalithic monuments in Ireland]]
[[Category:Burial monuments and structures in Ireland]]
[[Category:Tombs in the Republic of Ireland]]

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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste na hÉireann]]

== Tuamaí pasáiste na hÉireann ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Sí an Bhrú]]
* [[Cnóbha]]
* [[Dowth]]
* [[Tuama pasáiste an Fhuarchnoic|Fuarchnoc]]
* [[Rathcoran]]
* [[Loughcrew]]
* [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Megalithic monuments in Ireland]]


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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste na hÉireann]]

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Sí an Bhrú]]
* [[Cnóbha]]
* [[Dowth]]
* [[Tuama pasáiste an Fhuarchnoic|Fuarchnoc]]
* [[Rathcoran]]
* [[Loughcrew]]
* [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Megalithic monuments in Ireland]]

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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn]]

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Sí an Bhrú]]
* [[Cnóbha]]
* [[Dowth]]
* [[Tuama pasáiste an Fhuarchnoic|Fuarchnoc]]
* [[Rathcoran]]
* [[Loughcrew]]
* [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Megalithic monuments in Ireland]]

== Buntásc ==
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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn]]

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Sí an Bhrú]]
* [[Cnóbha]]
* [[Dowth]]
* [[Tuama pasáiste an Fhuarchnoic|Fuarchnoc]]
* [[Rathcoran]]
* [[Loughcrew]]
* [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste| ]]

== Buntásc ==
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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn]]

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Brú na Bóinne]]
** [[Sí an Bhrú]]
** [[Cnóbha]]
** [[Dubhadh]]
* [[Tuama Pasáiste na bhFuarchnoc|Na Fuarchnoic]]
* [[Ráth Cuaráin]]
* [[Loch Craobh]]
* [[Tuamaí Pasáiste na Ceathrú Caoile|An Cheathrú Chaol]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste| ]]

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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn]]
#  na Ceathrú Caoile
# Ráth Chuaráin

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Brú na Bóinne]]
** [[Sí an Bhrú]]
** [[Cnóbha]]
** [[Dubhadh]]
* [[Tuama Pasáiste na bhFuarchnoc|Na Fuarchnoic]]
* [[Ráth Cuaráin]]
* [[Loch Craobh]]
* [[Tuamaí Pasáiste na Ceathrú Caoile|An Cheathrú Chaol]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste| ]]

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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn]]
#  na Ceathrú Caoile
# Ráth Chuaráin

== Catagóir ==

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Brú na Bóinne]]
** [[Sí an Bhrú]]
** [[Cnóbha]]
** [[Dubhadh]]
* [[Tuama Pasáiste na bhFuarchnoc|Na Fuarchnoic]]
* [[Ráth Cuaráin]]
* [[Loch Craobh]]
* [[Tuamaí Pasáiste na Ceathrú Caoile|An Cheathrú Chaol]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste| ]]

== Buntásc ==
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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn]]
#  na Ceathrú Caoile
# Ráth Chuaráin

== Catagóirí ==

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Brú na Bóinne]]
** [[Sí an Bhrú]]
** [[Cnóbha]]
** [[Dubhadh]]
* [[Tuama Pasáiste na bhFuarchnoc|Na Fuarchnoic]]
* [[Ráth Cuaráin]]
* [[Loch Craobh]]
* [[Tuamaí Pasáiste na Ceathrú Caoile|An Cheathrú Chaol]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste| ]]

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# ''[[:en:Passage tombs in Ireland|Passage tombs in Ireland]]'' - [[Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn]]
#  na Ceathrú Caoile
# Ráth Cuaráin

== Catagóirí ==

== Tuamaí pasáiste i nÉirinn ==
'' '''Passage tombs''' are a category of [[Megalithic]] monument from the [[Neolithic]] period.  They are found in most regions of '''Ireland''' but are more prevalent in the Northern half of the island.  The usage period of Irish [[Tuama pasáiste]] date from c. 3750 B.C. to about 2500 B.C.
&lt;ref name=Bergh2013&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bergh | first=Stefan | last2=Hensey | first2=Robert | date=2013 | title= Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554734 | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages= 343–366 | doi= 10.1111/ojoa.12019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kador2018&gt;{{cite journal | last=Kador | first=Thomas | last2=Cassidy | first2=Lara M.| last3=Geber | first3=Jonny | last4=Hensey | first4=Robert | last5=Meehan | first5=Pádraig | last6=Moore | first6=Sam | date=2018 | title=Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/rites-of-passage-mortuary-practice-population-dynamics-and-chronology-at-the-carrowkeel-passage-tomb-complex-co-sligo-ireland/CE8E9D1CC402CCF625E172501E8E8C65 | journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society | volume=84 | pages=225–255 | issue=1–2 | doi= 10.5744/bi.2017.1001 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  About twenty clusters are recorded in Ireland, but the best known examples are found along a curved trajectory from the west coast to the east, including the centres of [[an Cheathrú Mhór]] and [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]] in Contae Shligigh, and [[Loughcrew]] and the [[Boyne Valley]] in Contae na Mí.

== Architectural features 
{{príomhalt|Tuama pasáiste}}

'' The term 'passage tomb' only dates back to the mid twentieth century.
&lt;ref name=Case1963&gt;{{cite journal | last=Case | first=Humphrey | date=1963 | title=Foreign Connections in the Irish Neolithic | journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology | volume=26 | pages=3–18 | jstor=20567579}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  Before then, the monuments were called by other terms, such as &quot;chambered cairns&quot; &quot;Danish mounds&quot; or &quot;tumuli&quot;.

'' A number of authors of the modern era, including Alison Sheridan and Robert Hensey, have attempted to categorise passage tombs. Hensey suggests three categories:
* small and simple open monuments, often circular, such as found at [[an Cheathrú Mhór]]
* intermediate scale monuments with a [[cairn]] covering some form of burial chamber. An example of these would be the [[Loughcrew]] passage tombs. This category may have distinctive abstract carvings or [[petroglyphs]] in the style of the Irish passage tomb tradition, [[Sun|solar]] alignments, recumbent kerbs. Burial ritual may include both [[cremation]] and deposition of unburnt bones.
* super monuments similar to [[Sí an Bhrú]] in the Boyne Valley. These are constructed on a greater scale, possess more elaborate artwork and are architecturally extravagant, incorporating techniques such as [[corbelling]] (this is also seen in the second category), long roofed passages, sillstones, and with building materials brought from distant locations.
* '' More elaborate passage tomb tradition monuments may have sub-divisions of architectural space; cruciform layouts are well known from Loughcrew, Carrowkeel and the Boyne Valley
&lt;ref name=Hensey2015&gt;{{cite book | last = Hensey | first = Robert | date = 2015 |title= First light: the origins of Newgrange | url = https://www.oxbowbooks.com/dbbc/first-light.html | publisher = Oxbow Books | pages = 210 | isbn = 9781782979517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' Sometimes, the clusters of monuments have a focal or central monument, bigger than its 'satellites'. This pattern is seen at [[Cnóbha]] and at Carrowmore.  There is often a structure on an even larger scale associated with landscape features such as lakes, rivers and mountains observed in the layout. For instance at Carrowkeel, a smaller cluster in the Bricklieve Mountains has a number of outlying sites such as the Pinnacle on Keash Hill, Ardloy, Heapstown and Suigh Lughaidh
&lt;ref name=Hensey2014&gt;Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Padraig; Dowd, Marion, Moore, Sam. &quot;A century of archaeology – historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo&quot; PRIA, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

'' One feature of Irish passage tombs that distinguishes them from other monumental types of the Neolithic era is the longevity of the tradition. They appear to be in use for well over a millennium, in contrast to other monument types associated with the early Neolithic, such as court tombs or portal dolmens.

== Grave goods 
'' Burials in Irish passage tombs tend to be accompanied by a limited and distinctive range of objects. These [[grave goods]] include [[pins]] fashioned from bone or red deer antler, carved and polished stone [[pendants]], pieces of [[quartz]], [[flint]] or [[chert]] tools, stone or chalk balls and a distinctive form of pottery called Carrowkeel ware, named thus because it was first noted in [[Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery|Carrowkeel]]. The pots, formed of reddish clay, are fashioned in a variety of sizes, but are always round-bottomed, and often decorated with stab and drag patterns. Few intact examples have been recovered, but these include some fine examples from the [[Mound of the Hostages]] (Dumha na nGiall) passage tomb at the [[Hill of Tara]], County Meath&lt;ref&gt;O'Sullivan, Muiris. &quot;Dumha na nGiall, the Mound of the Hostages, Tara&quot;. Wordwell Press. 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Solar cult 
'' After his excavation and restoration work at [[Newgrange]], Michael O'Kelly reported his discovery of a solar alignment on the winter solstice. Such alignments have been claimed for monuments in different parts of Ireland and abroad, for example in [[Maes Howe]], Scotland; [[Loughcrew]], County Meath; [[Knockroe]], County Kilkenny and in [[Listoghil]], the central monument at [[Carrowmore]], County Sligo,&lt;ref&gt;O'Kelly, Michael; O'Kelly, Claire. &quot;Newgrange - Archaeology, Art and Legend&quot; Thames and Hudson. 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meehan | first1 = Padraig | year = 2012 | title = A Possible Astronomical Alignment marking Seasonal Transitions at Listoghil, Sligo, Ireland | journal = Internet Archaeology | volume = 32 | issue = 32| doi = 10.11141/ia.32.3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International connections
'' The Irish passage tombs bear similarities to examples found in other locations on the Atlantic facade; in particular in Brittany, France; Wales and Scotland. Ancient DNA research has associated the dead in the Irish monuments with early farming migrations to the Atlantic region about 6000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Kador2018 /&gt;  The ancient ancestral origin of these groups was [[Anatolia]]. Familial connections between people buried at Carrowmore, Carrowkeel, Millin Bay and Newgrange have been demonstrated, and the passage tomb populations appear to cluster (in genetic terms) away from occupants of other neolithic monuments and the general Irish neolithic population. This (and an indication of incest in the genetic profile of a male interred in the right recess of Newgrange) has led a team of researchers in [[Trinity College Dublin]] to propose that Irish neolithic society was led by dynastic rulers. Lara Cassidy stated, &quot;It seems what we have here is a powerful extended kin-group, who had access to elite burial sites in many regions of the island for at least half a millennium&quot;.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kevin O'Sullivan|title= Newgrange tomb body belonged to royal-like male 'born of incest'|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/newgrange-tomb-body-belonged-to-royal-like-male-born-of-incest-1.4281412|date=June 18, 2020 |access-date= July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Cassidy2020&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = Lara M. |last2 = Ó Maoldúin | first2 = Ros | last3 = Kador | first3 = Thomas | last4 = Lynch | first4 = Ann | last5 = Jones|first5 = Carleton | last6 = Woodman | first6 = Peter C. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = Eileen | last8 = Ramsey | first8= Greer | last9 = Dowd | first9 = Marion | last10 = Noonan | first10 = Alice | last11 = Campbell | first11 = Ciarán| last12 = Jones | first12 = Eppie R. | last13 = Mattiangeli | first13 = Valeria | last14 = Bradley | first14 = Daniel G. | year = 2020 | title = A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society | url= | journal = Nature | volume =  582 | issue = 7812| pages = 384–388| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 | pmid = 32555485 | s2cid = 219729757 |pmc = 7116870}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unopened monuments
'' Although some of the more high profile Irish passage tombs have been excavated and - sometimes controversially - reconstructed, many monuments remain unexcavated.  Many hill cairns and lowland cairns may be passage tombs; monuments such as Shee Mór in County Leitrim, Heapstown in County Sligo and Croghaun, near Raphoe in County Donegal.

== Examples 
* [[Brú na Bóinne]]
** [[Sí an Bhrú]]
** [[Cnóbha]]
** [[Dubhadh]]
* [[Tuama Pasáiste na bhFuarchnoc|Na Fuarchnoic]]
* [[Ráth Cuaráin]]
* [[Loch Craobh]]
* [[Tuamaí Pasáiste na Ceathrú Caoile|An Cheathrú Chaol]]
* [[An Cheathrú Mhór]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

[[Catagóir:Tuamaí pasáiste| ]]

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== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[energy poverty]] agus [[toxic waste]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources such as [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial. [[Nuclear power]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>hcazlzchaa1w250urpyb7fzs06rahrr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326810</id>
      <parentid>1326808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T16:34:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="11437" sha1="takyt1x48pfij1cmwjsmqt3fu8hu89c" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Energy system|Energy]] is [[sustainability|sustainable]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy, and society. These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] and [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[radioactive waste]], the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[coal]] to [[natural gas]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[climate change|climate impact]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>takyt1x48pfij1cmwjsmqt3fu8hu89c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326811</id>
      <parentid>1326810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T17:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe */</comment>
      <origin>1326811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11444" sha1="5zg2gr86gfpjpd5pzccposn1rzeeahw" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>5zg2gr86gfpjpd5pzccposn1rzeeahw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326812</id>
      <parentid>1326811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T17:47:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe */</comment>
      <origin>1326812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11480" sha1="01oqr1zdhi1n921howsmvqf5jiw5pzq" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Fossil fuel]]s provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[charcoal]] to cook. [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>01oqr1zdhi1n921howsmvqf5jiw5pzq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326814</id>
      <parentid>1326812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:48:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe */</comment>
      <origin>1326814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11499" sha1="4bbhf4r40ujb209bnvkt50rmekxwygm" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Breosla iontaise]] provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Tíortha i mbéal forbartha|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[Gualach]] to cook.  [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Paris Agreement|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[climate]], human health, and the economies of [[Developing country|developing countries]]. 

'' [[Climate change mitigation]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}. These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[wind energy|wind]] and [[Solar power|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings. Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>4bbhf4r40ujb209bnvkt50rmekxwygm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326815</id>
      <parentid>1326814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T20:03:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11504" sha1="g2apx12nk915el6kt4oam4ek84tlirh" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Breosla iontaise]] provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Tíortha i mbéal forbartha|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[Gualach]] to cook.  [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Comhaontú Aeráide Pháras|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[aeráid]], human health, and the economies of developing countries. 

'' [[Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}.  These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[fuinneamh ghaoithe|wind]] and [[grianfhuinneamh|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings.  Power output from [[Variable renewable energy|some renewable energy sources varies]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines. Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[electrical grid]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[energy storage]]. Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[Green hydrogen|hydrogen fuel]] produced from low-emission energy sources. In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates that 2.5% of world [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies. They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport. Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[Carbon price|carbon pricing]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]]. These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>g2apx12nk915el6kt4oam4ek84tlirh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326819</id>
      <parentid>1326815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T20:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1326819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11476" sha1="p82uph7yd3ci9t5b2e4jbzlscgayctp" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Breosla iontaise]] provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Tíortha i mbéal forbartha|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[Gualach]] to cook.  [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Comhaontú Aeráide Pháras|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[aeráid]], human health, and the economies of developing countries. 

'' [[Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}.  These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[fuinneamh ghaoithe|wind]] and [[grianfhuinneamh|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings.  Power output from [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite athraitheach]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines.  Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[mogalra leictreach]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[stóráil fuinnimh]].  Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[hidrigin ghlasl]] produced from low-emission energy sources.  In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) estimates that 2.5% of world [[Olltáirgeacht intíre]] (OTI) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}.  Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies.  They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport.  Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[praghsáil carbóin]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fossil fuel subsidies]].  These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>p82uph7yd3ci9t5b2e4jbzlscgayctp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326825</id>
      <parentid>1326819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:34:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe */</comment>
      <origin>1326825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11485" sha1="4t19fe0am6jqcs8xbknpqked9z5l4uq" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Breosla iontaise]] provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Tíortha i mbéal forbartha|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[Gualach]] to cook.  [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Comhaontú Aeráide Pháras|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[aeráid]], human health, and the economies of developing countries. 

'' [[Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}.  These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[fuinneamh ghaoithe|wind]] and [[grianfhuinneamh|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings.  Power output from [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite athraitheach]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines.  Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[mogalra leictreach]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[stóráil fuinnimh]].  Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[hidrigin ghlasl]] produced from low-emission energy sources.  In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) estimates that 2.5% of world [[Olltáirgeacht intíre]] (OTI) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}.  Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies.  They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport.  Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[praghsáil carbóin]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]].  These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>4t19fe0am6jqcs8xbknpqked9z5l4uq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326826</id>
      <parentid>1326825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:36:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe */</comment>
      <origin>1326826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11475" sha1="kienakfkb8en47fq1ogili6hxspgwvj" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Breosla iontaise]] provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Tíortha i mbéal forbartha|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[Gualach]] to cook.  [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Comhaontú Aeráide Pháras|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[aeráid]], human health, and the economies of developing countries. 

'' [[Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}.  These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[fuinneamh ghaoithe|wind]] and [[grianfhuinneamh|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings.  Power output from [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite athraitheach]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines.  Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[mogalra leictreach]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[stóráil fuinnimh]].  Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[hidrigin ghlasl]] produced from low-emission energy sources.  In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) estimates that 2.5% of world [[Olltáirgeacht intíre]] (OTI) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}.  Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies.  They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport.  Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[praghsáil carbóin]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]].  These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>kienakfkb8en47fq1ogili6hxspgwvj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1326829</id>
      <parentid>1326826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T22:31:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar */</comment>
      <origin>1326829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11584" sha1="p3r27dm6odws9ndm5r7v4i6uqeqo2kh" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Cúiseanna ==
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
Led

== Aontas Eorpach ==
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ==
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Category:Sustainable energy|Category:Sustainable energy]]'' - [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
#* [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Geothermal heating|Geothermal heating]]'' - [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
# ''[[:en:|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]

== Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe ==

{| class= wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Íomhá:R151 Arriving Buona Vista MRT Station.jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:Bread Maker, Adigrat (11815897476).jpg | mion | center | 200px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '' Sustainable energy examples: concentrated [[grianchumhacht]] with [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|molten salt heat storage]] in Spain; [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] in South Africa; electrified [[public transport]] in Singapore; and [[clean cooking]] in Ethiopia.
|}


'' [[Fuinneamh]] is [[inbhuanaitheacht|inbhuanaithe]] if it &quot;meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of [[future generations]] to meet their own needs.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2021 /&gt;  Definitions of '''sustainable energy''' usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy agus society.  These impacts range from [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus [[truailliú aeir]] to [[tearcrochtain fuinnimh]] agus [[dramhaíl nimhiúil]].  [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources amhail is [[fuinneamh gaoithe|gaoth]], [[Hidrileictreachas|hidri]], [[grianfhuinneamh|grian]] agus [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach|geoiteirmeach]] can cause environmental damage but are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.

'' The role of [[Acmhainní neamh-inathnuaite|non-renewable energy]] sources in sustainable energy is controversial.  [[Fuinneamh núicléach|Cumhacht núicléach]] does [[Low-carbon power|not produce carbon pollution]] or air pollution, but has drawbacks that include [[fuíoll núicléach|dramhaíl núicléach]], the risk of [[Iomadú núicléach]], and the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|risk of accidents]]. Switching from [[gual]] to [[gás nádúrtha]] has environmental benefits, including a lower [[athrú aeráide]], but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options.  [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] can be built into power plants to remove their [[carbon dioxide]] emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.

'' [[Breosla iontaise]] provide 85% of the world's energy consumption, and the energy system is responsible for 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Around 790&amp;nbsp;million people in [[Tíortha i mbéal forbartha|developing countries]] lack [[rural electrification|access to electricity]], and 2.6&amp;nbsp;billion rely on polluting fuels such as wood or [[Gualach]] to cook.  [[Energy poverty and cooking|Cooking with biomass]] plus fossil fuel pollution causes an estimated 7 million deaths each year. [[Comhaontú Aeráide Pháras|Limiting global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}]] will require [[Energy transition|transforming energy production]], distribution, storage, and consumption. [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|Universal access to clean electricity]] can have major benefits to the [[aeráid]], human health, and the economies of developing countries. 

'' [[Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to {{convert|2|C-change}}.  These include phasing out coal-fired power plants, [[Energy conservation|conserving energy]], producing more electricity from clean sources such as [[fuinneamh ghaoithe|wind]] and [[grianfhuinneamh|solar]], and switching [[Electrification|from fossil fuels to electricity]] for transport and heating buildings.  Power output from [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite athraitheach]] depending on when the wind blows and the sun shines.  Switching to renewable energy can therefore require [[mogalra leictreach]] upgrades, such as the addition of [[stóráil fuinnimh]].  Some processes that are difficult to electrify can use [[hidrigin ghlasl]] produced from low-emission energy sources.  In the [[International Energy Agency]]'s proposal for achieving net zero emissions by 2050, about 35% of the reduction in emissions depends on technologies that are still in development as of 2023. 

'' Wind and solar market share grew to 8.5% of worldwide electricity in 2019, and costs continue to fall. The [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) estimates that 2.5% of world [[Olltáirgeacht intíre]] (OTI) would need to be invested in the energy system each year between 2016 and 2035 to limit global warming to {{convert|1.5|C-change}}.  Governments can fund the research, development, and demonstration of new clean energy technologies.  They can also build [[infrastructure]] for electrification and sustainable transport.  Finally, governments can encourage clean energy deployment with policies such as [[praghsáil carbóin]], [[renewable portfolio standard]]s, and phase-outs of [[fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]].  These policies may also increase [[energy security]].

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=Kutscher2019&gt;{{cite book | last=Kutscher | first=C.F. | last2=Milford | first2=J.B. | last3=Kreith | first3=F. | title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems | edition=Third | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-93916-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zhang2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Wei | last2=Li | first2=Binshuai | last3=Xue | first3=Rui | last4=Wang | first4=Chengcheng | last5=Cao | first5=Wei | title=A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development | journal=[[PLOS One]] | date=2021 | volume=16 | issue=12 | article-number=e0261091 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 | pmid=34860855 | pmc=8641874 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1661091Z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]

== Téamh geoiteirmeach ==
[[Íomhá:Geothermal heating.jpg | mission | upright=1.7 | Téamh geoiteirmeach]]


'' '''Geothermal heating''' is the direct use of [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] for some heating applications.

== Stair 
Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. 

== Foinse 
'' Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from [[radioactive decay]] of minerals, and from [[grianfhuinneamh]] absorbed at the surface.&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3 /&gt;  Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to [[tectonic plate boundaries]] where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth.  In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat.  Below 6 m, the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature,&lt;ref name=icax /&gt; and this heat can be extracted with a [[ground source heat pump]].

== Eacnamaíocht 
Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270&amp;nbsp;[[petajoule|PJ]] of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28&amp;nbsp;GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt; [[Thermal efficiency]] is high since no energy conversion is needed, but [[capacity factor]]s tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=heatpumps9-3&gt;{{citation | title=Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008 | pages=9–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icax&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html | teideal = Mean Annual Air Temperature | work = icax.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first=Ingvar B. | last=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | book-title=Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources | editor1=O. Hohmeyer | editor2=T. Trittin | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808204637/http://grsj.gr.jp/iga/iga-files/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>p3r27dm6odws9ndm5r7v4i6uqeqo2kh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Wikidata list/Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>120472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326805</id>
      <parentid>1326531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:58:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>25319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>1326805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="776" sha1="mp1rawegixvdkur7rb2qrgmfw5uha7h" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidata list | sparql = 
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P17 wd:Q27.
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel.

  FILTER(CONTAINS(LCASE(?itemLabel), &quot;wicklow mountains&quot;))
  FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = &quot;en&quot; || LANG(?itemLabel) = &quot;ga&quot; || LANG(?itemLabel) = &quot;ro&quot;)
}
| columns = label:Alt, item:Mír
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Alt
! Mír
|-
| [[Páirc Náisiúnta Shléibhte Chill Mhantáin]]
| [[:d:Q3364505|Q3364505]]
|-
| [[Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin]]
| [[:d:Q945002|Q945002]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100553270|European Communities (Conservation of Wild Birds (Wicklow Mountains Special Protection Area 004040)) Regulations 2012]]''
| [[:d:Q100553270|Q100553270]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128578262|Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin (LCS)]]''
| [[:d:Q128578262|Q128578262]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>mp1rawegixvdkur7rb2qrgmfw5uha7h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Gníomhaireachtaí an AE</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>121281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1326795</id>
      <parentid>1326530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T13:51:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>25319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>1326795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7073" sha1="hqon5nt79v2wx3m5nxdqoy8yb0q52la" xml:space="preserve">== Forais / Institiúidí ==
: '' Féach [[Comhlachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh agus Euratom]]

{{Wikidata list | sparql = 
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?valueLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q748720.

  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P488 ?p1 }
  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1037 ?p2 }
  
  BIND(COALESCE(?p1, ?p2) AS ?value)
 
  SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language &quot;ga,en&quot;.
  }
}
ORDER BY (?itemLabel)

| columns = number:#, P154:Lógó, label:Institiúid, P571:Bundáta, P159:Ceanncheathrú, P488:Ceannaire, P1342:Líon suíochán
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! #
! Lógó
! Institiúid
! Bundáta
! Ceanncheathrú
! Ceannaire
! Líon suíochán
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2927117|Brussels and the European Union]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| 
| ''[[:d:Q643387|European institutions in Strasbourg]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
| [[Íomhá:Council of the EU and European Council.svg|center|128px]]
| [[An Chomhairle Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-12-09
| ''[[:d:Q1375164|Europa building]]''
| [[António Costa]]
| 27
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| [[Íomhá:Logo European Central Bank.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Banc Ceannais Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-06-01
| [[Frankfurt]]
| [[Christine Lagarde]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| [[Íomhá:Council of the EU and European Council.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957
| ''[[:d:Q1375164|Europa building]]''
| ''[[:d:Q115639092|Thérèse Blanchet]]''
| 27
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 6
| [[Íomhá:Court of Justice of the European Union Logo SV.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh|Cúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952
| ''[[:d:Q20971786|Palais de la Cour de Justice]]''
| ''[[:d:Q917096|Koen Lenaerts]]''
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 7
| [[Íomhá:ECA-logo.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Cúirt Iniúchóirí na hEorpa]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-10-18
| [[Lucsamburg (cathair)|Lucsamburg]]
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 8
| [[Íomhá:European Parliament logo.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-03-25
| ''[[:d:Q2423937|Suíomh Pharlaimint na hEorpa i Strasbourg]]''
| [[Roberta Metsola|Roberta Metsola Tedesco Triccas]]
| 720
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 9
| [[Íomhá:European Commission.svg|center|128px]]
| [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-01-01
| ''[[:d:Q239|Cathair na Bruiséile]]''
| [[Ursula von der Leyen]]
| 27
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}

== Gníomhaireachtaí ==
: Féach [[Gníomhaireachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh]]

?bunDáta ?tírLabel ?lógó

| columns = number:#, P154:Lógó, label:Gníomhaireacht, P17:Tír, P571:Bundáta

{{Wikidata list | sparql = 
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?labelEn ?labelGa WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q112827555.

  ?item rdfs:label ?labelEn filter (lang(?labelEn) = &quot;en&quot;).
  ?item rdfs:label ?labelGa filter (lang(?labelGa) = &quot;ga&quot;).

  #OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P571 ?bunDáta. }
  #OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P17 ?tír. }
  #OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P154 ?lógó. }

  FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?abolishedDate. }

  #SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language &quot;ga,en&quot;.
  #}
}
ORDER BY (?itemLabel)

| columns = ?labelEn:Agency, ?labelGa:Gníomhaireacht
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Agency
! Gníomhaireacht
|-
| European Institute for Gender Equality
| Institiúid Eorpach um Chomhionannas Inscne
|-
| European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chearta Bunúsacha
|-
| European Chemicals Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach Ceimiceán
|-
| European Union Aviation Safety Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Sábháilteachta Eitlíochta an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union
| Ionad Aistriúcháin Chomhlachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| European Union Agency for Railways
| Gníomhaireacht Iarnróid an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| European Training Foundation
| an Foras Oiliúna na hEorpa
|-
| European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chomhar idir Rialálaithe Fuinnimh
|-
| European Centre for the Development of Professional Training
| an Lárionad Eorpach um Fhorbairt na Gairmoiliúna
|-
| European Medicines Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Leigheasra Eorpach
|-
| European Fisheries Control Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Rialú ar Iascach
|-
| Europol
| Europol
|-
| European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Oiliúint i bhForfheidhmiú an Dlí
|-
| European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
| Foras Eorpach chun Dálaí Maireachtála agus Oibre a Fheabhsú
|-
| Community Plant Variety Office
| Oifig an Chomhphobail maidir le Cineálacha Plandaí
|-
| European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach um Árachas agus Pinsin Cheirde
|-
| European Securities and Markets Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach um Urrúis agus Margaí
|-
| European Banking Authority
| An tÚdarás Baincéireachta Eorpach
|-
| European Food Safety Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Bia
|-
| European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Shábháilteacht agus Sláinte ag an Obair
|-
| European Environment Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Chomhshaoil Eorpach
|-
| European Maritime Safety Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Mhuirí
|-
| European Union Intellectual Property Office
| Oifig Maoine Intleachtúla an Aontais Eorpach
|-
| European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
| An Lárionad Eorpach um Chosc agus Rialú Galar
|-
| European Union Agency for Asylum
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Thearmann
|-
| European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
| Gníomhaireacht de chuid an Aontais Eorpaigh chun Bainistiú Oibríochtúil a dhéanamh ar Chórais Mhórscála TF sa Limistéar Saoirse, Slándála agus Ceartais
|-
| Single Resolution Board
| Bord Réitigh Aonair
|-
| European Union Drugs Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Drugaí an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chomhar Ceartais Choiriúil
|-
| European Institute of Innovation and Technology
| an Institiúid Eorpach um Nuálaíocht agus Teicneolaíocht
|-
| European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chibearshlándáil
|-
| European Border and Coast Guard Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um an nGarda Teorann agus Cósta
|-
| European Union Agency for the Space Programme
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um an gClár Spáis
|-
| European Labour Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach Saothair
|-
| Agency for Support for BEREC
| Gníomhaireacht Tacaíochta BEREC
|-
| Anti-Money Laundering Authority
| An tÚdarás um Fhrithsciúradh Airgid
|-
| EU Customs Authority
| Údarás Custaim an Aontais Eorpaigh
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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    <title>Úsáideoir:120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord</title>
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      <text bytes="1607" sha1="ewz9uf20g7o673zyn98cahp72a84uue" xml:space="preserve">[[:en:User:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Béarla]], [[:pl:Wikipedysta:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Polainnis]]

Seo mo leathanach úsáideora, cruthaím agus eagraím ailt a bhaineann le iarnróid Pholainne agus uaireanta tugaimse le do thoil le hailt eachtracha a bhaineann le iarnróid freisin. Uaireanta bíonn mé ag bailiú agus ag filleadh buidéil taisce (kaucja).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Íomhá:Baureihe 35.1097 w Jaworzynie Śląskiej.jpg|Inneall dóiteáin Ghearmáin Thoir [[DR Aicme 23.10|DR Aicme 35.1097]] i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Jaworzyna Śląska|Jaworzyna Śląska]]
Íomhá:Stacja kolejowa Paczków – Lokomotywy Dolata.jpg|[[Clann DR Aicme 130|BR232]]-561 agus [[PKP rang EU07|PKP Aicme EU07E]]-502 le traein i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Paczków|Paczków]]
Íomhá:S200-301.jpg|Lóistéach Seicis [[ChME3|S200]]-301 i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Kłodzko Główne|Kłodzko]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rinne ranníocaíochtaí ==

=== Alt ===
* [[IÉ 22000]]
* [[IÉ 29000]]
* [[RA1 (bunaithe ar ZIL-158V)]]
* [[IÉ 2600]]
* [[CIÉ 071]]
* [[IÉ 90000]]
* [[CIÉ 113]]
* [[CIÉ 001]]
* [[CIÉ 201]]
* [[IÉ 201]]
* [[CIÉ 8100]]
* [[CIÉ 301]]
* [[CIÉ 101]]
* [[CIÉ 401]]
* [[CIÉ 421]]

=== Teimpléad ===

* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Traein]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí stáisiún traenach]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí línte iarnróid]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Lóicmótair Díseil]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Aonadacha Iolracha]]
* [[Teimpléad:Aonaid il-dísealach an Aontas Sóivéadach agus státanna iarchórais Sóivéadacha]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1622" sha1="rzjk0yioj0alk212emw67s69m5ravl1" xml:space="preserve">[[:en:User:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Béarla]], [[:pl:Wikipedysta:120Hz_USB_type_C_HDMI_cable_cord|Go Polainnis]]

Seo mo leathanach úsáideora, cruthaím agus eagraím ailt a bhaineann le iarnróid Pholainne agus uaireanta tugaimse le do thoil le hailt eachtracha a bhaineann le iarnróid freisin. Uaireanta bíonn mé ag bailiú agus ag filleadh buidéil taisce (kaucja).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Íomhá:Baureihe 35.1097 w Jaworzynie Śląskiej.jpg|Inneall dóiteáin Ghearmáin Thoir [[DR Aicme 23.10|DR Aicme 35.1097]] i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Jaworzyna Śląska|Jaworzyna Śląska]]
Íomhá:Stacja kolejowa Paczków – Lokomotywy Dolata.jpg|[[Clann DR Aicme 130|BR232]]-561 agus [[PKP rang EU07|PKP Aicme EU07E]]-502 le traein i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Paczków|Paczków]]
Íomhá:S200-301.jpg|Lóistéach Seicis [[ChME3|S200]]-301 i [[Stáisiún Iarnróid Kłodzko Główne|Kłodzko]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rinne ranníocaíochtaí ==

=== Alt ===
* [[IÉ 22000]]
* [[IÉ 29000]]
* [[RA1 (bunaithe ar ZIL-158V)]]
* [[IÉ 2600]]
* [[CIÉ 071]]
* [[IÉ 90000]]
* [[CIÉ 113]]
* [[CIÉ 001]]
* [[CIÉ 201]]
* [[IÉ 201]]
* [[CIÉ 8100]]
* [[CIÉ 301]]
* [[CIÉ 101]]
* [[CIÉ 401]]
* [[CIÉ 421]]
* [[CIÉ 181]]

=== Teimpléad ===

* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Traein]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí stáisiún traenach]]
* [[Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí línte iarnróid]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Lóicmótair Díseil]]
* [[Teimpléad:Éire Aonadacha Iolracha]]
* [[Teimpléad:Aonaid il-dísealach an Aontas Sóivéadach agus státanna iarchórais Sóivéadacha]]</text>
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|name    = Éire Aonadacha Iolracha
|state   = {{{state|}}} 
|title   = Éire Aonadacha Iolracha
|bodyclass = hlist

| group1  = Poblacht na hÉireann
| list1   = {{navbox|subgroup

| group1 = Aonaid il-díosaile
| list1  = 
* [[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha|AEC]]
* [[GNRI BUT|BUT]]
* [[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha|2600 (I)]]
* [[IÉ 2600|2600 (II)]]
* [[IÉ 2700 agus 2750|2700]]
* [[IÉ 2700 agus 2750|2750]]
* [[IÉ 2800|2800]]
* [[IÉ 29000|29000]]
* [[IÉ 22000|22000]]

| group2 = Aonaid il-leictreacha
| list2  = 
* [[Traenach Ceallraí Drumm]]
* [[CIÉ 8100|8100]]
* [[IÉ 8200|8200]]
* [[IÉ 8500, 8510 agus 8520|8500]]
* [[IÉ 8500, 8510 agus 8520|8510]]
* [[IÉ 8500, 8510 agus 8520|8520]]
* [[IÉ 90000]]0000|80000]]
* [[IÉ 90000|90000]]

| group3 = Clanna
| list3  = 
* Alstom Commuter
* [[CxK]]
* [[ICR (traein)|ICR]]
* Tokyu Commuter

}}
|group2 = Tuaisceart Éireann
|list2=
{{navbox|subgroup 

| group1 = Aonaid il-díosaile
| list1  = 
* [[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha|AEC]]
* [[GNRI BUT|BUT]]
* [[UTA MED|MED]]
* [[UTA MPD|MPD]]
* [[UTA 70|70]]
* [[NIR 80|80]]
* [[NIR 450|450]]
* [[NIR 3000|3000]]
* [[NIR 4000|4000]]
* [[NIR MPV|MPV]]


|group2 = Clanna
|list2 = 
*[[CargoSprinter]]
*[[CxK]]
*[[British_Railways_Marc_2#Aonaid éagsúla bunaithe ar an Marc 2|Bunaithe ar Marca 2]]
*[[British_Rail_Marc_3#Aonaid éagsúla bunaithe ar an Marc 3|Bunaithe ar Marca 3]]
}}
|below =  ''féach freisin:'' [[Locomótóirí díosail na hÉireann]], [[Aonaid iolracha na hÉireann]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Boscaí nasctha iompair iarnróid na hÉireann|Multiple Unit]]
[[Category:Aonaid il-Iarnróid Éireann| ]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|name    = Éire Aonadacha Iolracha
|state   = {{{state|}}} 
|title   = Éire Aonadacha Iolracha
|bodyclass = hlist

| group1  = Poblacht na hÉireann
| list1   = {{navbox|subgroup

| group1 = Aonaid il-díosaile
| list1  = 
* [[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha|AEC]]
* [[GNRI BUT|BUT]]
* [[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha|2600 (I)]]
* [[IÉ 2600|2600 (II)]]
* [[IÉ 2700 agus 2750|2700]]
* [[IÉ 2700 agus 2750|2750]]
* [[IÉ 2800|2800]]
* [[IÉ 29000|29000]]
* [[IÉ 22000|22000]]

| group2 = Aonaid il-leictreacha
| list2  = 
* [[Traenach Ceallraí Drumm]]
* [[CIÉ 8100|8100]]
* [[IÉ 8200|8200]]
* [[IÉ 8500, 8510 agus 8520|8500]]
* [[IÉ 8500, 8510 agus 8520|8510]]
* [[IÉ 8500, 8510 agus 8520|8520]]
* [[IÉ 90000|80000]]
* [[IÉ 90000|90000]]

| group3 = Clanna
| list3  = 
* Alstom Commuter
* [[CxK]]
* [[ICR (traein)|ICR]]
* Tokyu Commuter

}}
|group2 = Tuaisceart Éireann
|list2=
{{navbox|subgroup 

| group1 = Aonaid il-díosaile
| list1  = 
* [[Carrbhan AEC Éireannacha|AEC]]
* [[GNRI BUT|BUT]]
* [[UTA MED|MED]]
* [[UTA MPD|MPD]]
* [[UTA 70|70]]
* [[NIR 80|80]]
* [[NIR 450|450]]
* [[NIR 3000|3000]]
* [[NIR 4000|4000]]
* [[NIR MPV|MPV]]


|group2 = Clanna
|list2 = 
*[[CargoSprinter]]
*[[CxK]]
*[[British_Railways_Marc_2#Aonaid éagsúla bunaithe ar an Marc 2|Bunaithe ar Marca 2]]
*[[British_Rail_Marc_3#Aonaid éagsúla bunaithe ar an Marc 3|Bunaithe ar Marca 3]]
}}
|below =  ''féach freisin:'' [[Locomótóirí díosail na hÉireann]], [[Aonaid iolracha na hÉireann]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Boscaí nasctha iompair iarnróid na hÉireann|Multiple Unit]]
[[Category:Aonaid il-Iarnróid Éireann| ]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="8790" sha1="1h4kn8b03uotdyr3da6y0qywfb65zrq" xml:space="preserve">Is í '''cumhacht gheoiteirmeach''' ná an [[Giniúint leictreachais|leictreachas]] a ghintear le [[fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]].  Tá ann stáisiúin chumhachta gal-uisce tirime, splanc-gal-uisce agus [[timthriall dénártha|timthrialla dénártha]]. Gintear leictreachas le fuinneamh geoiteirmeach i 30 tír,&lt;ref name=gea2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bassam2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=eden2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt; agus úsáidtear [[téamh geoiteirmeach]] in 80 tír.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;&lt;ref name=iga2023 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable 
|-
| [[Íomhá:Krafla geothermal power station wiki.jpg | center | 200px]]
| [[Íomhá:World map of geothermal power countries installed and developing.svg | center | 200px]]
|-
| [[Krafla Geothermal Power Station|Krafla]], a geothermal power station in Iceland
| Countries with installed or developing geothermal power projects
|}

Meastar gur foinse idir [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe|inbhuanaithe]] agus  [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite|in-athnuaite]] í cumhacht gheoiteirmeach, toisc gur beag é an méid teasa a bhaintear i gcomórtas le [[buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]].&lt;ref name=sustainability /&gt;  Ar an meán, [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa|astaíonn]] stáisiúin gheoiteirmeacha 45&amp;nbsp;gram [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] sa chileavatuair leictreachais, nó níos lú ná 5% de ghléasra gualbhreoslaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2026, bhí toilleadh chumhachta geoiteirmí le 16.6 gigeavata (GW) san iomlán ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=gea2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=monitor2026 /&gt;  Dar leis an [[Geothermal Energy Association]] (GEA), níl ach c. 7% den leas bainte aisti, agus deir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide|PIRAA]] gurbh fhéidir 35&amp;nbsp;GW go 2&amp;nbsp;TW a bhaint.&lt;ref name=IPCC /&gt;  Tá roinnt tíortha ann a ghineann níos mó ná 15% dá gcuid leictreachais le foinsí gheoiteirmeacha, san áireamh [[an tSalvadóir]], [[an Chéinia]], [[na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]], [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; agus [[Cósta Ríce]].  Tá cumas geoiteirmeach le 29&amp;nbsp;GW ag [[an Indinéis]], an méid is mó ar domhan; sa bhliain 2017, ní raibh ach 1.8&amp;nbsp;GW den leas seo bainte aici.

Meastar go mbeidh 3% go 5% den éileamh domhanda ginte ag foinsí geoiteirmeacha faoin mbliain 2050, agus le incentives, tuairim is 10% faoi by 2100.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=IPCC&gt;{{cite journal | first1=Ingvar B. | last1=Fridleifsson | first2=Ruggero | last2=Bertani | first3=Ernst | last3=Huenges | first4=John W. | last4=Lund | first5=Arni | last5=Ragnarsson | first6=Ladislaus | last6=Rybach | date=2008-02-11 | title=The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change | journal=IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources Conference, Proceedings | editor=O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin | publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | location=Luebeck, Germany | pages=59–80 | url=http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | access-date=2009-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf |date=2010-03-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sustainability&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rybach | first = Ladislaus | date = September 2007 | title = Geothermal Sustainability | periodical = Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location = Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Institute of Technology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 2–7 | url = http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-09 | archive-date = 2012-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf |date=2012-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gea2010&gt;Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf|date=25 May 2017}} May 2010, p. 4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bassam2013&gt;{{cite book | last1=El Bassam | first1=Nasir | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;hl=ga&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply | last2=Maegaard | first2=Preben | last3=Schlichting | first3=Marcia | date=2013 | publisher=Newnes | isbn=978-0-12-397178-4 | page=187 | language=en | access-date=25 October 2020 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202105 11095838/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&amp;q=international+Geothermal+Association+10%2C715+megawatts&amp;pg=PA187 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eden2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.edengeothermal.com/about/geothermal-energy/worldwide-potential/ | teideal = Worldwide potential of geothermal energy | foilsitheoir = Eden Geothermal | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iga2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://worldgeothermal.org/geothermal-data/geothermal-energy-database | teideal = Geothermal Energy Database | foilsitheoir = International Geothermal Association | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;2019 Capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Richter | ainm = Alexander | url = https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/ | teideal = The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe) | foilsitheoir = Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Feabhra 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085813/https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6&amp;nbsp;GW by 2020.

&lt;ref name=gea2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | teideal = The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015 | foilsitheoir = Geothermal Energy Association | dáta = Bealtaine 2015 | dátarochtana = 23 Samhain 2021 | archive-date = 6 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf | url-status = live | archivedate = 6 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20211006155451/http://geo-energy.org/reports/2015/Int%27lMarketataGlanceMay2015Final5_14_15.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=monitor2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-geothermal-power-tracker | teideal = Global Geothermal Power Tracker | foilsitheoir = Global Energy Monitor | dátarochtana = 2026-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles | last1=Craig | first1=William | last2=Gavin | first2=Kenneth | publisher=ICE Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7277-6398-3 | location=Londain | pages=41–42 | access-date=21 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx |date=21 Lúnasa 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC Annex II&quot;&gt;Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627074517/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf | date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}


[[Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Teimpléad:Nóta ceanntásca</title>
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      <comment>Téarma litriúil Gaeilge do [[pt:Predefinição:Nota de cabeçalho]] le [[Cabhair:Acmhainní|tearma.ie]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="f0951zeuftpnnqmblf92i3tziwmkq8i" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh [[Template:Hatnote]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 421</title>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar athraitheora hidrileach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann E class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí 421)|image=File:E421 At Downpatrick.JPG|caption=E421 ag [[Iarnród Dhún Pádraig agus Chontae an Dúin]] i 2015|powertype=Díosail-hidrileach|builder=[[Saothair iarnróid Inse Chór]]|builddate=1962|totalproduction=12}} Ba [[Inneall traenach|lóicómótar]] dhíosail-hidrealaic í an Córas Iompair É...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="4241" sha1="jr5j1y0rfwj96ududhh0zwf3twcmbul" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar athraitheora hidrileach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=Córas Iompair Éireann E class&lt;br&gt;(níos déanaí 421)|image=File:E421 At Downpatrick.JPG|caption=E421 ag [[Iarnród Dhún Pádraig agus Chontae an Dúin]] i 2015|powertype=Díosail-hidrileach|builder=[[Saothair iarnróid Inse Chór]]|builddate=1962|totalproduction=12}}
Ba [[Inneall traenach|lóicómótar]] dhíosail-hidrealaic í an [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] '''421''' '''Class''', a tógadh ag CIÉ ag [[Saothar iarnróid Inse Chór|Saothar]] [[Saothar iarnróid Inse Chór|iarnróid Inse Chór]] idir 1962–1963 agus a ndearnadh dearadh di don úsáid ar thrácht línte brainse agus don iompar agus an suíomh éadaí lóistín a dhéanamh.

== Stair ==
Ba fhás níos mó a bhí sa 421 Class ar an sean-[[CIÉ 401|401]] [[CIÉ 401|Class]], agus bhí inneall Maybach MD220 cumais 420 horsepower (310 kW) suite orthu le tarchur hiodrálach díosail trí tharchur Mekydro KL64U. Murab ionann agus an Rang E401 níos luaithe, bhí na long thóite seo feistithe le haghaidh oibríochta iolra. Bhí socrú rothaí C orthu.

Rinne an chéad cheann den rang é a chéad taispeántas i dtús mhí Dheireadh Fómhair 1962 ar dhualgais tástála i gceantar Bhaile Átha Cliath agus cé go raibh luas uasta dearaidh acu de 100 km/h (62 mph), léirigh an taithí (go háirithe tuairteáil traenach trialach a tharraing E421) nach raibh siad ag marcaíocht go maith nuair a bhí siad ag taisteal ag luasanna os cionn 40 km/h (25 mph) agus dá bhrí sin bhí siad teoranta ó shin ar aghaidh go dtí an luas sin agus baintear úsáid astu go simplí le haghaidh dualgais shuite agus athlódála. Bhí siad uimhrithe E421–E434, agus tarraingíodh iad siar ón tseirbhís idir 1979 agus 1983.

== Coimeád ==
Tá trí cheann de na lóicómótaracha seo coimeádta, mar a leanas:

* E421 agus E432: Ainmnithe agus lonnaithe ag an [[Iarnród Dhún Pádraig agus Chontae an Dúin]], [[Tuaisceart Éireann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.downrail.co.uk/trains/|title=Rolling stock|author=D&amp;CDR|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá na dá innill dhúnta faoi láthair as seirbhís, agus ba í 2010 an bhliain dheireanach oibriúcháin do E421.
* Fuarthas E428 agus E430 araon ag Westrail i mí Eanáir 1984, agus cuireadh E430 i gcruachás mar spáir do E428, faoi dheireadh cuireadh deireadh leis i ndeireadh 1985. Rinneadh oibríochtaí deireanach ar E428 cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin i 1993 nuair a d’fhág Westrail a oibríochtaí, tar éis bogadh go hOibreacha Inchicore ag am éigin sna 90idí lár. Thart ar 2005, aistríodh E428 ó Oibreacha Inchicore go Dunsandle, Contae na Gaillimhe, faoi úinéireacht phríobháideach, áit a bhfuil sé fós go dtí inniu.

== Samhalt ==
Bhí an E421 ar fáil mar mhúnla roisín ó &quot;Q Kits&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/EClass.html|title=E Class|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723043745/http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/EClass.html|archive-date=2018-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ach níl an chuideachta seo ag trádáil níos mó ós rud é gur shocraigh an t-úinéir éalú ar scor.

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

* {{Cite book-en|author=Colin Boocock|date=2009-10-01|title=Locomotive Compendium Ireland|isbn=9780711033603|oclc=423592044|language=Béarla}}
* {{Cite web-en|url=http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/EClass.html|title=The E401 and E421 Class|author=S. Johnson|year=2018|language=Béarla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723043745/http://website.lineone.net/~sjohnson40/Loco%20Profiles/EClass.html|archive-date=2018-07-23}}
* {{Cite book-en|author=Strickland, David C.|title=Locomotive Directory, every single one there has ever been|isbn=0-906375-10-X|publisher=Diesel &amp; Electric Group|language=Béarla|year=1982|pages=164}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Locomótóirí na hÉireann] - (Béarla)
* [https://dunsandlestation.blogspot.com/ E428 ag Dunsandle]
{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CIÉ 181</title>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=CIÉ 181|image=File:Arrival at Limerick station - geograph.org.uk - 1628816.jpg|caption=CIE 181 le traein paisinéirach ag teacht isteach ar [[stáisiún Luimnigh]]|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Division]]|ordernumber=710408–710419|serialnumber=31248–31259|buildmodel=JL18|builddate=1966|totalproduction=12}} Tógadh [...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2478" sha1="l2tsl52do11kpbd1l5e3d8rbu27uwsb" xml:space="preserve">{{Tuairisc ghearr|Lóicómótar leictreach-díseal Éireannach}}{{Bosca Sonraí Lóicómótar|name=CIÉ 181|image=File:Arrival at Limerick station - geograph.org.uk - 1628816.jpg|caption=CIE 181 le traein paisinéirach ag teacht isteach ar [[stáisiún Luimnigh]]|powertype=Díosail-leictreach|builder=[[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Division]]|ordernumber=710408–710419|serialnumber=31248–31259|buildmodel=JL18|builddate=1966|totalproduction=12}}
Tógadh [[Inneall traenach|lócmótaí]] [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] '''181''' '''Class''' i 1966 ag [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors Electro-Motive Division]] (EMD) agus bhí siad uimhirithe ó B181 go B192.

== Forbhreathnú ==
Bhí na luasmhoilíní seo thart ar an gceart go hiomlán mar na luasmhoilíní [[CIÉ 141|141]] [[CIÉ 141|Class]] roimhe seo, ach bhí inneall [[EMD 645|645]] níos cumhachtaí feistithe iontu agus lucht leanúna fuaraithe inneall rialaithe teirmeastatacha agus seadanna iontrála. Tharla an seachadadh i 1966, agus bhí siad á chur i bhfeidhm sa tseirbhís tamall beag ina dhiaidh sin.

Cuireadh innill EMD 8-645E de 1100 hp orthu,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://emdexport.railfan.net/engine1.html|title=Engine|language=Béarla}}&lt;/ref&gt; mheáigh siad 67 tonna (66 tonn fada; 74 tonn gearr), agus bhí luas dearaidh uasta de 143 km/h (89 mph) acu a cuireadh faoi theorainn go 120 km/h (75 mph) sa seirbhís. Ina dhiaidh sin, cuireadh innill [[EMD 567|EMD 8-567CR]] de 960 hp (720 kW) ar Uimhir 186, mar a úsáidtear sna loingeáin rang 141.

== Timpistí agus eachtraí ==

* Ar an Mháirt 13 Lúnasa 1974, bhí an inneall iarnróid B192 ag tarraingt traein paisinéirí nuair a bhí sé páirteach i dtimpiste ceann-le-ceann le inneall iarnróid [[CIÉ 141|B176]], a bhí ag tarraingt traein paisinéirí freisin, ag [[Stáisiún Thrá Ros Láir|Trá Ros]] [[Stáisiún Thrá Ros Láir|Láir]]. Gortaíodh cúigear déag duine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.raiu.ie/download/pdf/accident_rosslare.pdf|title=REPORT OF INQUIRY INTO THE COLLISION THAT OCCURRED AT ROSSLARE STRAND STATION ON 13th AUGUST 1974|author=Department of Transport and Power|year=1975|month=Marta|language=Béarla|access-date=2026-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Naisc Sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121240/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/Irish%20Locos/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Irish locomotives] - (Béarla)
{{Catcómhaoin}}{{Éire Lóicmótair Díseil}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dísréad</title>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Is éard atá i gceist le '''dísréad'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla,  ''duet''&lt;/ref&gt; ná píosa ceoil a chanann nó a sheinneann beirt, nó grúpa de bheirt amhránaithe nó grúpa de bheirt cheoltóirí.  == Féach freisin ==  == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Amhránaíocht]] [[Catagóir:Ceol]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="302" sha1="l6g09xnp54inq77cu6jwmz8zycei6dp" xml:space="preserve">Is éard atá i gceist le '''dísréad'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla,  ''duet''&lt;/ref&gt; ná píosa ceoil a chanann nó a sheinneann beirt, nó grúpa de bheirt amhránaithe nó grúpa de bheirt cheoltóirí.

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Amhránaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Ceol]]</text>
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      <text bytes="528" sha1="tjoogwmdbw3gpbsjm57luqz70xuocus" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton 1969.jpg|mion|264x264px|Porter Wagoner agus [[Dolly Parton]] in 1969: chaith siad seacht mbliana ag obair le chéile agus bhí sraith fhada de [[Dísréad|dhísréid]] rathúla acu.]]
Is éard atá i gceist le '''dísréad'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla,  ''duet''&lt;/ref&gt; ná píosa ceoil a chanann nó a sheinneann beirt, nó grúpa de bheirt amhránaithe nó grúpa de bheirt cheoltóirí.

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Amhránaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Ceol]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1326834</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
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      <text bytes="769" sha1="rvvsraci5du0bl9q7hsi3zv9ah9xt27" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton 1969.jpg|mion|264x264px|Porter Wagoner agus [[Dolly Parton]] in 1969: chaith siad seacht mbliana ag obair le chéile agus bhí sraith fhada de [[Dísréad|dhísréid]] rathúla acu.]]
Is éard atá i gceist le '''dísréad'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla,  ''duet''&lt;/ref&gt; ná píosa ceoil a chanann nó a sheinneann beirt, nó grúpa de bheirt amhránaithe nó grúpa de bheirt cheoltóirí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/nid/d%C3%ADsr%C3%A9ad|teideal=dísréad - Definition in Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation for dísréad by Foras na Gaeilge|work=www.focloir.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Amhránaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Ceol]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Teaghlach Kelly</title>
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      <comment>Teaghlach Kelly</comment>
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      <text bytes="24586" sha1="1thakqyeteu57anfad0nm833vk8ex4l" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:24em; font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cedff2;&quot; | [[Íomhá:O'Kelly.png|120px]]&lt;br /&gt;Teaghlach Kelly
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Tír
| Éire (Contae Thiobraid Árann); an Astráil (Victoria)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Feidhmeanna sibhialta
| Feirmeoirí, oibritheoirí feirme
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Feidhmeanna míleata
| Séiplíneach míleata
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Feidhmeanna eaglasta
| Sagairt Chaitliceacha
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Gradaim mhíleata
| An Chroí Míleata
|}

Is teaghlach [[Éire|Éireannach]] agus [[An Astráil|Astrálach]] é '''teaghlach Kelly''', arbh as Contae Thiobraid Árann in [[Éire]] dó ó cheart. Tá cáil air mar gheall ar an bushranger [[Ned Kelly]] (1854–1880) agus a dheartháir Dan Kelly (1861–1880), chomh maith lena ndeirfiúr Kate Kelly (1863–1898), a bhí ina figiúr tacaíochta dá deartháireacha agus iad ar teitheadh. Tháinig an sagart Caitliceach agus an séiplíneach míleata Edmond Kelly (1874–1955) ón teaghlach freisin; bronnadh an Chroí Mhíleata air.

== Bunús in Éirinn ==
Is as Contae Thiobraid Árann do theaghlach Kelly. Phós Thomas Kelly (1800–1860), arbh as ceantar Clonbrogan, Moyglass, dó, Mary Cody in 1819 agus shocraigh sé ar phíosa beag talún i gClonbrogan. Chuaigh Thomas Kelly agus seisear dá sheachtar clainne ar imirce chun na hAstráile, agus tháinig duine acu chun bheith ina athair don bushranger Ned Kelly.&lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Descendants Of John Kelly - Ned Kelly's World |url=http://nedkellysworld.com/descendants-of-john-kelly/ |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

D'fhan a dheartháir Edmond Kelly (tar éis 1799–1867) in Éirinn agus shocraigh sé i Newtown, New Inn, i gContae Thiobraid Árann. Phós a mhac John Kelly (1828–1890) Bridget Grady in 1872 agus bhunaigh sé an líne teaghlaigh as ar tháinig an sagart Caitliceach Edmond Kelly.

== Crann ginealais ==
* John Kelly (c. 1775) × Ellen Head (c. 1777), Moyglass, Contae Thiobraid Árann
** Thomas Kelly (1800–1860), Clonbrogan, Contae Thiobraid Árann × Mary Cody
*** '''John &quot;Red&quot; Kelly''' (1820–1866), gafa agus curtha chun na hAstráile ansin × (18 Samhain 1850) '''Ellen Quinn''' (1832–1923)
**** '''Edward &quot;Ned&quot; Kelly''' (Nollaig 1854 – 11 Samhain 1880), bushranger
**** '''Daniel &quot;Dan&quot; Kelly''' (1 Meitheamh 1861 – 28 Meitheamh 1880), bushranger
**** '''Catherine &quot;Kate&quot; Kelly''' (12 Iúil 1863 – Deireadh Fómhair 1898)
**** James &quot;Jim&quot; Kelly (1859–1946)
**** Annie Kelly (1853–1872)
**** Margaret &quot;Maggie&quot; Kelly (1857–1896)
**** Grace Kelly (1865–1940)
** Edmond Kelly (tar éis 1799 – 8 Bealtaine 1867), feirmeoir, Éire × Catherine Kearney
*** '''John Kelly''' (1828 – 9 Samhain 1890), bainisteoir feirmeacha × (1 Feabhra 1872) Bridget Gready (1839 – 16 Nollaig 1901)
**** Catherine Fitzgerald (née Kelly) (1876–1948)
**** James Kelly (1878–1947)
**** Anne Quirke (née Kelly)&lt;ref name=&quot;r2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Quirke, Edmund |url=https://www.militaryarchives.ie/en/online-collections/military-service-pensions-collection/civil-war/fatalities/quirke-edmund |website=Military Archives |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1880–1918)
***** '''Edmond nó Edmund Quirke''' (c. 1912 – 18 Feabhra 1923), an ball ab óige den I.R.A. a maraíodh, agus é deich mbliana d'aois&lt;ref name=&quot;r3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Taking Names from the Darkness {{!}} An RTÉ News Special Report |url=https://www.rte.ie/special-reports/taking-names-from-darkness/ |website=RTE.ie |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |first=Niall |last=Murray |title=Military archives: Civil War victim, 10, could be IRA's youngest member |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20461522.html |website=Irish Examiner |date=24 Deireadh Fómhair 2017 |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |first=Nicky |last=Ryan |title=IRA spies and 10-year-old dispatch carriers: Inside newly-released military docs |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/ira-spies-pension-archive-3659699-Oct2017/ |website=TheJournal.ie |date=24 Deireadh Fómhair 2017 |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**** '''Edmond Kelly''' (8 Meitheamh 1874 – 11 Deireadh Fómhair 1955), sagart Caitliceach, séiplíneach míleata le linn an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, gradam an Chroí Mhíleata (1917)
**** Jeremiah Kelly (1883–1960)

== Pearsanachtaí ==

=== John Kelly, ar tugadh &quot;Red&quot; air (1820–1866) ===
Rugadh '''John Kelly''', ar tugadh &quot;Red Kelly&quot; air mar gheall ar a chuid gruaige rua, an 20 Feabhra 1820 i Moyglass, gar do Chaiseal, Contae Thiobraid Árann, mac le Thomas Kelly (1800–1860) agus Mary Cody.&lt;ref name=&quot;r6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Notorious outlaw Ned Kelly's father was transported to Australia for stealing a pig in Tipperary |url=https://www.tipperarylive.ie/news/home/331183/notorious-outlaw-ned-kelly-s-father-was-transported-to-australia-for-stealing-a-pig-in-tipperary.html |website=Tipperary Live |date=2020 |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oibrí feirme a bhí ann agus ciontaíodh é in 1841 as dhá mhuc a ghoid agus gearradh pianbhreith ''transportation'' air; chuaigh sé ar bord an ''Prince Regent'' an 7 Lúnasa 1841 agus tháinig sé i dtír i dTír Van Diemen (an Tasmáin sa lá atá inniu ann) an 2 Eanáir 1842.&lt;ref name=&quot;r6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Convict John Kelly |url=https://convictrecords.com.au/convicts/kelly/john/128597 |website=Convict Records of Australia |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair sé &quot;ticket of leave&quot; in 1845 agus a shaoirse iomlán go luath in 1848, sular thrasnaigh sé Caolas Bass chun dul go dtí coilíneacht Victoria, áit ar oibrigh sé mar shaor adhmaid coille ar fheirm James Quinn i Wallan. Is ann a casadh Ellen Quinn air, agus phós sé í an 18 Samhain 1850 i Melbourne.&lt;ref name=&quot;r7&quot; /&gt; Shocraigh an lánúin i mBeveridge ar dtús, áit ar tógadh teach an teaghlaigh dóibh in 1859, sular bhog siad in 1864 go feirm ar cíos in Avenel. Rugadh ochtar clainne den phósadh sin, Edward &quot;Ned&quot; Kelly, Daniel &quot;Dan&quot; Kelly agus Catherine &quot;Kate&quot; Kelly ina measc.

In Avenel, cuireadh John Kelly ar triail as eallach a ghoid; éigiontaíodh é ar an gcúiseamh sin, ach fuarthas ciontach é as craiceann daimh a bheith ina sheilbh go neamhdhleathach agus chaith sé roinnt míonna sa phríosún.&lt;ref name=&quot;r8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=John (Red) Kelly |url=https://www.monumentaustralia.org/themes/people/community/display/30097-john-red-kelly |website=Monument Australia |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agus é lagaithe, fuair sé bás den dropsy (éidéime) an 27 Nollaig 1866 in Avenel, áit ar cuireadh é an 29 Nollaig ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;r7&quot; /&gt; D'fhág a bhás Ellen Kelly ina baintreach le seachtar clainne faoina cúram, agus an duine ba shine acu fós faoi thrí bliana déag d'aois.

=== Ned Kelly (1854–1880) ===
{{Príomhalt|Ned Kelly}}

[[Íomhá:Ned Kelly mugshot.jpg|mion|150px|Ned Kelly ag aois 15 bliana]]

Rugadh '''Edward Kelly''', ar tugadh Ned Kelly air, i mí na Nollag 1854 i mBeveridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;r9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ian |last=Jones |year=2010 |title=Ned Kelly: A Short Life |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-0-7336-2579-4 |page=346}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó 1878 go 1880, bhí sé i gceannas ar an Kelly Gang agus rinne sé roinnt robálacha móra bainc. Ba é léigear Glenrowan (27–28 Meitheamh 1880) an buaicphointe, áit ar thug Ned, agus armúr déanta de láimh air, aghaidh ar na póilíní.&lt;ref name=&quot;r10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ian |last=Macfarlane |year=2012 |title=The Kelly Gang Unmasked |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-551966-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh chun báis é trí chrochadh an 11 Samhain 1880 i bPríosún Melbourne.&lt;ref name=&quot;r11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=The Execution of Edward Kelly |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5982177 |website=The Argus (Melbourne) |date=12 Samhain 1880 |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dan Kelly (1861–1880) ===
[[Íomhá:Bushranger Dan Kelly.jpg|mion|150px|Dan Kelly]]

Rugadh '''Daniel &quot;Dan&quot; Kelly''' an 1 Meitheamh 1861 i mBeveridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;r12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Kelly, Daniel (Dan) (1861–1880) |url=http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/kelly-daniel-dan-13578 |website=Obituaries Australia |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tar éis bhás a athar in 1866, d'fhás sé aníos lena dheartháireacha agus lena dheirfiúracha gar do Greta, áit ar shocraigh an teaghlach in 1867. Cosúil le roinnt dá ghaolta, tháinig sé i dteagmháil leis na póilíní áitiúla go han-luath: gabhadh é agus é deich mbliana d'aois as capall a mharcaíocht a bhí, i ndáiríre, tugtha ar iasacht dó ag a fhostóir, agus chaith sé dhá oíche i gcillín sular soiléiríodh an mhíthuiscint.&lt;ref name=&quot;r13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=John |last=McQuilton |year=1979 |title=The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=0-522-84180-5 |page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tar éis an eachtra ar a dtugtar &quot;Fitzpatrick&quot; an 15 Aibreán 1878, inar tháinig póilín chun Dan a ghabháil agus inar chuir sé ina leith ina dhiaidh sin go ndearna an teaghlach iarracht é a dhúnmharú, chuaigh Dan isteach le Ned sna Wombat Ranges chun éalú ón ngabháil. An 26 Deireadh Fómhair 1878, tháinig patról póilíní orthu gan choinne ag Stringybark Creek; maraíodh triúr gníomhairí le linn an achrainn, rud a d'fhág gur dhearbhaigh rialtas Victoria na deartháireacha Kelly a bheith ina n-outlaws an 30 Deireadh Fómhair 1878.&lt;ref name=&quot;r14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=John |last=McQuilton |year=1979 |title=The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=0-522-84180-5 |page=103}}&lt;/ref&gt; In éineacht lena gcairde Joe Byrne agus Steve Hart, bhunaigh siad an &quot;Kelly Gang&quot;, a bhí freagrach as robálacha bainc in Euroa (Nollaig 1878) agus in Jerilderie (Feabhra 1879).

D'éalaigh an drong ón tóraíocht ar feadh beagnach dhá bhliain d'ainneoin luach saothair mór a bheith geallta as a ngabháil. I mí an Mheithimh 1880, tar éis do Byrne agus Dan Kelly an faisnéiseoir Aaron Sherritt a chur chun báis, chuaigh an drong i bhfolach in óstán Glenrowan agus rinne siad iarracht, nár éirigh léi, traein a bhí ag iompar treisithe póilíní a chur den ráille.

Thosaigh léigear Glenrowan an 28 Meitheamh 1880: gabhadh Ned Kelly, agus armúr déanta de láimh á chosaint, tar éis roinnt uaireanta an chloig de lámhach, agus níorbh fhéidir teacht ar Dan Kelly ná Steve Hart sa tine a rinne an t-óstán a scriosadh. Fuarthas a gcoirp taobh le taobh i seomra cúil; bhí siad dóite chomh dona sin nach bhféadfaí iad a aithint ach de réir a méide.&lt;ref name=&quot;r15&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=John |last=McQuilton |year=1979 |title=The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=0-522-84180-5 |page=162}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mar gheall ar leagan amach na gcorp, mhol roinnt staraithe go mb'fhéidir go ndearna siad féinmharú, ach tá an hipitéis sin fós faoi chaibidil.&lt;ref name=&quot;r15&quot; /&gt;

Tar éis iarracht nár éirigh leis na húdaráis na hiarsmaí a fháil ar ais ar dtús, thug an teaghlach iad go Greta, áit ar cuireadh Dan Kelly agus Steve Hart i n-uaigheanna gan mharcáil an 30 Meitheamh 1880, i láthair thart ar chéad duine; treabhadh an talamh ina dhiaidh sin chun suíomh na n-uaigheanna a cheilt, ar eagla go ndéanfadh na póilíní iarracht na coirp a fháil ar ais.&lt;ref name=&quot;r16&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Keith |last=McMenomy |year=1984 |title=Ned Kelly: The Authentic Illustrated History |publisher=C. O. Ross |isbn=978-0-85902-122-X |page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí ráflaí éagsúla ann ó thús an fichiú haois go raibh Dan Kelly tar éis maireachtáil tríd an tine agus gur mhair sé ina dhiaidh sin faoi ainm bréige; níor thacaigh aon fhianaise seandálaíochta ná doiciméadach leis na ráflaí sin, áfach, lena n-áirítear le linn na dtochailtí a rinneadh ar shuíomh óstán Glenrowan in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;r15&quot; /&gt;

=== Kate Kelly (1863–1898) ===
[[Íomhá:Kate Kelly, sister of Ned Kelly.jpg|mion|150px|Kate Kelly]]

Rugadh '''Catherine Ada Kelly''', ar tugadh &quot;Kate&quot; uirthi, an 12 Iúil 1863 i mBeveridge, an seachtú leanbh de chuid John agus Ellen Kelly. Tar éis bhás a hathar in 1866, d'fhás sí aníos in Avenel agus ansin i nGreta, áit ar chuidigh sí lena máthair le tógáil a deartháireacha agus a deirfiúracha níos óige.&lt;ref name=&quot;r17&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Grantlee |last=Kieza |year=2017 |title=Mrs Kelly |publisher=HarperCollins Australia |isbn=978-1-74309-717-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An 15 Aibreán 1878, bhí sí i láthair nuair a tháinig an constábla Alexander Fitzpatrick go teach an teaghlaigh, agus é le Dan a ghabháil as capaill a ghoid. D'iompaigh an teagmháil ina hachrann: gortaíodh Fitzpatrick sa chaol láimhe agus chuir sé ina leith ina dhiaidh sin go ndearna an teaghlach iarracht é a dhúnmharú, agus mhaígh na Kelly gur iompair sé é féin go míchuí i leith Kate, a bhí ceithre bliana déag d'aois ag an am. Tá an leagan sin, a bhí á chonspóid ag Fitzpatrick féin i gcónaí, ina ábhar díospóireachta staire: ní luann aon fhianaise chomhaimseartha ar an eachtra ionsaí ar bith, agus ní thagann an cuntas chun cinn go dtí roinnt míonna ina dhiaidh sin i ráitis an teaghlaigh, rud a fhágann, dar le cuid de na staraithe, nach féidir an leagan maidir le hiarracht mhíchuí — nó fiú ionsaí — a fhíorú ar bhonn na bhfoinsí atá ar fáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;r18&quot;&gt;Stuart Dawson, &quot;Redeeming Fitzpatrick: Ned Kelly and the Fitzpatrick Incident&quot;, ''Eras'' (Ollscoil Monash), iml. 17, uimh. 1, 2015, lgh. 60–91.&lt;/ref&gt; Mar sin féin, mar thoradh ar an eachtra cuireadh Ellen Kelly i bpríosún, gearradh trí bliana uirthi mar chomhchoirí, agus chuir an eachtra dlús le Ned agus Dan Kelly dul i bhfolach.

Le linn an dá bhliain a chaith a deartháireacha ar teitheadh, d'fhan Kate ina figiúr tacaíochta don teaghlach. Tar éis Ned a ghabháil i mí an Mheithimh 1880, rinne sí iarrachtaí iomadúla ar a shon, chuaigh sí isteach sa ''Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment'' agus chuir sí achainí ar son trócaire faoi bhráid Ghobharnóir Victoria, an Marquis Normanby; níor éirigh lena hiarrachtaí agus cuireadh Ned Kelly chun báis an 11 Samhain 1880.&lt;ref name=&quot;r11&quot; /&gt;

Tar éis a deartháir a chur chun báis, chuir Kate tús le gairm mar thaibheoir taistil, ag feidhmiú faoi na hainmneacha stáitse &quot;Ada&quot;, &quot;Ada Hennessey&quot; agus &quot;Kate Ambrose&quot; i seónna a rinne tagairt do stair an Kelly Gang, sular scoir sí ar chúiseanna sláinte agus sular thosaigh sí ag obair mar sheirbhíseach tí in oirthuaisceart Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;r17&quot; /&gt; An 25 Samhain 1888, phós sí i Forbes traenálaí capall, William Henry Foster, agus bhí seisear clainne acu, agus fuair triúr acu bás ina naíonáin.&lt;ref name=&quot;r19&quot;&gt;Merrill Findlay, &quot;Kate Kelly on the Lachlan&quot;, ''Rural Society'', iml. 21, uimh. 2, 2012, lgh. 136–145, doi:[https://doi.org/10.5172/rsj.2012.21.2.136 10.5172/rsj.2012.21.2.136].&lt;/ref&gt;

An 5 Deireadh Fómhair 1898, go gairid tar éis bhreith a séú linbh, d'imigh sí óna teach; fuarthas a corp ocht lá ina dhiaidh sin i locháinín gar do Forbes.&lt;ref name=&quot;r20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=FORBES |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article101873215 |website=Wagga Wagga Advertiser (NSW) |date=15 Deireadh Fómhair 1898 |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní raibh an cróinéir in ann cúis an bháis a chinneadh go cinnte mar gheall ar riocht an choirp agus tháinig sé ar an gconclúid gur bá de thaisme ba chúis leis. Cuireadh í i reilig Forbes; níor cuireadh a leac uaighe suas go dtí 1910, le cabhair ó iarfhostóir.&lt;ref name=&quot;r19&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Kate Kelly Story of the Kelly Gang 1906.jpg|mion|210px|Carachtar Kate Kelly sa scannán ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'']]

Bhí tionchar mór ag figiúr Kate Kelly ar an gcultúr ina dhiaidh sin, óna céad láithreas ar an scáileán in ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'' (1906) go dtí an scannán ''Ned Kelly'' (2003), ina n-imríonn an t-aisteoir Éireannach Kerry Condon í, chomh maith le hamhrán a thiomnaigh an grúpa The Whitlams di ar an albam ''Torch the Moon'' (2002) agus beathaisnéis le Rebecca Wilson a foilsíodh in 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;r21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |first=Rebecca |last=Wilson |title=Kate Kelly's role in her family's infamous history has been overlooked for too long |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/mar/01/kate-kellys-role-in-her-familys-infamous-history-has-been-overlooked-for-too-long |website=The Guardian |date=1 Márta 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 2007, díoladh ag ceant ar 72,870 dollar Astrálach gunnán a cuireadh i láthair mar an ceann a urghabhadh le linn an Fitzpatrick affair agus a choinnigh Kate i Forbes; tá an bunús a cuireadh i leith an ghunna sin faoi chonspóid ag bailitheoirí arm, áfach.&lt;ref name=&quot;r22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Kelly gang gun is a fake, say firearms experts |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/kelly-gang-gun-is-a-fake-say-firearms-experts-20071115-ge6b4e.html |website=The Age |date=15 Samhain 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Edmond Kelly M.C. P.P. (1874–1955) ===
{{Príomhalt|Edmond Kelly}}

[[Íomhá:Father Edmond Kelly, pictured in Belgium as a WWI Military Chaplain (between 1915 and 1917).jpg|mion|100px|Edmond Kelly le linn an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]]

Rugadh '''Edmond Kelly''' an 8 Meitheamh 1874 i Newtown, New Inn, Contae Thiobraid Árann, agus ba chol ceathrar é le Ned Kelly, an bushranger.&lt;ref name=&quot;r23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Edmond Kelly M.C. P.P. (1874-1955) |url=https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Kelly-38436 |website=WikiTree |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r24&quot;&gt;&quot;Famed Bushranger's Descendants from Tipp&quot;, ''Tipperary Star'', iml. 77, uimh. 14, Aibreán 1967, lch. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Oirníodh ina shagart é in 1900 i gColáiste Naomh Pádraig, Maigh Nuad. D'fhóin sé i misean san Afraic Theas go dtí 1911 sular fhill sé ar aireacht pharóisteach in Éirinn.&lt;ref name=&quot;r25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Clericus Database – Clerical Register of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth |url=https://clericus.maynoothuniversity.ie/ |website=Maynooth University |access-date=6 Samhain 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r26&quot;&gt;Damien Burke, &quot;Irish Jesuit Chaplains in the First World War&quot;, ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'', iml. 104, uimh. 414, 2015, lgh. 167–175, ISSN 0039-3495.&lt;/ref&gt;

D'fhóin sé mar shéiplíneach míleata leis an 8ú Cathlán de na Royal Irish Fusiliers ó 1915 ar aghaidh agus bronnadh an Chroí Mhíleata air in 1917 mar gheall ar a iompar le linn Chath Passchendaele.&lt;ref name=&quot;r27&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Tipp Today Highlights - The Tipp Priest Who Served In WWI |url=https://soundcloud.com/tippfmradio/tipp-today-highlights-the-tipp-priest-who-fought-in-wwi |website=Tipp FM |access-date=6 Samhain 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r28&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |title=Canon Edmund Kelly, MC: Tipperary's War Hero and Parish Builder |url=https://tipperarystudies.ie/canon-edmund-kelly-mc-tipperarys-war-hero-and-parish-builder/ |website=Tipperary Studies |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó 1934 go dtí a bhás an 11 Deireadh Fómhair 1955 i mBaile Átha Cliath, bhí sé ina shagart paróiste i Killenaule agus Moyglass, agus na teidil Canónach agus Vicar Forane aige.&lt;ref name=&quot;r29&quot;&gt;Christopher O'Dwyer, &quot;Archbishop Butler's Visitation Book&quot;, ''Archivium Hibernicum'', iml. 34, 1977, lgh. 1–49, doi:[https://doi.org/10.2307/25487419 10.2307/25487419].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r30&quot;&gt;&quot;Death of Killenaule's P.P. Very Rev. Edmond Canon Kelly&quot;, ''Irish Independent'', 12 Deireadh Fómhair 1955, lch. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

=== Leabharliosta ===
* {{Cite book |first=Justin |last=Corfield |year=2003 |title=The Ned Kelly Encyclopaedia |publisher=Lothian Books |isbn=0-7344-0596-0}}
* {{Cite book |first=Grantlee |last=Kieza |year=2017 |title=Mrs Kelly |publisher=HarperCollins Australia |isbn=978-1-74309-717-5}}
* {{Cite book |first=Ian |last=Macfarlane |year=2012 |title=The Kelly Gang Unmasked |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-551966-2}}
* {{Cite book |first=John |last=McQuilton |year=1987 |title=The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=0-522-84332-8}}
* {{Cite book |first=John |last=Molony |year=2001 |title=Ned Kelly |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |isbn=978-0-522-85013-0}}
* {{Cite book |first=Craig |last=Cormick |year=2014 |title=Ned Kelly: Under the Microscope |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=978-1-4863-0178-2}}
* {{Cite book |first=Ian |last=Jones |year=2010 |title=Ned Kelly: A Short Life |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-0-7336-2579-4}}

=== Foinsí cartlainne agus ginealais ===
* {{Cite web-en |title=Clerical Register – Edmond Kelly |url=https://clericus.maynoothuniversity.ie/person/38437 |website=Clericus Database, St Patrick's College, Maynooth |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}
* {{Cite web-en |title=Acte de naissance civil d'Edmond Kelly (1874) — General Register Office of Ireland, iml. 554, lch. 4, uimh. 02154516, l. 287, ID 8528221 |url=https://www.irishgenealogy.ie/files/civil/birth_returns/births_1874/03148/2154516.pdf |website=IrishGenealogy.ie |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}
* {{Cite web-en |title=Edmund Kelly, séiplíneach míleata — comhad |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C709142 |website=The National Archives (RA), Discovery |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}
* {{Cite web-en |title=Edmund Kelly, séiplíneach míleata — dara comhad |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D3204512 |website=The National Archives (RA), Discovery |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}
* Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann, Clárleabhair Pharóiste Chaitliceacha, paróiste New Inn &amp; Knockgraffon, micreascannán 02502/03.
* Deoise Chaiseal agus Imleach, cartlann — ceapacháin chléireachais, 1911–1955.
* War Office, Taifid Ghradaim an Chroí Mhíleata, earnáil Ypres, 1917.
* Coláiste Rockwell, cartlann an choláiste, Caiseal, Contae Thiobraid Árann.
* Coláiste Naomh Pádraig, Maigh Nuad, cláir ranga (SPCM), 1898–1899.
* Deoise Chaiseal agus Imleach, clár nuachtán cléireachais, 1955.
* Kelly, Joe M. (Dr), Oranmore, Contae na Gaillimhe — maidir le saol agus aireacht Canónach Kelly.

=== Preas na linne ===
* {{Cite web-en |title=Kilkenny People, 24 Aibreán 1987, lch. 5 |url=https://archive.org/details/kilkenny-people-ned-kelly-24-04-1987-page-1-and-page-5 |website=Internet Archive |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}
* ''Nationalist and Munster Advertiser'', 27 Lúnasa 1988, lch. 3.
* ''Belfast Newsletter'', 18 Meitheamh 1955, lch. 2.
* ''Evening Press'', 3 Aibreán 1985, lch. 12.
* ''Tipperary Star'', 10 Lúnasa 1985, lch. 13.
* ''Tipperary Star'', 6 Meán Fómhair 1986, lch. 16.
* {{Cite web-en |title=Irish Press, 28 Bealtaine 1955, lgh. 1 agus 10 |url=https://archive.org/details/page-1-and-10 |website=Internet Archive |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}
* {{Cite web-en |title=Tipperary Star, 4 Aibreán 1987, iml. 11, uimh. 14, lch. 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/tipperary-star-buhsranger-descendants-04-04-1987 |website=Internet Archive |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}
* {{Cite web-en |first=Gary |last=Dean |title=Descendants Of John Kelly - Ned Kelly's World |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203151024/http://members.iinet.net.au/~gdean1/history/familytree/familytree.htm |website=Ned Kelly's World (Glen Rowen Cobb &amp; Co Pty Ltd) |access-date=23 Lúnasa 2026}}

=== Scríbhinní Edmond Kelly ===
* [[s:Author:Edmond Kelly (1874-1955)|Edmond Kelly]] ar Vicísiorsa
* Kelly, Edmond. Litir chuig an Easpag Ryan maidir le bás an Mhórsháirsint Willie Redmond (10 Meitheamh 1917), in ''Letters from the Front (1915–1918)''.

=== Staidéir agus saothair ===
* Dennehy, John. ''In a Time of War: Tipperary 1914–1918''. 2013 — tá litreacha tras-scríofa de chuid Kelly ann.
* Cooper Walker, C. A. ''Book of the Seventh Service Battalion: The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers from Tipperary to Ypres''. 1920 — luaitear Kelly ann mar shéiplíneach an chathláin seo.
* Christopher O'Dwyer, &quot;Archbishop Butler's Visitation Book&quot;, ''Archivium Hibernicum'', iml. 34, 1977, lgh. 1–49, doi:[https://doi.org/10.2307/25487419 10.2307/25487419].
* Brennan, John Martin. &quot;Irish Catholic Chaplains in the First World War&quot;.

=== Ailt ghaolmhara ===
* [[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://fethard.com/people/redkelly.html John 'Red' Kelly – Father of Australian outlaw Ned Kelly], suíomh fethard.com.
* [https://trove.nla.gov.au/ Trove – Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hAstráile].

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Catagóir:Teaghlach Kelly]]
[[Catagóir:Contae Thiobraid Árann]]</text>
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