Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)

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    <title>Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)</title>
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Tá '''Cathair Nua-Eabhrac''' suite ar chósta thoir thuaidh [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (S.A.M.). Is í an chathair is mó daonra i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá; bhí 8.5 milliún ina gcónaí ann sa bhliain 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/vintage-2024-popest.html|teideal=Population Growth Reported Across Cities and Towns in All U.S. Regions|údar=US Census Bureau|language=en|work=Census.gov|dátarochtana=2025-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ach nuair a chuirtear daonra na mbruachbhailte san áireamh, bhí thart ar 19.9 milliún duine i Mórcheantar Nua-Eabhrac.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=New York metropolitan area|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_metropolitan_area&amp;oldid=1318245761|journal=Wikipedia|date=2025-10-22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar oirthear inbhear an [[Hudson]] atá sé, le [[New Jersey]] ar an taobh thiar den abhainn. Is é an chathair is mó i stát [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)|Nua-Eabhrac]] é.
[[Íomhá:Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg|mion|left|Dealbh na Saoirse]]
==Stair==
[[Íomhá:Castelloplan.jpg|mion|Manhattan sa bhliain 1660. Tá an tuaisceart ar dheis.]]
I mí Aibreáin 1524, tháinig [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] ar an áit ina bhfuil Cathair Nua-Eabhrac inniu. Bhí ar an laghad 5,000 duine den phobal [[Lenape]] ina gcónaí ann cheana. Taiscéalaí Iodálach i seirbhís choróin na [[An Fhrainc|Fraince]] a bhí ann, agus bhaist sé ''Nouvelle Angoulême'' ar an áit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rodgers&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Rebecca B. |first2=Cleveland |last2=Rodgers |title=New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262 |publisher=Harper |year=1948}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tháinig na Spáinnigh sa bhliain 1525 chun an cósta a thaiscéaladh (Río de San Antonio a bhaist siad ar an Hudson). Sa bhliain 1609, tháinig [[Henry Hudson]], taiscéalaí [[Sasanaigh|Sasanach]] i seirbhís Comhlacht Dúitseach na nIndiach Thoir, ar Chuan Nua-Eabhrac arís agus é ag iarraidh an Pasáiste Siar a aimsiú. Sheol sé thuas an abhainn a thabharfadh na hOllannaigh an Abhainn Thuaidh uirthi. (&quot;An Mhuiris&quot; a thug Hudson féin uirthi in onóir Muiris, Prionsa Oráiste.) Scríobh chéad mhata Hudson gur &quot;Cuan an-mhaith le haghaidh an uile ghaoth&quot; a bhí inti agus go raibh sí &quot;míle slí leathan&quot; agus &quot;lán d'éisc&quot;.&quot;&lt;ref name=hudsonnni&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/hudson-river/ |teideal=The Hudson River |publisher=[[New Netherland Institute]] |accessdate=July 10, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Thosaigh an inimirce sa bhliain 1614 nuair a chuir an chéad eachtrannach faoi i Manhattan, fear de shliocht Afracach agus Portaingéalach a rugadh i Santo Domingo darbh ainm Juan Rodríguez (Jan Rodrigues sna foinsí Ollannacha). Tháinig coilínigh ón [[Ísiltír]] ag tosnú sa bhliain 1624. Sa bhliain 1626 cheannaigh [[Peter Minuit]], stiúrthóir na coilíneachta, an t-oileán [[Manhattan]] ó na Lenape. Níor thug sé mórán air: go traidisiúnta deirtear gur thug sé luach $24 d'earraí air. Athainmníodh an áit Nieuw Amsterdam (Amsterdam Nua) agus trádáil i bhfionnaidh an ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch ba mhó a rinneadh ag an tús.&lt;ref&gt;{{cita publicació|autor=Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell |data=Setembre de 1986 |teideal=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |publicació=The Journal of American History |volum=73 |número=2 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28198609%2973%3A2%3C311%3AANPOIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A |consulta=21-3-2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 1664, rinne na [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Sasanaigh]] ionraic ar an gcathair, agus thug siad New York air in onóir [[Liam II Shasana|Diúc Eabhrac agus Albany]].&lt;ref&gt;Homberger, Eric. Owl Books. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History, 2005, p. 34. ISBN 0805078428.&lt;/ref&gt; Ag deireadh an Dara Cogadh Angla-Ollannach, fuair an Ísiltír smacht ar [[Suranam|Shuranam]], agus fuair na Sasanaigh teideal ar Nova Amsterdam ar mhalairt de.

[[Íomhá:Johannes_Adam_Simon_Oertel_Pulling_Down_the_Statue_of_King_George_III,_N.Y.C._ca._1859.jpg|thumb|left| Déantar dealbh rí Shasana [[Seoirse III]] a dhíchóimeáil sa bhliain 1776.]]

Ar an 9 Iúil 1776, léigh cúntóir [[George Washington]] an [[Dearbhú Neamhspleáchais]] dá chuid trúpaí agus do mhuintir Nua-Eabhrac, a mháirseáil ansin go Bowling Green, áit a raibh dealbh de Rí Seoirse III ina sheasamh. Cheangail siad rópaí leis an dealbh ansin, stróic siad óna bhun é, agus thug siad na hiarsmaí go [[Litchfield, Connecticut]], áit ar athraíodh cuid mhór de luaidhe na dealbha ina 42,000 muscaed don [[Arm Ilchríochach]].

Le linn Chogadh Réabhlóideach 1776–1784, ghabh trúpaí Briotanacha Nua-Eabhrac. Idir 1785 agus 1789, ba í an chéad phríomhchathair de chuid [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]] í. Ó dheireadh an 18ú haois, is calafort agus lárionad tábhachtach trádála, tionscail, airgeadais, saoil pholaitiúil agus chultúrtha na tíre í. Aontaíodh na cúig chontae sa bhliain 1898, agus ghabh an chathair a críoch reatha.

=== Nua-aoiseachas ===

Tréimhse fáis mheasartha ab ea na 1980idí, agus ina dhiaidh sin tháinig borradh mór sna 1990idí. Rinne maolú ar theannas ciníoch, titim shuntasach sa choireacht, agus méadú ar inimirce an chathair a athbheochan, agus sháraigh daonra Chathair Nua-Eabhrac 8 milliún den chéad uair ina stair. Ag deireadh na 1990idí, bhain an chathair leas mór as rath thionscal na seirbhísí airgeadais le linn bhorradh an dot-com. Ba é seo ceann de na tosca a chuir praghsanna eastáit réadaigh sa chathair suas.

[[Íomhá:World Trade Center From Queens.jpg|thumb|left|Radharc ar spéirlíne Queens agus Ionad Trádála an Domhain, 1997]]

[[Ionsaí sceimhlitheoireachta 11 Meán Fómhair, 2001|Rinne ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta 11 Meán Fómhair, 2001]] difear freisin do phríomhchathair na Stát Aontaithe, [[Washington]], ach ba í Cathair Nua-Eabhrac a bhuail an chuid is mó de na hionsaithe ar an [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda]] agus an deatach tiubh, searbh a lean ag ardú óna fothracha ar feadh míonna tar éis do na Túir Dhúbailte titim agus don tine. In ainneoin seo, críochnaíodh glanadh lár an phléasctha níos tapúla ná mar a bhí beartaithe, agus tá pleananna nua curtha chun cinn ag an gcathair ó shin don limistéar scriosta. Ba é [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda 1]], a tógadh ar shuíomh an Ionaid Trádála Domhanda, ar a dtugtar Túr na Saoirse freisin, ceann de na [[spéirscrapairí]] is airde ar domhan (1,776 troigh nó 532.8 m).

== Sonraí daonna ==
Bhí tuarastal láir $38,293 in aghaidh an duine sa chathair sa bhliain [[2000]], agus tuarastal láir $41,887 in aghaidh an líon tí. Bhí tuarastal láir $37,435 ag fir, agus $32,949 ag mná. Bhí meántuarastal $22,402 ag muintir na cathrach. Bhí 21% den daonra agus 19% de líonta tí faoin líne bhochtaineachta. Ón líon atá ag maireachtáil i mbochtaineacht, bhí 30% faoi bhun aois 18 mbliain agus 18% 65 mbliain nó os a chionn.

Sa bhliain [[2000]], bhí 8,008,278 duine, 3,021,588 líon tí, agus 1,852,233 clann ag maireachtáil sa chathair. Bhí dlús daonra 10,194/km&amp;sup2; (26,403/mi&amp;sup2;) ann. Bhí 3,200,912 aonad tís, ag meándlús 4,074.6/km&amp;sup2; (10,553/mi&amp;sup2;). Maidir le cine, Bhí 45% Bán, 27% Gorm , 0.5% de Mheiriceánaigh Dúchais (Indiaigh Mheiriceá Thuaidh), 10% Áiseach, 13% de chiníocha eile, agus 5% de dhá chine ar a laghad. Bhí 27% den daonra de bhunadh Easpáinneach, a d'fhéadfadh baint le cine ar bith. Bhí thart ar milliún go leath daoine de bhunadh Éireannach i Nua-Eabhrac.

Bhí 3,021,588 líon tí, agus bhí leanaí faoi bhun 18 ag maireachtáil le 30% acu. Ba daoine aonair iad 32% de iomlán an uimhir líonta tí, agus bhí duine 65 mbliana ar a laghad ag maireachtáil le 10%. 2.6 an meán líon tí, agus 3.3 an meán líon clainne, tuismitheoirí san áireamh.

Sa chathair bhí 24% faoi bhun aois 18, 10% ó 18 go 24, 33% ó 25 go 44, 21% ó 45 go 64, agus 12% atá 65 bliain ar a laghad. 34 bliain ba ea an lár-aois. Bhí 100 bean in aghaidh gach 90 fear. Bhí 86 fear in aghaidh gach 100 bean os cionn 18 bliana.

== Na Cúig Bhuirg ==
[[Íomhá:Manhattan00.jpg|thumb|Nua-Eabhrac/Manhattan sa bhliain 1873]]
Cúig bhuirg le chéile atá i Nua-Eabhrac, agus is contae de chuid stát Nua-Eabhrac gach ceann acu:

* [[Manhattan]] – Contae Nua-Eabhrac, ach tugtar 'Manhattan' go hiondúil ar an mbuirg agus ar an oileán ar a bhfuil sé suite, daonra 1,636,268 
* [[An Bronx]] – Contae Bhronx, daonra 1,438,159
* [[Brooklyn]] – Contae an Rí, daonra 2,621,793
* [[Queens]] – Contae na Banríona, daonra 2,321,580
* [[Oileán Staten, Nua-Eabhrac|Oileán Staten]] – Contae Richmond, daonra 473,279

(Is as meastacháin [[2014]] na huimhreacha seo.)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/36061 i gcomhair Manhattan;  táblaí eile ag an suíomh chéanna le haghaidh na mbuirgí eile&lt;/ref&gt;

Toghann gach ceann den chúigear Uachtarán Buirge, ach faoi chairt na cathrach tá cumhacht teoranta ag uachtarán—tá buiséad beag discréideach aige nó aici le caitheamh ar thionscadail laistigh den bhuirg. (Cuireadh deireadh leis an gcumhacht tábhachtach deiridh a bhí acu—ball de Bhord an Oideachais a cheapadh—leis an mbord féin, ar [[30 Meitheamh]] [[2002]].) Faoi láthair, bíonn uachtaráin na mbuirgí mar bhaill ''[[ex officio]]'' ar bhoird agus choistí éagsúla.

Tugtar &quot;na Cúig Bhuirg&quot; go minic ar iomlán na cathrach, ag úsáid an téarma &quot;An Chathair&quot; nó &quot;The City&quot; le haghaidh Manhattan, an t-oileán lárnach. Tugtar &quot;na Buirg Lasmuigh&quot; (&quot;the Outer Boroughs&quot;) ar na ceithre cinn eile.

==Oideachas==
===Scoileanna bun- agus dara leibhéal===
Freastalaíonn timpeall is 1.1 milliún páiste ar bhreis is 1,700 bunscoileanna agus ardscoileanna, agus is é an córas oideachais poiblí i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac an ceann is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |teideal=New York City Department of Education – About Us |publisher=The New York City Department of Education |year=2014 |url=http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm |accessdate=July 30, 2014 |dátarochtana=Bealtaine 10, 2018 |archivedate=Meán Fómhair 5, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905071308/http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; De sheanbhunús is ea na naoi scoil dara leibhéal speisialaithe a fhreastalaíonn ar mhic léinn a bhfuil tallann faoi leith acu. Tá isteach is amach ar 900 scoil príobháideacha sa chathair, idir neamhsheicteach agus reiligiúnda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |teideal=Private School Universe Survey |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |accessdate=1 D.F. 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aeráid ==

{{Bosca Aimsire
| metric_first= Yes
| single_line= Yes
| location=Nua-Eabhrac
|Jan_REC_Hi_°C=22.2
|Feb_REC_Hi_°C=23.9	
|Mar_REC_Hi_°C=30
|Apr_REC_Hi_°C=35.6
|May_REC_Hi_°C=37.2
|Jun_REC_Hi_°C=38.3
|Jul_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Aug_REC_Hi_°C=40
|Sep_REC_Hi_°C=38.9
|Oct_REC_Hi_°C=34.4
|Nov_REC_Hi_°C=28.9
|Dec_REC_Hi_°C=23.9
|Year_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Jan_Hi_°C =3.33
|Feb_Hi_°C =5
|Mar_Hi_°C =9.89
|Apr_Hi_°C =15.94
|May_Hi_°C =21.61
|Jun_Hi_°C =26.11
|Jul_Hi_°C =29
|Aug_Hi_°C =28
|Sep_Hi_°C =23.72
|Oct_Hi_°C =17.5
|Nov_Hi_°C =11.72
|Dec_Hi_°C =6.06
|Year_Hi_°C =16.5
|Jan_Lo_°C =-3.22
|Feb_Lo_°C =-2.17 
|Mar_Lo_°C =1.72  
|Apr_Lo_°C =6.78
|May_Lo_°C =12.33  
|Jun_Lo_°C =17.39
|Jul_Lo_°C =20.44
|Aug_Lo_°C =19.83
|Sep_Lo_°C =15.72 
|Oct_Lo_°C =9.78
|Nov_Lo_°C =5
|Dec_Lo_°C =-0.22
|Year_Lo_°C =8.61
|Jan_REC_Lo_°C =-21.1	
|Feb_REC_Lo_°C =-26.1
|Mar_REC_Lo_°C =-16.1
|Apr_REC_Lo_°C =-11.1
|May_REC_Lo_°C =−2.2
|Jun_REC_Lo_°C =6.7
|Jul_REC_Lo_°C =11.1
|Aug_REC_Lo_°C =10
|Sep_REC_Lo_°C =3.9
|Oct_REC_Lo_°C =-2.2
|Nov_REC_Lo_°C =-13.9
|Dec_REC_Lo_°C =-25
|Year_REC_Lo_°C =−26.1
|Jan_Precip_mm = 104.9
|Feb_Precip_mm = 80
|Mar_Precip_mm = 111
|Apr_Precip_mm = 108.7
|May_Precip_mm = 119.1
|Jun_Precip_mm = 97.5
|Jul_Precip_mm = 117.3
|Aug_Precip_mm = 107.2
|Sep_Precip_mm = 107.4
|Oct_Precip_mm = 97.8
|Nov_Precip_mm = 110.7
|Dec_Precip_mm = 100.3
|Year_Precip_mm = 1262.1
|Jan_Snow_cm = 21.1
|Feb_Snow_cm = 18.0
|Mar_Snow_cm = 8.6
|Apr_Snow_cm = 1
|May_Snow_cm = 0
|Jun_Snow_cm = 0
|Jul_Snow_cm = 0
|Aug_Snow_cm = 0
|Sep_Snow_cm = 0
|Oct_Snow_cm = 0
|Nov_Snow_cm = 1
|Dec_Snow_cm = 6.6
|Year_Snow_cm = 56.4
|source= [http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ny/305801.pdf NOAA]
|accessdate = Eanáir 2011
}}

==Iompar==
[[Íomhá:Mta station wall.jpg|thumb|Stáisiún subway i Manhattan]]
[[File:R160A E Train entering World Trade Center.jpg|mion|Traein agus stáisiún faoi thalamh i Nua-Eabhrac]]
Tá calafort mór ar a bhruacha, ach tá go leor dá chuid gnó caillte ag Nua-Eabhrac le calafoirt eile, mar [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]] i [[New Jersey]]. 

Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta John F. Kennedy i Nua-Eabhrac, chomh maith le haerfort intíre La Guardia, iad araon in Queens. Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Newark Liberty ar an taobh thiar de abhainn an Hudson, i New Jersey. 

Tá dhá stáisiún traenach mór ann, [[Grand Central Terminal]], an stáisiún traenach is mó ar domhan ó thaobh líon na n-ardán de, as a bhfágann traenacha Metro North, agus Stáisiún Pennsylvania, nó Penn Station mar a thugtar air de ghnáth, atá á úsáid ag an Long Island Rail Road agus ag an gcóras [[Amtrak]].
[[Íomhá:NYC subway-4D.svg|mion|léarscáil:  [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]]]Is córas [[iarnród|iarnróid]] é [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]], an chuid is tábhachtaí de chóras iompair phoiblí na cathrach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/litir-o-nua-eabhrac-ionsaithe-imni-agus-sabhailteacht-ar-an-subway/|teideal=LITIR Ó NUA-EABHRAC: Ionsaithe, imní agus sábháilteacht, ar an Subway|údar=Cathal Mac Coille|dáta=23 Márta 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá 472 stáisiún in iomlán sa chóras, i Manhattan, an Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens agus níos faide.&lt;ref&gt;http://web.mta.info/nyct/subway/howto_sub.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Main|Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

== Gnó ==
Is ceantar gnó mór í Nua-Eabhrac. Ar [[Wall Street]], ar dheisceart Manhattan, atá gnó an infheistíochta bunaithe, agus fostaíonn sé na mílte. 

== Spórt ==
Cathair mhór [[daorchluiche]] atá ann, ó laethanta na [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] i leith. Tá Nua-Eabhrac ina bhaile dúchais de dhá fhoireann a imríonn ag leibhéal na Sraithe Móire. Sa Staid Yankee sa [[Bhronx]] a imríonn na [[New York Yankees]], agus na [[New York Mets]] i bPáirc Citi, [[Queens]].

Ó thaobh na [[peile Meiriceánaí]] den scéal, tá dhá fhoireann de bhunadh na cathrach ag imirt ag an gcéim is airde ([[NFL]]) - mar atá, na [[New York Giants]] agus na [[New York Mets]]. Tá a gcluichí baile á imirt acu in aon staid amháin - [[Staid MetLife]] in [[Rutherford Oirthear, New Jersey]].

== Ionaid turasóireachta ==
'''Foirgneamh Empire State'''. Is é an Empire State Building ceann de na foirgnimh is airde sa chathair. Tá sé céad agus a dó urlár in airde.

'''Central Park.''' Is é Central Park an Pháirc is mhór I Nua Eabhrac. Tá ghníomhachtaí go leor ann ar nós scátáil oighir, siúlóid, marcaíocht capall.

'''9/11.''' Is díol spéise do thurasóirí é cuimhneachán naoi a haon déag. Tá sé an bhrónach na hainmneacha go léir scríofa timpeall na háite ina bhí na dhá foirgneamh.

== Féach freisin ==

* Scannán ‘''[[Brooklyn (scannán)|Brooklyn]]''’:  saol I Nua Eabhrac sna 1950idí. Is í [[Saoirse Ronan]] an príomhaisteoir.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)]]
* [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_York_%28city%29 Wikivoyage - New York (city)]
* [http://www.nyc.gov/ Suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil NYC]
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new-york-city-skyline-tallest-midtown-manhattan/ Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac (idirghníomhach) ag suíomh National Geographic. Dáta rochtana: 29 Meitheamh 20018]

{{ÍomháLeathan|Skyline-New-York-City.jpg|1900px|Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac ón Empire State Building.}}

{{Cathracha na SAM}}
{{Nua-Eabhrac}}
{{Cathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

[[Catagóir:Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)]]</text>
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Tá '''Cathair Nua-Eabhrac''' suite ar chósta thoir thuaidh [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (S.A.M.). Is í an chathair is mó daonra i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá; bhí 8.5 milliún ina gcónaí ann sa bhliain 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/vintage-2024-popest.html|teideal=Population Growth Reported Across Cities and Towns in All U.S. Regions|údar=US Census Bureau|language=en|work=Census.gov|dátarochtana=2025-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ach nuair a chuirtear daonra na mbruachbhailte san áireamh, bhí thart ar 19.9 milliún duine i Mórcheantar Nua-Eabhrac.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=New York metropolitan area|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_metropolitan_area&amp;oldid=1318245761|journal=Wikipedia|date=2025-10-22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar oirthear inbhear an [[Hudson]] atá sé, le [[New Jersey]] ar an taobh thiar den abhainn. Is é an chathair is mó i stát [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)|Nua-Eabhrac]] é.
[[Íomhá:Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg|mion|left|Dealbh na Saoirse]]
==Stair==
[[Íomhá:Castelloplan.jpg|mion|Manhattan sa bhliain 1660. Tá an tuaisceart ar dheis.]]
I mí Aibreáin 1524, tháinig [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] ar an áit ina bhfuil Cathair Nua-Eabhrac inniu. Bhí ar an laghad 5,000 duine den phobal [[Lenape]] ina gcónaí ann cheana. Taiscéalaí Iodálach i seirbhís choróin na [[An Fhrainc|Fraince]] a bhí ann, agus bhaist sé ''Nouvelle Angoulême'' ar an áit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rodgers&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Rebecca B. |first2=Cleveland |last2=Rodgers |title=New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262 |publisher=Harper |year=1948}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tháinig na Spáinnigh sa bhliain 1525 chun an cósta a thaiscéaladh (Río de San Antonio a bhaist siad ar an Hudson). Sa bhliain 1609, tháinig [[Henry Hudson]], taiscéalaí [[Sasanaigh|Sasanach]] i seirbhís Comhlacht Dúitseach na nIndiach Thoir, ar Chuan Nua-Eabhrac arís agus é ag iarraidh an Pasáiste Siar a aimsiú. Sheol sé thuas an abhainn a thabharfadh na hOllannaigh an Abhainn Thuaidh uirthi. (&quot;An Mhuiris&quot; a thug Hudson féin uirthi in onóir Muiris, Prionsa Oráiste.) Scríobh chéad mhata Hudson gur &quot;Cuan an-mhaith le haghaidh an uile ghaoth&quot; a bhí inti agus go raibh sí &quot;míle slí leathan&quot; agus &quot;lán d'éisc&quot;.&quot;&lt;ref name=hudsonnni&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/hudson-river/ |teideal=The Hudson River |publisher=[[New Netherland Institute]] |accessdate=July 10, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Thosaigh an inimirce sa bhliain 1614 nuair a chuir an chéad eachtrannach faoi i Manhattan, fear de shliocht Afracach agus Portaingéalach a rugadh i Santo Domingo darbh ainm Juan Rodríguez (Jan Rodrigues sna foinsí Ollannacha). Tháinig coilínigh ón [[Ísiltír]] ag tosnú sa bhliain 1624. Sa bhliain 1626 cheannaigh [[Peter Minuit]], stiúrthóir na coilíneachta, an t-oileán [[Manhattan]] ó na Lenape. Níor thug sé mórán air: go traidisiúnta deirtear gur thug sé luach $24 d'earraí air. Athainmníodh an áit Nieuw Amsterdam (Amsterdam Nua) agus trádáil i bhfionnaidh an ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch ba mhó a rinneadh ag an tús.&lt;ref&gt;{{cita publicació|autor=Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell |data=Setembre de 1986 |teideal=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |publicació=The Journal of American History |volum=73 |número=2 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28198609%2973%3A2%3C311%3AANPOIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A |consulta=21-3-2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 1664, rinne na [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Sasanaigh]] ionraic ar an gcathair, agus thug siad New York air in onóir [[Liam II Shasana|Diúc Eabhrac agus Albany]].&lt;ref&gt;Homberger, Eric. Owl Books. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History, 2005, p. 34. ISBN 0805078428.&lt;/ref&gt; Ag deireadh an Dara Cogadh Angla-Ollannach, fuair an Ísiltír smacht ar [[Suranam|Shuranam]], agus fuair na Sasanaigh teideal ar Nova Amsterdam ar mhalairt de.

[[Íomhá:Johannes_Adam_Simon_Oertel_Pulling_Down_the_Statue_of_King_George_III,_N.Y.C._ca._1859.jpg|thumb|left| Déantar dealbh rí Shasana [[Seoirse III]] a dhíchóimeáil sa bhliain 1776.]]

Ar an 9 Iúil 1776, léigh cúntóir [[George Washington]] an [[Dearbhú Neamhspleáchais]] dá chuid trúpaí agus do mhuintir Nua-Eabhrac, a mháirseáil ansin go Bowling Green, áit a raibh dealbh de Rí Seoirse III ina sheasamh. Cheangail siad rópaí leis an dealbh ansin, stróic siad óna bhun é, agus thug siad na hiarsmaí go [[Litchfield, Connecticut]], áit ar athraíodh cuid mhór de luaidhe na dealbha ina 42,000 muscaed don [[Arm Ilchríochach]].

Le linn Chogadh Réabhlóideach 1776–1784, ghabh trúpaí Briotanacha Nua-Eabhrac. Idir 1785 agus 1789, ba í an chéad phríomhchathair de chuid [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]] í. Ó dheireadh an 18ú haois, is calafort agus lárionad tábhachtach trádála, tionscail, airgeadais, saoil pholaitiúil agus chultúrtha na tíre í. Aontaíodh na cúig chontae sa bhliain 1898, agus ghabh an chathair a críoch reatha.

=== Nua-aoiseachas ===

Tréimhse fáis mheasartha ab ea na 1980idí, agus ina dhiaidh sin tháinig borradh mór sna 1990idí. Rinne maolú ar theannas ciníoch, titim shuntasach sa choireacht, agus méadú ar inimirce an chathair a athbheochan, agus sháraigh daonra Chathair Nua-Eabhrac 8 milliún den chéad uair ina stair. Ag deireadh na 1990idí, bhain an chathair leas mór as rath thionscal na seirbhísí airgeadais le linn bhorradh an dot-com. Ba é seo ceann de na tosca a chuir praghsanna eastáit réadaigh sa chathair suas.

[[Íomhá:World Trade Center From Queens.jpg|thumb|left|Radharc ar spéirlíne Queens agus Ionad Trádála an Domhain, 1997]]

[[Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair|Rinne ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta 11 Meán Fómhair, 2001]] difear freisin do phríomhchathair na Stát Aontaithe, [[Washington]], ach ba í Cathair Nua-Eabhrac a bhuail an chuid is mó de na hionsaithe ar an [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda]] agus an deatach tiubh, searbh a lean ag ardú óna fothracha ar feadh míonna tar éis do na Túir Dhúbailte titim agus don tine. In ainneoin seo, críochnaíodh glanadh lár an phléasctha níos tapúla ná mar a bhí beartaithe, agus tá pleananna nua curtha chun cinn ag an gcathair ó shin don limistéar scriosta. Ba é [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda 1]], a tógadh ar shuíomh an Ionaid Trádála Domhanda, ar a dtugtar Túr na Saoirse freisin, ceann de na [[spéirscrapairí]] is airde ar domhan (1,776 troigh nó 532.8 m).

== Sonraí daonna ==
Bhí tuarastal láir $38,293 in aghaidh an duine sa chathair sa bhliain [[2000]], agus tuarastal láir $41,887 in aghaidh an líon tí. Bhí tuarastal láir $37,435 ag fir, agus $32,949 ag mná. Bhí meántuarastal $22,402 ag muintir na cathrach. Bhí 21% den daonra agus 19% de líonta tí faoin líne bhochtaineachta. Ón líon atá ag maireachtáil i mbochtaineacht, bhí 30% faoi bhun aois 18 mbliain agus 18% 65 mbliain nó os a chionn.

Sa bhliain [[2000]], bhí 8,008,278 duine, 3,021,588 líon tí, agus 1,852,233 clann ag maireachtáil sa chathair. Bhí dlús daonra 10,194/km&amp;sup2; (26,403/mi&amp;sup2;) ann. Bhí 3,200,912 aonad tís, ag meándlús 4,074.6/km&amp;sup2; (10,553/mi&amp;sup2;). Maidir le cine, Bhí 45% Bán, 27% Gorm , 0.5% de Mheiriceánaigh Dúchais (Indiaigh Mheiriceá Thuaidh), 10% Áiseach, 13% de chiníocha eile, agus 5% de dhá chine ar a laghad. Bhí 27% den daonra de bhunadh Easpáinneach, a d'fhéadfadh baint le cine ar bith. Bhí thart ar milliún go leath daoine de bhunadh Éireannach i Nua-Eabhrac.

Bhí 3,021,588 líon tí, agus bhí leanaí faoi bhun 18 ag maireachtáil le 30% acu. Ba daoine aonair iad 32% de iomlán an uimhir líonta tí, agus bhí duine 65 mbliana ar a laghad ag maireachtáil le 10%. 2.6 an meán líon tí, agus 3.3 an meán líon clainne, tuismitheoirí san áireamh.

Sa chathair bhí 24% faoi bhun aois 18, 10% ó 18 go 24, 33% ó 25 go 44, 21% ó 45 go 64, agus 12% atá 65 bliain ar a laghad. 34 bliain ba ea an lár-aois. Bhí 100 bean in aghaidh gach 90 fear. Bhí 86 fear in aghaidh gach 100 bean os cionn 18 bliana.

== Na Cúig Bhuirg ==
[[Íomhá:Manhattan00.jpg|thumb|Nua-Eabhrac/Manhattan sa bhliain 1873]]
Cúig bhuirg le chéile atá i Nua-Eabhrac, agus is contae de chuid stát Nua-Eabhrac gach ceann acu:

* [[Manhattan]] – Contae Nua-Eabhrac, ach tugtar 'Manhattan' go hiondúil ar an mbuirg agus ar an oileán ar a bhfuil sé suite, daonra 1,636,268 
* [[An Bronx]] – Contae Bhronx, daonra 1,438,159
* [[Brooklyn]] – Contae an Rí, daonra 2,621,793
* [[Queens]] – Contae na Banríona, daonra 2,321,580
* [[Oileán Staten, Nua-Eabhrac|Oileán Staten]] – Contae Richmond, daonra 473,279

(Is as meastacháin [[2014]] na huimhreacha seo.)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/36061 i gcomhair Manhattan;  táblaí eile ag an suíomh chéanna le haghaidh na mbuirgí eile&lt;/ref&gt;

Toghann gach ceann den chúigear Uachtarán Buirge, ach faoi chairt na cathrach tá cumhacht teoranta ag uachtarán—tá buiséad beag discréideach aige nó aici le caitheamh ar thionscadail laistigh den bhuirg. (Cuireadh deireadh leis an gcumhacht tábhachtach deiridh a bhí acu—ball de Bhord an Oideachais a cheapadh—leis an mbord féin, ar [[30 Meitheamh]] [[2002]].) Faoi láthair, bíonn uachtaráin na mbuirgí mar bhaill ''[[ex officio]]'' ar bhoird agus choistí éagsúla.

Tugtar &quot;na Cúig Bhuirg&quot; go minic ar iomlán na cathrach, ag úsáid an téarma &quot;An Chathair&quot; nó &quot;The City&quot; le haghaidh Manhattan, an t-oileán lárnach. Tugtar &quot;na Buirg Lasmuigh&quot; (&quot;the Outer Boroughs&quot;) ar na ceithre cinn eile.

==Oideachas==
===Scoileanna bun- agus dara leibhéal===
Freastalaíonn timpeall is 1.1 milliún páiste ar bhreis is 1,700 bunscoileanna agus ardscoileanna, agus is é an córas oideachais poiblí i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac an ceann is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |teideal=New York City Department of Education – About Us |publisher=The New York City Department of Education |year=2014 |url=http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm |accessdate=July 30, 2014 |dátarochtana=Bealtaine 10, 2018 |archivedate=Meán Fómhair 5, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905071308/http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; De sheanbhunús is ea na naoi scoil dara leibhéal speisialaithe a fhreastalaíonn ar mhic léinn a bhfuil tallann faoi leith acu. Tá isteach is amach ar 900 scoil príobháideacha sa chathair, idir neamhsheicteach agus reiligiúnda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |teideal=Private School Universe Survey |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |accessdate=1 D.F. 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aeráid ==

{{Bosca Aimsire
| metric_first= Yes
| single_line= Yes
| location=Nua-Eabhrac
|Jan_REC_Hi_°C=22.2
|Feb_REC_Hi_°C=23.9	
|Mar_REC_Hi_°C=30
|Apr_REC_Hi_°C=35.6
|May_REC_Hi_°C=37.2
|Jun_REC_Hi_°C=38.3
|Jul_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Aug_REC_Hi_°C=40
|Sep_REC_Hi_°C=38.9
|Oct_REC_Hi_°C=34.4
|Nov_REC_Hi_°C=28.9
|Dec_REC_Hi_°C=23.9
|Year_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Jan_Hi_°C =3.33
|Feb_Hi_°C =5
|Mar_Hi_°C =9.89
|Apr_Hi_°C =15.94
|May_Hi_°C =21.61
|Jun_Hi_°C =26.11
|Jul_Hi_°C =29
|Aug_Hi_°C =28
|Sep_Hi_°C =23.72
|Oct_Hi_°C =17.5
|Nov_Hi_°C =11.72
|Dec_Hi_°C =6.06
|Year_Hi_°C =16.5
|Jan_Lo_°C =-3.22
|Feb_Lo_°C =-2.17 
|Mar_Lo_°C =1.72  
|Apr_Lo_°C =6.78
|May_Lo_°C =12.33  
|Jun_Lo_°C =17.39
|Jul_Lo_°C =20.44
|Aug_Lo_°C =19.83
|Sep_Lo_°C =15.72 
|Oct_Lo_°C =9.78
|Nov_Lo_°C =5
|Dec_Lo_°C =-0.22
|Year_Lo_°C =8.61
|Jan_REC_Lo_°C =-21.1	
|Feb_REC_Lo_°C =-26.1
|Mar_REC_Lo_°C =-16.1
|Apr_REC_Lo_°C =-11.1
|May_REC_Lo_°C =−2.2
|Jun_REC_Lo_°C =6.7
|Jul_REC_Lo_°C =11.1
|Aug_REC_Lo_°C =10
|Sep_REC_Lo_°C =3.9
|Oct_REC_Lo_°C =-2.2
|Nov_REC_Lo_°C =-13.9
|Dec_REC_Lo_°C =-25
|Year_REC_Lo_°C =−26.1
|Jan_Precip_mm = 104.9
|Feb_Precip_mm = 80
|Mar_Precip_mm = 111
|Apr_Precip_mm = 108.7
|May_Precip_mm = 119.1
|Jun_Precip_mm = 97.5
|Jul_Precip_mm = 117.3
|Aug_Precip_mm = 107.2
|Sep_Precip_mm = 107.4
|Oct_Precip_mm = 97.8
|Nov_Precip_mm = 110.7
|Dec_Precip_mm = 100.3
|Year_Precip_mm = 1262.1
|Jan_Snow_cm = 21.1
|Feb_Snow_cm = 18.0
|Mar_Snow_cm = 8.6
|Apr_Snow_cm = 1
|May_Snow_cm = 0
|Jun_Snow_cm = 0
|Jul_Snow_cm = 0
|Aug_Snow_cm = 0
|Sep_Snow_cm = 0
|Oct_Snow_cm = 0
|Nov_Snow_cm = 1
|Dec_Snow_cm = 6.6
|Year_Snow_cm = 56.4
|source= [http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ny/305801.pdf NOAA]
|accessdate = Eanáir 2011
}}

==Iompar==
[[Íomhá:Mta station wall.jpg|thumb|Stáisiún subway i Manhattan]]
[[File:R160A E Train entering World Trade Center.jpg|mion|Traein agus stáisiún faoi thalamh i Nua-Eabhrac]]
Tá calafort mór ar a bhruacha, ach tá go leor dá chuid gnó caillte ag Nua-Eabhrac le calafoirt eile, mar [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]] i [[New Jersey]]. 

Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta John F. Kennedy i Nua-Eabhrac, chomh maith le haerfort intíre La Guardia, iad araon in Queens. Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Newark Liberty ar an taobh thiar de abhainn an Hudson, i New Jersey. 

Tá dhá stáisiún traenach mór ann, [[Grand Central Terminal]], an stáisiún traenach is mó ar domhan ó thaobh líon na n-ardán de, as a bhfágann traenacha Metro North, agus Stáisiún Pennsylvania, nó Penn Station mar a thugtar air de ghnáth, atá á úsáid ag an Long Island Rail Road agus ag an gcóras [[Amtrak]].
[[Íomhá:NYC subway-4D.svg|mion|léarscáil:  [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]]]Is córas [[iarnród|iarnróid]] é [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]], an chuid is tábhachtaí de chóras iompair phoiblí na cathrach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/litir-o-nua-eabhrac-ionsaithe-imni-agus-sabhailteacht-ar-an-subway/|teideal=LITIR Ó NUA-EABHRAC: Ionsaithe, imní agus sábháilteacht, ar an Subway|údar=Cathal Mac Coille|dáta=23 Márta 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá 472 stáisiún in iomlán sa chóras, i Manhattan, an Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens agus níos faide.&lt;ref&gt;http://web.mta.info/nyct/subway/howto_sub.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Main|Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

== Gnó ==
Is ceantar gnó mór í Nua-Eabhrac. Ar [[Wall Street]], ar dheisceart Manhattan, atá gnó an infheistíochta bunaithe, agus fostaíonn sé na mílte. 

== Spórt ==
Cathair mhór [[daorchluiche]] atá ann, ó laethanta na [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] i leith. Tá Nua-Eabhrac ina bhaile dúchais de dhá fhoireann a imríonn ag leibhéal na Sraithe Móire. Sa Staid Yankee sa [[Bhronx]] a imríonn na [[New York Yankees]], agus na [[New York Mets]] i bPáirc Citi, [[Queens]].

Ó thaobh na [[peile Meiriceánaí]] den scéal, tá dhá fhoireann de bhunadh na cathrach ag imirt ag an gcéim is airde ([[NFL]]) - mar atá, na [[New York Giants]] agus na [[New York Mets]]. Tá a gcluichí baile á imirt acu in aon staid amháin - [[Staid MetLife]] in [[Rutherford Oirthear, New Jersey]].

== Ionaid turasóireachta ==
'''Foirgneamh Empire State'''. Is é an Empire State Building ceann de na foirgnimh is airde sa chathair. Tá sé céad agus a dó urlár in airde.

'''Central Park.''' Is é Central Park an Pháirc is mhór I Nua Eabhrac. Tá ghníomhachtaí go leor ann ar nós scátáil oighir, siúlóid, marcaíocht capall.

'''9/11.''' Is díol spéise do thurasóirí é cuimhneachán naoi a haon déag. Tá sé an bhrónach na hainmneacha go léir scríofa timpeall na háite ina bhí na dhá foirgneamh.

== Féach freisin ==

* Scannán ‘''[[Brooklyn (scannán)|Brooklyn]]''’:  saol I Nua Eabhrac sna 1950idí. Is í [[Saoirse Ronan]] an príomhaisteoir.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)]]
* [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_York_%28city%29 Wikivoyage - New York (city)]
* [http://www.nyc.gov/ Suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil NYC]
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new-york-city-skyline-tallest-midtown-manhattan/ Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac (idirghníomhach) ag suíomh National Geographic. Dáta rochtana: 29 Meitheamh 20018]

{{ÍomháLeathan|Skyline-New-York-City.jpg|1900px|Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac ón Empire State Building.}}

{{Cathracha na SAM}}
{{Nua-Eabhrac}}
{{Cathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

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Tá '''Cathair Nua-Eabhrac''' suite ar chósta thoir thuaidh [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (S.A.M.). Is í an chathair is mó daonra i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá; bhí 8.5 milliún ina gcónaí ann sa bhliain 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/vintage-2024-popest.html|teideal=Population Growth Reported Across Cities and Towns in All U.S. Regions|údar=US Census Bureau|language=en|work=Census.gov|dátarochtana=2025-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ach nuair a chuirtear daonra na mbruachbhailte san áireamh, bhí thart ar 19.9 milliún duine i Mórcheantar Nua-Eabhrac.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=New York metropolitan area|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_metropolitan_area&amp;oldid=1318245761|journal=Wikipedia|date=2025-10-22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar oirthear inbhear an [[Hudson]] atá sé, le [[New Jersey]] ar an taobh thiar den abhainn. Is é an chathair is mó i stát [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)|Nua-Eabhrac]] é.
[[Íomhá:Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg|mion|left|Dealbh na Saoirse]]
==Stair==
[[Íomhá:Castelloplan.jpg|mion|Manhattan sa bhliain 1660. Tá an tuaisceart ar dheis.]]
I mí Aibreáin 1524, tháinig [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] ar an áit ina bhfuil Cathair Nua-Eabhrac inniu. Bhí ar an laghad 5,000 duine den phobal [[Lenape]] ina gcónaí ann cheana. Taiscéalaí Iodálach i seirbhís choróin na [[An Fhrainc|Fraince]] a bhí ann, agus bhaist sé ''Nouvelle Angoulême'' ar an áit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rodgers&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Rebecca B. |first2=Cleveland |last2=Rodgers |title=New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262 |publisher=Harper |year=1948}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tháinig na Spáinnigh sa bhliain 1525 chun an cósta a thaiscéaladh (Río de San Antonio a bhaist siad ar an Hudson). Sa bhliain 1609, tháinig [[Henry Hudson]], taiscéalaí [[Sasanaigh|Sasanach]] i seirbhís Comhlacht Dúitseach na nIndiach Thoir, ar Chuan Nua-Eabhrac arís agus é ag iarraidh an Pasáiste Siar a aimsiú. Sheol sé thuas an abhainn a thabharfadh na hOllannaigh an Abhainn Thuaidh uirthi. (&quot;An Mhuiris&quot; a thug Hudson féin uirthi in onóir Muiris, Prionsa Oráiste.) Scríobh chéad mhata Hudson gur &quot;Cuan an-mhaith le haghaidh an uile ghaoth&quot; a bhí inti agus go raibh sí &quot;míle slí leathan&quot; agus &quot;lán d'éisc&quot;.&quot;&lt;ref name=hudsonnni&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/hudson-river/ |teideal=The Hudson River |publisher=[[New Netherland Institute]] |accessdate=July 10, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Thosaigh an inimirce sa bhliain 1614 nuair a chuir an chéad eachtrannach faoi i Manhattan, fear de shliocht Afracach agus Portaingéalach a rugadh i Santo Domingo darbh ainm Juan Rodríguez (Jan Rodrigues sna foinsí Ollannacha). Tháinig coilínigh ón [[Ísiltír]] ag tosnú sa bhliain 1624. Sa bhliain 1626 cheannaigh [[Peter Minuit]], stiúrthóir na coilíneachta, an t-oileán [[Manhattan]] ó na Lenape. Níor thug sé mórán air: go traidisiúnta deirtear gur thug sé luach $24 d'earraí air. Athainmníodh an áit Nieuw Amsterdam (Amsterdam Nua) agus trádáil i bhfionnaidh an ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch ba mhó a rinneadh ag an tús.&lt;ref&gt;{{cita publicació|autor=Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell |data=Setembre de 1986 |teideal=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |publicació=The Journal of American History |volum=73 |número=2 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28198609%2973%3A2%3C311%3AANPOIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A |consulta=21-3-2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 1664, rinne na [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Sasanaigh]] ionraic ar an gcathair, agus thug siad New York air in onóir [[Liam II Shasana|Diúc Eabhrac agus Albany]].&lt;ref&gt;Homberger, Eric. Owl Books. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History, 2005, p. 34. ISBN 0805078428.&lt;/ref&gt; Ag deireadh an Dara Cogadh Angla-Ollannach, fuair an Ísiltír smacht ar [[Suranam|Shuranam]], agus fuair na Sasanaigh teideal ar Nova Amsterdam ar mhalairt de.

[[Íomhá:Johannes_Adam_Simon_Oertel_Pulling_Down_the_Statue_of_King_George_III,_N.Y.C._ca._1859.jpg|thumb|left| Déantar dealbh rí Shasana [[Seoirse III na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann|Seoirse III]] a dhíchóimeáil sa bhliain 1776.]]

Ar an 9 Iúil 1776, léigh cúntóir [[George Washington]] an [[Dearbhú Neamhspleáchais]] dá chuid trúpaí agus do mhuintir Nua-Eabhrac, a mháirseáil ansin go Bowling Green, áit a raibh dealbh de Rí Seoirse III ina sheasamh. Cheangail siad rópaí leis an dealbh ansin, stróic siad óna bhun é, agus thug siad na hiarsmaí go [[Litchfield, Connecticut]], áit ar athraíodh cuid mhór de luaidhe na dealbha ina 42,000 muscaed don [[Arm Ilchríochach]].

Le linn Chogadh Réabhlóideach 1776–1784, ghabh trúpaí Briotanacha Nua-Eabhrac. Idir 1785 agus 1789, ba í an chéad phríomhchathair de chuid [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]] í. Ó dheireadh an 18ú haois, is calafort agus lárionad tábhachtach trádála, tionscail, airgeadais, saoil pholaitiúil agus chultúrtha na tíre í. Aontaíodh na cúig chontae sa bhliain 1898, agus ghabh an chathair a críoch reatha.

=== Nua-aoiseachas ===

Tréimhse fáis mheasartha ab ea na 1980idí, agus ina dhiaidh sin tháinig borradh mór sna 1990idí. Rinne maolú ar theannas ciníoch, titim shuntasach sa choireacht, agus méadú ar inimirce an chathair a athbheochan, agus sháraigh daonra Chathair Nua-Eabhrac 8 milliún den chéad uair ina stair. Ag deireadh na 1990idí, bhain an chathair leas mór as rath thionscal na seirbhísí airgeadais le linn bhorradh an dot-com. Ba é seo ceann de na tosca a chuir praghsanna eastáit réadaigh sa chathair suas.

[[Íomhá:World Trade Center From Queens.jpg|thumb|left|Radharc ar spéirlíne Queens agus Ionad Trádála an Domhain, 1997]]

[[Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair|Rinne ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta 11 Meán Fómhair, 2001]] difear freisin do phríomhchathair na Stát Aontaithe, [[Washington]], ach ba í Cathair Nua-Eabhrac a bhuail an chuid is mó de na hionsaithe ar an [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda]] agus an deatach tiubh, searbh a lean ag ardú óna fothracha ar feadh míonna tar éis do na Túir Dhúbailte titim agus don tine. In ainneoin seo, críochnaíodh glanadh lár an phléasctha níos tapúla ná mar a bhí beartaithe, agus tá pleananna nua curtha chun cinn ag an gcathair ó shin don limistéar scriosta. Ba é [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda 1]], a tógadh ar shuíomh an Ionaid Trádála Domhanda, ar a dtugtar Túr na Saoirse freisin, ceann de na [[spéirscrapairí]] is airde ar domhan (1,776 troigh nó 532.8 m).

== Sonraí daonna ==
Bhí tuarastal láir $38,293 in aghaidh an duine sa chathair sa bhliain [[2000]], agus tuarastal láir $41,887 in aghaidh an líon tí. Bhí tuarastal láir $37,435 ag fir, agus $32,949 ag mná. Bhí meántuarastal $22,402 ag muintir na cathrach. Bhí 21% den daonra agus 19% de líonta tí faoin líne bhochtaineachta. Ón líon atá ag maireachtáil i mbochtaineacht, bhí 30% faoi bhun aois 18 mbliain agus 18% 65 mbliain nó os a chionn.

Sa bhliain [[2000]], bhí 8,008,278 duine, 3,021,588 líon tí, agus 1,852,233 clann ag maireachtáil sa chathair. Bhí dlús daonra 10,194/km&amp;sup2; (26,403/mi&amp;sup2;) ann. Bhí 3,200,912 aonad tís, ag meándlús 4,074.6/km&amp;sup2; (10,553/mi&amp;sup2;). Maidir le cine, Bhí 45% Bán, 27% Gorm , 0.5% de Mheiriceánaigh Dúchais (Indiaigh Mheiriceá Thuaidh), 10% Áiseach, 13% de chiníocha eile, agus 5% de dhá chine ar a laghad. Bhí 27% den daonra de bhunadh Easpáinneach, a d'fhéadfadh baint le cine ar bith. Bhí thart ar milliún go leath daoine de bhunadh Éireannach i Nua-Eabhrac.

Bhí 3,021,588 líon tí, agus bhí leanaí faoi bhun 18 ag maireachtáil le 30% acu. Ba daoine aonair iad 32% de iomlán an uimhir líonta tí, agus bhí duine 65 mbliana ar a laghad ag maireachtáil le 10%. 2.6 an meán líon tí, agus 3.3 an meán líon clainne, tuismitheoirí san áireamh.

Sa chathair bhí 24% faoi bhun aois 18, 10% ó 18 go 24, 33% ó 25 go 44, 21% ó 45 go 64, agus 12% atá 65 bliain ar a laghad. 34 bliain ba ea an lár-aois. Bhí 100 bean in aghaidh gach 90 fear. Bhí 86 fear in aghaidh gach 100 bean os cionn 18 bliana.

== Na Cúig Bhuirg ==
[[Íomhá:Manhattan00.jpg|thumb|Nua-Eabhrac/Manhattan sa bhliain 1873]]
Cúig bhuirg le chéile atá i Nua-Eabhrac, agus is contae de chuid stát Nua-Eabhrac gach ceann acu:

* [[Manhattan]] – Contae Nua-Eabhrac, ach tugtar 'Manhattan' go hiondúil ar an mbuirg agus ar an oileán ar a bhfuil sé suite, daonra 1,636,268 
* [[An Bronx]] – Contae Bhronx, daonra 1,438,159
* [[Brooklyn]] – Contae an Rí, daonra 2,621,793
* [[Queens]] – Contae na Banríona, daonra 2,321,580
* [[Oileán Staten, Nua-Eabhrac|Oileán Staten]] – Contae Richmond, daonra 473,279

(Is as meastacháin [[2014]] na huimhreacha seo.)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/36061 i gcomhair Manhattan;  táblaí eile ag an suíomh chéanna le haghaidh na mbuirgí eile&lt;/ref&gt;

Toghann gach ceann den chúigear Uachtarán Buirge, ach faoi chairt na cathrach tá cumhacht teoranta ag uachtarán—tá buiséad beag discréideach aige nó aici le caitheamh ar thionscadail laistigh den bhuirg. (Cuireadh deireadh leis an gcumhacht tábhachtach deiridh a bhí acu—ball de Bhord an Oideachais a cheapadh—leis an mbord féin, ar [[30 Meitheamh]] [[2002]].) Faoi láthair, bíonn uachtaráin na mbuirgí mar bhaill ''[[ex officio]]'' ar bhoird agus choistí éagsúla.

Tugtar &quot;na Cúig Bhuirg&quot; go minic ar iomlán na cathrach, ag úsáid an téarma &quot;An Chathair&quot; nó &quot;The City&quot; le haghaidh Manhattan, an t-oileán lárnach. Tugtar &quot;na Buirg Lasmuigh&quot; (&quot;the Outer Boroughs&quot;) ar na ceithre cinn eile.

==Oideachas==
===Scoileanna bun- agus dara leibhéal===
Freastalaíonn timpeall is 1.1 milliún páiste ar bhreis is 1,700 bunscoileanna agus ardscoileanna, agus is é an córas oideachais poiblí i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac an ceann is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |teideal=New York City Department of Education – About Us |publisher=The New York City Department of Education |year=2014 |url=http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm |accessdate=July 30, 2014 |dátarochtana=Bealtaine 10, 2018 |archivedate=Meán Fómhair 5, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905071308/http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; De sheanbhunús is ea na naoi scoil dara leibhéal speisialaithe a fhreastalaíonn ar mhic léinn a bhfuil tallann faoi leith acu. Tá isteach is amach ar 900 scoil príobháideacha sa chathair, idir neamhsheicteach agus reiligiúnda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |teideal=Private School Universe Survey |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |accessdate=1 D.F. 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aeráid ==

{{Bosca Aimsire
| metric_first= Yes
| single_line= Yes
| location=Nua-Eabhrac
|Jan_REC_Hi_°C=22.2
|Feb_REC_Hi_°C=23.9	
|Mar_REC_Hi_°C=30
|Apr_REC_Hi_°C=35.6
|May_REC_Hi_°C=37.2
|Jun_REC_Hi_°C=38.3
|Jul_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Aug_REC_Hi_°C=40
|Sep_REC_Hi_°C=38.9
|Oct_REC_Hi_°C=34.4
|Nov_REC_Hi_°C=28.9
|Dec_REC_Hi_°C=23.9
|Year_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Jan_Hi_°C =3.33
|Feb_Hi_°C =5
|Mar_Hi_°C =9.89
|Apr_Hi_°C =15.94
|May_Hi_°C =21.61
|Jun_Hi_°C =26.11
|Jul_Hi_°C =29
|Aug_Hi_°C =28
|Sep_Hi_°C =23.72
|Oct_Hi_°C =17.5
|Nov_Hi_°C =11.72
|Dec_Hi_°C =6.06
|Year_Hi_°C =16.5
|Jan_Lo_°C =-3.22
|Feb_Lo_°C =-2.17 
|Mar_Lo_°C =1.72  
|Apr_Lo_°C =6.78
|May_Lo_°C =12.33  
|Jun_Lo_°C =17.39
|Jul_Lo_°C =20.44
|Aug_Lo_°C =19.83
|Sep_Lo_°C =15.72 
|Oct_Lo_°C =9.78
|Nov_Lo_°C =5
|Dec_Lo_°C =-0.22
|Year_Lo_°C =8.61
|Jan_REC_Lo_°C =-21.1	
|Feb_REC_Lo_°C =-26.1
|Mar_REC_Lo_°C =-16.1
|Apr_REC_Lo_°C =-11.1
|May_REC_Lo_°C =−2.2
|Jun_REC_Lo_°C =6.7
|Jul_REC_Lo_°C =11.1
|Aug_REC_Lo_°C =10
|Sep_REC_Lo_°C =3.9
|Oct_REC_Lo_°C =-2.2
|Nov_REC_Lo_°C =-13.9
|Dec_REC_Lo_°C =-25
|Year_REC_Lo_°C =−26.1
|Jan_Precip_mm = 104.9
|Feb_Precip_mm = 80
|Mar_Precip_mm = 111
|Apr_Precip_mm = 108.7
|May_Precip_mm = 119.1
|Jun_Precip_mm = 97.5
|Jul_Precip_mm = 117.3
|Aug_Precip_mm = 107.2
|Sep_Precip_mm = 107.4
|Oct_Precip_mm = 97.8
|Nov_Precip_mm = 110.7
|Dec_Precip_mm = 100.3
|Year_Precip_mm = 1262.1
|Jan_Snow_cm = 21.1
|Feb_Snow_cm = 18.0
|Mar_Snow_cm = 8.6
|Apr_Snow_cm = 1
|May_Snow_cm = 0
|Jun_Snow_cm = 0
|Jul_Snow_cm = 0
|Aug_Snow_cm = 0
|Sep_Snow_cm = 0
|Oct_Snow_cm = 0
|Nov_Snow_cm = 1
|Dec_Snow_cm = 6.6
|Year_Snow_cm = 56.4
|source= [http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ny/305801.pdf NOAA]
|accessdate = Eanáir 2011
}}

==Iompar==
[[Íomhá:Mta station wall.jpg|thumb|Stáisiún subway i Manhattan]]
[[File:R160A E Train entering World Trade Center.jpg|mion|Traein agus stáisiún faoi thalamh i Nua-Eabhrac]]
Tá calafort mór ar a bhruacha, ach tá go leor dá chuid gnó caillte ag Nua-Eabhrac le calafoirt eile, mar [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]] i [[New Jersey]]. 

Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta John F. Kennedy i Nua-Eabhrac, chomh maith le haerfort intíre La Guardia, iad araon in Queens. Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Newark Liberty ar an taobh thiar de abhainn an Hudson, i New Jersey. 

Tá dhá stáisiún traenach mór ann, [[Grand Central Terminal]], an stáisiún traenach is mó ar domhan ó thaobh líon na n-ardán de, as a bhfágann traenacha Metro North, agus Stáisiún Pennsylvania, nó Penn Station mar a thugtar air de ghnáth, atá á úsáid ag an Long Island Rail Road agus ag an gcóras [[Amtrak]].
[[Íomhá:NYC subway-4D.svg|mion|léarscáil:  [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]]]Is córas [[iarnród|iarnróid]] é [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]], an chuid is tábhachtaí de chóras iompair phoiblí na cathrach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/litir-o-nua-eabhrac-ionsaithe-imni-agus-sabhailteacht-ar-an-subway/|teideal=LITIR Ó NUA-EABHRAC: Ionsaithe, imní agus sábháilteacht, ar an Subway|údar=Cathal Mac Coille|dáta=23 Márta 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá 472 stáisiún in iomlán sa chóras, i Manhattan, an Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens agus níos faide.&lt;ref&gt;http://web.mta.info/nyct/subway/howto_sub.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Main|Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

== Gnó ==
Is ceantar gnó mór í Nua-Eabhrac. Ar [[Wall Street]], ar dheisceart Manhattan, atá gnó an infheistíochta bunaithe, agus fostaíonn sé na mílte. 

== Spórt ==
Cathair mhór [[daorchluiche]] atá ann, ó laethanta na [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] i leith. Tá Nua-Eabhrac ina bhaile dúchais de dhá fhoireann a imríonn ag leibhéal na Sraithe Móire. Sa Staid Yankee sa [[Bhronx]] a imríonn na [[New York Yankees]], agus na [[New York Mets]] i bPáirc Citi, [[Queens]].

Ó thaobh na [[peile Meiriceánaí]] den scéal, tá dhá fhoireann de bhunadh na cathrach ag imirt ag an gcéim is airde ([[NFL]]) - mar atá, na [[New York Giants]] agus na [[New York Mets]]. Tá a gcluichí baile á imirt acu in aon staid amháin - [[Staid MetLife]] in [[Rutherford Oirthear, New Jersey]].

== Ionaid turasóireachta ==
'''Foirgneamh Empire State'''. Is é an Empire State Building ceann de na foirgnimh is airde sa chathair. Tá sé céad agus a dó urlár in airde.

'''Central Park.''' Is é Central Park an Pháirc is mhór I Nua Eabhrac. Tá ghníomhachtaí go leor ann ar nós scátáil oighir, siúlóid, marcaíocht capall.

'''9/11.''' Is díol spéise do thurasóirí é cuimhneachán naoi a haon déag. Tá sé an bhrónach na hainmneacha go léir scríofa timpeall na háite ina bhí na dhá foirgneamh.

== Féach freisin ==

* Scannán ‘''[[Brooklyn (scannán)|Brooklyn]]''’:  saol I Nua Eabhrac sna 1950idí. Is í [[Saoirse Ronan]] an príomhaisteoir.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)]]
* [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_York_%28city%29 Wikivoyage - New York (city)]
* [http://www.nyc.gov/ Suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil NYC]
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new-york-city-skyline-tallest-midtown-manhattan/ Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac (idirghníomhach) ag suíomh National Geographic. Dáta rochtana: 29 Meitheamh 20018]

{{ÍomháLeathan|Skyline-New-York-City.jpg|1900px|Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac ón Empire State Building.}}

{{Cathracha na SAM}}
{{Nua-Eabhrac}}
{{Cathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

[[Catagóir:Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)]]</text>
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Tá '''Cathair Nua-Eabhrac''' suite ar chósta thoir thuaidh [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (S.A.M.). Is í an chathair is mó daonra i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá; bhí 8.5 milliún ina gcónaí ann sa bhliain 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/vintage-2024-popest.html|teideal=Population Growth Reported Across Cities and Towns in All U.S. Regions|údar=US Census Bureau|language=en|work=Census.gov|dátarochtana=2025-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ach nuair a chuirtear daonra na mbruachbhailte san áireamh, bhí thart ar 19.9 milliún duine i Mórcheantar Nua-Eabhrac.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=New York metropolitan area|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_metropolitan_area&amp;oldid=1318245761|journal=Wikipedia|date=2025-10-22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar oirthear inbhear an [[Hudson]] atá sé, le [[New Jersey]] ar an taobh thiar den abhainn. Is é an chathair is mó i stát [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)|Nua-Eabhrac]] é.
[[Íomhá:Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg|mion|left|Dealbh na Saoirse]]
==Stair==
[[Íomhá:Castelloplan.jpg|mion|Manhattan sa bhliain 1660. Tá an tuaisceart ar dheis.]]
I mí Aibreáin 1524, tháinig [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] ar an áit ina bhfuil Cathair Nua-Eabhrac inniu. Bhí ar an laghad 5,000 duine den phobal [[Lenape]] ina gcónaí ann cheana. Taiscéalaí Iodálach i seirbhís choróin na [[An Fhrainc|Fraince]] a bhí ann, agus bhaist sé ''Nouvelle Angoulême'' ar an áit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rodgers&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Rebecca B. |first2=Cleveland |last2=Rodgers |title=New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262 |publisher=Harper |year=1948}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tháinig na Spáinnigh sa bhliain 1525 chun an cósta a thaiscéaladh (Río de San Antonio a bhaist siad ar an Hudson). Sa bhliain 1609, tháinig [[Henry Hudson]], taiscéalaí [[Sasanaigh|Sasanach]] i seirbhís Comhlacht Dúitseach na nIndiach Thoir, ar Chuan Nua-Eabhrac arís agus é ag iarraidh an Pasáiste Siar a aimsiú. Sheol sé thuas an abhainn a thabharfadh na hOllannaigh an Abhainn Thuaidh uirthi. (&quot;An Mhuiris&quot; a thug Hudson féin uirthi in onóir Muiris, Prionsa Oráiste.) Scríobh chéad mhata Hudson gur &quot;Cuan an-mhaith le haghaidh an uile ghaoth&quot; a bhí inti agus go raibh sí &quot;míle slí leathan&quot; agus &quot;lán d'éisc&quot;.&quot;&lt;ref name=hudsonnni&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/hudson-river/ |teideal=The Hudson River |publisher=[[New Netherland Institute]] |accessdate=July 10, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Thosaigh an inimirce sa bhliain 1614 nuair a chuir an chéad eachtrannach faoi i Manhattan, fear de shliocht Afracach agus Portaingéalach a rugadh i Santo Domingo darbh ainm Juan Rodríguez (Jan Rodrigues sna foinsí Ollannacha). Tháinig coilínigh ón [[Ísiltír]] ag tosnú sa bhliain 1624. Sa bhliain 1626 cheannaigh [[Peter Minuit]], stiúrthóir na coilíneachta, an t-oileán [[Manhattan]] ó na Lenape. Níor thug sé mórán air: go traidisiúnta deirtear gur thug sé luach $24 d'earraí air. Athainmníodh an áit Nieuw Amsterdam (Amsterdam Nua) agus trádáil i bhfionnaidh an ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch ba mhó a rinneadh ag an tús.&lt;ref&gt;{{cita publicació|autor=Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell |data=Setembre de 1986 |teideal=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |publicació=The Journal of American History |volum=73 |número=2 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28198609%2973%3A2%3C311%3AANPOIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A |consulta=21-3-2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 1664, rinne na [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Sasanaigh]] ionraic ar an gcathair, agus thug siad New York air in onóir [[Liam II Shasana|Diúc Eabhrac agus Albany]].&lt;ref&gt;Homberger, Eric. Owl Books. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History, 2005, p. 34. ISBN 0805078428.&lt;/ref&gt; Ag deireadh an Dara Cogadh Angla-Ollannach, fuair an Ísiltír smacht ar [[Suranam|Shuranam]], agus fuair na Sasanaigh teideal ar Nova Amsterdam ar mhalairt de.

[[Íomhá:Johannes_Adam_Simon_Oertel_Pulling_Down_the_Statue_of_King_George_III,_N.Y.C._ca._1859.jpg|thumb|left| Déantar dealbh rí Shasana [[Seoirse III na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann|Seoirse III]] a dhíchóimeáil sa bhliain 1776.]]

Ar an 9 Iúil 1776, léigh cúntóir [[George Washington]] an [[Forógra Neamhspleáchais na Stát Aontaithe|Dearbhú Neamhspleáchais]] dá chuid trúpaí agus do mhuintir Nua-Eabhrac, a mháirseáil ansin go Bowling Green, áit a raibh dealbh de Rí Seoirse III ina sheasamh. Cheangail siad rópaí leis an dealbh ansin, stróic siad óna bhun é, agus thug siad na hiarsmaí go [[Litchfield, Connecticut]], áit ar athraíodh cuid mhór de luaidhe na dealbha ina 42,000 muscaed don [[Arm Ilchríochach]].

Le linn Chogadh Réabhlóideach 1776–1784, ghabh trúpaí Briotanacha Nua-Eabhrac. Idir 1785 agus 1789, ba í an chéad phríomhchathair de chuid [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]] í. Ó dheireadh an 18ú haois, is calafort agus lárionad tábhachtach trádála, tionscail, airgeadais, saoil pholaitiúil agus chultúrtha na tíre í. Aontaíodh na cúig chontae sa bhliain 1898, agus ghabh an chathair a críoch reatha.

=== Nua-aoiseachas ===

Tréimhse fáis mheasartha ab ea na 1980idí, agus ina dhiaidh sin tháinig borradh mór sna 1990idí. Rinne maolú ar theannas ciníoch, titim shuntasach sa choireacht, agus méadú ar inimirce an chathair a athbheochan, agus sháraigh daonra Chathair Nua-Eabhrac 8 milliún den chéad uair ina stair. Ag deireadh na 1990idí, bhain an chathair leas mór as rath thionscal na seirbhísí airgeadais le linn bhorradh an dot-com. Ba é seo ceann de na tosca a chuir praghsanna eastáit réadaigh sa chathair suas.

[[Íomhá:World Trade Center From Queens.jpg|thumb|left|Radharc ar spéirlíne Queens agus Ionad Trádála an Domhain, 1997]]

[[Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair|Rinne ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta 11 Meán Fómhair, 2001]] difear freisin do phríomhchathair na Stát Aontaithe, [[Washington]], ach ba í Cathair Nua-Eabhrac a bhuail an chuid is mó de na hionsaithe ar an [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda]] agus an deatach tiubh, searbh a lean ag ardú óna fothracha ar feadh míonna tar éis do na Túir Dhúbailte titim agus don tine. In ainneoin seo, críochnaíodh glanadh lár an phléasctha níos tapúla ná mar a bhí beartaithe, agus tá pleananna nua curtha chun cinn ag an gcathair ó shin don limistéar scriosta. Ba é [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda 1]], a tógadh ar shuíomh an Ionaid Trádála Domhanda, ar a dtugtar Túr na Saoirse freisin, ceann de na [[spéirscrapairí]] is airde ar domhan (1,776 troigh nó 532.8 m).

== Sonraí daonna ==
Bhí tuarastal láir $38,293 in aghaidh an duine sa chathair sa bhliain [[2000]], agus tuarastal láir $41,887 in aghaidh an líon tí. Bhí tuarastal láir $37,435 ag fir, agus $32,949 ag mná. Bhí meántuarastal $22,402 ag muintir na cathrach. Bhí 21% den daonra agus 19% de líonta tí faoin líne bhochtaineachta. Ón líon atá ag maireachtáil i mbochtaineacht, bhí 30% faoi bhun aois 18 mbliain agus 18% 65 mbliain nó os a chionn.

Sa bhliain [[2000]], bhí 8,008,278 duine, 3,021,588 líon tí, agus 1,852,233 clann ag maireachtáil sa chathair. Bhí dlús daonra 10,194/km&amp;sup2; (26,403/mi&amp;sup2;) ann. Bhí 3,200,912 aonad tís, ag meándlús 4,074.6/km&amp;sup2; (10,553/mi&amp;sup2;). Maidir le cine, Bhí 45% Bán, 27% Gorm , 0.5% de Mheiriceánaigh Dúchais (Indiaigh Mheiriceá Thuaidh), 10% Áiseach, 13% de chiníocha eile, agus 5% de dhá chine ar a laghad. Bhí 27% den daonra de bhunadh Easpáinneach, a d'fhéadfadh baint le cine ar bith. Bhí thart ar milliún go leath daoine de bhunadh Éireannach i Nua-Eabhrac.

Bhí 3,021,588 líon tí, agus bhí leanaí faoi bhun 18 ag maireachtáil le 30% acu. Ba daoine aonair iad 32% de iomlán an uimhir líonta tí, agus bhí duine 65 mbliana ar a laghad ag maireachtáil le 10%. 2.6 an meán líon tí, agus 3.3 an meán líon clainne, tuismitheoirí san áireamh.

Sa chathair bhí 24% faoi bhun aois 18, 10% ó 18 go 24, 33% ó 25 go 44, 21% ó 45 go 64, agus 12% atá 65 bliain ar a laghad. 34 bliain ba ea an lár-aois. Bhí 100 bean in aghaidh gach 90 fear. Bhí 86 fear in aghaidh gach 100 bean os cionn 18 bliana.

== Na Cúig Bhuirg ==
[[Íomhá:Manhattan00.jpg|thumb|Nua-Eabhrac/Manhattan sa bhliain 1873]]
Cúig bhuirg le chéile atá i Nua-Eabhrac, agus is contae de chuid stát Nua-Eabhrac gach ceann acu:

* [[Manhattan]] – Contae Nua-Eabhrac, ach tugtar 'Manhattan' go hiondúil ar an mbuirg agus ar an oileán ar a bhfuil sé suite, daonra 1,636,268 
* [[An Bronx]] – Contae Bhronx, daonra 1,438,159
* [[Brooklyn]] – Contae an Rí, daonra 2,621,793
* [[Queens]] – Contae na Banríona, daonra 2,321,580
* [[Oileán Staten, Nua-Eabhrac|Oileán Staten]] – Contae Richmond, daonra 473,279

(Is as meastacháin [[2014]] na huimhreacha seo.)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/36061 i gcomhair Manhattan;  táblaí eile ag an suíomh chéanna le haghaidh na mbuirgí eile&lt;/ref&gt;

Toghann gach ceann den chúigear Uachtarán Buirge, ach faoi chairt na cathrach tá cumhacht teoranta ag uachtarán—tá buiséad beag discréideach aige nó aici le caitheamh ar thionscadail laistigh den bhuirg. (Cuireadh deireadh leis an gcumhacht tábhachtach deiridh a bhí acu—ball de Bhord an Oideachais a cheapadh—leis an mbord féin, ar [[30 Meitheamh]] [[2002]].) Faoi láthair, bíonn uachtaráin na mbuirgí mar bhaill ''[[ex officio]]'' ar bhoird agus choistí éagsúla.

Tugtar &quot;na Cúig Bhuirg&quot; go minic ar iomlán na cathrach, ag úsáid an téarma &quot;An Chathair&quot; nó &quot;The City&quot; le haghaidh Manhattan, an t-oileán lárnach. Tugtar &quot;na Buirg Lasmuigh&quot; (&quot;the Outer Boroughs&quot;) ar na ceithre cinn eile.

==Oideachas==
===Scoileanna bun- agus dara leibhéal===
Freastalaíonn timpeall is 1.1 milliún páiste ar bhreis is 1,700 bunscoileanna agus ardscoileanna, agus is é an córas oideachais poiblí i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac an ceann is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |teideal=New York City Department of Education – About Us |publisher=The New York City Department of Education |year=2014 |url=http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm |accessdate=July 30, 2014 |dátarochtana=Bealtaine 10, 2018 |archivedate=Meán Fómhair 5, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905071308/http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; De sheanbhunús is ea na naoi scoil dara leibhéal speisialaithe a fhreastalaíonn ar mhic léinn a bhfuil tallann faoi leith acu. Tá isteach is amach ar 900 scoil príobháideacha sa chathair, idir neamhsheicteach agus reiligiúnda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |teideal=Private School Universe Survey |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |accessdate=1 D.F. 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aeráid ==

{{Bosca Aimsire
| metric_first= Yes
| single_line= Yes
| location=Nua-Eabhrac
|Jan_REC_Hi_°C=22.2
|Feb_REC_Hi_°C=23.9	
|Mar_REC_Hi_°C=30
|Apr_REC_Hi_°C=35.6
|May_REC_Hi_°C=37.2
|Jun_REC_Hi_°C=38.3
|Jul_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Aug_REC_Hi_°C=40
|Sep_REC_Hi_°C=38.9
|Oct_REC_Hi_°C=34.4
|Nov_REC_Hi_°C=28.9
|Dec_REC_Hi_°C=23.9
|Year_REC_Hi_°C=41.1
|Jan_Hi_°C =3.33
|Feb_Hi_°C =5
|Mar_Hi_°C =9.89
|Apr_Hi_°C =15.94
|May_Hi_°C =21.61
|Jun_Hi_°C =26.11
|Jul_Hi_°C =29
|Aug_Hi_°C =28
|Sep_Hi_°C =23.72
|Oct_Hi_°C =17.5
|Nov_Hi_°C =11.72
|Dec_Hi_°C =6.06
|Year_Hi_°C =16.5
|Jan_Lo_°C =-3.22
|Feb_Lo_°C =-2.17 
|Mar_Lo_°C =1.72  
|Apr_Lo_°C =6.78
|May_Lo_°C =12.33  
|Jun_Lo_°C =17.39
|Jul_Lo_°C =20.44
|Aug_Lo_°C =19.83
|Sep_Lo_°C =15.72 
|Oct_Lo_°C =9.78
|Nov_Lo_°C =5
|Dec_Lo_°C =-0.22
|Year_Lo_°C =8.61
|Jan_REC_Lo_°C =-21.1	
|Feb_REC_Lo_°C =-26.1
|Mar_REC_Lo_°C =-16.1
|Apr_REC_Lo_°C =-11.1
|May_REC_Lo_°C =−2.2
|Jun_REC_Lo_°C =6.7
|Jul_REC_Lo_°C =11.1
|Aug_REC_Lo_°C =10
|Sep_REC_Lo_°C =3.9
|Oct_REC_Lo_°C =-2.2
|Nov_REC_Lo_°C =-13.9
|Dec_REC_Lo_°C =-25
|Year_REC_Lo_°C =−26.1
|Jan_Precip_mm = 104.9
|Feb_Precip_mm = 80
|Mar_Precip_mm = 111
|Apr_Precip_mm = 108.7
|May_Precip_mm = 119.1
|Jun_Precip_mm = 97.5
|Jul_Precip_mm = 117.3
|Aug_Precip_mm = 107.2
|Sep_Precip_mm = 107.4
|Oct_Precip_mm = 97.8
|Nov_Precip_mm = 110.7
|Dec_Precip_mm = 100.3
|Year_Precip_mm = 1262.1
|Jan_Snow_cm = 21.1
|Feb_Snow_cm = 18.0
|Mar_Snow_cm = 8.6
|Apr_Snow_cm = 1
|May_Snow_cm = 0
|Jun_Snow_cm = 0
|Jul_Snow_cm = 0
|Aug_Snow_cm = 0
|Sep_Snow_cm = 0
|Oct_Snow_cm = 0
|Nov_Snow_cm = 1
|Dec_Snow_cm = 6.6
|Year_Snow_cm = 56.4
|source= [http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ny/305801.pdf NOAA]
|accessdate = Eanáir 2011
}}

==Iompar==
[[Íomhá:Mta station wall.jpg|thumb|Stáisiún subway i Manhattan]]
[[File:R160A E Train entering World Trade Center.jpg|mion|Traein agus stáisiún faoi thalamh i Nua-Eabhrac]]
Tá calafort mór ar a bhruacha, ach tá go leor dá chuid gnó caillte ag Nua-Eabhrac le calafoirt eile, mar [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]] i [[New Jersey]]. 

Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta John F. Kennedy i Nua-Eabhrac, chomh maith le haerfort intíre La Guardia, iad araon in Queens. Tá Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Newark Liberty ar an taobh thiar de abhainn an Hudson, i New Jersey. 

Tá dhá stáisiún traenach mór ann, [[Grand Central Terminal]], an stáisiún traenach is mó ar domhan ó thaobh líon na n-ardán de, as a bhfágann traenacha Metro North, agus Stáisiún Pennsylvania, nó Penn Station mar a thugtar air de ghnáth, atá á úsáid ag an Long Island Rail Road agus ag an gcóras [[Amtrak]].
[[Íomhá:NYC subway-4D.svg|mion|léarscáil:  [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]]]Is córas [[iarnród|iarnróid]] é [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]], an chuid is tábhachtaí de chóras iompair phoiblí na cathrach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/litir-o-nua-eabhrac-ionsaithe-imni-agus-sabhailteacht-ar-an-subway/|teideal=LITIR Ó NUA-EABHRAC: Ionsaithe, imní agus sábháilteacht, ar an Subway|údar=Cathal Mac Coille|dáta=23 Márta 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá 472 stáisiún in iomlán sa chóras, i Manhattan, an Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens agus níos faide.&lt;ref&gt;http://web.mta.info/nyct/subway/howto_sub.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Main|Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

== Gnó ==
Is ceantar gnó mór í Nua-Eabhrac. Ar [[Wall Street]], ar dheisceart Manhattan, atá gnó an infheistíochta bunaithe, agus fostaíonn sé na mílte. 

== Spórt ==
Cathair mhór [[daorchluiche]] atá ann, ó laethanta na [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] i leith. Tá Nua-Eabhrac ina bhaile dúchais de dhá fhoireann a imríonn ag leibhéal na Sraithe Móire. Sa Staid Yankee sa [[Bhronx]] a imríonn na [[New York Yankees]], agus na [[New York Mets]] i bPáirc Citi, [[Queens]].

Ó thaobh na [[peile Meiriceánaí]] den scéal, tá dhá fhoireann de bhunadh na cathrach ag imirt ag an gcéim is airde ([[NFL]]) - mar atá, na [[New York Giants]] agus na [[New York Mets]]. Tá a gcluichí baile á imirt acu in aon staid amháin - [[Staid MetLife]] in [[Rutherford Oirthear, New Jersey]].

== Ionaid turasóireachta ==
'''Foirgneamh Empire State'''. Is é an Empire State Building ceann de na foirgnimh is airde sa chathair. Tá sé céad agus a dó urlár in airde.

'''Central Park.''' Is é Central Park an Pháirc is mhór I Nua Eabhrac. Tá ghníomhachtaí go leor ann ar nós scátáil oighir, siúlóid, marcaíocht capall.

'''9/11.''' Is díol spéise do thurasóirí é cuimhneachán naoi a haon déag. Tá sé an bhrónach na hainmneacha go léir scríofa timpeall na háite ina bhí na dhá foirgneamh.

== Féach freisin ==

* Scannán ‘''[[Brooklyn (scannán)|Brooklyn]]''’:  saol I Nua Eabhrac sna 1950idí. Is í [[Saoirse Ronan]] an príomhaisteoir.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)]]
* [[Subway Chathair Nua-Eabhrac]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_York_%28city%29 Wikivoyage - New York (city)]
* [http://www.nyc.gov/ Suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil NYC]
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new-york-city-skyline-tallest-midtown-manhattan/ Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac (idirghníomhach) ag suíomh National Geographic. Dáta rochtana: 29 Meitheamh 20018]

{{ÍomháLeathan|Skyline-New-York-City.jpg|1900px|Spéirlíne Chathair Nua-Eabhrac ón Empire State Building.}}

{{Cathracha na SAM}}
{{Nua-Eabhrac}}
{{Cathair Nua-Eabhrac}}

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Ba í '''Máire Pádraigín Mhic Giolla Íosa''' nó '''Mary McAleese''' ([[27 Meitheamh]] [[1951]] i m[[Béal Feirste]] a rugadh í) ina ochtú h[[Uachtarán na hÉireann|Uachtarán ar Éirinn]] ó [[1997]] go [[2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://president.ie/index.php/ga/childrens-section/who-past|teideal=Childrens Section Who Past|work=president.ie|dátarochtana=2020-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saol ==
Saolaíodh Máire Pádraigín Ní Lionnacháin in [[Ard Eoin]] i m[[Béal Feirste]] ar an [[27 Meitheamh]], [[1951]], an duine is sine de naonúr clainne: ba í an chéad uachtarán a rugadh agus a tógadh i dTuaisceart Éireann. Is Caitliceach í. Bhí [[na Trioblóidí]] faoi lán seoil agus í ag fás aníos, agus chuir dílseoirí iachall ar mhuintir Uí Lionnacháin ceantar Ard Eoin a fhágáil. 

Bhain Máire céim le dlí amach ó [[Ollscoil na Ríona]] i mBéal Feirste sa bhliain [[1973]] agus glaodh chun [[Barra Thuaisceart Éireann]] í sa bhliain [[1974]]. Sa bhliain [[1975]], ceapadh í mar Ollamh Reid le [[Dlí Coiriúil]], [[Coireolaíocht]] agus [[Pionóseolaíocht]] i g[[Coláiste na Tríonóide]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]]. Sa bhliain [[1976]] phós sí an [[Dr. Máirtín Mac Giolla Íosa]], cuntasóir agus fiaclóir. Tá triúr clainne orthu, Emma, a rugadh sa bhliain [[1982]] agus cúpla, Justin agus SaraMai, a rugadh sa bhliain [[1985]].

D'fhill sí ar Ollscoil na Ríona sa bhliain [[1987]] nuair a ceapadh í mar Stiúrthóir ar [[Institiúid an Léinn Dlí Ghairmiúil]]. Bhí sí ina hiarrthóir d'[[Fhianna Fáil]] in olltoghchán 1987, ach níor toghadh í. Sa bhliain [[1994]], ceapadh í mar an chéad Leas-Seansailéir Cúnta mná riamh ar Ollscoil na Ríona Béal Feirste.

D'oibrigh sí mar iriseoir cúrsaí reatha agus mar láithreoir raidió agus teilifíse le [[Radio Teilifís Éireann]].[[Íomhá:Mary McAleese 2007.JPG|clé|mion|152x152px|Máire Mhic Ghiolla Íosa, 2007]]
== Uachtarán ==
[[Íomhá:McAleese.jpg|clé|mion|197x197px|Máire Mhic Ghiolla Íosa 2011]]Sa bhliain 1997 bhuail Máire Mhic Giolla Íosa iar-[[Taoiseach|Thaoiseach]] [[Ailbhe Mac Raghnaill]] agus roghnaíodh mar iarrthóir [[Fianna Fáil|Fhianna Fáil]] don Uachtaránacht í. Toghadh í mar uachtarán sa bhliain 1997. Ba í an chead uachtarán í a rugadh sna sé chontae.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Kerron Ó Luain]]|date=24 Deireadh Fómhair 2025|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2025/10/stair-na-huachtaranachta/|title=Stair na huachtaránachta|journal=[[An Páipéar (nuachtán)|An Páipéar]]|issue=52}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar 11 Samhain insealbhaíodh Máire Mhic Giolla Íosa mar ochtú Uachtarán na hÉireann. Tháinig sí i gcomharbas ar [[Máire Mhic Róibín|Mháire Mhic Roibín]]. &quot;Droichid a thógáil&quot; an téama a bhain lena huachtaránacht dar léi.

Bliain tar éis di theacht i réim is ea ar síníodh [[Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Átoghadh Máire Mhic Giolla Íosa ar an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 2004: ba í an t-aon iarrthóir a bhí ainmnithe go bailí.

== Postanna eile ==
* Stiúrthóir Cainéal Teilifíse Channel 4.
* Stiúrthóir, Northern Ireland Electricity.
* Stiúrthóir, Royal Group of Hospitals Trust.
* Toscaire chuig Comhdháil an Tí Bháin i 1995 ar Thrádáil agus Infheistíocht in Éirinn agus an Chomhdháil leantach i b[[Pittsburgh]] i 1996.
* Comhalta de thoscaireacht na hEaglaise Caitlicí i 1996 chuig Coimisiún an Tuaiscirt ar Pharáideanna Conspóideacha.
* Comhalta de Thoscaireacht Easpagach na hEaglaise Caitlicí chuig Fóram Nua-Éireann i 1984.
* Comhalta bunaidh de Choimisiún na hÉireann um Príosúnaigh Thar Lear.

== Gaeilge ==
Ag labhairt di, ar ''The Ireland Podcast'' in 2026, dúirt Máire Mhic Giolla Íosa go bhfuil sí ag dul go [[Gleann Cholm Cille]] “gach uile bliain ó ’97” agus go bhfuil an fuinneamh a bhíonn le brath ar chúrsaí [[Oideas Gael]] “iontach speisialta”

Dúirt sí go raibh ceangal aici i gcónaí le [[Contae Dhún na nGall|Gaeltacht Dhún na nGall]] agus gur chaith sí seal beag ag obair san Oifig an Phoist i m[[Baile na Finne]] ina déagóir.

Dúirt sí go raibh sé deacair teacht ar scoil lán-Ghaeilge nuair a bhí sí ag fás aníos i mBéal Feirste, ach gur shíl a hathair go raibh sé tábhachtach go mbeadh “seans ag a chlann an Ghaeilge a fhoghlaim,” agus go raibh “an Ghaeilge fite fuaite” ina saol ó bhí sí óg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/dialann-tuairisc-bristi-peile-gaeltachta-gracie-abrams-cupla-focal-traitors-ireland-gaeilge-mhic-giolla-iosa/|teideal=DIALANN TUAIRISC: Brístí peile Gaeltachta Gracie Abrams; cúpla focal Traitors Ireland; Gaeilge Mhic Giolla Íosa|údar=Bridget Bhreathnach|dáta=27 Lúnasa 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conspóidí ==
In 2026, mhaígh sí go raibh daoine san eagraíocht [[Cumann Lúthchleas Gael|CLG]] nach raibh sásta go mbeadh mná [thar fhir] ag déanamh cinntí ag an leibhéal is sinsearaí de na Cluichí Gaelacha in Éirinn agus dúirt go raibh an cónascadh á choinneáil siar ag na daoine sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Gan aon ghlacadh ag CLG le líomhain Mháire Mhic Giolla Íosa|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0909/1590848-gan-aon-ghlacadh-ag-clg-le-liomhain-mhaire-mhic-giolla-iosa/|date=2026-09-09|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leabharliosta ==
* ''Máire Mhic Giolla Íosa: Beathaisnéis'', Ray Mac Mánais. (aistrithe go Béarla mar ''The Road From Ardoyne: The Making Of A President')
* ''Mary McAleese-The Outsider: An Unauthorised Biography'', Justine McCarthy, Dublin, Blackwater Press, 1999
* ''First citizen: Mary McAleese and the Irish Presidency'', Patsy McGarry, Dublin, O'Brien Press, 2008

* ''[https://comhar.ie/leabhair/uachtarain-na-heireann/ Uachtaráin na hÉireann]'', Eithne Nic Eoin,  [[LeabhairCOMHAR]]. 2010, ISBN 9780955721724.

== Naisc ==
* [http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=20&amp;lang=ire Beathaisnéis oifigiúil]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050909205844/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/religion/sundaysequence/archive-interviews.shtml (Agallamh BBC, 2/3/2003)]
* [http://www.irlfunds.org/aif/new_york/events_31.asp Óráid: AIF Humanitarian Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612111946/http://www.irlfunds.org/aif/new_york/events_31.asp |date=2010-06-12 }}
* [http://www.beo.ie/index.php?page=archive_content&amp;archive_id=848 Sliocht as beathaisnéis Mhic Mhánais]{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Uachtaráin na hÉireann}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhic Giolla Íosa, Maire}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1951]]
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[[Catagóir:Abhcóidí agus pléadálaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Acadóirí Briotanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil na Banríona, Béal Feirste]]
[[Catagóir:Bandlíodóirí]]
[[Catagóir:Caitlicigh Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a bhaineann le Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Béal Feirste]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Aontroma]]
[[Catagóir:Gníomhaithe cearta daonna]]
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[[Catagóir:Gníomhaithe polaitiúla]]
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    <title>An tAontas Eorpach</title>
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      <text bytes="41373" sha1="co7pzcq3rr2c5y6ymx7rds2nk0wc6i5" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta, [[Polaitíocht|pholaitiúil]] agus [[eacnamaíocht]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a é '''an tAontas Eorpach''' ('''AE'''). Tá seacht d[[tír]] is fiche ann agus iad ar fad lonnaithe i mór-roinn na [[an Eoraip|hEorpa]]. Tá [[daonra]] de thuairim is 447 milliún aige.

Is é ''Aontaithe san éagsúlacht'' a mhana. Is é an [[euro]] (€) [[Airgead (eacnamaíocht)|an t-airgeadra]] i bhformhór na dtíortha san Aontas Eorpach. Déantar [[9 Bealtaine]] a cheiliúradh ar fud an Aontais mar Lá na hEorpa.

Bunaíodh an tAontas Eorpach sa bhliain 1993 nuair a síníodh [[Conradh Maastricht]]. Ina dhiaidh sin, ba mhinic a n-úsáideadh an frása &quot;an tAontas Eorpach&quot; agus tagairt á dhéanamh don Aontas Eorpach agus don Chomhphobal Eorpach in éineacht. Is le Conradh Maastricht a athraíodh ainm an Chomhphobail ó [[Comhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa|Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa]] go dtí an Comhphobal Eorpach. Tháinig deireadh leis an idirdhealú seo nuair a tháinig [[Conradh Liospóin]] i bhfeidhm sa bhliain 2009.
== Ballstáit ==
[[File:Further European Union Enlargement.svg|220x220px|mion|
{{legend|#3f48cc|Ballstáit}}
&lt;!---{{legend|#00a2e8|Ag teacht isteach: Níl aon rud ag an am sin}}---&gt;
{{legend|#86fdf1|Iarrthóirí}}
{{legend|#b5e61d|Iarratasóirí}}
{{legend|#fff200|Iarrthóirí ionchasacha}}]]
Tá 27 dtír neamhspleácha ceannasacha san Aontas Eorpach agus tugtar “Ballstáit” orthu. Is iad na tíortha seo a leanas Ballstáit an Aontais Eorpaigh: [[an Bheilg]], [[an Bhulgáir]], [[an Chipir]], [[an Chróit]], [[an Danmhairg]], [[an Eastóin]], [[Éire]], [[an Fhionlainn]], [[an Fhrainc]], [[an Ghearmáin]], [[an Ghréig]], [[an Iodáil]], [[an Ísiltír]], [[an Laitvia]], [[an Liotuáin]], [[Lucsamburg]], [[Málta]], [[an Pholainn]], [[an Phortaingéil]], [[an Ostair]], [[an Rómáin]], [[Poblacht na Seice]], [[an tSlóvaic]], [[an Spáinn]], [[an tSlóivéin]], [[an tSualainn]] agus [[an Ungáir]].
[[Íomhá:EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif|mion|220x220px|CE/AE 1957-2013]]

Glacadh leis an Ríocht Aontaithe mar bhallstát ó 1973 go dtí Eanáir na bliana 2020 nuair a dh'fhágadar an tAontas.

Tá cúig thír ann atá ina n-iarrthóirí oifigiúla – sin iad [[an Íoslainn]], [[an Mhacadóin Thuaidh]], [[Montainéagró]], [[an tSeirbia]] agus [[an Tuirc]]. Thug [[an Albáin]] a iarratas don AE i Mí Aibreáin 2009, agus glactar leis [[an Bhoisnia-Heirseagaivéin]] go hoifigiúil mar iarrthóirí ionchasacha. Tá [[an Chosaiv]] luaite ag an [[An Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún Eorpach]] mar iarrthóir ionchasach ach ní luann sé mar thír neamhspleách í mar ní thugann gach Ballstát aitheantas di mar thír neamhspleách atá scartha ón tSeirbia.

Caithfear coinníollacha áirithe a chomhlíonadh sula bhféadfaidh tír nua dul isteach san AE. Shocraigh an Chomhairle Eorpach na coinníollacha seo i 1993 agus tugtar &quot;Critéir Chóbanhávan&quot; orthu. Is iad na coinníollacha ná:
[[Íomhá:Enlargement of the European Union 77.gif|mion|Méadú an AE|220x220px]]
* Go gcaithfidh forais pholaitíochta sheasmhacha a bheith ag an tír lena ráthaítear an smacht reachta, cearta an duine agus urraim agus cosaint do mhionlaigh;
* Go gcaithfidh eacnamaíocht fheidhmeach an mhargaidh a bheith ag an tír agus an cumas déileáil le brú iomaíochta agus fórsaí margaidh laistigh den AE;
* Go gcaithfidh go mbeidh sé de chumas ag an tír oibleagáidí na Ballraíochta a ghlacadh chucu féin, lena n-áirítear a bheith ag cloí le haidhmeanna an aontais pholaitíochta, eacnamaíochta agus airgeadaíochta.
* Go gcaithfidh go mbeidh an AE féin in ann an tír nua a chomhshamhlú isteach san AE agus, ag an am céanna, an spreagadh a choinneáil ar son an Eoraip a lánpháirtiú.

Ní shonraíonn an creat atá anois ann conas is féidir le tír imeacht as an AE (cé gur fhág [[an Ghraonlainn]] críoch na Danmhairge i 1985) ach tá nós imeachta foirmiúil ina leith sin i [[Conradh Liospóin|gConradh Liospóin]].

Cé nach bhfuil [[an Íoslainn]], [[Lichtinstéin]], [[an Iorua]] agus [[an Eilvéis]] ina mBallstáit san AE, tá caidreamh comhlachais acu leis an AE: is páirt den mhargadh aonair iad an Íoslainn, Lichtinstéin agus an Iorua mar tá siad i Limistéar Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa agus tá naisc den chineál céanna ag an Eilvéis trí chonradh déthaobhach. Maidir leis na micreastáit Eorpacha, úsáideann [[Andóra]], [[Monacó]], [[San Mairíne]] agus [[Cathair na Vatacáine]] an euro.

[[Breatimeacht|Dh'fhág]] an Ríocht Aontaithe an tAontas Eorpach ar an aonú lá is tríocha d'Eanáir 2020, mar thoradh ar an reifreann a tharla i Meitheamh 2016 inar vótáil tromlach beag ar son an tAontas a fhágáil. San am i láthair glactar leis go mbeidh idirthréimhse ann idir Feabhra 2020 agus deireadh mhí na Nollag 2020, agus le linn an ama seo beidh idirbheartaíocht ar bun idir ionadaithe an dá thaoibh le go n-aontófar comhaontú trádála ionas gur féidir le comhlachtaí leanstan ar aghaidh lena gcuid ghnó as seo amach (trasna na teorann idir Éirinn agus Tuaisceart Éireann) mar a ghní siad faoi láthair.

=== Tíreolaíocht ===

Ní hionann críoch an AE agus críoch na hEorpa, mar tá cuid den mhór-roinn nach bhfuil san AE, mar shampla an Íoslainn, an Ríocht Aontaithe, an Eilvéis, an Iorua agus an [[An Rúis|Rúis]] Eorpach. Níl gach páirt de na Ballstáit san AE cé gur cuid de mhór-roinn na hEorpa iad (mar shampla [[Oileáin Fharó]] ar le Ríocht na Danmhairge iad ach nach cuid den AE iad). Cé go bhfuil roinnt críoch ann nach bhfuil i limistéar geografach na hEorpa ach a bhfuil socruithe comhlachais eatarthu agus na Ballstáit, níl siad san AE féin (mar shampla [[an Ghraonlainn]], [[Arúba]], agus Aintillí na hÍsiltíre). Tá roinnt críoch thar lear ar cuid den AE iad cé nach bhfuil siad i limistéar geografach na hEorpa – mar atá [[na hAsóir]], [[na hOileáin Chanáracha]], [[Ceuta]], [[Guáin na Fraince]], Guadeloupe, [[Maidéara]], [[Martinique]], [[Melilla]] agus [[La Réunion]].

Is 4,422,773 ciliméadar cearnach achar an Aontais Eorpaigh. Níl ach sé thír ar domhan níos mó ná críoch iomlán an AE. Is é Mount Blanc sna [[na hAlpa|hAlpa]] an bhinn is airde san Aontas agus tá sé 4,807 méadar os cionn leibhéal na farraige. Tá 69,342 ciliméadar de chósta ag an AE. Is ag an Aontas atá an dara cósta is faide ar domhan (is é cósta Cheanada an ceann is faide). Roinntear teorainn an Aontais le 21 thír eile nach Ballstáit den Aontas iad. Tá 13,454 ciliméadar de theorainn ann – an cúigiú teorainn is faide ar domhan.

Agus críocha thar lear na mBallstát á gcur san áireamh, tá beagnach gach cineál aeráide san AE. Mar sin, ní féidir 'gnáthaeráid' a lua leis an AE ina iomláine. Go deimhin, tá cónaí ar fhormhór an daonra i limistéir ina bhfuil aeráid mheánmhuirí (Deisceart na hEorpa), aeráid mheasartha aigéanach (Iarthar na hEorpa) nó aeráid ilchríochach teo-shamhraidh (Oirthear na hEorpa).
[[Íomhá:Parlement européen - Hémicycle (1).jpg|alt=|mion|220x220px|Seomra [[Parlaimint na hEorpa|Pharlaimint na hEorpa]], [[Strasbourg]]]]

=== Cearta Bunúsacha ===

Níl catalóg de chearta bunúsacha ag an AE i láthair na huaire. Ach tugann Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach breithiúnais faoi chearta bunúsacha a thagann as na traidisiúin bhunreachtúla atá i gcoiteann ag na Ballstáit agus is féidir léi reachtaíocht an AE a chur ó bhailíocht mura ngéilleann sí do na cearta bunúsacha sin. Cé gur féidir a rá go bhfuil cód neamhscríofa de chearta bunúsacha ag an AE, rinneadh iarracht ó am go chéile catalóg scríofa a bhunú. I 2000, d’ullmhaigh an AE an Chairt um Chearta Bunúsacha.

Cé gur coinníoll ballraíochta den AE é daingniú an [[Coinbhinsiún Eorpach um Chearta an Duine|Choinbhinsiúin Eorpaigh um Chearta an Duine]], níl an AE faoi chumhdach an choinbhinsiúin fós. Sa bhliain 2020, tá idirbheartaíocht ar siúl idir an dá thaobh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-intergovernmental-cooperation/accession-of-the-european-union-to-the-european-convention-on-human-rights|teideal=EU accession to the ECHR|language=en-GB|work=Human RightsIntergovernmental Cooperation|dátarochtana=2020-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Níor stop sé sin, an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais ó aitheantas a thabhairt do na prionsabail atá i bpáirt ag na Ballstáit uile (i.e. an Coinbhinsiún um Chearta an Duine), agus is dealraitheach go mbíonn aird ag gCúirt Bhreithiúnais agus an gCúirt Eorpach um Chearta an Duine ar rialuithe a chéile chun a áirithiú nach bhíonn a gcásdlí ar neamhréir lena chéile.
[[Íomhá:Aontas Eorpach tiortha oileain 256.png|mion|220x220px]]

== Rialachas ==

Oibríonn an AE trí chóras croschineáil – sin meascán idir-rialtais agus fornáisiúnachais. I roinnt réimsí, braitheann an tAontas ar chomhaontú idir na Ballstáit. Ach tá eagrais fornáisiúnacha ann chomh maith agus is féidir leo cinntí a dhéanamh gan aontoilíocht idir gach rialtas náisiúnta. Tá Coimisiúin na hEorpa, [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]], [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh]], [[An Chomhairle Eorpach]], [[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh]]&lt;ref&gt;Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach go dtí 30/11/2009&lt;/ref&gt; agus an [[Banc Ceannais Eorpach]] ar na hinstitiúidí is tábhachtaí san AE. Toghtar an Pharlaimint gach cúig bliana agus is iad saoránaigh an AE a vótálann.

=== Limistéar freagrachta ===
Deirtear go minic go bhfuil 3 limistéar freagrachta ar an AE, nó &quot;colúin&quot; mar a dtugtar orthu. Is iad beartais bhunaidh an Chomhpobail Eorpaigh atá sa chéad cholún agus is é an Comhbheartas Eachtrach agus Slándála atá sa dara colún. Ar dtús, ba ceartas agus gnóthaí baile a bhí sa tríú colún ach is comhar póilíneachta agus breithiúnach in ábhair choiriúla a dtugtar anois air, de bharr athruithe ar tugadh isteach le Conarthaí [[Amstardam]] agus [[Nice]]. D’fhéadfaí cur síos ar an dara agus an tríú colún mar cholúin idir-rialtasacha mar nach bhfuil ról mór ag an gCoimisiún, ag Parlaimint na hEorpa, ná ag an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais – ar institiúidí fhornáisiúnta iad – iontu. Sna colúin sin, tá ról ceannaireachta ag Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh (nó Comhairle na nAirí, mar a dtugtaí uirthi) agus ag an gComhairle Eorpach (na ceannairí Stáit agus Rialtais), agus is institiúidí idir-rialtasacha iad sin. Déantar an chuid is mó de ghníomhachtaí an AE faoin gcéad cholún – colún an Chomhphobail. Tá an tionchar is mó ag na hinstitiúidí fornáisiúnta sa cholún sin agus déileálann an colún lena lán cúrsaí eacnamaíochta.

Tá gníomhaíochtaí an AE rialaithe trí roinnt institiúidí agus comhlachtaí. Comhlíonann siad na cúraimí agus na beartais atá sainithe sna conarthaí. Faigheann an AE a cheannasaíocht pholaitiúil ón gComhairle Eorpach, na ceannairí Stáit nó Rialtais i dteannta le hUachtarán an Choimisiúin. (Is é nó í an ceannaire Rialtais a dhéanann ionadaíocht ar an mBallstát de ghnáth, ach i réimsí áirithe (agus i gcás cúpla Ballstát) tugtar an t-údarás sin don cheannaire Stáit.) Tá cúnamh le fáil ag gach ionadaí Ballstáit ó Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha a thíre féin. Úsáideann an Chomhairle a ról ceannaireachta chun conspóidí idir na Ballstáit agus na hinstitiúidí, mar aon le géarchéim agus easaontais pholaitiúla faoi cheisteanna agus faoi bheartais chonspóideacha a réiteach.

Bíonn cruinniú ag an gComhairle Eorpach ceithre huaire sa bhliain ag Comhdhálacha Eorpacha, mar a thugtar orthu.

Is uachtaránach ar bhonn uainíochta a bhíonn ar an Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh– bíonn gach Ballstát, ina sheal féin, ina uachtarán ag an gComhairle ar feadh sé mhí agus le linn an ama sin eagraíonn siad cruinnithe an Chomhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh (Comhairle na nAirí). Is iondúil go dtapaíonn an Ballstát a bhíonn i gceann na huachtaránachta a dheis chun clár oibre áirithe a stiúradh – mar shampla leasú eacnamaíochta, athchóiriú an AE nó méadú agus lánpháirtiú Eorpach a chur chun cinn. 

== Institiúidí ==
Is é an Coimisiún Eorpach feidhmeannas an AE agus tá sé freagrach as reachtaíocht a thionscnamh agus gnóthaí an AE a reáchtáil ó lá go lá. Tá sé ceaptha go ngníomhódh an Coimisiún ar son leasa an AE ina iomláine, murab ionann agus an Chomhairle Eorpach nó Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh, a bhfuil an claonadh iontu a bheith dílis dá leas náisiúnta féin. Deirtear gurb é an coimisiúin is údar spreagtha do lánpháirtiú na hEorpa. Faoi láthair, tá 27 gcoimisinéir (duine as gach Ballstát) sa Choimisiún agus tá a réimse freagrachta beartais féin ag gach duine díobh. 

==== [[An Coimisiún Eorpach]] ====
Is é príomhchúram an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh polasaithe a mholadh  agus a chur i bhfeidhm. ‘Caomhnóir na gConarthaí’ atá sa Choimisiún, cinntíonn sé go gcuirtear i bhfeidhm iad agus is leisean an ceart tionscnaimh chun dlíthe nua a mholadh a bhaineann le hábhair a bhfuil an tAontas amháin freagrach astu.

{{Príomhalt|An Coimisiún Eorpach}}

'''[[An Chomhairle Eorpach]]'''

Is í an Chomhairle Eorpach an institiúid de chuid an Aontais Eorpaigh a shainíonn treoir ghinearálta pholaitiúil agus tosaíochtaí ginearálta an Aontais. Tá an Chomhairle Eorpach comhdhéanta de '''cheannairí stáit nó rialtais na mBallstát''' mar aon lena hUachtarán agus Uachtarán an Choimisiúin.  

{{Príomhalt|An Chomhairle Eorpach}}

==== [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh]] ====
Is í Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh údarás reachtach an AE (a ngníomhaíonn an Pharlaimint i gcomhpháirt léi i réimsí áirithe). Déantar ionadaíocht ar gach Ballstát ar an gComhairle, tríd an Aire atá freagrach as an ábhar atá á phlé a bheith i láthair (tarlaíonn sé amanna go mbíonn feidhmeannaigh státseirbhíse i láthair thar ceann na nAirí).  

{{Príomhalt|Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh}}'''[[Uachtaránacht ar Chomhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh]]'''

Mar uachtarán ar an [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh|gComhairle]], feidhmíonn an ballstát mar chathaoirleach ar chruinnithe [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh|Chomhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh]].&lt;ref&gt;Nuair a thagann Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh le chéile, bíonn aire rialtais ó gach ballstát den Aontas Eorpach i láthair. Is é an t-aire atá freagrach as an earnáil atá á plé a fhreastalóidh ar an gcruinniú. Mar shampla, féadfaidh na hairí sláinte ó gach tír freastal ar chruinniú.  Is é an t-aire ón tír a bhfuil an uachtaránacht aici a bheidh ina chathaoirleach ar na cruinnithe sin. Is í an chomhairle gnóthaí eachtracha, a bhfuil cathaoirleach buan aici, an t-aon eisceacht air sin.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Príomhalt|Uachtaránacht ar Chomhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh}}

==== [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] ====
[[Íomhá:Political System of the European Union.svg|mion|220x220px]]
Is í Parlaimint na hEorpa tionól díreach-tofa an AE. Is é a ról ná an Coimisiún Eorpach a fhormheas nó a scoireadh, in éindí le Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh, agus reachtaíocht curtha roimpi ag an gCoimisiún a phlé agus a vótáil. Toghann saoránaigh an AE na 705 Feisire de Pharlaimint na hEorpa (FPE) go díreach gach 5 bliana. Cé go dtoghtar na FPE ar bhonn náisiúnta, suíonn siad de réir grúpaí pholaitiúla seachas de réir a náisiúntachta. Tá líon seasta feisirí ag gach tír. Ar thogra ón gCoimisiún, ritheann an Pharlaimint agus an Chomhairle (Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh) reachtaíocht go comhpháirteach i limistéir áirithe – tugtar an chomhchinnteoireacht air seo.

Ó tháinig Conradh Liospóin i bhfeidhm, tá réimse na comhchinnteoireachta seo leathnaithe go dtína lán réimsí eile. Go deimhin, is í an chomhchinnteoireacht a bheidh mar an &quot;gnáthnós reachtaíochta&quot;. Tá de chumhacht ag an bParlaimint chomh maith an Coimisiún a cháineadh as míghníomh agus féadfaidh sí diúltú glacadh le buiséad an AE. Is é Uachtarán Pharlaimint na hEorpa a ghníomhaíonn mar Cheann Comhairle sa Pharlaimint agus déanann sí nó sé ionadaíocht ar an bParlaimint sa tsaol mór. Toghann na FPEanna an t-uachtarán agus na leasuachtaráin gach dhá bhliain go leith.[[Íomhá:Supranational European Bodies.svg|mion|220x220px]]

==== [[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh]] ====
Tugann an Chúirt rialuithe uaithi ar na cásanna a thagann os a comhair. Is iad seo a leanas na cineálacha cásanna is coitianta:

''An dlí a léirmhíniú (réamhrialuithe)'' – tá sé de cheanglas ar chúirteanna náisiúnta na mBallstát deimhin a dhéanamh de go gcuirtear dlí an Aontais i bhfeidhm i gceart, ach d'fhéadfadh léirmhíniú éagsúil a bheith ann idir na cúirteanna i dtíortha éagsúla. Má bhíonn cúirt náisiúnta in amhras mar gheall ar léirmhíniú nó bailíocht dhlí an Aontais, féadfaidh sí soiléiriú a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais. Is féidir úsáid a bhaint as an bpróiseas céanna chun cinneadh a dhéanamh an bhfuil dlí nó cleachtas náisiúnta ag teacht le dlí an Aontais nó nach bhfuil.

''Forfheidhmiú an dlí (imeachtaí um shárú)'' – tógtar an cineál seo cáis i gcoinne rialtas náisiúnta má theipeann air dlí an Aontais a chomhlíonadh Is féidir leis an gCoimisiún Eorpach nó Ballstát ar leith an cás a thionscnamh. Má chinntear gur sháraigh an tír an dlí, ní mór di cúrsaí a chur ina gceart láithreach bonn, nó d'fhéadfaí an dara cás a thabhairt ina coinne ina bhféadfaí fíneáil a ghearradh uirthi.

''Gníomhartha dlíthiúla de chuid an Aontais a neamhniú (caingne le haghaidh neamhniú)'' – má mheastar go sáraíonn gníomh de chuid an Aontais conarthaí nó cearta bunúsacha an Aontais, is féidir le rialtas Ballstáit, Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh, an Coimisiún Eorpach nó (i gcásanna áirithe) Parlaimint na hEorpa a iarraidh ar an gCúirt an gníomh sin a neamhniú.

Chomh maith leis sin, féadfaidh daoine aonair a iarraidh ar an gCúirt gníomh de chuid an Aontais a bhfuil tionchar díreach orthu a neamhniú.

''Deimhin a dhéanamh de go ndéanann an tAontas gníomh (caingne a bhaineann le neamhghníomh)'' – ní mór don Pharlaimint, don Chomhairle agus don Choimisiún cinntí áirithe a ghlacadh i gcásanna áirithe. Mura ndéanann siad amhlaidh, féadfaidh rialtais na mBallstát, institiúidí eile de chuid an Aontais nó (faoi réir coinníollacha áirithe) daoine aonair nó gnólachtaí gearán a thabhairt os comhair na Cúirte.

''Smachtbhannaí a chur ar institiúidí de chuid an Aontais (caingne le haghaidh damáistí)'' – is féidir le haon duine a ndearnadh dochar dá leasa mar thoradh ar ghníomh nó neamhghníomh a dhéanann an tAontas Eorpach nó foireann an Aontais caingean a thabhairt ina n-aghaidh os comhair na Cúirte.

===== Comhdhéanamh =====
Tá dhá chúirt i g[[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh]]:

* [[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach|An Chúirt Bhreithiúnais]] – pléann sí le hiarrataí ar réamhrialuithe ó na cúirteanna náisiúnta, le caingne áirithe le haghaidh neamhniú agus le hachomhairc.
* An Chúirt Ghinearálta – tugann sí breithiúnas i gcaingne le haghaidh neamhniú a thógann daoine aonair, comhlachtaí agus, i roinnt cásanna, rialtais na mBallstát. Go bunúsach, ciallaíonn sin gur le dlí na hiomaíochta, státchabhair, trádáil, talmhaíocht agus trádmharcanna is mó a bhíonn an chúirt seo ag plé.

Ceapann na rialtais náisiúnta i gcomhpháirtíocht gach breitheamh agus gach abhcóide ginearálta le haghaidh téarma in-athnuaite sé bliana. Sa dá Chúirt, roghnaíonn na breithiúna Uachtarán le haghaidh téarma in-athnuaite trí bliana.
[[Íomhá:Official Emblem of the Court of Justice of the European Union (type 3).svg|mion|220x220px|[[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach|An Chúirt Bhreithiúnais]]]]

=== Córas Dlíthiúil ===
Tá córas dlí an AE bunaithe ar shraith conarthaí. Is leis na conarthaí sin a cruthaíodh an Comhphobal Eorpach agus an tAontas Eorpach. Leasaíodh iad roinnt uaireanta le conarthaí leasaithe nó le conarthaí aontachais i.e. conarthaí a lig Ballstáit nua isteach sa Chomhphobal/Aontas. Conarthaí a thugann cumhacht atá iontu agus leagann siad aidhmeanna beartais leathana amach agus cruthaíonn siad institiúidí a bhfuil na cumhachtaí dlíthiúla is gá acu chun na haidhmeanna sin a chur i bhfeidhm. Cuimsíonn na cumhachtaí dlíthiúla seo an cumas reachtaíocht a achtú. Bíonn cuid den reachtaíocht seo infheidhme go díreach sna Ballstáit agus bíonn cuid eile di a shonraíonn creat a gcaithfidh na Ballstáit a ndlíthe féin a rith chun an sprioc iontu a chomhlíonadh. Ní mór do na cúirteanna náisiúnta na conarthaí atá daingnithe ag an mBallstát a fhorghníomhú agus dá réir sin, na dlíthe atá achtaithe faoi na conarthaí, fiú mura mbíonn siad ag teacht le dlíthe náisiúnta.

Is Rialacháin agus Treoracha príomhghníomhartha reachtacha an AE. Ní bhíonn ar Bhallstát beart feidhmiúcháin ar bith a dhéanamh chun go dtiocfadh rialachán i bhfeidhm ina gcríoch féin. Nuair a thagann siad i bhfeidhm, bíonn tús áite acu ar fhorálacha sa dlí náisiúnta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar neamhréir leo. Maidir le Treoracha, bíonn ar na Ballstáit toradh áirithe a chur i gcrích ach fágtar fúthu féin an slí leis an toradh sin a chur i gcrích. Nuair a chaitear an tréimhse ama a bhíonn sonraithe chun treoir a thrasuíomh sa dlí náisiúnta, uaireanta agus faoi choinníollacha áirithe, gabhann éifeacht dhíreach leis an Treoir i ndlí náisiúnta an Bhallstáit sin. Gníomhartha dlíthiúla is ea cinntí agus dírítear chuig pearsana nó cuideachtaí sonraithe iad. Úsáidtear de ghnáth iad i nDlí na hIomaíochta nó rialuithe ar Chabhracha Stáit. Ach úsáidtear go minic iad le haghaidh cúrsaí nós imeachta nó riaracháin laistigh de na hInstitiúidí. Tá feidhm dhlíthiúil chothrom ag rialacháin, treoracha agus cinntí agus tá feidhm acu gan céimiúlacht fhoirmiúil.

Tá ról tábhachtach ag cúirteanna náisiúnta na mBallstát maidir le forghníomhú na ndlíthe AE. Deirtear sna conarthaí go ngníomhóidh an AE agus na cúirteanna náisiúnta “de mheon dlúthpháirtíochta”. Is féidir leis na cúirteanna náisiúnta iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais réamhrialú a thabhairt ar léiriú nó bailíocht reachtaíochta an AE má mheasann an chúirt go bhfuil gá le cinneadh ar an gceist ionas go bhféadfaidh sí breithiúnas a thabhairt. Ach is ag cúirteanna an AE amháin atá an ceart a dhearbhú go bhfuil reachtaíocht an AE neamhbhailí.

== Eacnamaíocht an AE ==
[[Íomhá:Bancnótaí euro.jpg|mion|220x220px]]
Tá margadh aonair ag an AE agus forbraíodh é sin trí chóras caighdeánaithe dlíthe atá i bhfeidhm i ngach Ballstát. Ráthaíonn na dlíthe sin saorghluaiseacht daoine, seirbhísí, earraí agus caipitil. Tá comhbheartas trádála, comhbheartas talmhaíochta, comhbheartas iascaigh chomh maith le beartas forbartha réigiúnaí i bhfeidhm san Aontas.

Chruthaigh an AE margadh eacnamaíochta aonair ar fud chríocha a Ballstáit. Faoi láthair, úsáidtear airgeadra aonair in 16 Bhallstát – limistéar an euro. Meastar gur eacnamaíocht aonair í eacnamaíocht an AE. I 2007, bhí oltáirgeacht intíre (OTN) ainmniúil de US$16.83 trilliún ag an AE – ba shin 31% de tháirgeacht eacnamaíochta iomlán an domhain agus mar sin tá an eacnamaíocht is mó ar domhan ag an AE de réir OTN ainmniúil. Is í eacnamaíocht an AE an dara bloc trádála eacnamaíochta is mó ar domhan ó thaobh luacháil PPP de OTN [?]. Chomh maith leis sin, is é an t-onnmhaireoir earraí is mó ar domhan é, an dara allmhaireoir is mó ar domhan, agus an páirtí trádála is mó do roinnt tíortha móra mar [[An India]] agus [[An tSín]].
[[Íomhá:251px-Boinn-euro.jpg|mion|220x220px]]

=== Buiséad ===
Aontaíonn na Ballstáit buiséad an Aontais Eorpaigh ar bhonn ilbhliantúil tar éis dóibh togra a fháil ón gCoimisiún Eorpach. D'imigh an buiséad deiridh in éag i [[2006]] agus caithfear buiséad nua a aontú do na blianta [[2007]]-[[2013]]. Cuireadh tús leis na pléite ar an mbuiséad nua i [[2004]]. Clúdóidh an socrú nua buiséad d'Aontas ina bhfuil seacht mBallstát is fiche le leibhéil éagsúla forbartha eacnamaíochta agus sóisialta bainte amach acu.

== Beartais ==
Maidir le forbairt talmhaíochta agus tuaithe de, tá an Comhbheartas Talmhaíochta, ar a dtugtar an ''CAP'' nó an ''Common Agricultural Policy'' as Béarla, á athchóiriú faoi láthair. Bunaíodh creat dleathach ar ar tugadh an Comhbheartas Iascaigh nó ''Common Fisheries Policy'' (CFP) i [[1983]]. Seo an beartas faoina bhfuil forbairt na n-earnálacha iascaigh curtha i bhfeidhm. Rinneadh athbhreithniú agus athchóiriú air sa bhliain [[1992]] agus arís ag deireadh na bliana [[2002]]. Tá an bhéim curtha ar chaomhnú agus ar fhorbairt stoic sa CFP.

== Idirnáisiúnta ==
Tá ról ag an AE i mbeartas eachtrach agus mar sin seasann sé dá Bhallstáit san Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála, ag comhdhálacha [[G8]] agus sna [[Náisiúin Aontaithe]]. Tá 22 thír den AE ina mbaill d’[[Eagraíocht Chonradh an Atlantaigh Thuaidh|ECAT]]. Tá ról aige, chomh maith, sa réimse ceartais agus gnóthaí baile ina n-áirítear díothú rialaithe pas idir roinnt Ballstát faoi [[Comhaontú Schengen|Chomhaontú Schengen]].

Ní hionann an Chomhairle Eorpach agus [[Comhairle na hEorpa]], eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta atá neamhspleách ar an AE (46 baillstát, lonnaithe i Strasbourg). Ach is comhalta de Chomhairle na hEorpa Ballstáit uile an Aontais Eorpaigh. Dá réir sin, tá coinbhinsiúin srl. Chomhairle na hEorpa ina gceangal go hindíreach ar an Aontas Eorpach.

== Institiúidí agus Comhlachtaí an AE ==
[[Íomhá:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|mion|An Coimisiún Eorpach|220x220px]]
Is iad seo institiúidí an AE, mar atá:
* [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]]
* An [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh|Chomhairle]]
* An [[An Coimisiún Eorpach|Coimisiún Eorpach]]
* An [[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach|Chúirt Bhreithiúnais]]
* An [[Cúirt Iniúchóirí na hEorpa|Chúirt Iniúchóirí]] (CIE)
Faoi Chonradh Liospóin, déantar Institiúid freisin de:
* An Chomhairle Eorpach (Na Ceannairí Stáit agus/nó Rialtais)

Is iad seo comhlachtaí an AE, mar atá:
* An [[Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta]]
* [[Coiste na Réigiún]]
* An [[Banc Ceannais Eorpach]] (BCE)
* An [[Banc Eorpach Infheistíochta]]
* [[An tOmbudsman Eorpach]]
[[Íomhá:EU PopDev.png|mion|Daonra|220x220px]]

== Déimeagrafaic ==

Measadh, i mí Eanáir 2009, go raibh 503,492,041 duine ina gcónaí sna 28 mballstát. In Eanáir na bliana 2020 bhí 446,834,579 duine ina gcónaí sna 27 mballstát.

Tá 5.76% de dhaonra an domhain ina gcónaí san AE ach ní chlúdaíonn an AE ach 3% de thalamh an domhain. Tá dlús daonra de 113km² (44 míle cearnach) ag an AE. Tá an trian de shaoránaigh an AE ina gcónaí i gcathracha a bhfuil thart ar milliún duine iontu agus cónaíonn 80% i limistéir uirbeacha go ginearálta. Tá níos mó cathracha domhanda san AE ná mar atá in aon réigiún eile ar domhan. Tá 16 chathair san AE a bhfuil daonra os cionn milliún duine iontu.

Chomh maith le cathracha móra, tá roinnt réigiún san AE a bhfuil dlús ard daonra iontu, áiteanna a bhfuil roinnt cathracha gar dá chéile agus a bhfuil limistéir mhóra ina gceart féin cruthaithe acu: Na réigiúin is mó ná Rhine-Ruhr ([[Köln]], [[Dortmund]], [[Düsseldorf]] srl.) ina bhfuil timpeall agus 10.5 milliún duine, [[Randstad]] ([[Amstardam]], Rottardam, [[An Háig]], Utrecht srl.) ina bhfuil timpeall agus 7 milliún duine, an Réigiún Frankfurt Rhein-Main ([[Frankfurt]], [[Wiesbaden]] srl.) ina bhfuil timpeall agus 5.8 milliún duine, an muileata Pléimeannach (limistéar uirbeach idir [[Antuairp|Antwerpen]], [[an Bhruiséil]], [[Leuven]] agus [[Gent]]) ina bhfuil timpeall agus 5.5 milliún duine, Réigiún Tionsclaíoch na Siléisea Uachtair ([[Katowice]], Sosnowiec srl.) ina bhfuil timpeall agus 3.5 milliún duine agus an Réigiún Oresund ([[Cóbanhávan]], [[An Danmhairg]] agus [[Malmö]], [[An tSualainn]]) ina bhfuil timpeall agus 2.5 milliún duine.
[[Íomhá:Knowledge English EU map.png|mion|220x220px|daoine ag labhairt [[An Béarla|Béarla]]]]

=== Teangacha ===

Tá 24 teanga oifigiúil agus oibre ag an AE: [[An Béarla|Béarla]], [[An Bhulgáiris|Bulgáiris]], [[An Chróitis|Cróitis]], [[An Danmhairgis|Danmhairgis]], [[An Eastóinis|Eastóinis]], [[An Fhionlainnis|Fionlainnis]], [[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]], [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]], [[An Ghearmáinis|Gearmáinis]], [[An Ghréigis|Gréigis]], [[An Iodáilis|Iodáilis]], [[An Laitvis|Laitvis]], [[An Liotuáinis|Liotuáinis]], [[An Mháltais|Máltais]], [[An Ollainnis|Ollainnis]], [[An Pholainnis|Polainnis]], [[An Phortaingéilis|Portaingéilis]], [[An Rómáinis|Rómáinis]], [[An tSeicis|Seicis]], [[An tSlóivéinis|Slóivéinis]], [[An tSlóvaicis|Slóvaicis]], [[An Spáinnis|Spáinnis]], [[An tSualainnis|Sualainnis]], agus [[An Ungáiris|Ungáiris]]. Aistrítear doiciméid thábhachtacha, mar shampla reachtaíocht, go gach teanga oifigiúil. Déanann [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] aistriúchán i ngach teanga ar dhoiciméid agus ar a seisiúin iomlánacha. Ní úsáideann roinnt institiúidí eile ach cúpla teanga mar theangacha inmheánacha oibre. Is iad na Ballstáit atá freagrach as an bpolasaí teanga, ach cuireann institiúidí an AE béim ar theangacha eile a fhoghlaim.

Is í an Ghearmáinis an teanga is mó a labhraítear mar theanga dhúchais (timpeall agus 88.7 milliún duine ó 2006), agus ansin leanann Iodáilis agus Fraincis (bhíodh an Béarla sa dara háit sular fhág an Ríocht Aontaithe an tAontas in Eanáir 2020). Labhraíonn níos mó ná leath de dhaonra an AE (51%) Béarla agus mar sin is é an teanga iasachta is mó labhartha san Aontas é. Leanann an Ghearmáinis agus an Fhraincis. Is féidir le 56% de shaoránaigh Eorpacha comhrá a choinneáil i dteanga eile seachas a dteanga dhúchais.
[[Íomhá:Knowledge German EU map.png|mion|225x225px|daoine ag labhairt [[An Ghearmáinis|Gearmainis]]]]
[[Na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha|Teangacha Ind-Eorpacha]] is ea formhór theangacha oifigiúla an AE, seachas an Eastóinis, an Fhionlainnis agus an Ungáiris den fhine Úralach agus Máltais ar teanga Seimíteach í. Scríobhtar an chuid is mó de theangacha oifigiúla an AE san [[aibítir Laidineach]], seachas Bulgáiris a scríobhtar san [[aibítir Choireallach|aibítir Choireallach]] agus an Ghréigis a scríobhtar san aibítir Gréagach.

Chomh maith leis na 24 theanga oifigiúil, tá timpeall 150 teanga réigiúnacha agus neamhfhorleathana san Aontas á labhairt ag timpeall 50 milliún duine. As na teangacha sin, is féidir le saoránaigh comhfhreagras a dhéanamh le príomhinstitiúidí an AE i dteangacha réigiúnacha na Spáinne ([[An Chatalóinis|Catalóinis]], [[An Bhascais|Bascais]] agus [[An Ghailísis|Gailísis]]), i [[Gaeilge na hAlban|nGaeilge na hAlban]] agus sa [[An Bhreatnais|Bhreatnais]]. Cé go dtugann cláir an AE tacaíocht do theangacha réigiúnacha agus neamhfhorleathana, is ceist do na Ballstáit féin é cosaint na dteangacha úd.

Seachas na teangacha réigiúnacha, labhraíonn pobail imirceacha sna Ballstáit a lán teangacha ó chodanna eile den domhan: [[An Tuircis|Tuircis]], [[An Araibis|Araibis]], [[An Rúisis|Rúisis]], [[An Urdúis|Urdúis]], Beangáilis, [[An Hiondúis|Hiondúis]], [[An Tamailis|Tamailis]], [[An Úcráinis|Úcráinis]], [[An Phuinseáibis|Puinseáibis]] agus teangacha Balcánacha. Tá a lán seanphobal imirceach dátheangach. Níl aon aitheantas nó stádas foirmiúil ag teangacha imirceacha san AE nó i dtíortha an AE, ach ó 2007 tá na teangacha sin i dteideal tacaíocht a fháil ó rannóg teagaisc teangacha an AE, Clár Foghlama Saoil 2007-2013.
[[Íomhá:Europe belief in god upd.png|mion|220x220px|Creideamh ([[:en:Eurobarometer|Eurobarometer]] 2005)]]

=== Creideamh ===

Is comhlacht tuata é an AE agus mar sin níl aon nasc foirmiúil aige le haon chreideamh agus ní luaitear aon chreideamh in aon chonradh atá faoi láthair ann nó atá beartaithe. I rith pléití faoi dhréacht-téacsanna an Bhunreachta don Eoraip agus níos déanaí [[Conradh Liospóin|Chonraidh Liospóin]], bhí tograí ann chun [[An Chríostaíocht]] agus/nó [[Dia]] a lua i mbrollach an téacs, ach sa deireadh diúltaíodh do na tograí sin.

Is é an fáth go bhfuil béim mar sin ar Chríostaíocht ná gurb í an Chríostaíocht an creideamh is fairsinge san Eoraip, agus mar sin san AE. Cuimsítear na reiligiúin seo a leanas leis an gCríostaíocht: an [[Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach]], iomad [[an Protastúnachas|eaglaisí Protastúnacha]] (go háirithe i dtuaisceart na hEorpa) agus an Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach (in oirdheisceart na hEorpa). Tá creidimh eile san AE mar [[An tIoslam|Ioslam]] agus [[An Giúdachas|Giúdachas]]. Measadh go raibh daonra Moslamach de 16 mhilliún duine san Eoraip i 2006 agus daonra Giúdach de níos mó ná milliún duine.

De réir pobalbhreitheanna Eurobarometer ó Eurostat, tá claonadh éigin i dtreo an chreidimh ag formhór shaoránaigh an AE, ach ní mheasann ach 21% díobh gur rud tábhachtach é. Tá an méid [[an tAindiachas|aindiachaithe]] i measc an phobail i gcoitinne san Eoraip ag méadú agus tá laghdú ag teacht ar an mballraíocht in eaglaisí agus freastal ar sheirbhísí diaga. Dar le Eurobarometer i 2005, as na 25 Ballstát ag an am sin, chreid 52% de na daoine i nDia, chreid 27% i spioradáltacht éigin agus ní raibh aon chineál chreidimh ag 18% de na daoine. Ba iad Poblacht na Seice agus An Eastóin na tíortha ina raibh an líon daoine ba lú creidimh (19% i bPoblacht na Seice agus 16% san Eastóin). Ba iad Málta, An Chipir agus An Rómáin na tíortha ba reiligiúnda (95% Caitliceach i Málta agus 90% de shaoránaigh na Cipire agus na Rómáine ag creideamh i nDia). Ar fud an AE, ba i measc na mban ba mhí a bhí creideamh le sonrú, agus is airde a céatadán de dhaoine a chreid sna catagóirí seo a leanas: daoine aosta, daoine a fuair oiliúint reiligiúnda, daoine a d'fhág an scoil ag 15 bliana d'aois le hoideachas bunúsach agus na daoine den eite dheas.

Creidimh tábhachtacha eile san AE is ea an Búdachas, an Hiondúchas agus an Suíceachas. Tá an Hiondúchas agus an Suíceachas an-láidir sa Ríocht Aontaithe.

== Stair ==
Tar éis dheireadh an [[An Dara Cogadh Domhanda|Dara Cogaidh Domhanda]], ceapadh go mbeadh sé níos fearr an Eoraip a aontú chun éalú ón náisiúnachas antoisceach a scrios an mhór-roinn.

Ceann de na hiarrachtaí ba ea an Comhphobal Eorpach do Ghual agus do Chruach. Rialú lárnaithe na seantionscal náisiúnta guail agus cruach a bhí mar phríomhaidhm ag an gComhphobal, agus dearbhaíodh gurbh í an chéad chéim í chun Cónaidhm Eorpach a bhaint amach. Ba iad [[an Bheilg]], [[an Fhrainc]], [[an Iodáil]], [[Lucsamburg]], [[an Ísiltír]] agus [[An Ghearmáin|an Ghearmáin Thiar]] na Ballstáit a bhunaigh an Comhphobal.

D'eascair an tAE as an [[an Comhphobal Eorpach do Ghual agus Chruach|gComhphobail Eorpach do Ghual agus do Chruach]] agus as [[Conradh na Róimhe|Conarthaí na Róimhe]]. Bunaíodh an CEGC sa bhliain 1951 le sé thír agus síníodh Conarthaí na Róimhe sa bhliain 1957. Síníodh dhá Chonradh sa Róimh, an Conradh CEE agus Conradh Euratom. Ó shin i leith tá méadú ag teacht ar an AE agus ar an gcumhacht atá aige maidir le beartais nua.

Cruthaíodh dhá Chomhphobal eile i 1957: [[Comhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa]] (CEE) a chruthaigh aontas custaim agus an Comhphobal Eorpach d'Fhuinneamh Adamhach a cruthaíodh chun chomhoibriú maidir le forbairt fuinnimh núicléach a chothú. I 1967, chruthaigh Conradh na Brúiséile sraith amháin institiúidí do na trí chomhphobal. Anois tugadh na Comhphobail Eorpacha ar na trí chomhphobal ach tugadh an [[Comhphobal Eorpach]] orthu go coitianta.

==== 1973 ====
I 1973 mhéadaigh líon na mBallstát nuair a chuaigh [[an Danmhairg]], [[Éire]] agus [[an Ríocht Aontaithe]] leis an gComhphobal. Tháinig [[an Iorua]] ar chomhréiteach ag an am céanna ach d’fhan sí as an gComhphobal de dheasca torthaí reifrinn. I 1979, bhí toghchán díreach, daonlathach do Pharlaimint na hEorpa ann den chéad uair.

==== 1980idí ====
Chuaigh [[an Ghréig]], [[an Spáinn]] agus [[an Phortaingéil]] leis an gComhphobal sna 1980idí. I [[1985]], cruthaíodh Comhaontú Schengen lenar díothaíodh rialacha pas idir an chuid is mó de na Ballstáit. I 1987, thosaigh an CE ag úsáid na brataí Eorpaí agus shínigh na Ceannairí Stáit nó Rialtais an Ionstraim Eorpach Aonair.

==== 1990idí ====
I [[1990]], tar éis don Chuirtín Iarainn treascairt, athaontaíodh an Ghearmáin agus mar sin chuaigh an Ghearmáin Thoir isteach sa Chomhphobal. Aontaíodh critéir [[Cóbanhávan|Chóbanhávan]], critéir a bheadh i le comhlíonadh ag na tíortha a bheadh ag iarraidh teacht isteach sa Chomhphobal Eorpach, mar a tugadh air an tráth sin.

Bunaíodh an tAontas Eorpach go foirmiúil nuair a tháinig [[Conradh Maastricht]] i bhfeidhm an [[1 Samhain]] [[1993]].

Sa bhliain [[1995]] chuaigh [[an Ostair]], [[an tSualainn]] agus [[an Fhionlainn]] isteach san AE.

Socraíodh rátaí malairte na n-airgeadraí náisiúnta leis an euro i dtíortha [[limistéar an euro]] ar an [[31 Nollaig]] [[1998]] (ansin sa bhliain [[2002]] ghabh nótaí agus boinn euro ionad airgeadraí náisiúnta i 12 de na Ballstáit ag an am; tá méadú tagtha ó shin ar an limistéar euro agus anois tá 17 thír ann; ghlac an tSlóivéin leis an euro sa bhliain [[2007]]).

==== 2000idí ====
Fógraíodh go raibh na deighiltí polaitiúla idir oirthear agus iarthar na hEorpa leigheasta ar deireadh tráth a tháinig 10 dtír nua isteach san Aontas Eorpach in 2004.

I 2004, tharla an méadú ba mhó go dtí seo nuair a chuaigh [[Málta]], [[an Chipir]], [[an tSlóivéin]], [[an Eastóin]], [[an Laitvia]], [[an Liotuáin]], [[an Pholainn]], [[Poblacht na Seice]], [[an tSlóvaic]] agus [[an Ungáir]] isteach san Aontas.

An [[1 Eanáir (Lá Caille)|1 Eanáir]] [[2007]], chuaigh [[an Rómáin]] agus [[an Bhulgáir]] san Aontas.

Bhuail géarchéim airgeadais an geilleagar domhanda i Meán Fómhair 2008. Dhaingnigh tíortha uile an Aontais Eorpaigh Conradh Liospóin. Shín ceannairí Bhallstáit na hEorpa [[Conradh Liospóin]] i mí na Nollag sa bhliain chéanna chun ionad Bhunreacht na hEorpa a ghabháil. Tháinig sé i bhfeidhm in 2009. Dá bharr sin, bhíothas in ann institiúidí nua-aoiseacha agus modhanna oibre éifeachtúla a chur ar bun don Aontas Eorpach&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history_ga|teideal=Stair an Aontais Eorpaigh|údar=AE|dáta=2016-06-16|language=en|work=an tAontas Eorpach|dátarochtana=2020-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ar an [[1 Iúil]] [[2013]], chuaigh [[an Chróit]] isteach san Aontas.

=== 2020idí ===

D'éirigh an Ríocht Aontaithe as ballraíocht an Aontais Eorpaigh ar 31ú Eanáir 2020, 3 bliana go leith i ndiaidh don reifreann ballraíochta i Meitheamh 2016 an cinneadh a dhéanamh scaradh ón chomhphobal Eorpach. Go nuige seo is í an RA an t-aon tír a d'fhág an tAontas. Beidh idirthréimhse bheartaíochta ar siúl idir seo agus deireadh 2020 chun teacht ar shonraithe chun margadh trádála a chur ar bun idir an RA agus an tAE feasta.

==== Achoimre ar na tíortha a tháinig isteach san Aontas: ====
* 1973: [[Éire]], [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] agus [[An Danmhairg]] (dhiúltaigh muintir na h[[An Iorua|Iorua]] i reifreann)
* 1981: [[An Ghréig]]
* 1986: [[An Spáinn]] agus [[An Phortaingéil]]
* 1995: [[An Ostair]], [[An Fhionlainn]] agus [[An tSualainn]] (dhiúltaigh muintir na h[[An Iorua|Iorua]] i reifreann arís)
* 2004: [[An Laitvia]], [[An Liotuáin]], [[Málta]], [[Poblacht na Seice]], [[An Pholainn]], [[An tSlóivéin]], [[An tSlóvaic]], [[An Chipir]], [[An Ungáir]] agus [[An Eastóin]]
* 2007: [[An Bhulgáir]] agus [[An Rómáin]]
* 2013: [[An Chróit]]

* 2020: d'imigh an Ríocht Aontaithe a bhí ina ballstát ar feadh seacht mbliana is daichead.

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.europa.eu/index_ga.htm EUROPA – Tairseach an Aontais Eorpaigh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314185021/http://europa.eu/index_ga.htm |date=2008-03-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080908081643/http://euabc.com/ EUABC]&lt;!-- - online dictionary on the EU, includes &quot;Reader-friendly EU Constititution&quot; (in European languages, you may contribute too)--&gt; (i mBéarla)
* [http://euobserver.com EUobserver]&lt;!-- - observing the EU, news, comments, sources, newsletter by e-mail--&gt; (i mBéarla)
* Teangacha
** [http://tuairisc.ie/cas-an-bhearla-san-aontas-eorpach-agus-coimisineir-ag-labhairt-esperanto/ Tuairisc 2016-08-09: Cás an Bhéarla san Aontas Eorpach] - le Pádraig B. Ó Laighin

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{AE}}
{{Náisiúin G-20}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Aontas Eorpach, An t}}
[[Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach| ]]
[[Catagóir:Eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta|Aontas Eorpach]]
[[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-20]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>25 Meán Fómhair</title>
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      <text bytes="4117" sha1="shx364zuak8deg1prs8k1w35rnwvp6f" xml:space="preserve">{{Meán Fómhair}}
Is é an '''25 Meán Fómhair''' an 268ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 269ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 97 lá fágtha sa bhliain.

== Féilte ==
* [[Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach]] - ''Lá Fhéile Fionnbarra''

== Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo ==
* [[1644]] — [[Ole Christensen Rømer]], réalteolaí Danmhargach (b. [[1710]])
* [[1764]] — [[Fletcher Christian]], ceannairceach ar an HMS Bounty (b. [[1793]])
* [[1782]] — [[Charles Maturin (scríbhneoir, 1782-1824)|Charles Maturin]], scríbhneoir Éireannach (b.[[1824]])
* [[1862]] — [[Billy Hughes]], polaiteoir Astrálach agus 7ú Príomh-Aire na hAstráile (b. [[1952]])
* [[1866]] — [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]], bitheolaí Meiriceánach (b. [[1945]])
* [[1894]] — [[Robert Briscoe]], polaiteoir Éireannach (b. [[1969]])
* [[1897]] — [[William Faulkner]], scríbhneoir Meiriceánach (b. [[1962]])
* [[1906]] — [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], cumadóir ceoil (b. [[1975]])
* [[1944]] — [[Michael Douglas]], aisteoir agus léiritheoir Meiriceánach
* [[1951]] — [[Mark Hamill]], aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1961]] — [[Heather Locklear]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1964]] — [[Marc Benioff]], fear gnó Meiriceánach
* [[1964]] — [[Maria Doyle Kennedy]], ban-aisteoir agus amhránaí Éireannach
* [[1968]] — [[Will Smith]], aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1969]] — [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]], aisteoir Breatnach
* [[1975]] — [[Declan Donnelly]], láithreoir
* [[1975]] — [[Tom Neville (polaiteoir)|Tom Neville]], polaiteoir Éireannach
* [[1978]] — [[Ricardo Gardner]], imreoir sacair Iamácach
* [[1981]] — [[Dan Mintz]], fuirseoir Meiriceánach
* [[1987]] — [[Monica Niculescu]], imreoir leadóige Rómánach

== Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo ==
* [[1777]] — [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]], matamaiticeoir a saolaíodh san Alsáis (r. [[1727]])
* [[1849]] — [[Johann Strauss, athair|Johann Strauß]], cumadóir ceoil is stiúrthóir Ostarach (r. [[1804]])
* [[1917]] — [[Tomás Ághas]], ceannaire Óglaigh na hÉireann (r. [[1885]])
* [[1950]] — [[George Kingsley Zipf]], staitisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1902]])
* [[1959]] — [[Richard Irvine Best]], scoláire Éireannach (r. [[1872]])
* [[1970]] — [[Erich Maria Remarque]], scríbhneoir (r.[[1898]])
* [[1970]] — [[James Ryan]], polaiteoir Éireannach (r. [[1891]])
* [[1975]] — [[Henry Kenny]], polaiteoir Éireannach (r. [[1913]])
* [[1980]] — [[John Bonham]], drumadóir ón bhanna [[Led Zeppelin]] (r. [[1948]])
* [[1983]] — [[Leopold III na Beilge]], Rí na mBeilgeach ó 1934 go 1951 (r. [[1901]])
* [[1986]] — [[Nikolai Semenov|Nikolai Nikolayevich Semenov]], ceimiceoir fisiceach Sóivéadach (r. [[1896]])
* [[2005]] — [[M. Scott Peck]], síciatraí Meiriceánach (r. [[1936]])
* [[2011]] — [[Wangari Maathai]], comhshaolaí agus polaiteoir Céiniach (r. [[1940]])
* [[2016]] — [[Arnold Palmer]], galfaire Meiriceánach (r. [[1929]])
* [[2017]] — [[Elizabeth Dawn]], ban-aisteoir Sasanach (r. [[1939]])
* [[2017]] — [[Tony Booth]], aisteoir Sasanach (r. [[1931]])

== Tarluithe eile ==
* [[1066]] - Tharla [[Cath Stamford Bridge]]: bhuaigh [[Harold Godwinson]] ar [[Harald Hardråde]]
* [[1818]] - Rinne James Blundell, [[obstatraí]] i [[Londain]], an chéad [[Fuilaistriú|fhuilaistriú]]
* [[1963]] - Eisíodh an tuairisc [[Rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe|rialtais na Ríochta Aontaithe]] ar an [[Eachtra Profumo]]
* [[1981]] - Chuaigh [[An Bheilís]] s[[na Náisiúin Aontaithe]]
* [[1983]] - D'éalaigh 38 príosúnach de chuid [[An tIRA Sealadach|an tIRA]] as [[An Cheis Fhada|Príosún na Ceise Fada]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]]
* [[1992]] - Lainseáil [[NASA]] an ''[[Mars Observer]]''.
* [[2005]] - Bua [[CLG Chontae Thír Eoghain|Thír Eoghain]] i gcluiche ceannais peile na hÉireann i gcoinne curaidh [[2004]], [[CLG Chontae Chiarraí|Ciarraí]] (An scór deireanach: Tír Eoghain 1-16 Ciarraí 2-10)
* [[2018]] - Gearradh [[Bill Cosby]] téarma príosúin idir thrí bliana go deich mbliana as tromionsaí gnéasach
[[Catagóir:Dátaí|0925]]
[[Catagóir:Míonna|Meán Fómhair, 25]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Benito Mussolini</title>
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      <text bytes="6570" sha1="1h20m1dkacf12w4sdq9kydculoq3e5f" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}B'é '''Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini''', [[Deachtóireacht|deachtóir]] na h[[An Iodáil|Iodáile]] agus bunaitheoir an [[Faisisteachas|Fhaisisteachais]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.biography.com/people/benito-mussolini-9419443 |teideal=biography.com |dátarochtana=2017-04-09 |archivedate=2017-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426222901/http://www.biography.com/people/benito-mussolini-9419443 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Rugadh é i Dovia di Predappio, [[Forlì]], ar an [[29 Iúil]] [[1883]] agus cuireadh chun [[Bás|báis]] é i Giulino di Mezzegra, [[Como]], ar an [[28 Aibreán]] [[1945]]. Bhí sé i gceannas ar an Iodáil idir [[1922]] agus [[1943]].[[Íomhá:Benito Mussolini marching into Rome.jpg|clé|mion|1922: Máirseáil ar an Róimh]][[Íomhá:Naples Fascist rally on 24 October 1922 (2).jpg|clé|mion|1922: Máirseáil ar an Róimh]]

== Tús a shaoil ==
Mac le [[gabha dubh]] [[An sóisialachas|Sóisialach]] ab ea Mussolini. Rugadh i réigiún ar a dtugtar Romagna é agus bhí cáil ar an réigiún sin mar gheall ar fhoréigean a bhain le cúrsaí talún. Cuireadh athair agus seanathair Mussolini sa phríosún de bharr gur [[Sóisialachas|Shóisialaithe]] iad. Bhí sé ina Shóisialach freisin nuair a bhí sé óg, ach tháinig athrú ar a chuid smaointí [[Polaitíocht|polaitiúla]] le linn [[an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]]. [[Íomhá:March on Rome.jpg|clé|mion|Máirseáil ar an [[An Róimh|Róimh]], 1922: Mussolini, á thionlacan ag Emilio De Bono, Italo Balbo agus Cesare Maria De Vecchi le linn na Máirseála ar an Róimh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/rest/bitstreams/45175/retrieve|teideal=DEICH mBLIANA na gCUIMHNEACHÁN|údar=COBÁC|dáta=2016|dátarochtana=2021|archivedate=2022-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127123017/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/rest/bitstreams/45175/retrieve}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== Faisisteachas ==
Bhunaigh Mussolini an ''Fasci Italiani di Combattimento'' i [[1919]], a athraíodh go dtí Páirtí Náisiúnta an Fhaisisteachais i [[1921]]. Tagann an focal ón ghluaiseacht a chuir Benito Mussolini chun cinn. Ba iad na ''fasces'' [[siombail]] d’údarás sa [[An tSean-Róimh|tSean-Róimh]].


Chabhraigh fadhbanna [[eacnamaíocht]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a agus neamhsheasmhacht [[Polaitíocht|pholaitiúil]] na hIodáile iarchogaidh le fás na Faisistigh[[Íomhá:Famiglia Mussolini, Levanto 1923.jpg|mion|Benito Mussolini le Rachele, Edda, Bruno agus Vittorio ar saoir i Levanto, 1923.|clé]]

Ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair 1922, threoraigh Benito Mussolini, 30,000 fear i máirseáil ar an Róimh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Trí lá níos déanaí, ar 31 Deireadh Fómhair, tháinig Mussolini chun cumhacht ar iarratas Rí Victor Emmanuel III, le cuidiú ó na ''Léinte Dubha'' .Cé gur beag an bhagairt mhíleata a bhain leis na máirseálaithe, ghair an Rí Victor Emmanuel III ar Mhussolini a bheith ina Phríomh-Aire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Deachtóireacht ==
Agus é ina [[Príomh-Aire|phríomh-aire]], bhunaigh sé [[deachtóireacht]] ollsmachtach san Iodáil. Ar 3 Eanáir 1925, d'fhógair Mussolini go raibh sé ag glacadh cumhachtaí deachtóireachta chuige féin.

Bhunaigh Mussolini an Stát Corparáideach; thóg sé bóithre agus dhraenáil sé na [[riasc]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a Pontine in aice leis an Róimh.

Ar [[7 Aibreán]] [[1926]], rinne  bean [[Éireannach]], [[Violet Gibson]],  iarracht Benito Mussolini a fheallmharú.&lt;ref&gt;The Woman Who Shot Mussolini, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/27/woman-shot-mussolini-stonor-saunders The Guardian,] 27 Feabhra 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Theip uirthi.   

Féach ar Mhussolini, agus éist leis, i mBéarla, sa bhliain 1927, [https://youtube.com/watch?v=c5l_r8MG5II&amp;si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE anseo].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=c5l_r8MG5II&amp;si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE|teideal=Benito Mussolini: oráid  'Make America Great'|údar=Fox Movietone|dáta=M.F. 1927|dátarochtana=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1929, shínigh Mussolini Concordat agus Conradh na Laitéirne leis an [[Pápa|Phápa]]. Chuir seo deireadh le haighneas a bhí idir an stát agus an [[Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach|Eaglais]] a mhair ó bhí 1870 ann. D'aithin an stát [[Cathair na Vatacáine]] mar thír [[Neamhspleách (polaitíocht)|neamhspleách]] agus ceadaíodh múineadh an reiligiúin i [[scoil]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;eanna stáit. Íocadh cúiteamh don Phápa as talamh a chaill sé.[[Íomhá:Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.jpg|left|thumb|Benito Mussolini le [[Adolf Hitler]].]]

== Cogadh ==
Sna 1930í, mhéadaigh Mussolini ar chumhacht na hIodáile trí ionradh a dhéanamh ar an [[An Aetóip|Aibisín]] agus trí chuidiú le Franco i g[[Cogadh Cathartha na Spáinne]]. Cé go raibh sé amhrasach faoi [[Adolf Hitler]] ar dtús agus gur amharc sé air mar bhagairt, d'éirigh sé cairdiúil leis de réir a chéile. Shínigh an bheirt cheannairí Ais na Róimhe-na Beirline agus Comhaontú na Cruaiche agus bhí siad mar chomhghuaillithe.

Thóg sé an Iodáil isteach sa [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]] sa bhliain [[1940]], agus bhí an cogadh tubaisteach don [[tír]]. Bhí Mussolini curtha as cumhacht sa bhliain [[1943]] nuair a thosaigh na Comhghuaillithe ag déanamh ionsaithe ar an tír. Gabhadh Mussolini ar an [[25 Iúil]] [[1943]] agus cuireadh as oifig é.  Ach dhá mhí níos déanaí, rinne na Naitsithe tarrtháil air, ar an [[12 Meán Fómhair]] [[1943]]. An stát a bhí ann a bhí ar teaghrán ag na Naitsithe, agus bhí cuma puipéid ar Mussolini ón lá sin amach. 

=== Feallmharú ===

[[Íomhá:Mussolini e Petacci a Piazzale Loreto, 1945.jpg|mion|clé|Benito Mussolini crochta, in éineacht le Claretta Petacci (i lár) agus faisistí eile, i bPiazzale Loreto, Milan, 29 Aibreán 1945.]]

Lámhachadh Benito Mussolini i g[[Como]] ar an [[28 Aibreán]] [[1945]]. Crochadh a chorp, in éineacht le Claretta Petacci agus faisistigh eile, i bPiazzale Loreto, [[Milano]], an lá dár gcionn (29 Aibreán).  

{{Príomhalt|Marú Benito Mussolini}}

== Féach freisin ==

*[[Faisisteachas]]
*[[Violet Gibson]]
*[[Marú Benito Mussolini]]

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mussolini,Benito}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1883]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1945]]
[[Catagóir:An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a feallmharaíodh]]
[[Catagóir:Faisistithe]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí an Dara Chogaidh Domhanda]]
[[Catagóir:Príomh-Airí na hIodáile]]
[[Catagóir:Réabhlóidithe]]
[[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí Iodálacha]]
[[Catagóir:Taidhleoirí Iodálacha]]
[[Catagóir:Benito Mussolini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>An Bhascais</title>
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      <text bytes="13400" sha1="muqt56rlcdnf4xw4yl7d46tg1pxuysd" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}}

Teanga aonraithe—is é sin, [[teanga (cumarsáid)|teanga]] nach bhfuil aon cheann eile gaolmhar léi—is ea an '''Bhascais''', agus í á labhairt i [[Tír na mBascach|dTír na mBascach]] (Bascais: ''Euskal Herria'' nó ''Euskadi'') in oirthuaisceart na [[An Spáinn|Spáinne]] agus in iardheisceart na [[An Fhrainc|Fraince]]. Ní [[na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha|teanga Ind-Eorpach]] í ar aon nós, agus ní féidir teacht ar theangacha eile a bheadh gaolmhar léi ach an oiread. Go dtí le déanaí, ní raibh caighdeán ceart ann, agus bhí na scríbhneoirí i dtuilleamaí canúintí scríofa leis an teanga a shaothrú ar aon nós, ach sna 1970idí, shocraigh Acadamh na Bascaise, nó ''[[Euskaltzaindia]]'', caighdeán scríofa ar tugadh ''Euskara Batua'', nó an Bhascais Aontaithe, air.

Tá stádas oifigiúil ag an mBascais sa [[An Spáinn|Spáinn]]. Ní féidir leis na Bascaigh Fhrancacha úsáid oifigiúil a bhaint as a dteanga dhúchais, ach, íorónta go leor, tugann an stát Francach aitheantas áirithe do theanga na mBascach ón Spáinn, toisc gur teanga oifigiúil í sa tír sin, agus conradh idirnáisiúnta sínithe ag na Francaigh is na Spáinnigh faoi chomhaitheantas na [[Teanga oifigiúil|dteangacha oifigiúla]].

Tá ocht bpríomhchanúint ag an mBascais, mar atá, canúint na [[Bioscáine]], canúint ''Gipuzkoa'', canúint Ard-Nafarroa Thuaidh, canúint Ard-Nafarroa Theas, canúint Lapurdi, canúint Íseal-Nafarroa Thiar, canúint Íseal-Nafarroa Thoir, agus canúint ''Zuberoa''. Tá an caighdeán, an t-''euskara batua'', bunaithe ar chanúint ''[[Gipuzkoa]]'' thar aon cheann eile. Cé gurb í an Bhascais chaighdeánaithe seo is mó a chloistear ar an raidió agus a léitear ar na hirisí, maireann na leaganacha caighdeánaithe de na canúintí beo inniu féin, go háirithe caighdeán ''Lapurdi'', a úsáidtear go forleathan i gcúige ''Zuberoa'' (''Soule'') sa [[An Fhrainc|Fhrainc]].

Cé nach bhfuil gaol ná lúb ghaoil ag an mBascais le haon teanga eile, tá sí breac le hiasachtaí ón [[An Laidin|Laidin]], ar nós ''bake'' &quot;síocháin&quot; (ó ''pax, pacem'' na Laidine) nó ''denbora'' &quot;am, aimsir&quot; (ó ''tempus, tempora'' na Laidine). Is follasach go bhfuair sí a lán focal ón [[An Spáinnis|Spáinnis]] agus ón bh[[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]], leis. 

Maidir le litriú agus fuaimniú na Bascaise, is iad na litreacha is suntasaí ná x, a fhuaimnítear mar [ʃ] (&quot;sh&quot; an Bhéarla, is é sin, siosach iar-ailbheolach), tx, a fhuaimnítear cosúil le &quot;ch&quot; an [[An Béarla|Bhéarla]], agus an j, a fhuaimnítear go héagsúil sna canúintí éagsúla—mar [j] (y an Bhéarla), mar [x] (ch leathan na [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]], nó j na Spáinnise) nó mar [ʒ] (j na [[An Fhraincis|Fraincise]]), mar shampla. Tá sé tábhachtach cuimhne a choinneáil ar an difríocht idir z agus s na Bascaise, nó ní hionann é agus difríocht an dá litir seo sa Bhéarla. Sa Bhascais, is ionann an litir &quot;s&quot; agus siosach rinnailbheolach, is é sin, ní úsáidtear ach rinn na teanga (an pointe is airde d'uachtar a teanga) san fhuaimniú. An litir &quot;z&quot;, arís, seasann sé don tsiosach lannailbheolach, nó baintear úsáid as &quot;lann&quot; go léir na teanga san fhuaimniú. 

Scéal eile fós go gcaolaítear na consain sa Bhascais le mánlacht nó beagmhéid a chur in iúl. Mar shampla, is madra beag é ''txakur'', ach is madra mór suaithní é ''zakur'', agus is braoinín beag bídeach é ''ttantta'' (seasann an t dúbailte don t chaol), ach is braon réasúnta mór uisce é ''tanta''. 

[[Íomhá:Bascais.svg|mion|clé|250px|Canúintí na Bascaise]]
Tá gramadach na Bascaise casta go maith, agus is minic a deirtear go bhfuil sí ar cheann de na teangacha is deacra sa domhan. Is dócha gur áibhéil é seo, áfach. Tá an Bhascais saibhir sna tuisil, agus thar aon rud eile, tá tuiseal oibríoch ann —tuiseal a úsáidtear le hainmní an bhriathair aistrigh a chur in iúl, agus an tuiseal ainmneach teoranta d'ainmní an bhriathair neamhaistrigh agus do chuspóir an bhriathair aistrigh. Dá mbeadh an córas céanna in úsáid sa Ghaeilge, déarfá &quot;ritheann sé&quot; i gcónaí, ach in áit &quot;buaileann sí é&quot;, chaithfeá rud éigin a rá cosúil le &quot;buaileann sí-ERG sé&quot;—seasann &quot;sí-ERG&quot; don fhoirm speisialta den fhorainm &quot;sí&quot; a chaithfeá a chur anseo (ERG = ''ergative'', nó tuiseal oibríoch).

== Litríocht na Bascaise ==
Ba nós le smaointeoirí agus scríbhneoirí móra Bascacha a gcuid scríbhinní a chur ar pár as [[An Spáinnis|Spáinnis]] nó as [[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]] go dtí le déanaí, agus mar sin, ní féidir a rá go mbeadh [[litríocht]] na mBascach ina dteanga dhúchais féin róshaibhir ná ársa. Tá cúpla laoi laochais againn ón séú haois déag a thugann cur síos ar imeachtaí sa [[An Mheánaois|Mheánaois]]. 

Ba é an chéad bhunsaothar scríofa as Bascais ná litir a scríobh an tEaspag ''Juan de'' ''Zumárraga'' ó [[Meicsiceo|Mheicsiceo]] sa bhliain 1537. Ba eisean an chéad Easpag i Meicsiceo riamh, nó ní raibh impireacht choilíneach na Spáinne san Oileán Úr ach ag teacht ar an bhfód faoin am seo.

Saothair thábhachtacha eile ón [[16ú haois]] is ea an bailiúchán dánta a d'fhoilsigh an file Bernard Etxepare sa bhliain 1545—an chéad leabhar a tháinig i gcló sa teanga riamh—an chéad dráma sa teanga le ''Joan Perez'' ''de Lazarraga'' a cuireadh ar an stáitse an chéad uair sna 1560idí, agus, ar ndóigh, an chéad aistriúchán ar an Tiomna Nua. Ba é ''Joanes Leizarraga'' a bhreac síos é, agus is í ''Bascais Lapurdi'' an chanúint a bhí aige. Dá réir sin, ba í an chanúint seo an ceann ba thábhachtaí i gcúrsaí scríbhneoireachta agus litríochta sa teanga i bhfad ina dhiaidh sin.

Sa seachtú haois déag a scríobh Pedro Agerre—nó Pedro Axular, mar is fearr a aithnítear é—bailiúchán seanmóirí faoi thionchar smaointí an Fhrithreifirméisin. Foilsíodh an bailiúchán sa bhliain 1643, agus is í Bascais Lapurdi a chleacht a scríbhneoir, cé nach raibh an chanúint seo ó dhúchas aige. Scríobhadh a lán téacsaí reiligiúnda eile sa teanga sa seachtú haois déag, ach thairis sin, chum an file Arnaud de Oihénart dánta Bascaise, agus foilsíodh lámhleabhair sa teanga do mhairnéalaigh agus d'fheirmeoirí.

Inniu, is é ''[[Bernardo Atxaga]]'' (fíorainm: ''Joseba Irazu Garmendia'') an scríbhneoir is clúití sa teanga. 

== Gramadach ==
Is teanga '''eirgíoch-absalóideach''' í an Bhascais. Bíonn ainmní briathair neamhaistrigh sa chás absalóideach (atá gan mharcáil de ghnáth), agus úsáidtear an cás absalóideach le cuspóir díreach an bhriathair aistrigh. Marcáiltear ainmní an bhriathair aistrigh ar dhóigh dhifriúil, leis an gcás eirgíoch (léirítear sé seo leis an iarmhír ''-k''). Dúisíonn sé seo an príomhchomhtheacht agus an comhtheacht cunta leis.

=== Briathra ===
Réitíonn an briathar cúnta ar uimhir agus ar phearsa leis an ainmní, leis an gcuspóir díreach agus leis an gcuspóir indíreach. I measc teangacha na hEorpa, aimsítear go sonrach an comhtheacht ilphearsanta sa Bhascais, cúpla teanga Cugasach (teangacha an tSeoirsia go mór mór), teangacha Moirdvíneach, an [[An Ungáiris|Ungáiris]], agus an Mháltach. Is é comhtheacht annamh an comhtheacht eirgíoch-absalóideach freisin i measc teangacha na hEorpa — ach níl sé annamh ar fud na cruinne.

Ní réimnítear an formhór mór de bhriathra na Bascaise. I measc na seasca briathar a réimníodh tráth, níl ach roinnt díobh fágtha. Mar gheall air sin, cuirtear an chuid is mó briathra in iúl mar chomhcheangal de rangabháil agus de bhriathar cúnta. Cuireann an rangabháil eolas faoin ngné in iúl, agus cuireann an briathar cúnta eolas faoin bpearsan, faoin modh agus faoin aimsir in iúl. &lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=A Grammar of Basque|publisher=De Gruyter|date=2011|location=Berlin|issue=26|author=José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz de Urbina, José Ignacio Hualde}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rangaítear réimniú na mbriathra ag brath ar mhéad na n-argóintí atá leis. Úsáidtear an focal &quot;''nor''&quot; (cé) lena leaganacha díochlaonta chun cur síos a dhéanamh orthu.&lt;ref&gt;Gómez, R., &amp; Sainz, K. (1995). On the origin of the finite forms of the Basque verb. ''AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE SERIES 4'', 235-274.&lt;/ref&gt; Is iad:

* ''Nor'' - Briathar nach nglacann ach argóint neamhaistreach amháin.
* ''Nor-Nork'' - Briathar a ghlacann argóint absalóideach (an cuspóir, ''nor'') agus argóint eirgíoch (an t-ainmní, ''nork'')
* ''Nor-Nori'' - Briathar a ghlacann argóint absalóideach agus argóint neamhdhíreach (''nori'')
* ''Nor-Nori-Nork'' - Briathar a ghlacann argóintí absalóideacha, neamhdhíreacha, agus eirgíocha.
Is é &quot;izan&quot; príomhchopail na Bascaise. Is briathar ilfhréamhach é agus is féidir idirdhealú a dhéanamh ina cheithre fhréamh:

* ''izan'' (neamhaistreach, táscach)
* ''*edun'' (aistreach, táscach)
* ''*edin'' (neamhaistreach, neamhtháscach)
* ''*ezan'' (aistreach, neamhtháscach)&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Historical development of auxiliaries|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|date=1987|location=Berlin|issue=35|author=Martin Best Harris, Paolo Ramat}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Martínez-Areta, M. (2013). Basque and Proto-Basque. ''Language-Internal and Typological Approaches to Linguistic Reconstruction, Bern: Peter Lang''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Táthmhíreanna an Bhriathair ====

===== Ord na dTáthmhíreanna =====
Is é seo ord bunúsach táthmhíreanna an bhriathair sa Bhascais &lt;ref&gt;Arregi, K., &amp; Nevins, A. (2008). Agreement and clitic restrictions in Basque. ''Agreement restrictions'', 49-86.&lt;/ref&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
|Absalóideach
|Fréamh (leis an aimsir agus le huimhir an absalóidigh)
|Tabhartach
|Eirgíoch
|}
Nuair atá an briathar san aimsir chaite, cuirtear &quot;-n&quot; ag deireadh an bhriathair.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===== Táthmhíreanna Pearsanta =====
Is é seo a leanas tábla táthmhíreanna pearsanta an bhriathair. Tá idirdhealú idir tháthmhíreanna atá i lár an fhocail agus na cinn atá ar a chríoch: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Albizu, P. (2002). Basque verbal morphology: Redefining cases. ''Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca&quot; Julio de Urquijo&quot;'', 1-19.&lt;/ref&gt; 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle&quot;
|+
!Pearsa
!Absalóideach
!Eirgíoch (Críoch)
!Tabharthach (Críoch)
!Eirgíoch (Lár)
!Tabhartach (Lár)
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Uatha
|-
!1ú
|n-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -t
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -da-
|-
!2ú Fir.
|h-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -k
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -a-
|-
!2ú Bain.
|h-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -n
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -na-
|-
!3ú
| (Féach thíos)
| -
| -o
| -
| -o-
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Iolra
|-
!1ú
|g-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | -gu(-)
|-
!2ú (Uat. Foirmiúil)
|z-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | -zu(-)
|-
!2ú (Iol.)
|z-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | -zu(-)
|-
!3ú
| (Féach thíos)
| -
| -e
| -
| -e-
|}
Nuair atá an t-absalóideach iolra, cuirtear mír iolra ann atá ag brath ar an mbriathar. Chomh maith leis an mír seo, sa 2ú pearsa iolra, cuirtear mír iolra breise chun é a idirdhealú ón leagan uatha foirmiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

==== An Argóint Tríú Pearsan ====
Cé go bhféadtar anailís a dhéanamh ar na réimíreanna ar nós &quot;d-&quot; mar absalóidigh tríú pearsan, molann scoláirí ar nós Arregi agus Nevins a breathnú orthu mar réimír chúnta. Áitíonn siad nach bhféadann fréamh an bhriathair a bheith sa chéad áit sa bhriathar, agus cuirtear réimír ann chun é seo a sheachaint. &lt;ref&gt;Arregi, K., &amp; Nevins, A. (2008). Agreement and clitic restrictions in Basque. ''Agreement restrictions'', 49-86.&lt;/ref&gt;

Is iad seo a leanas na réimíreanna sin: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Gómez, R., &amp; Sainz, K. (1995). On the origin of the finite forms of the Basque verb. ''AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE SERIES 4'', 235-274.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Aimsir Láithreach
|d-
|-
!Aimsir Chaite
|z-
|-
!Modh Neamhrealaíoch
|l-
|-
!Modh Ordaitheach
|b-
|}
Nuair a ghlacann an briathar an t-absalóideach tríú pearsan agus an t-eirgíoch, agus é san aimsir chaite, imíonn an &quot;z-&quot; agus cuirtear an t-eirgíoch ina áit. Úsáidtear an leagan absalóideach don eirgíoch sa chás seo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mar shampla, is é seo &quot;ukan&quot; san aimsir chaite le eirgíoch 1ú pearsan agus absalóideach 3ú pearsan: &lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=1979|title=Euskal Aditz Batua|issue=Euskaltzaindia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|*z-u-da-n
|-
|*∅-u-da-n
|-
|n-u-en
|}

===== An tAlocúideach =====
Tá an t-alocúideach&lt;ref name=&quot;Nóta1&quot; group=&quot;Nóta&quot; /&gt; agus an t-eirgíoch don dara pearsa neamhfhoirmiúil mar an gcéanna, ach úsáidtear é gach uile uair a bhfuil an neamhfhoirmiúil á úsáid, fiú mura bhfuil an duine neamhfhoirmiúil ina argóint san abairt. Cuirtear é ar an deas nó ar an gclé den mhír eirgíoch sa bhriathar. &lt;ref&gt;Haddican, B. (2018). The syntax of Basque allocutive clitics. ''Glossa: a journal of general linguistics'', ''3''(1).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notaí ==
{{reflist|group=Nóta|refs=&lt;ref name=Nóta1&gt; I mBéarla, &quot;allocutive&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;}}
== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhascais, An}}
[[Catagóir:An Bhascais| ]]
[[Catagóir:Cultúr Thír na mBascach|*]]
[[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]]
[[Catagóir:Tír na mBascach|*]]
[[Catagóir:Teangacha na Fraince]]
[[Catagóir:Teangacha na Spáinne]]
[[Catagóir:Teangeolaíocht]]

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Is éard a bhí i gceist le h'''Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair''' ('''9/11''' mar a ghiorraítear uaireanta iad) ná sraith de cheithre ionsaí [[Sceimhlitheoireacht|sceimhlitheoireachta]] ar [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]], réitithe ag na mbuíon Ioslamach sceimhlitheoireachta [[Stát Ioslamach#Al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda]], maidin dé Máirt, [[11 Meán Fómhair]], [[2001]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-cursai-slandala-agus-ciall-cheannaithe.aspx|teideal=Cúrsaí slándála agus ciall cheannaithe|údar=Cúrsaí slándála agus ciall cheannaithe|dáta=NOLLAIG 2001|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2021-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bás|Maraíodh]] 2,977 duine, gortaíodh níos mó ná 25,000 agus cruthaíodh an iliomad fadhbanna sláinte fadtéarmacha de bharr na n-ionsaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431|teideal=Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|dátarochtana=2021-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anuas ar sin, rinneadh scrios mhillteach ó thaobh an bhonneagair agus na maoine de, ar chostas thart ar 10 billiún dollar.

D'fhuadaigh naoi sceimhlitheoir déag d'al-Qaeda ceithre [[eitleán]] ó aerfoirt éagsúla in [[iarthuaisceart na Stát Aontaithe]] agus [[California]] mar cheann scríbe ag gach aon cheann acu. Thuairteáil péire díobh ar dhá thúr an [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda|Ionaid Trádála Domhanda]] in Manhattan Íochtar agus leagadh chun talún iad araon taobh istigh de dhá uair an chloig. Dhírigh an 3ú eitleán ar an [[An Peinteagán|Peinteagán]], ceanncheathrú Roinn Chosanta na tíre, i g[[Contae Arlington, Virginia|Contae Arlington]], Virginia. Bhí an ceathrú cheann athdhírithe i dtreo [[Washington, D.C.]] ag na bhfuadaitheoirí ach is cosúil go bhfuair paisinéirí an eitleáin an ceann is fearr orthu agus thit sé go talamh i ngort sa Stonycreek Township, [[Pennsylvania]].   

== Na heitleáin ==
* '''1. American Airlines Eitilt 11''' (eitilt laethúil ó [[Bostún|Bhostún]] go [[Los Angeles]]), a bhuail an túr thuaidh den World Trade Center, nó [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda]], i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua- Eabhrac]] ag 8:46AM
* '''2. United Airlines Eitilt 175''' (Bostún-Los Angeles), (a bhuail an túr theas den World Trade Center ag 9:03AM. Chonaic a lán daoine an t-ionsaí seo agus é ag tarlú mar bhí ceamaraí teilifíse ag taifeadadh an eachtra ag an túr thuaidh
* '''3. American Airlines Eitilt 77''' ([[Washington, D.C.]]-Los Angeles), a bhuail [[an Peinteagán]] in Arlington, [[Virginia]] ag 9:37AM
*[[Íomhá:World Trade Center, NY - 2001-09-11 - Debris Impact Areas.svg|clé|mion|smionagar na pléisce]]'''4. United Airlines Eitilt 93''' ([[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]-[[San Francisco]]), a bhuail an talamh ag 10:03AM, gar do Shanksville, [[Pennsylvania]]. Ceaptar gurb é plean na sceimhlitheoirí Caipeatól na Stát Aontaithe in [[Washington]] a ionsaí ach rinne na paisinéirí iarracht na fuadaitheoirí a chloí. Bhí [[Téléphone|fóin phóca]] ag cuid de na paisinéirí agus bhí fhios acu cad a tharla do na heitleáin eile a bhí fuadaithe. Bhuail an t-eitleán an talamh mar gheall ar an troid agus maraíodh gach éinne ar bord.

== Toradh na n-ionsaithe ==

=== Nua-Eabhrac ===
Maraíodh 246 daoine a bhí ar bord na heitleáin, gan na 19 sceimhlitheoirí a chur san áireamh. 

Thosaigh tinte sna túir den [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda|World Trade Center]] de bharr na n-ionsaithe. Bhí an túr theas ag dó ar feadh 52 [[Aonaid ama|nóiméad]] sular thit sé. Bhí an túr thuaidh ag dó ar feadh 102 nóiméad sular thit sé. Scriosadh an dá thúr. 
[[Íomhá:Flight paths of hijacked planes-September 11 attacks.jpg|mion|Eitiltí]]
Thit foirgneamh eile in aice leis na túir, an &quot;7 World Trade Center&quot; ag 5:20PM an lá céanna. Ceaptar gur lagaíodh an foirgneamh seo nuair a thit na túir eile. 

Maraíodh 2606 duine ag an World Trade Center. Maraíodh 341 fir dóiteáin de chuid an Roinn Dóiteáin i Nua-Eabhrac.

=== Arlington ===
Bualadh an taobh thiar den Pheinteagán. Bhuail an t-eitleán an talamh díreach ag an am céanna a bhuail sé an [[foirgneamh]]. 
[[Íomhá:Pentagon Security Camera 1.ogv|mion|ceamara slándála sa [[An Peinteagán|Pheinteagán]]]]
Maraíodh 125 daoine ag an Peinteagán (70 sibhialtach agus 55 ball d'[[Fórsaí armtha|fhórsaí armtha]] SAM).

=== San iomlán ===
Maraíodh 2997 daoine de bharr na n-ionsaithe, póilíní agus fir dóiteáin ina measc. 

== Tar éis na n-ionsaithe ==
D'ionsaigh fórsaí míleata na Stáit Aontaithe [[an Afganastáin]] i mí Dheireadh Fómhair, 2001. Bhí an Afganastáin faoi smacht an [[An Talaban|Talaban]], grúpa antoisceach [[Ioslamachas|Ioslamach]] agus bhí roinnt ceannairí de chuid Al-Qaeda lonnaithe sa tír.

[[Íomhá:Khalid Shaikh Mohammed after capture.jpg|mion|[[Sheikh Mohammed]] in 2003]]
=== Cóir ===
Gabhadh Walid bin Attash&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Walid bin Attash|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walid_bin_Attash&amp;oldid=1237874537|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-07-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa Phacastáin in 2002, Deirtear gur thraenáil sé beirt den dream a rinne na hionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta in 2001.

Gabhadh Mustafa al-Hawsawi&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Mustafa al-Hawsawi|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_al-Hawsawi&amp;oldid=1237865787|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-07-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus  [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed&amp;oldid=1237943944|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa Phacastáin ar an 1 Márta 2003.  Deirtear go raibh  al-Hawsawi freagrach as airgead a chur ar fáil do na sceimhlitheoirí. Dúine de chúlaistíní sinsearacha [[Osama bin Laden]] ab ea Sheikh Mohammed,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Margadh déanta le triúr faoi ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta 2001|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0801/1462967-margadh-deanta-le-triur-faoi-ionsaithe-sceimhlitheoireachta-2001/|date=2024-08-01|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt; de bhunadh [[Cuáit|Chuáit]] é, &quot;an té a phleanáil na hionsaithe&quot;, a deirtear sa phreas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://fortune.com/2024/08/01/9-11-mastermind-khalid-sheikh-mohammed-plead-guilty-al-qaida-attack/|teideal=Accused 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed agrees to plead guilty to al-Qaida attack|údar=Ellen Knickmeyer,Larry Neumeister,Michael R. Sisak,The Associated Press|language=en|work=Fortune|dátarochtana=2024-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Choinnigh na Meiriceánaigh an triúr faoi rún in ionaid éagsúla sular cuireadh iad sa phríosún i m[[bunáit mhíleata Chuan Guantánamo]] in 2006. Céasadh go minic agus go sistéamach iad i gcaitheamh na mblianta sin, tráth a &quot;mhaígh siad&quot; go raibh go leor ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta eile sna Stáit Aontaithe beartaithe acu, nó sin a mhaígh na húdaráis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ar an 31 Iúil 2024, bhí margadh dlíthiúil&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3857257/plea-agreements-reached-with-911-defendants-khalid-shaikh-mohammad-walid-bin-at/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FReleases%2FRelease%2FArticle%2F3857257%2Fplea-agreements-reached-with-911-defendants-khalid-shaikh-mohammad-walid-bin-at%2F|teideal=Plea Agreements Reached with 9/11 Defendants Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, Walid Bin 'Attash and|language=en-US|work=U.S. Department of Defense|dátarochtana=2024-08-01}} {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; déanta ag ionchúisitheoirí leis an triúr.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/31/politics/us-plea-deal-9-11-mastermind-khalid-sheikh-mohammed/index.html|teideal=US reaches plea deal with alleged 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed {{!}} CNN Politics|údar=Oren Liebermann, Lauren del Valle|dáta=2024-07-31|language=en|work=CNN|dátarochtana=2024-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;  De réir an mhargaidh, pléadálfadh na fir &quot;ciontach i gcomhcheilg&quot; mar mhalairt ar phríosún saoil seachas an [[Pionós an bháis|pionós báis]] a bhí os a gcionn. Féachadh roimhe seo le margadh mar é a dhéanamh ach chuir go leor de ghaolta na ndaoine a maraíodh sna hionsaithe ina aghaidh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ach ar an 2 Lúnasa 2024, chinn [[Rialtas Feidearálach na Stát Aontaithe]] an margadh &quot;a bhí déanta&quot; a tharraingt siar.   Chuir gaolta áirithe na ndaoine a maraíodh sna hionsaithe fáilte roimh chinneadh Rúnaí Cosanta na Stát Aontaithe, [[Lloyd Austin|Lloyd Austin.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Margadh dlíthiúil i gcás 9/11 tarraingte siar|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0803/1463325-margadh-dlithiuil-i-gcas-9-11-tarraingte-siar/|date=2024-08-03|language=ga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda]]
* [[Ionsaí ar an Ionad Trádála Domhanda (1993)]]

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ionsaithe 11 Mean Fomhair}}
[[Catagóir:Stair na Stát Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí sceimhlitheoireachta Ioslamacha]]
[[Catagóir:2001]]
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    <title>Círéibeacha Bhaile Átha Cliath 2006</title>
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[[Íomhá:Dublin Riots.jpg|deas|300px|thumb|Na círéibí ar [[Sráid Uí Chonaill|Shráid Uí Chonaill]]]]
Phléasc '''círéibeacha [[Bhaile Átha Cliath]]''' amach ar an [[25 Feabhra]] [[2006]], nuair a bhí an eagraíocht úd ''[[Love Ulster]]'' ag iarraidh máirseáil na n[[druma]]í móra a chóiriú i lár na cathrach i stíl na n[[An tOrd Oráisteach|Oráisteach]] le súil a tharraingt ar a gcruachás siúd a bhí thíos le foréigean i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]]. 

Bhí an mórshiúl seo ina ábhar conspóide go háirithe ag na dreamanna éagsúla &quot;Poblachtánacha&quot; i bhfad roimh ré, ach d'ordaigh a gcinnirí siúd do lucht a leanúna gan cur in aghaidh na b[[Protastúnach]]. Nuair a tháinig lá an chaighdeáin, áfach, d'éirigh ina [[Cogadh|chogadh]] dearg idir na [[Gardaí]] agus na [[fear|fir]] óga a bhí bailithe le bac a chur leis an máirseáil, agus b'éigean an mórshiúl féin a chur ar ceal. 

Fuair na círéibeadóirí an lámh in uachtar ar na Gardaí, agus mhair siad ag loitiméireacht ar fud lár na cathrach ar feadh i bhfad&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.beo.ie/alt-bhi-nios-mo-na-na-poblachtanaigh-i-mbun-cireibe-i.aspx Bhí níos mó ná na poblachtánaigh i mbun círéibe i mBaile Átha Cliath, Beo Márta 2006], le Robert McMillen&lt;/ref&gt;. Rinneadh foghail agus creachadh ar chuid mhaith de na [[siopa]]í, agus tugadh leadhbairt do thriúr siopadóirí de phór na h[[Áise]]. 

== Cúlra na nImeachtaí ==

Eagraíocht [[aontachtach]] is ea ''Love Ulster'' agus í tiomnaithe do chuimhne na nAontachtach a fuair bás i d[[Trioblóidí]] an tuaiscirt. Bhí Willie Frazer ón eagraíocht úd ''FAIR'' - ''Families Acting for Innocent Relatives'' (&quot;Teaghlaigh ag Gníomhú thar cionn a Muintire Neamhchiontaí&quot;) - ar dhuine acu siúd a bhunaigh Love Ulster. Dream atá i gceist atá meáite ar a méala siúd a chur i bhfoclaibh ar fhág buamaí an [[IRA Sealadach|IRA]] daoine dá muintir marbh nó gortaithe. 

Tá locht faighte ar an eagraíocht, áfach, toisc nach bhfuil sí leath chomh buartha fúthu siúd a bhí thíos le foréigean na n[[dílseoir]]í. Tá Frazer tar éis a rá, mar shampla, nár chóir aon duine de na paraimíleataigh Dhílseacha a chaitheamh i bpríosún riamh, agus go raibh an-bhá aige le Billy Wright - duine de cheannairí Fhórsa na nÓglach Dílseach (Loyalist Volunteer Force, LVF) a bhí sáite sna [[Dúnmharú|dúnmharuithe]] [[Seicteachas|seicteach]]a timpeall [[Port an Dúnáin|Phort an Dúnáin]]. 

Chonacthas pictiúr de bhall áirithe d'Fhórsa [[Óglaigh Uladh]] (Ulster Volunteer Force, UVF) freisin á thaispeáint ag mórshiúlta agus ag cruinnithe poiblí de chuid FAIR - fear a bhí páirteach, de réir chosúlachta, i [[Buamálacha Bhaile Átha Cliath agus Mhuineacháin|mbuamálacha Bhaile Átha Cliath agus Mhuineacháin]] sa bhliain [[1974]]. Mharaigh na [[IRA Sealadach|Sealadaigh]] an fear seo dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, agus mar sin, d'fhéad FAIR íobartach de chuid an IRA a ghairm de. Duine acu siúd a bhí ag eagrú mhórshiúl Love Ulster i mBaile Átha Cliath, dúirt sé nach raibh sé ábalta a chinntiú nach bhfeicfí pictiúirí den fhear seo ar taispeántas ansin.

Bhí sé ceaptha go mbeadh idir an druma mór faoi shainéide agus cúpla céad duine eile - bráithre Oráisteacha agus lucht méala ina ndiaidh siúd a bhí maraithe ag an IRA - ag an mórshiúl. Bhí siad le máirseáil ó [[Sráid Parnell|Shráid Parnell]] anuas [[Sráid Uí Chonaill]], thart le [[Coláiste na Tríonóide]], go dtí [[Sráid Thobar Phádraig]], [[Sráid Dhásain]] agus [[Sráid Theach Laighean]], go dtí go stopfadh lucht an mhórshiúil os comhair [[Teach Laighean|Theach Laighean]] i [[Sráid Chill Dara]]. 

Is iomaí [[náisiún]]aí a bhí míshásta leis an máirseáil, agus iad den tuairim nach mbeadh lucht na máirseála ach ag iarraidh na seantithe a tharraingt anuas d'aon [[ogham]]. Mar sin féin, fuair siad ceadúnas ó na [[Gardaí]], agus na páirtithe polaitiúla sa Phoblacht tar éis a dtoiliú a thabhairt.

== Na Círéibeacha ==
[[Íomhá:Dublin Riots 25-02-06.jpg|clé|350px|thumb|Círéibeacha i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]].]]
Bhí [[Sinn Féin]] sásta a mbeannacht a thabhairt don mháirseáil, agus iad ag áitiú ar lucht a leanúna gan dul ag cur isteach ar na léirsitheoirí. Maidir le [[Sinn Féin Poblachtach]], áfach, bhí siad i láthair, agus iad ag iarraidh lucht an druma mhóir a stopadh. Shuigh siad síos ar an tsráid mar agóid, agus nuair a thosaigh na Gardaí iad a ardú ón tsráid le lámh láidir, tháinig fir óga an cheantair chun tarrthála dóibh. D'éirigh ina chogadh dearg idir na Gardaí agus na hógánaigh.

Bhí oibreacha tógála ar siúl anseo agus ansiúd i Sráid Uí Chonaill, agus mar sin, bhí sé furasta ag na círéibeoirí teacht trasna ar rudaí a d'fhéadfaidís a chrústach ar na Gardaí, cosúil le [[bríce|bríc]]í agus clocha. Bhí ábhar ann freisin ar bhain na círéibeoirí úsáid as le baracáidí a thógáil a chuirfeadh isteach ar an mórshiúl. 

Bhí an mórshiúl le tosú ag leathuair tar éis a dó dhéag, ach nuair a thosaigh na trioblóidí, shocraigh na gardaí leo nach bhféadfaidís na máirseálaithe a sheoladh an bealach a bhí ceaptha. Ina ionad sin, chuaigh na máirseálaithe ar bhord a gcuid [[bus]]anna, agus tugadh lom díreach go dtí Teach Laighean iad, áit ar thug siad a n-achainí do [[Mícheál Mac Dubhghaill|Mhícheál Mac Dubhghaill]], an t[[Aire Rialtas|Aire Dlí agus Cirt]]. Ansin, seoladh as an gcathair iad. Nuair a chuaigh na busanna trí [[Dún Dealgan|Dhún Dealgan]], arb áit mhór Poblachtánach é, crústaíodh clocha ar cheann acu.

Níor mhaolaigh sin ar na círéibeacha i Sráid Uí Chonaill, áfach. Lean na círéibeoirí leo go ceann cúpla uair an chloig eile ar a laghad. Cuireadh [[Gluaisteán|gluaisteáin]] trí thine, go háirithe cinn a raibh cuma na galántachta agus na daoire orthu. B'iad na Gardaí ba mhó a bhí faoi ionsaí ag na círéibeoirí, ach níor spáráil siad daoine eile, ach an oiread. Tugadh drochíde do Charlie Bird, iriseoir de chuid [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]. Seo an cur síos a thug ''Saormheáin na hÉireann'' ar na greidimíní a fuair Bird:

''Faoin am seo, chuir mé sonrú i mborradh a tháinig ar an slua, agus fear a bhí ag caitheamh cóta donn ag rith i dtreo thródam na nGardaí. Bhí dosaen de dhaoine, a bheag nó a mhór, sna sála aige, agus iad ag bualadh buille i ndiaidh buille air. Shroich sé gruaimhín na taobhshráide a ritheann ar feadh an taoibh theas d'[[Ard-Oifig an Phoist]], agus brící, buidéil agus clocha ag teacht anuas ar a chloigeann mar a bheadh cith fearthainne ann. Nuair a rinne sé a bhealach isteach i dtaobhshráid, trí thródam na ngardaí, bhuail cuaille mhór miotail - ceann den chineál a úsáidtear mar chrann taca do chomhartha sráide - bhuail sí sa taobh é. Ba dhóbair di é a bhualadh sa chloigeann. Dá dtitfeadh sí oiread is troigh amháin ní b'fhaide ar dheis, bheadh an fear maol marbh. San am sin, bhí iontas orm cén fáth a raibh an slua ag leadhbairt an fhir áirithe seo thar aon duine eile. Shíl mé gurbh fhéidir gur ball de bhrainse speisialta na nGardaí a bhí ann, agus gur haithníodh mar a leithéid é.''

Scríobh Indymedia ''Dealraíonn sé, áfach, gurbh eisean Charlie Bird ó [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] agus gur phointeáil duine den tslua amach é mar &quot;bhastard Oráisteach&quot;. Ní bhfuair Charlie a cheart ar aon nós, nó is follasach nach [[An tOrd Oráisteach|Oráisteach]] é ar aon nós. Caithfidh sé go raibh Charlie trí chéile ar fad ag ar tharla dó. Seo an chiall a bhain mé féin as na himeachtaí: D'aithin duine éigin den tslua gurbh eisean Charlie Bird, agus gur duine den tsochaí sheascair sheanbhunaithe a bhí ann, mar sin. Tá na Poblachtánaigh, go ginearálta, den bharúil gur foras frith-Phoblachtach é Raidió Teilifís Éireann, agus is féidir a rá go bhfuil cúis acu leis an dearcadh seo. Cibé cé a d'aithin é, is dócha gur dhearc an duine sin air mar ionadaí don tsochaí sheanbhunaithe agus do sheasamh frith-Phoblachtach Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Mar sin, thug an duine seo &quot;bastard Oráisteach&quot; ar Charlie. Ina leithéid de dhrocháit, níl sé deacair a rá céard a bheidh i ndán duit, má phointeáiltear amach mar insíothlóir thú. Bhí an dearg-ádh le Charlie nár fáisceadh an t-anam as''. 
''Is iomaí iriseoir eile ar baineadh an gheit chéanna as agus é faoi ionsaí ag na círéibeoirí. Níor thuig an chuid ba mhó acu gur &quot;chuma sa diabhal&quot; leis na círéibeoirí an cur síos a thabharfadh na meáin orthu. Ní raibh siad ag iarraidh tuairim pholaitiúil ar leith a chur os comhair an tsaoil mhóir, ní raibh siad ach ag dul ar an daoraí, agus iad thíos leis an eisiamh sóisialta. Ba dhóbair domsa, mar ghrianghrafadóir do na Saormheáin, íde den chineál chéanna a fháil, nuair a dúirt fear óg feargach liom gur chuma sa diabhal leis cén cineál saormheán a raibh mé ag obair dóibh, agus d'fhéadfadh sé beart a chur leis an mbriathar bagrach, murach go raibh aithne ag na hagóideoirí i mo thimpeall orm, agus iad do mo chosaint'' (indymedia.ie)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://indymedia.ie/article/74528 |teideal=indymedia |dátarochtana=2006-03-05 |archivedate=2006-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307170501/http://www.indymedia.ie/article/74528}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

De réir an nuachtáin [[Sunday Independent]] agus [[foinse|foinsí]] eile, fuair [[bean]] a bhí ag [[toircheas|iompar clainne]] buaille sa [[bolg|bholg]]. Thairis sin, is dealraitheach gur caitheadh cúpla [[buama]] peitril leis na Gardaí. Briseadh [[fuinneog]]a cúpla siopa, go háirithe Foot Locker, Schuh, agus Banc Uladh in aice le [[Droichead Uí Chonaill]], agus rinneadh foghail ar aon siopa amháin, ar a laghad. Bhí sé ina leamhsháinn idir na Gardaí agus an lucht círéibe i Sráid Uí Chonaill, agus cuid de na círéibeoirí ag leanúint bhusanna na nAontachtaithe go dtí [[Sráid Thobar Phádraig]] (Sráid Nassau), áit ar chuir siad roinnt gluaisteán trí [[tine|thine]] agus a ndearna siad ionsaí faoina lán siopaí agus gnóthas eile.

Ionsaíodh ceanncheathrú an Pháirtí Dhaonlathaigh i Sráid Frederick Theas freisin, agus chonacthas tuilleadh scliúchas i nDroichead Uí Chonaill, Cé Aston, Sráid na Toinne agus i m[[Barra an Teampaill]], sular tháinig scaipeadh sna círéibeoirí. B'í timpeallacht Shráid Thobar Phádraig ba mhó a bhí thíos leis na círéibeacha, nó cuireadh trí charr trí thine ansin agus briseadh na [[gaothscáth]]anna ar roinnt mhaith gluaisteán eile, chomh maith le fuinneoga na siopaí. Fuair go leor daoine iad féin sáinnithe sna [[bialann]]a agus sna [[Mearbhia|sreangshiopaí mearbhia]], ar nós McDonalds agus Burger King.

Ansin, dhún na Gardaí Sráid Uí Chonaill le go bhféadfadh na hoibrithe tógála iarsmaí na n-imeachtaí a ghlanadh. Measúnaíodh go gcosnódh na hoibreacha seo thart ar leathchéad míle euro, agus b'é barúil Chumann Lucht Tráchtála Bhaile Átha Cliath go raibh deich milliún euro caillte ag gnóthais na cathrach de dheasca na scliúchas.

Roimh an mórshiúl, measadh go dtiocfadh thart ar mhíle Aontachtaí ag máirseáil i mBaile Átha Cliath. Nuair a tháinig, áfach, ní raibh ach trí [[bus|bhus]], nó trí chéad duine, ann. Maidir leosan a tháinig ag cur in aghaidh na n-Aontachtaithe, tá meastacháin a líonmhaireachta siúd ag luainiú idir trí chéad agus seacht míle. Tá sé deacair an figiúr a shocrú, i bhfianaise an oiread daoine nach raibh ach ag dul thart agus a d'fhan ag baint lán a súl as na himeachtaí. Dealraíonn sé gurb é aos óg na háite ba mhó a bhí ag tógáil círéibe, ach chonacthas gníomhaithe polaitiúla ina measc freisin, agus iad ag dáileadh [[bileog]]a polaitiúla. 

D'eisigh [[Sinn Féin Poblachtach]] ráiteas, inar cháin siad [[Rialtas]] na hÉireann, nach raibh, dar leosan, in ann a thuiscint chomh diúltach agus a bhí muintir na háite do mhórshiúl na nAontachtaithe dháiríre.

== Na hÍobartaigh ==

Fuair ceathrar déag de dhaoine iad féin in ospidéal de dheasca na gcíréibeacha, ina measc seisear Gardaí agus cúpla iriseoir. De réir Nuacht RTÉ, ghabh na Gardaí duine agus dhá scór. Ar an 27ú lá de Mhí Feabhra, bhí an [[dlí]] curtha ar thriúr déag acu.

==Féach freisin==
* [[Círéibeacha Shasana 2011]]

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Círéibeacha]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Chontae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:2006 in Éirinn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ike Turner</title>
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      <text bytes="4649" sha1="17y6161clkzodm6o6avtvzghxamulck" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Ceoltóir [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] ab ea '''Izear Luster''' &quot;'''Ike'''&quot; '''Turner Jr.''' ([[5 Samhain]], [[1931]] – [[12 Nollaig]], [[2007]]), Ceoltóir Meiriceánach, bandleader, scríbhneoir amhrán, eagraí, scout tallainne, agus léiritheoir ceirníní ab ea é. Ceannródaí luath i gcarraig agus rolla na gcaogaidí, is fearr aithne uirthi as a cuid oibre sna 1960idí agus sna 1970idí lena bhean [[Tina Turner]] ag an am sin san Ike &amp; Tina Turner Revue. Chaith sé leathchéad bliain ag seinm gach cineál ceoil, mar shampla [[na gormacha]], [[ceol soul]], [[rac-cheol]] agus func.

== Gairm ==
[[Íomhá:Ike &amp; Tina Turner, Bestanddeelnr 924-2170 - Restoration.jpg|clé|mion|177x177px|1971]]
Thosaigh Ike Turner ag seinm pianó agus giotáir agus é ina pháiste, ansin bhunaigh sé grúpa, Kings of Rhythm, mar dhéagóir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Takin' back my name : the confessions of Ike Turner|url=http://archive.org/details/takinbackmynamec00turn|publisher=London : Virgin|date=1999|coauthors=|author=Ike Turner, Nigel Cawthorne|journal=|volume=|issue=|bibcode=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dearbhaítear uaireanta gurb é Turner a thaifead an chéad ceirnín rac-cheoil, leis an rian &quot;[[Rocket 88]]&quot; sa bhliain 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7142242.stm|teideal=The musical legacy of Ike Turner|údar=|dáta=December 13, 2007|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2020-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y46Ve7zbwlQ&amp;list=PLZwc0uzGqDjyvYLwrXxbe95YYMJ1gS_r9|teideal=Rocket 88|údar=Ike Turner|dáta=1951|dátarochtana=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Le linn na 1950idí, d’oibrigh Ike Turner freisin mar scout tallainne agus mar léiritheoir do Sun Records agus Modern Records. Tá go leor ceoltóirí gormacha aimsithe aige mar Howlin ’Wolf agus Bobby“ Blue ”Bland. Sheinn sé an pianó le B.B. King.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

I 1954, bhog sé go [[East St. Louis, Illinois]]. Sheinn a bhanna timpeall [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] agus an ceantar máguaird.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; I 1957, bhuail sé le Anna Mae Bullock. Thosaigh sí leis an mbanna mar amhránaí. Thug sé an t-ainm stáitse Tin Turner di i 1960. Phós siad i 1962. 

Thuill sé clú agus cáil, in éineacht lena bhean chéile, Tina Turner sna [[1960í|1960idí]] nuair a d'éirigh go maith le hamhráin ar nós, &quot;A Fool In Love&quot;, &quot;Nutbush City Limits&quot;, agus &quot;River Deep Mountain High&quot;. Bhuaigh siad Gradam Grammy as an amhrán Proud Mary i 1972. 

D'fhág Tina é sna [[1970í|1970aidí]]; chuir andúil i ndrugaí deireadh lena bpósadh.
[[Íomhá:Ike &amp; Tina Turner 231172 Dia14.jpg|clé|mion|177x177px|1972]]
Glacadh é agus Tina Turner istigh sa [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] sa bhliain [[1991]].

D’fhill Ike Turner ar cheol agus d’eisigh sé dhá albam: ''Here and Now'' (2001) agus Risin' with the Blues (2006). Bhuaigh sé Gradam Grammy don Albam Traidisiúnta is Fearr i 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ike-turner/10375|teideal=Ike Turner|údar=|dáta=|language=en|work=GRAMMY.com|dátarochtana=2020-12-13|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027125514/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ike-turner/10375}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bás ==
Bhásaigh Ike Turner sa bhaile sa bhliain 2007 i [[San Marcos]], [[California]] (in aice le [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]) in aois seachtó sé mbliana dó. Ródháileog drugaí a mharaigh é. 

== Póstaí agus leanaí ==
Bhí Ike pósta 14 huaire. Bhí sé pósta den chéad uair ag sé bliana déag d’aois. Tar éis Tina Turner, ba iad Ann Thomas, Jeanette Bazzell Turner, agus Audrey Madison Turner na trí mhná seo caite. 

Bhí seisear leanaí ag Turner: mic Ike Turner Jr a rugadh i 1958 agus Michael Turner a rugadh i 1960 (le Lorraine Taylor), Ronald &quot;Ronnie&quot; Turner a rugadh i 1960 (le Tina Turner), iníonacha Mia Turner a rugadh i 1969 (le Ann Thomas), agus Twanna Melby Turner (le Pat Richard). Ghlac Turner mac Tina, Craig Turner, a rugadh i 1958 (le Raymond Hill).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dioscagrafaíocht ==

* 1962: ''Ike &amp; Tina Turner's Kings of Rhythm Dance''
* 1963: ''Rocks The Blues''
* 1969: ''A Black Man's Soul''
* 1972: ''Blues Roots''
* 1973: ''Bad Dreams''
* 1980: ''The Edge''
* 2001: ''Here and Now''
* 2006: ''Risin' with the Blues''

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síolta ceol}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Turner, Ike}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1931|Turner, Ike]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2007|Turner, Ike]]
[[Catagóir:Giotáraithe|Turner, Ike]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Meiriceánacha|Turner, Ike]]
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    <title>Billy Joel</title>
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Is [[amhránaí]], [[pianódóir]], [[scríbhneoir]], [[cumadóir]] agus [[ceoltóir]] Meiriceánach é '''William Joseph Martin &quot;Billy&quot; Joel''' (9 Bealtaine 1949 a rugadh é). D’eisigh sé a chéad amhrán mór-ráchairte, ''Piano Man'', sa bhliain 1973. Is é an séú ceoltóir is mó díol sna Stáit Aontaithe é, dar leis an RIAA. Bhí amhráin rathúla ag Joel san 1970idí, 1980idí agus na 1990idí. Tá sé Ghradam Grammy buaite aige agus díoladh breis is 150 milliún dá chuid go dtí seo. D’éirigh sé as rac-cheol a thaifeadadh sa bhliain 1993 ach lean sé air ag dul ar camchuairt. Bhí an cheolchoirm dheireanach dá chuid in Éirinn i bPáirc an Chrócaigh ar 29 Iúil 2006. 

== Óige ==

Rugadh é sa [[An Bronx|Bronx]] i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] agus tógadh é i Hicksville, Nua-Eabhrac. Is duine de bhunadh Giúdach é agus tháinig a athair go Meiriceá ar dtús agus é ag teitheadh ó na Naitsithe sa Ghearmáin. Bhí suim mhór ag Billy sa cheol agus é óg, go háirithe sa cheol clasaiceach Eorpach. Thosaigh sé ar sheinm an phianó a fhoghlaim agus é an-óg. Rinneadh tromaíocht air go minic agus é ar scoil mar gheall ar an tsuim a bhí aige sa cheol, agus gan suim dá laghad aige sa spórt. Bhí sé ina dhornálaí ar feadh tamaill, scil a d’fhoghlaim sé chun é féin a chosaint. Ach d’éirigh sé as an spórt tar éis gur briseadh a shrón i dtroid amháin. D’fhág sé an mheánscoil gan cháilíocht agus chrom sé ar ghairm cheoil a bhaint amach dó féin. 

== Gairm Cheoil ==

Chinn Billy ar bheith ina cheoltóir tar éis dó [[The Beatles]] a fheiceáil ar The Ed Sullivan Show sa bhliain 1964. Ba iad ‘The Echoes’ an chéad bhanna a mbíodh sé ag seinm leo. D’athraigh an banna a n-ainm dhá uair go dtí The Emeralds and ansin go dtí The Lost Souls. D’fhág sé an banna sin ansin le dul ag seinm leis an mbanna, The Hassles, arbh as Long Island iad. D’eisigh an banna sin dhá albam; The Hassles (1967) agus Hour of the Wolf (1968) chomh maith le ceithre shingil ó na halbaim sin. Theip go tubaisteach ar an hiarrachtaí ó thaobh díolachán de agus tháinig deireadh leis an mbanna sa bhliain 1969. Tar éis dó seo tarlú, chruthaigh Joel dísreach le drumadóir The Hassles, John Small, darbh ainm Attila. D’eisigh siad an t-aon albam amháin sa bhliain 1970 agus scoir ansin. 

Is gnách go mbíonn úinéireacht an taifeadta luaite leis an gcomhlacht ceirníní. Ach tá Billy Joel ar na ceoltóirí a bhfuil an n-ainm féin mar úinéir cóipchirt ar na ceirníní uaidh féin.

== Tionchar ar a chuid ceoil ==

Chuaigh go leor cineálacha ceoil i bhfeidhm ar Billy Joel agus é i mbun cumadóireachta. Ar dtús ba é an ceol clasaiceach a d’imir tionchar air. Ach ba iad na ceoltóirí is mó a chuaigh i bhfeidhm air ná [[Ray Charles]] agus The Beatles, go háirithe [[Paul McCartney]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.classicrockcentral.com/classic_rock_gimme5-Display.cfm?week=6 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2007-12-18 |archivedate=2007-12-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220214508/http://www.classicrockcentral.com/classic_rock_gimme5-Display.cfm?week=6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Is é ‘Ray’ an dara ainm ag iníon Joel, Alexa Ray Joel, in onóir Ray Charles.

== Saol pearsanta ==

[[Íomhá:Billy Joel performing in Jacksonville, Florida, 2007.jpg|clé|mion|Joel ag seinm sa bhliain [[2007]] i [[Florida]].]]
Phós Billy Joel trí huaire i ndiaidh a chéile. Bhí sé pósta lena bhainisteoir gnó, Elizabeth Webber (Elizabeth Small) ó 1973 go 1982, le Christie Brinkley ó 1985 go 1994 agus rugadh iníon amháin dóibh, mar atá, Alexa Ray Joel. Phós sé a bhean chéile reatha, Kate Lee, ar 2 Deireadh Fómhair 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6161304/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2007-12-18 |archivedate=2008-04-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411092804/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6161304/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá fadhbanna alcóil ag Joel le fada an lá agus tá tréimhsí caite aige in ionaid athinmheacháin tríd na blianta.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/16/entertainment/main681053.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albaim ==


=== Albaim stiúideo ===

* Cold Spring Harbor (1971)
* Piano Man (1973)
* Streetlife Serenade (1974)
* Turnstiles (1976)
* The Stranger (1977)
* 52nd Street (1978)
* Glass Houses (1980)
* The Nylon Curtain (1982)
* An Innocent Man (1983)
* The Bridge (1986)
* Stormfront (1989)
* River of Dreams (1993)

=== Albaim bheo ===

* Songs in the Attic (1981)
* КОНЦЕРТ (1987)
* 2000 Years: The Millennium Concert (2000)
* 12 Gardens Live (2006)

=== Albaim dhíolama ===

* Greatest Hits, Vols. 1 &amp; 2 (1985)
* Billy Joel – The Ultimate Collection 
* The Essential Billy Joel (2001)
* Greatest Hits, Vol. 3 (1997)
* The Complete Hits Collection: 1973–1997 (1997)
* Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel (2004)
* My Lives (2005)

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oo9yRr0hrQk&amp;feature=related Físeán de Billy Joel ag canadh Piano Man go beo i bPáirc an Chrócaigh sa bhliain 2006]
* [http://www.billyjoel.com/ Suíomh oifigiúil Billy Joel]
* [http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/interactive/video/index.html#j Agallamh físeáin le Joel tar éis dó Gradam Tony a bhuachaint sa bhliain 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423055643/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/interactive/video/index.html#j |date=2007-04-23 }}
* [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/billyjoel/biography Beathaisnéis Joel ag Rolling Stone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629230857/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/billyjoel/biography |date=2007-06-29 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joel, Billy}}
[[Catagóir:Popcheoltóirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1949]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
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    <title>Futurama</title>
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Is [[sraith theilifíse]] [[SAM|Mheiriceánach]] é '''Futurama'''. Sraith [[beochan]]a atá ann, cruthaithe ag [[Matt Groening]], an fear a chruthaigh [[The Simpsons]]. 

== Scéal ==
Is i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] sa bhliain 3000 atá an tsraith bunaithe. Oibríonn na carachtair do chomhlacht seachadta darb ainm &quot;Planet Express&quot;.

== Príomhcharachtair ==
* '''[[Philip J. Fry]]''': Rugadh sna 1970idí é, éiríonn sé sáinnithe i [[reoiteoir]] speisialta sa bhliain 2000. Ní éiríonn sé níos sine fad is atá sé sa reoiteoir agus ní éalaíonn sé go dtí an bhliain 3000. Sa bhliain 3000 tá sé fostaithe ag an gcomhlacht Planet Express. 
* '''[[Turanga Leela]]''': Is captaen spásloinge de chuid Planet Express í. Tá sí cliste, agus níl ach súil amháin aici.
* '''[[Bender Bending Rodríguez]]''': Is róbat é, atá mímhúinte agus falsa ar fad. Tá sé ag obair do Planet Express freisin.
* '''[[Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth]]''': Is eolaí é a bhunaigh an Planet Express. Rugadh ar an 9 Aibreán é. 
* '''[[Dr. John A. Zoidberg]]''': Is dochtúir é a rugadh ar an bpláinéad Decapod 10, agus tá sé ag obair don Planet Express.
* '''[[Amy Wong]]''': Rugadh ar an bpláinéad [[Mars (pláinéad)|Mars]] í, agus tá sí ag obair don Planet Express.
* '''[[Hermes Conrad]]''': [[Iamáice|Iamácach]] atá ann, agus tá sé ag obair don Planet Express.
* '''[[Zapp Brannigan]]'''
* '''[[Mom (Futurama)|Mom]]'''

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{síol-tv}}

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  <page>
    <title>R.E.M.</title>
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      <text bytes="51074" sha1="7u7q344x4soz3ma7oxm91nq7a4v62mw" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}
Ba bhanna [[Rac-cheol|rac-cheoil]] Meiriceánach iad '''R.E.M.''' Bunaíodh iad in [[Athens, Georgia|Athens]], [[Georgia (stát S.A.M.)|Georgia]] sa bhliain 1980 le [[Michael Stipe]] ([[amhránaíocht|príomhamhránaí]]), [[Peter Buck]] ([[giotár]]), [[Mike Mills]] ([[dordghiotár]]), agus [[Bill Berry]] ([[Foireann drumaí|drumaí]] agus [[cnaguirlis|cnagadh]]). Ba cheann de na chéad bhannaí [[rac malartach]] i mbéal an phobail iad R.E.M., agus tugadh aird orthu ar dtús mar gheall ar an stíl ghiotár [[airpéitse]]ach ag Buck agus na gutha neamhshoiléir ag Stipe. Chuir R.E.M. amach a gcéad singil, &quot;[[Radio Free Europe (amhrán)|Radio Free Europe]]&quot;, i 1981 ar an [[lipéad ceirníní neamhspleách]] [[Hib-Tone]]. Lean an [[ceirnín breisithe]] ''[[Chronic Town]]'' i 1982, an chéad cheirnín ag an ghrúpa ar [[I.R.S. Records]]. Chuir an banna amach a gcéad [[Albam ceoil|albam]], ''[[Murmur]]'', i 1983, a bhí molta ag criticeoirí, agus chuir siad lena gcáil sna blianta ina dhiaidh mar thoradh de cheirníní eile, camchuairtí leanúnacha, agus tacaíocht ó [[raidió coláistí]]. I ndiaidh blianta ratha faoi chuim, bhí cnag cuilithe ag R.E.M. leis an singil &quot;[[The One I Love (amhrán R.E.M.)|The One I Love]]&quot; i 1987. Shínigh an banna le [[Warner Bros. Records]] i 1988, agus chuir siad tús le tacaíocht do chúiseanna pholaitiúla agus timpeallachta agus iad ag seinnt i láithreacha mhóra ar fud an domhain.

Nuair a bhí rath cuilithe ag bannaí rac malartach don chéad uair, sna luath-nóchaidí, cuireadh R.E.M. san áireamh mar cheannródaí an seánra, agus chuir siad amach an dá albam is rathúla go tráchtála acu, ''[[Out of Time]]'' (1991) agus ''[[Automatic for the People]]'' (1992). Chlaon an dá albam sin ó fhuaim bhunaithe an bhanna. D'fhill an banna ar fhuaim rac leis an albam ''[[Monster (albam R.E.M.)|Monster]]'' i 1994. Chuir siad tús lena gcéad chamchuairt i gceann sé bliana chun an albaim a thacú; loiteadh an chamchuairt de dheasca éigeandálaí leighis a bhí ag trí bhall an ghrúpa. Athshínigh R.E.M. i 1996 le Warner Bros. do US$80 milliún, an conradh taifeadta is costasaí riamh ag an am. D'fhág Bill Berry an banna an chéad bhliain eile go síochánta, agus lean Buck, Mills, agus Stipe ar aghaidh mar bhanna trípháirteach. Lean R.E.M. ar aghaidh sa chéad deich mbliana eile, ag athrú a stíl cheoil, agus le rath measctha go tráchtála agus go léirmheastach. Ionduchtaíodh an banna isteach sa [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] i 2007.

== Stair ==
=== Bunú: 1980-1981 ===
I Mí Eanáir 1980, bhuail Michael Stipe le Peter Buck sa siopa ceirníní in Athens inar obair Buck. Fuair an bheirt amach go raibh a mblas ceoil cosúil le chéile, go háirithe an [[punc-rac]] agus an [[prótaphunc]], [[Patti Smith]], [[Television]] agus [[The Velvet Underground]] ina measc. Dúirt Stipe, &quot;Tharla go raibh mé ag ceannach na ceirníní ar fad a bhí [Buck] ag sábháil dó féin.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gumprecht&quot;&gt;Gumprecht, Blake. &quot;R.E.M.&quot;. ''Alternative America''. Geimhreadh 1983.&lt;/ref&gt; Bhuail Stipe agus Buck le Mike Mills agus Bill Berry, comhmhic léinn san [[University of Georgia]], gan mhoill ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref&gt;Holdship, Bill. &quot;R.E.M.: Rock Reconstruction Getting There&quot;. ''Creem''. Meán Fómhair 1985.&lt;/ref&gt; Sheinn an bheirt sin ceol le chéile ó nuair a bhí siad in Ardscoil.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 30&lt;/ref&gt; D'aontaigh an ceathrar dul i gcomhar le chéile ar roinnt amhrán; dúirt Stipe níos moille &quot;Ní raibh scéim mhór riamh taobh thiar de.&quot; &quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gumprecht&quot; /&gt; Chaith a mbanna, fós gan ainm, roinnt míonna ag cleachtadh agus sheinn siad a gcéad sheó ar 5ú Aibreáin 1980 ag cóisir lá breithe cara leo, in eaglais [[Eaglais Easpagóideach|Easpagóideach]] athchóirithe. Smaoinigh an banna ar ainmneacha ar nós &quot;Twisted Kites&quot;, &quot;Cans of Piss&quot;, agus &quot;Negro Wives&quot;, ach rinne siad cinneadh ar &quot;R.E.M.&quot;, a roghnaigh Stipe go fánach ó fhoclóir.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 39&lt;/ref&gt;

D'éirigh baill an bhanna as an ollscoil sa deireadh chun a n-aird a dhíriú ar a ngrúpa forbartha.&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p116437 | teideal=R.E.M &gt; Biography | dátarochtana=June 20 2007 | údar=Erlewine, Stephen Thomas | foilsitheoir=Allmusic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'aimsigh siad bainisteoir, [[Jefferson Holt]], úinéir siopa ceirníní ó [[Chapel Hill, Carolina Thuaidh]]. Chuaigh ceolchoirm R.E.M. ina bhaile féin chomh mór i bhfeidhm air, bhog sé go Athens.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 41&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí rath go láithreach beagnach ag R.E.M. in Athens agus sa cheantar mórthimpeall; mhéadaigh na sluaite ag a gceolchoirmeacha go seasta, rud a bhí cúis le roinnt faltanais i [[Ceol Athens, Georgia|saolréim ceoil Athens]].&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 46&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí R.E.M. ar chamchuairt le linn na bliana go leith i ndiaidh sin ar fud [[Deiscirt na Stáit Aontaithe|Deisceart na Stáit Aontaithe]]. Bhí sé an-doiligh don bhanna ar an chamchuairt mar ní raibh cuairt do ghrúpaí malartacha ag an am. Bhí ar an bhanna an chamchuairt a dhéanamh i seanveain ghorm, tiomáinte ag Holt, agus mhair baill an ghrúpa ar liúntas bia $2 in aghaidh an lae.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 53–54&lt;/ref&gt;

Le linn an tsamhraidh 1981, thaifead R.E.M. a gcéad singil, &quot;Radio Free Europe&quot;, i stiúideo carrsheirbhíse an léiritheora, [[Mitch Easter]], i [[Winston-Salem, Carolina Thuaidh]]. Cuireadh an singil amach ar an lipéad ceirníní neamhspleách áitiúil [[Hib-Tone]]. Bhí míle cóip sa chéad chomhdhlúthú, agus díoladh an deireadh iad go tapa.&lt;ref&gt;Sullivan, l. 27&lt;/ref&gt; In ainneoin an comhdhlúthú teoranta, bhí an singil molta ag léirmheastóirí, agus luaigh an ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' í mar cheann de na deich singil is fearr sa bhliain.&lt;ref&gt;Gray, l. 497&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ceirníní I.R.S. agus rath cultais: 1982-1986 ===

Thaifead R.E.M. an ceirnín breisithe ''[[Chronic Town]]'' le Mitch Easter i Mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1981, agus bhí sé ar intinn acu é a chuir amach ar lipéad neamhspleách nua darbh ainm Dasht Hopes.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 59&lt;/ref&gt; Fuair [[I.R.S. Records]] cóip thaispeáinte den chéad seisiún taifeadta ag an bhanna le Easter, áfach, cóip a bhí ag scaipeadh ar feadh míonna.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 61–63&lt;/ref&gt; Dhiúltaigh an banna airleacan ón lipéad mór [[RCA Records]], agus shínigh siad conradh le I.R.S. i Mí na Bealtaine 1982. Chuir I.R.S. amach ''Chronic Town'' i Mí Lúnasa na bliana sin mar a gcéad éisiúint i Meiriceá.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 66–67&lt;/ref&gt; Mhol léirmheas ''[[NME]]'' an cheirnín an t-atmaisféar rúndiamhair ag na hamhráin, agus chríochnaigh siad, &quot;Tá sé go hiontach rud chomh neamhéigeantach agus chomh cleasach seo a chloisteáil.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Grabel, Richard. &quot;Nightmare Town&quot;. ''NME''. 11ú Nollaig, 1982.&lt;/ref&gt;

Phéireáil I.R.S. R.E.M. le léiritheoir [[Stephen Hague]] ar dtús chun a gcéad albam a thaifeadadh. Ní raibh an banna sásta leis an bhéim a chur Hague ar fhoirfeacht teicniúil, agus d'iarr baill an bhanna ar I.R.S. an taifeadadh a dhéanamh le Easter.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 72&lt;/ref&gt; Cheadaigh I.R.S. seisiún &quot;tástála,&quot; agus d'fhill an banna ar [[Carolina Thuaidh]]. Thaifead siad an t-amhrán &quot;Pilgrimage&quot; ansin le Easter agus comhpháirtí taifeadta [[Don Dixon (ceoltóir)|Don Dixon]]. Nuair a d'éist siad leis an rian, thug I.R.S. cead don ghrúpa an t-albam a thaifeadadh le Dixon agus Easter.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 78&lt;/ref&gt; Mar gheall ar a ndrocheachtra le Hague, thaifead an banna an t-albam trí mhodh frithoibríochta; dhiúltaigh siad clíséanna an rac-cheoil, ar nós [[aonréad giotáir|aonréid ghiotáir]] nó [[síntéiseoirí]], a bhí coitianta ag an am, a chur ina gceol, chun mothú suthain a chur air. Moladh an t-albam críochnaithe, ''[[Murmur]]'', go hard ag léirmheastóirí nuair a cuireadh é amach i 1983, agus d'ainmnigh ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' é mar a n-albam na bliana.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, p. 73&lt;/ref&gt; Shroich an t-albam uimhir 36 ar an chairt albam ''[[Billboard (irisleabhar)|Billboard]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot;&gt;Buckley, l. 357–58&lt;/ref&gt; Ba leagan ataifeadadh &quot;Radio Free Europe&quot; an príomhshingil, agus shroich sé uimhir 78 ar an chairt singlí &quot;Billboard&quot; i 1983. In ainneoin an moladh a tugadh don albam, níor díoladh ach 200,000 cóip ''Murmur'', méid a bhí níos lú ná mar a bhí Jay Boberg ó I.R.S. ag brath air.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 95&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí R.E.M. ar theilifis náisiúnta don chéad uair ar ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]] '' i Mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1983,&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gray, l. 432&lt;/ref&gt; agus sheinn siad amhrán nua neamhainmnithe le linn an chláir.&lt;ref&gt;Gray, l. 434&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh an teideal &quot;[[So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry)]]&quot; ar an amhrán sa deireadh, agus ba é an chéad singil óna ndara halbam, ''[[Reckoning (Albam R.E.M.)|Reckoning]]'' (1984), a bhí taifeadta le Easter agus Dixon chomh maith. Mholadh an t-albam go léirmheastach; scríobh Mat Snow ó ''NME'' &quot;dearbhaíonn ''Reckoning'' gur R.E.M. ceann de na grúpaí is corraithí agus is iontaí ar an phláinéad.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Snow, Mat. &quot;American Paradise Regained: R.E.M.'s Reckoning&quot;. ''NME''. 1984.&lt;/ref&gt; Cé gur shroich ''Reckoning'' uimhir 27 ar an chairt albam sna Stáit Aontaithe—i bhfad níos airde ná bunús na bannaí rac-choláistí ag an am—ní raibh sé níos airde ná uimhir 91 sa Bhreatain, de dheasca dáilte uireasaigh agus easpa ama ar an raidió.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 115&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:R.E.M.,_Belgium,_1985.jpg|thumb|250px|Michael Stipe (ar chlé) agus Peter Buck (ar dheis) ar an ardán i n[[Ghent]], [[an Bheilg]], le linn an chamchuiart 1985 ag R.E.M.]] D'athraigh an banna a dtreo lena dtríú halbam, ''[[Fables of the Reconstruction]]'' (1985). Roghnaigh R.E.M. [[Joe Boyd]], fear a d'obair le [[Fairport Convention]] agus [[Nick Drake]], mar léiritheoir in áit Dixon agus Easter, agus thaifead siad é i Sasana. Bhí na seisiúin níos doilí ná mar a shíl baill an bhanna go mbeidh siad, agus bhí siad dearóil mar gheall ar dhoineann an gheimhridh agus drochbhia;&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 131–32&lt;/ref&gt; bhí an banna ar tí cliste mar thoradh na gcúrsaí.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 135&lt;/ref&gt; Tháinig comhthéacs an albaim ó ghruaim na seisiún sa deireadh. Chruthaigh Stipe snáitheanna scéil i stíl [[Gotach an Deiscirt|mhiotaseolaíocht an deiscirt]]; luaigh sé in agallamh i 1985 gur ghlac sé spreagadh ón &quot;smaoineamh ar seanfhir ina suí cois tine, ag seachadadh&amp;nbsp;...&amp;nbsp;finscéalta agus fabhalscéalta ar an chlann clainne.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Interview with R.E.M.&quot;. ''Melody Maker''. 15ú Meitheamh, 1985.&lt;/ref&gt; Díoladh níos mó cóipeanna ''[[Fables of the Reconstruction]]'' ná ceirnín ar bith eile a bhí curtha amach ag I.R.S. i Meiriceá go dtí an pointe sin. Ní raibh rath mór ag an cheirnín san Eoraip, áfach, agus bhí glacadh measctha aige go léirmheastach; shíl roinnt criticeoirí go raibh sé duairc agus taifeadta go dona.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 140&lt;/ref&gt; Mar aon leis na ceirníní roimhe sin, thug raidió na cuilithe neamhaird ar shinglí an albaim. Bhí leisce ar an bhanna rath cuilithe a fháil, rud a bhí ag cur frustrachas ar I.R.S.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 159&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair R.E.M. [[Don Gehman]] dona gceathrú halbam, fear a léiriú saothair [[John Mellencamp]]. Bhí guth Stipe níos gaire do thús cadhnaíochta an cheoil sa toradh, ''[[Lifes Rich Pageant]]'' (1986). Dúirt Peter Buck in agallamh leis an ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' i 1986, &quot;tá Michael ag éirí níos fearr sna rudaí atá sé ag déanamh, agus tá a mhuinín ag méadú. Agus sílim go dtaispeántar sin sa teilgean a ghutha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Popson, Tom. &quot;Onward and Upward and Please Yourself&quot;. ''Chicago Tribune''. 17ú Deireadh Fómhair, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí díolacháin an albaim i bhfad níos fearr ná ''Fables of the Reconstruction'', agus shroich sé uimhir 21 ar an chairt albam ''Billboard''. Thug raidió na cuilithe tacaíocht don singil &quot;[[Fall on Me]]&quot; chomh maith.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 151&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é ''Lifes Rich Pageant'' an chéad albam ór ag an banna, mar díoladh níos mó ná 500,000 cóip i Meiriceá.&lt;ref&gt;Fletcher, l. 142&lt;/ref&gt; Cé go raibh tacaíocht R.E.M bunaithe ar raidió na gcoláistí Meiriceánach fós, bhí an banna ag fáil cnaga ar raidió na cuilithe don chéad uair; bhí frithbheart ó raidió [[Raidió cnag freacnairceach|rogha 40 na cairte]] fós, áfach.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 160&lt;/ref&gt; I ndiaidh dea-thoradh ''Lifes Rich Pageant'', chuir I.R.S. ''[[Dead Letter Office (albam)|Dead Letter Office]]'' amach, díolaim amhrán a bhí taifeadta ag an bhanna le linn a seisiún albam. Bhí cuid mhór na rianta eisithe mar [[Taobh-A agus taobh-B|thaobhanna-B]], nó neamheisithe roimhe sin. Gan mhoill ina dhiaidh sin, theaglamaigh I.R.S. físeáin cheoil R.E.M. (seachas &quot;Wolves, Lower&quot;) agus chuir siad iad amach mar an chéad éisiúint fhíseán ag an bhanna, ''[[Succumbs]]''.

=== Rath na hurfhuascailte: 1987-1993 ===
Ní raibh Don Gehman in ann an cúigiú halbam R.E.M. a léiriú, agus chomhairligh sé [[Scott Litt]] dóibh.&lt;ref&gt;Fletcher, l. 146&lt;/ref&gt; Léireoidh Litt an chéad chúig albam eile ag an bhanna. Bhí cuid de na liricí pholaitiúla is soiléire ag Stipe ar ''[[Document]]'' (1987), go háirithe ar &quot;Welcome to the Occupation&quot; agus &quot;Exhuming McCarthy, freagairtí ar an atmaisfeár polaitiúil [[Coimeádachas sna Stáit Aontaithe|coimeádach]] sna S.A.M. sna hochtóidí faoi uachtaránacht [[Ronald Reagan]].&lt;ref&gt;De Muir, Harold. &quot;There's No Reason It Shouldn't Be A Hit&quot;. ''East Coast Rocker''.10ú Iúil, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt; Scríobh [[John Pareles]] ina léirmheas an albaim sa ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', &quot;tá ''Document'' muiníneach agus ládasach; má tá R.E.M. ar tí bogadh ó stádas banna cultais go gnaoi na coitiantachta, forógraíonn an t-albam go rachaidh an banna ansin ar breith a mbéil féin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | údar=Pareles, Jon | dáta =13ú Meán Fómhair, 1987| teideal=R.E.M. conjures dark times on 'Document' | foilsitheoir=''The New York Times'' | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD7143CF930A2575AC0A961948260 | dátarochtana=2007-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba albam urfhuascailte é ''Document'' do R.E.M., agus shroich an chéad singil, &quot;[[The One I Love (amhrán R.E.M.)|The One I Love]]&quot;, rogha 20 na cairte sna S.A.M., sa Bhreatain, agus i gCeanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt; I Mí Eanáir 1988, ba é ''Document'' an chéad albam ag R.E.M. a díoladh milliún cóip.&lt;ref&gt;Fletcher, l. 157&lt;/ref&gt; Mar thoradh d'urfhuascailt an bhanna, dhearbhaigh clúdach ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' i Mí na Nollag 1987 gurb é R.E.M. &quot;An banna rac is fearr i Meiriceá.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 163&lt;/ref&gt;

D'fhág R.E.M. I.R.S. nuair a bhí a gconradh caite, mar níor dháil siad a gceirníní thar sáile go sásúil, agus shínigh siad leis an lipéad mór [[Warner Bros. Records]].&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 174&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir I.R.S. amach an díolaim ''[[Eponymous]]'' i 1988. Bhí bunús singlí an bhanna ar an cheirnín, chomh maith le roinnt amhráin annamha. Thaifead an chéad albam an bhanna le Warner Bros., ''[[Green (albam)|Green]]'' (1988), i [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]], agus léirigh sé an grúpa ag baint tástála lena bhfuaim.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, p. 179&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí rianta an albaim sa réimse ón chéad singil, an t-amhrán teann &quot;[[Stand (amhrán R.E.M.)|Stand]]&quot; (cnag mór i Meiriceá),&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 180&lt;/ref&gt; go hábhair níos polaitiúla, ar nós an t-amhrán rac &quot;[[Orange Crush (amhrán)|Orange Crush]]&quot; faoin Chogadh Vítneam, agus &quot;World Leader Pretend,&quot; faoin Chogadh Fhuar.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 183&lt;/ref&gt; Tá 4 mhilliún cóip ''Green'' díolta ar fud na cruinne.&lt;ref name=&quot;album sales&quot;&gt;Fletcher, l. 296&lt;/ref&gt; Thacaigh an banna an t-albam lena gcamchuairt is mó agus is forbartha go hamharcach; bhí teilgin agus [[scannán ealaíne|scannáin ealaíne]] ar an ardán.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 184&lt;/ref&gt; I ndiaidh an chamchuairt ''Green'', rinne baill an bhanna cinneadh neamhoifigiúil sos a thabhairt ar feadh na chéad bhliana eile, an chéad sos fada i stair an bhanna.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 198&lt;/ref&gt;
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{{listen|filename=R.E.M. - Losing My Religion.ogg|title=&quot;Losing My Religion&quot;|description=Sampla &quot;Losing My Religion&quot; ó ''Out of Time'' (1991). Ba é an t-amhrán seo, bunaithe ar [[maindilín]], an cnag is mó ag an bhanna i Meiriceá, agus shroich sé uimhir a ceathair ar an chairt ''Billboard''. | format=[[Ogg]]}}{{sample box end}} --&gt;
Tháinig R.E.M. le chéile arís i lár 1990 chun a seachtú n-albam, ''[[Out of Time (albam)|Out of Time]]'', a thaifeadadh. Bhí an stíl cheoil ag an bhanna ar an albam seo an-difriúil óna n-albaim roimhe sin, mar chum baill an bhanna amhráin le ionstraimíocht neamhthraidisiúnta do rac-cheol, [[maindilín|maindilíní]], [[Orgán (ceol)|orgáin]], agus [[giotár fuaimiúil|giotáir fuaimiúla]] ina measc.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 209&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ''Out of Time'' amach i Mí an Mhárta 1991, agus ba é an chéad albam R.E.M. ar bharr na cairteacha sna S.A.M. agus sa Bhreatain.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt; Díoladh 4.2 milliún cóip an albaim sna Stáit Aontaithe amháin,&lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley287&quot;&gt;Buckley, l. 287&lt;/ref&gt; agus 12 mhilliún cóip ar fud na cruinne go dtí 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;album sales&quot; /&gt; Ba chnag domhanda í &quot;[[Losing My Religion]]&quot;, príomhshingil an albaim, agus casadh í go rialta ar raidió agus ar [[MTV]].&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 205&lt;/ref&gt; Ba í &quot;Losing My Religion&quot; an singil is airde ar na cairteacha ag an bhanna sna S.A.M., agus shroich sí uimhir a ceathair ar an chairt ''Billboard''.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt; &quot;Ní raibh mórán eachtraí athraithe saoil inár slí beatha mar gheall ar chomh dréimreach is a bhí ár slí beatha&quot; arsa Mills blianta ina dhiaidh. &quot;Más maith leat bheith ag labhairt faoi eachtraí athraithe saoil, sílim gur 'Losing My Religion' an ceann is gaire.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 204&lt;/ref&gt; Ba chnag mhór í an dara shingil, &quot;[[Shiny Happy People]]&quot; (ceann de na trí amhrán ar an cheirnín le guth [[Kate Pierson]] ó [[The B-52's]], banna Athens eile), agus shroich sé uimhir 10 sna S.A.M. agus uimhir a sé sa Bhreatain.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt; Chruinnigh ''Out of Time'' seacht n-ainmniúchán do R.E.M. ag bronnadh na [[Duaiseanna Grammy 1992|nduaiseanna Grammy i 1992]], an méid ainmniúchán is mó ag ealaíontóir ar bith sa bhliain sin. Bhain an banna trí dhuais: [[Duais Grammy don Albam Ceoil Mhalartaigh is Fearr|an t-Albam Ceoil Mhalartaigh is Fearr]], agus dhá cheann do &quot;Losing My Religion&quot;, an [[Duais Grammy don Fhíseán Ceoil Ghearr is Fearr|Físeán Ceoil Ghearr is Fearr]], agus an [[Duais Grammy don Taispeáint Popcheoil is Fearr le Beirt nó Grúpa le Guth|Taispeáint Popcheoil is Fearr le Beirt nó Grúpa le Guth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | údar=Pareles, Jon | dáta = 26ú Feabhra, 1992| teideal=Cole's 'Unforgettable' Sweeps the Grammys | foilsitheoir=''The New York Times'' | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D9133EF935A15751C0A964958260 | dátarochtana=2007-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Níor chuaigh R.E.M. ar camchuairt chun ''Out of Time'' a chur chun cinn; sheinn siad sraith seónna aonánach ina háit, taispeáint a bhí taifeadta do ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' ina measc.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, p. 213&lt;/ref&gt;

D'fhill R.E.M. chuig an stiúideo i 1991, i ndiaidh roinnt míonna saoire, chun a gcéad albam eile a thaifeadadh. Chuir siad amach ''[[Automatic for the People]]'' i ndeireadh 1992. Cé go raibh sé ar intinn ag an bhanna albam níos crua a dhéanamh i ndiaidh innigh bhoig ''Out of Time'',&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 216&lt;/ref&gt; bhí ''Automatic for the People'' dubhach sa deireadh, dúirt ''[[Melody Maker]]'' gur &quot;bhog [sé] i sraoilleadh níos cráite fós&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;remote control&quot;&gt;Fricke, David. &quot;Living Up to ''Out of Time''/Remote Control: Parts I and II&quot;. ''Melody Maker''. 3ú Deireadh Fómhair, 1992.&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí an t-albam ag baint le téamaí caillte agus dobróin, a bhí spreagtha leis an &quot;mothú&amp;nbsp;... [go bhfuil] tríocha bliain thairis agat,&quot; dar le Buck.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 218&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí cóiriúchán téad déanta ag iardhordghiotáraí [[Led Zeppelin]] [[John Paul Jones (ceoltóir)|John Paul Jones]] ar roinnt amhrán. I mbarúlacha neart léirmheastóirí (chomh maith le Buck agus Mills), is é an t-albam is fearr ag an bhanna.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 217&lt;/ref&gt; Shroich ''Automatic for the People'' uimhir 1 ar chairt na Breataine, agus uimhir 2 i Meiriceá; bhí trí shingil ón albam i rogha 40 na cairte Meiriceánaí chomh maith, &quot;[[Drive (amhrán R.E.M)|Drive]]&quot;, &quot;[[Man on the Moon (amhrán)|Man on the Moon]]&quot;, agus &quot;[[Everybody Hurts]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt; Díoladh ionann agus deich milliún cóip an albaim ar fud na cruinne.&lt;ref name=&quot;album sales&quot; /&gt; Mar aon le ''Out of Time'', ní dheachaigh an banna ar camchuairt chun an albaim a thacú. Mar thoradh den chinneadh seo, agus an chuma fhisiciúil a bhí ar Stipe, thosaigh luaidreáin go raibh an amhránaí ag fáil bháis; shéan an banna iad go tréan.&lt;ref name=&quot;remote control&quot; /&gt;

=== ''Monster'' agus ''New Adventures in Hi-Fi'': 1994-1996 ===
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{{Éist|filename=What'stheFrequency,Kenneth?.ogg|title=&quot;What's the Frequency, Kenneth?&quot; |description=Sampla &quot;What's the Frequency, Kenneth?&quot; ó ''Monster'' (1994). Ba dhiall toiliúil ó fhuaim an dá albam R.E.M. roimhe sin iad na giotáir fhiartha callánacha san amhrán. | format=[[Ogg]]}}{{sample box end}} --&gt;
I ndiaidh dhá albam faoi shiúl mall, ba &quot;cheirnín 'rac', leis an rac i gcomharthaí athfhriotail&quot; é ''[[Monster (albam R.E.M.)|Monster]]'', dar le Buck. I gcodarsnacht leis na halbaim roimhe, bhí giotáir fhiartha, easpa fordhubála, agus blas [[glam-rac]] na 1970í sa cheol ''Monster''.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 236&lt;/ref&gt; Mar aon le ''Out of Time'', bhí ''Monster'' i marr na cairte i Meiriceá agus sa Bhreatain.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt; Díoladh ionann agus naoi milliún cóip an albaim ar fud an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;album sales&quot; /&gt; Ba iad &quot;[[What’s the Frequency, Kenneth?]]&quot; agus &quot;[[Bang and Blame]]&quot; an dá shingil dheireanacha ag an bhanna i rogha 40 na cairte Meiriceánaí, cé go raibh gach singil ón albam i rogha 30 na cairte Briotanaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt;

I mí Eanáir 1995 chuir R.E.M. tús lena gcéad chamchuairt i gceann sé bliana. Ba rath mór í an chamchuairt go tráchtála, ach ba sheal doiligh é don ghrúpa.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 248&lt;/ref&gt; Ar 1ú Márta, thit Berry i meirfean ar an ardán i [[Lausanne]], [[an Eilvéis]]. Tharla sé go raibh [[Ainéaras|ainéaras inchinne]] air. Cuireadh é faoi scian gan mhoill, agus tháinig sé chuige féin go hiomlán i gceann míosa. Níorbh ainéaras Berry ach tús sraith fadhbanna sláinte a shuaitheadh an chamchuairt ''Monster''. Rinneadh obráid bhoilg ar Mills i Mí Iúil chun greamán stéige a bhaint; mí i ndiaidh sin, bhí obráid éigeandála déanta ar Stipe chun [[maidhm sheicne]] a dheisiú.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, p. 251–55&lt;/ref&gt; I ainneoin na bhfadhbanna a bhí acu, bhí bunús albaim nua thaifeadta ag an ghrúpa agus iad ar an bhóthar. Thug an banna taifeadáin ocht-rian leo chun na gceolchoirmeacha agus na dtástálacha fuaime a thaifeadadh, agus bhain siad úsáid astu mar bhonn an albaim.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 256&lt;/ref&gt;

Athshínigh R.E.M. le Warner Bros. Records i 1996 do US$80 milliún, an conradh taifeadta is costasaí riamh ag an am.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, . 258&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí ''[[New Adventures in Hi-Fi]]'' (1996) sa dara háit ar an chairt Mheiriceá agus i mbarr cairte na Breataine ar dtús,&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt; ach níor díoladh ach cúig mhilliún cóip an albaim sa deireadh, cúlú ón rath a bhí ag an ghrúpa sa chúig bliana roimhe sin.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 269&lt;/ref&gt; Mhaígh an scríbhneoir ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' go raibh díolacháin an albaim níos lú ná na halbaim roimhe mar bhí cumhacht tráchtála an rac malartach san iomlán ag meath.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | údar=Farley, Christopher John | dáta=16ú Nollaig, 1996 | teideal=Waiting for the Next Big Thing | foilsitheoir=''Time'' | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985707,00.html | dátarochtana=2007-12-30 | archivedate=2008-01-11 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111214726/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985707,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain chéanna, scar R.E.M. lena mbainisteoir Jefferson Holt; bhí sé ina scéal reatha gur tharla sin mar thoradh de chúisimh [[gnéaschiapadh|gnéaschiaptha]] a bhí curtha roimhe ag ball oifig bhaile an bhanna in Athens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | údar=DeRogatis, Jim | dáta = Fómhair 1996 | teideal=New Adventures in R.E.M. | foilsitheoir=''Request'' | url=http://www.jimdero.com/OtherWritings/Other%20R.E.M..htm | dátarochtana=2006-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuaigh dlíodóir an ghrúpa, [[Bertis Downs, IV|Bertis Downs]], i mbun bainisteoireachta.

=== Imeacht Berry agus ''Up'': 1997-2000 ===
[[Íomhá:Michael Stipe at Glastonbury.jpg|thumb|left|Stipe ar an [[Féile Glastonbury|Fhéile Glastonbury]] i 1999]]
Tháinig an banna le chéile i dteach saoire Buck i [[Kauai]], [[Hawaii]], chun taispeánta a thaifeadadh don chéad albam eile. Bhí sé ar intinn ag an bhanna a bhfuaim a athchruthú, le lúba drumaí agus tástálacha cnaguirlisí san áireamh.&lt;ref name=&quot;berry leaving&quot;&gt;Longino, Miriam. &quot;R.E.M.: To a different beat the famed Athens band becomes a threesome as drummer Bill Berry leaves to 'sit back and reflect'&quot;. ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution''. 31ú Deireadh Fómhair, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; Go díreach nuair a bhí na seisiúin ag tosú i nDeireadh Fómhair, d'inis Berry do bhaill eile an bhanna, i ndiaidh míonna athmhachnaimh agus díospóireachtaí le Downs agus Mills, go raibh sé ag éirí as an ghrúpa.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 276&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt Berry leo nár éirigh sé as an bhanna dá scoirfidís mar thoradh, agus d'aontaigh Stipe, Mills agus Buck leanúint mar bhanna trípháirteach, le beannacht Berry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley, l. 280&quot;&gt;Buckley, l. 280&lt;/ref&gt; D'fhógair Berry a n-imeacht go poiblí trí seachtaine níos moille. Dúirt Berry leis na meáin, &quot;Níl ann ach nílim chomh tógtha leis seo a dhéanamh agus a bhínn roimhe seo&amp;nbsp;...&amp;nbsp;tá an post is fearr sa domhan agam. Ach táim sásta anois suí siar agus machnamh a dhéanamh agus b’fhéidir nach bheith i mo phop-réalt go fóill.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;berry leaving&quot; /&gt; D'admhaigh Stipe go mbeadh an banna difriúil gan rannpháirtí mór: &quot;Domsa, do Mike agus do Peter, mar R.E.M., an R.E.M. muid fós? Measaim gur madra fós madra tríchosach. Níl ann ach ní mór dó rith go difriúil.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley, l. 280&quot;/&gt;

Chuir an banna a seisiúin thaifeadadh sceidealaithe ar ceal mar thoradh den imeacht Berry. &quot;Gan Bill, bhí sé difriúil, mearbhlach,&quot; a dúirt Mills blianta ina dhiaidh. &quot;Ní raibh a fhios againne cad a dhéanamh go díreach. Níor fhéidir linn cleachtadh a dhéanamh gan dhrumadóir.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Black, l. 232&lt;/ref&gt; Chuaigh na baill R.E.M. fágtha ag obair arís i Mí Feabhra 1998 i Toast Studios i [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]].&lt;ref&gt;Black, l. 233&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir an banna deireadh lena gcomhoibriú le Scott Litt, a mhair deich mbliana, agus d'fhostaigh siad [[Patrick McCarthy (léiritheoir ceirníní)|Pat McCarthy]] chun an cheirnín a taifeadadh. Fostaíodh [[Nigel Godrich]] mar léiritheoir cúnta, agus d'obair iarbhall [[Screaming Trees]] [[Barrett Martin]] agus drumadóir camchuairte [[Beck]] [[Joey Waronker]]. Bhí na seisiúin ciaptha le teannas, agus bhí an grúpa láimh le scaoileadh. D'eagraigh Bertis Downs cruinniú éigeandála; shocraigh baill an bhanna a bhfadhbanna, agus d'aontaigh siad go leanfaidís ar aghaidh mar ghrúpa.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 286&lt;/ref&gt; Ba í &quot;[[Daysleeper]]&quot; an chéad singil ón albam ''[[Up (albam R.E.M.)|Up]]'' (1998), a bhí i rogha 10 na cairte ar dtús i Meiriceá agus i mBreatain. Ba theip choibhneasta an t-albam, áfach; níor díoladh ach 900,000 cóip i lár 1999 sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus níor díoladh ach dhá mhilliún cóip ar fud na cruinne sa deireadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley287&quot; /&gt; Nuair a bhí díolacháin R.E.M. ag meath i Meiriceá, bhí bonn tráchtála an bhanna ag bogadh chun na Breataine, tír inar díoladh níos mó ceirníní R.E.M. in aghaidh an duine ná i dtír ar bith eile agus tír ina raibh singlí R.E.M. i rogha 20 na cairte go rialta.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 292&lt;/ref&gt;

Bliain i ndiaidh eisiúint ''Up'', chum R.E.M. an scór ionstraime don [[scannán beathaisnéiseach]] [[Andy Kaufman]] ''[[Man on the Moon (scannán)|Man on the Moon]]'', an chéad rud dá gcineál don ghrúpa. Tháinig teideal an scannáin ón amhrán ''Automatic for the People'' darbh ainm céanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | dáta = 1ú Márta, 1999 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. To Score 'Man On The Moon'&quot; | foilsitheoir=VH1.com | url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/512511/19990301/rem.jhtml | dátarochtana=December 30 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh an t-amhrán &quot;[[The Great Beyond]]&quot; amach mar shingil ón albam fuaimrian ''[[Man on the Moon (fuaimrian)|Man on the Moon]]''. Níor shroich &quot;The Great Beyond&quot; ach uimhir 57 ar an phop-chairt Mheiriceánach, ach ba í an singil is airde ag an bhanna ar chairt na Breataine; shroich sé uimhir a trí i 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;charts and sales&quot; /&gt;

=== ''Reveal'' agus ''Around the Sun'': 2001–2005 ===
Thaifead R.E.M. bunús an dara halbam déag acu, ''[[Reveal]]'' (2001), i gCeanada agus in Éirinn ó Bhealtaine go Deireadh Fómhair 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Black, l. 248–49&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí an &quot;siúl doilíosach&quot; céanna ag ''Reveal'' mar a bhí ag ''Up'';&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 303&lt;/ref&gt; bhí drumadóireacht Joey Waronker ar an albam, agus bhí lámh ag [[Scott McCaughey]] (comhbhunaitheoir an bhanna [[The Minus 5]] le Buck) agus bunaitheoir na [[The Posies|Posies]] [[Ken Stringfellow]] chomh maith. Díoladh níos mó ná ceithre mhilliún cóip an albaim ar fud an domhain, ach sna Stáit Aontaithe níor díoladh ach an méid cóipeanna céanna is a bhí ag ''Up''.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 310&lt;/ref&gt; Ba í &quot;[[Imitation of Life]] an chéad singil, agus shroich sé uimhir a sé sa Bhreatain.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 305&lt;/ref&gt; Rinne an tOirmhinneach Al Friston, agus é ag scríobh do ''Rock's Backpages'', cur síos ar an albam ná &quot;lán le sáráilleacht i ngach cor agus casadh,&quot; i gcodarsnacht lena &quot;n-obair gan mórán dealraimh, go bunúsach, ar ''New Adventures in Hi-Fi'' agus ''Up''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friston, The Rev. Al. &quot;REM: Reveal (Warner Bros.)&quot;. ''Rock's Backpages''. Nollaig 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Ar an chuma chéanna, scríobh [[Rob Sheffield]] sa ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' gur &quot;atosú spioradálta, bunaithe ar atosú ceolmhar&quot; é ''Reveal'', agus mhol sé a &quot;háilleacht iontach go buan&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Sheffield, Rob | dáta=1ú Bealtaine, 2001 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M.: Reveal&quot; | foilsitheoir=RollingStone.com | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rem/albums/album/114215/review/6067438/reveal | dátarochtana=2007-10-2 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104013317/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rem/albums/album/114215/review/6067438/reveal | archivedate=2007-11-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

I 2003, chuir Warner Bros. amach an albam díolama ''[[[In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988-2003]]'', le dhá amhrán nua, &quot;[[Bad Day (amhrán R.E.M.)|Bad Day]]&quot; agus &quot;[[Animal (amhrán R.E.M.)|Animal]]&quot; ina mheasc. Sa bhliain chéanna, ba mhór an ábhar iontais é nuair a tháinig Bill Berry ar an láthair le linn ceolchoirme R.E.M. i [[Raleigh]], [[Carolina Thuaidh]]. Chan sé gutha tacaithe ar &quot;Radio Free Europe&quot;, agus ansin sheinn sé na drumaí ar &quot;Permanent Vacation&quot;, amhrán luath de chuid R.E.M.; bá í an chéad taispeáint aige leis an bhanna i ndiaidh a scoir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=MTV News staff | dáta=14ú Deireadh Fómhair, 2003 | teideal=&quot;For The Record: Quick News On Hilary Duff, JC Chasez And Corey Taylor, Mary J. Blige, Deftones, Marilyn Manson &amp; More&quot; | foilsitheoir=MTV.com | url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1479750/20031014/duff_hilary.jhtml | dátarochtana=2007-7-1 }}{{Dead link|date=Iúil 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chuir R.E.M. ''[[Around the Sun]]'' amach i 2004. Le linn léiriú an albaim i 2002, dúirt Stipe, &quot;tá glór ag an albam go bhfuil sé ag imeacht ón chúpla albam roimhe seo isteach i raon R.E.M. anaithnid. Sórt bunúsach agus uallach.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Devenish, Colin | dáta=6ú Meán Fómhair, 2002 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. Get Primitive&quot; | foilsitheoir=RollingStone.com | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rem/articles/story/5934751/rem_get_primitive | dátarochtana=2007-12-24 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111221247/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rem/articles/story/5934751/rem_get_primitive | archivedate=2008-01-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; I ndiaidh éisiúint an albaim, dúirt Mills, &quot;sílim, go hionraic, go raibh sé beagán níos moille sa deireadh ná mar a bhí ar intinn acu, i dtéarmaí luas na hamhráin san iomlán.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Graff, Gary | dáta=11ú Meán Fómhair, 2006 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. Bringing Back The Rock On New Album&quot; | foilsitheoir=Billboard.com | url=http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003119875 | dátarochtana=24ú Nollaig 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111164242/http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003119875 | archivedate=2008-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí glacadh measctha ag ''Around the Sun'' go léirmheastach, agus ní raibh sé níos airde ná uimhir 13 ar an chairt ''Billboard''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Cohen, Jonathan | dáta=5ú Meán Fómhair, 2006 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. Plots One-Off Berry Reunion, New Album&quot; | foilsitheoir=Billboard.com | url=http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003087174 | dátarochtana=2007-7-1 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903105649/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp | archivedate=2011-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí an chéad singil ón albam, &quot;[[Leaving New York]]&quot;, i rogha 5 na cairte sa Bhreatain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | dáta = 3ú Deireadh Fómhair, 2004 | teideal=&quot;It's a Prydz and Stone double top&quot; | foilsitheoir=NME.com | url=http://www.nme.com/news/joss-stone/18180 | dátarochtana=2007-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'fhostaigh an banna drumadóir camchuairte lánaimseartha nua, [[Bill Rieflin]], a bhí ina bhall de [[Ministry]] roimhe sin, don cheirnín agus an chamchuairt ina dhiaidh. Chuaigh R.E.M. ar an chamchuairt [[Vote for Change]] i ndeireadh 2004 le [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Pearl Jam]], [[Bright Eyes (banna)|Bright Eyes]] agus grúpaí eile. Le linn 2005, bhí an banna ar an chéad chamchuairt an domhain acu ón chamchuairt ''Monster'' deich mbliana roimhe sin. Bhí R.E.M. páirteach sa [[Live 8]] i [[Ceolchoirm Live 8, Londain|Londain]] i rith na camchuairte.

=== ''Accelerate'': 2006–2011 ===
Chuir [[EMI]], ar leo an chatalóg I.R.S., amach albam díolama a chuimsigh saothar R.E.M. le linn na mblianta a chaith siad ar an lipéad darbh ainm ''[[And I Feel Fine... The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982-1987]]'' i 2006. Cuireadh amach an [[DVD]] ''[[When the Light Is Mine: The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982-1987]]'' ag an am chéanna. I Meán Fómhair na bliana sin, sheinn an ceathrar baill an bhanna ó thús le chéile dona n-ionduchtú isteach sa Georgia Music Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | dáta = 17ú Meán Fómhair, 2006 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. inducted into Music Hall of Fame&quot; | foilsitheoir=USAToday.com | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2006-09-17-REM-hall-of-fame_x.htm | dátarochtana=2007-7-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agus iad ag cleachtadh don deasghnáth, thaifead an banna clúdach &quot;[[Number 9 Dream|#9 Dream]]&quot; le [[John Lennon]] do ''[[Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur]]'', albam ómóis do thairbhe [[Amnesty International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Grossberg, Josh | dáta = 14ú Bealtaine, 2007 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. Back in the Studio&quot; | foilsitheoir=EOnline.com | url=http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=e992d213-a426-4f5e-9036-afd884ceb38f | dátarochtana=2008-1-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an t-amhrán, curtha amach mar shingil don albam agus don fheachtas, an chéad taifeadadh ag an bhanna le Bill Berry óna himeacht beagnach deich mbliana roimhe sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Cohen, Jonathan | dáta=12ú Márta, 2007 | teideal=&quot;Original R.E.M. Quartet Covers Lennon For Charity&quot; | foilsitheoir=Billboard.com | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003556974 | dátarochtana=2008-5-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601032252/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003556974 | archivedate=2008-06-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ainmníodh R.E.M. d'ionduchtú sa [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] sa Deireadh Fómhair 2006, an chéad bhliain agus iad inainmnithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Ryan, Joal | dáta = 30ú Deireadh Fómhair, 2006 | url =http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=89a092b8-7119-4baf-9c2f-9ba3b9d6f6fb | teideal=&quot;R.E.M., Van Halen Headed to Hall?&quot; | foilsitheoir=EOnline.com | dátarochtana=2007-7-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Glacadh an banna isteach sa Halla in éineacht le ceithre ainmnitheach eile sa bhliain sin ag an deasghnáth ionduchtaithe sa [[Waldorf-Astoria Hotel]] i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua Eabhrac]] ar an 12ú Márta 2007. D'ionduchtaigh [[Eddie Vedder]], príomhamhránaí le [[Pearl Jam]], an grúpa isteach sa Halla, agus sheinn siad ceithre amhrán le Bill Berry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Cohen, Jonathan | dáta=13ú Márta, 2007 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M., Van Halen Lead Rock Hall's '07 Class&quot; | foilsitheoir=Billboard.com | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003557262 | dátarochtana=2007-7-1 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015003246/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003557262 | archivedate=2012-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thosaigh obair ar an ceithre albam déag ag an bhanna i dtosach 2007. Thaifead an grúpa leis an léiritheoir [[Jacknife Lee]] i Vancouver agus i mBaile Átha Cliath, áit inar sheinn siad cúig sheó san [[Amharclann Olympia, Baile Átha Cliath|Amharclann Olympia]] idir 30ú Meitheamh agus 5ú Iúil mar &quot;cleachtadh oibrithe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | dáta = 24ú Bealtaine, 2007 | teideal=&quot;REM begin recording new album&quot; | foilsitheoir=NME.com | url=http://www.nme.com/news/rem/28545 | dátarochtana=2007-7-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ''[[R.E.M. Live]]'', an chéad albam beo ag an bhanna (ó cheolchoirm i mBaile Átha Cliath i 2005), amach i nDeireadh Fómhair 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Cohen, Jonathan | dáta=21ú Lúnasa, 2007 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. Preps First Concert CD/DVD Set&quot; | foilsitheoir=Billboard.com | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003628660 | dátarochtana=2007-10-2 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211044133/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003628660 | archivedate=2007-12-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir R.E.M. ''[[Accelerate (albam R.E.M.)|Accelerate]]'' amach i dtosach 2008. Bhí an t-albam ag uimhir a dó ar an chairt ''Billboard'' ar dtús,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Hasty, Katie | dáta=9ú Aibreán, 2008 | teideal=&quot;Strait Speeds Past R.E.M. To Debut At No. 1&quot; | foilsitheoir=Billboard.com | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003787340 | dátarochtana=2008-4-10 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805081325/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003787340 | archivedate=2011-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus ba é an t-ochtú albam ag an bhanna i mbarr na cairte sa Bhreatain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Sexton, Paul | dáta=7ú Aibreán, 2008 | teideal=&quot;R.E.M. Earns Eighth U.K. No. 1 Album&quot; | foilsitheoir=Billboard.com | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003786425 | dátarochtana=2008-4-10 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203605/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003786425 | archivedate=2011-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shíl léirmheastóir ''Rolling Stone'' David Fricke go raibh ''Accelerate'' níos fearr ná na halbaim eile ag an bhanna i ndiaidh imeacht Berry; mhaígh sé gurb é &quot;ceann de na ceirníní is fearr a rinne R.E.M. riamh.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | údar=Fricke, David | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/19451585/review/19517097/accelerate?rating=11 | dáta=3ú Aibreán, 2008 | foilsitheoir=RollingStone.com | teideal=''Accelerate'' review | dátarochtana=2008-4-10 | archivedate=2011-08-27 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827184008/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stíl Cheoil ==
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&lt;!-- FAIR USE of R.E.M. Fall On Me 24 second OGG.ogg: see description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/filename=R.E.M. Fall On Me 24 second OGG.ogg for rationale --&gt;

In agallamh i 1988, chuir Peter Buck síos ar amhráin choitianta R.E.M. ná &quot;rudaí sa mhionghléas, meánluas, dothuigthe, scoth-rac-tíre bailéadach. Sin an rud a síleann gach duine agus ar mhodh, is fíor é.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Halbersberg, Elianna. &quot;Peter Buck of R.E.M.&quot;. ''East Coast Rocker''. 30ú Samhain, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt; Cuirtear cumadóireacht ar fad i leith an bhanna go hiomlán, cé go gcumann baill aonair bunús amhrán áirithe in amanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;date&quot;&gt;The Notorious Stuart Brothers. &quot;A Date With Peter Buck&quot;. ''Bucketfull of Brains''. Nollaig 1987.&lt;/ref&gt; Bíonn vóta cothrom ag gach ball sa chóras cumadóireachta; d'admhaigh Buck, áfach, gurb annamh é nuair a leanann Stipe smaoineamh nach maith leis, mar is liriceoir an bhanna é.&lt;ref name=&quot;remote control&quot; /&gt; Roinneadh an obair sa chóras cumadóireachta i measc na bunbhaill: scríobh Stipe na liricí, agus leag sé amach séiseanna; dhruid Buck an banna le treonna ceoil nua; agus chuir Mills agus Berry an dlaoi mhullaigh ar na dréachtaí mar go raibh níos mó taithí ceoil acu.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 85&lt;/ref&gt;

Canann Michael Stipe i &quot;bhfíoracha gutha olagónach, caointe, stuach&quot;, dar le beathaisnéisí R.E.M. David Buckley.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 87&lt;/ref&gt; Armónaíonn Stipe le Mills go minic in amhráin; sa chufa i &quot;Stand&quot;, canann Mills agus Stipe liricí i ndiaidh a chéile, agus déantar comhrá mar thoradh.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 180–81&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí ailt luatha faoin bhanna dírithe ar an stíl amhránaíochta ag Stipe (chuir an ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' síos uirthi ná &quot;mungailt&quot;); bhí a liricí dothuigthe go minic mar gheall uirthi.&lt;ref&gt;Sasfy, Joe. &quot;Reckoning with R.E.M.&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. 10ú Bealtaine, 1984.&lt;/ref&gt; Dhearbhaigh an scríbhneoir ''[[Creem]]'' John Morthland, &quot;níl a fhios agam fós cad atá na hamhráin seo faoi, mar ní raibh mé nó duine ar bith eile atá aithne agam air ábalta liricí R.E.M. a aithint riamh,&quot; ina léirmheas ar ''Murmur''.&lt;ref&gt;Morthland, John. &quot;R.E.M.: Murmur&quot;. ''Creem''. Iúil 1983.&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt Stipe i 1984, &quot;níl ann ach an bhealach a chanaim. Dá ndéanfainn iarracht í a stiúradh, bheadh sí bréagach go leor.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Platt bucketfull&quot;&gt;Platt, John. &quot;R.E.M.&quot;. ''Bucketfull of Brains''. Nollaig 1984.&lt;/ref&gt; D’áitigh léiritheoir Joe Boyd ar Stipe a hamhránaíocht a dhéanamh níos soiléire le linn an taifeadadh ''Fables of the Reconstruction.''&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 133&lt;/ref&gt;

Seasaigh Stipe air go raibh cuid mhór a liricí luatha &quot;seafóideach&quot;; dúirt sé, &quot;tá a fhios acu go léir nach bhfuil focail, ''per se'', le roinnt mhór an stuif luaith. Níor chuimhin liom orthu fiú.&quot; Leis an fhírinne a rá, d'oibrigh Stipe go dian ar na liricí i gcuid mhór amhrán luath R.E.M.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 88&lt;/ref&gt; Mínigh Stipe i 1984 go raibh a liricí cosúil le &quot;pictiúir simplí&quot; nuair a thosaigh sé, ach i ndiaidh bliana d'éirigh sé leamh den dóigh sin agus &quot;thosaigh mé ag baint trialach as liricí gan chiall soiléir go cruinn, agus lean sé ar aghaidh ó shin amach.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Platt bucketfull&quot; /&gt; I lár na n-ochtóidí, agus amhránaíocht Stipe ag éirí níos soiléire, rinne an banna cinneadh go mbeadh ciall níos liteartha ag a liricí.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 143&lt;/ref&gt; Mhínigh Mills, &quot;nuair atá trí cheirnín déanta agat agus tá roinnt amhrán scríofa agat agus tá siad ag éirí níos fearr agus níos fearr go liriciúil, ba í an chéad chéim eile ná duine éigin a chur ceist ort, an bhfuil tú ag rá rud ar bith? Agus bhí an mhuinín ag Michael ag an phointe sin ná &quot;táim&quot; a rá...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 150&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí amhráin ar nós &quot;Cuyahoga&quot; agus &quot;Fall on Me&quot; ar ''Lifes Rich Pageant'' ag baint le cúrsaí truaillithe.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 156–57&lt;/ref&gt; Phléigh Stipe le cúrsaí níos polaitiúla ina liricí ar ''Document'' agus ''Green''. &quot;Níor ach fritoradh é ár ngníomhaíochas polaitiúil agus ábhair na n-amhrán don áit ina raibh muid, agus na rudaí a bhí timpeall orthu, agus b' fhíoruafás é,&quot; arsa Stipe níos moille. &quot;Ní raibh rud ar bith le déanamh i 1987 agus '88 ach bheith gníomhach&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Perth&quot;&gt;Olliffe, Michael. &quot;R.E.M. in Perth&quot;. ''On the Street''. 17ú Eanáir, 1995.&lt;/ref&gt; Cé gur choinneáil Stipe ag scríobh amhrán faoi chúrsaí polaitiúla ar nós &quot;Ignoreland&quot; agus &quot;Final Straw&quot;, bhí albaim níos moille dírithe ar ábhair eile. Phléigh ''Automatic for the People'' le &quot;mortlaidh agus bás. Stuif mhórfhoclach go leor,&quot; dar le Stipe,&lt;ref&gt;Cavanagh, David. &quot;Tune in, cheer up, rock out&quot;. ''Q''. Deireadh Fómhair 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; ach rinne ''Monster'' léirmheas ar grá agus cultúr na gcoitiantachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perth&quot; /&gt;

Dearbhaíonn mórán daoine gurb í an stíl ghiotáir ag Peter Buck ná an gné is idirdhealaithí sa cheol R.E.M. Le linn na 1980í, chuir an stíl &quot;tíosach, airpéitseach, fileata&quot; ag Buck an banna [[rac-tíre]] Meiriceánach na 1960í [[The Byrds]] i gcuimhne d'iriseoirí ceoil Briotánacha.&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 77&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt Buck &quot;bhí tionchar mór ag [giotáraí na Byrds] [[Roger McGuinn]] orm mar ghiotáraí.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley81&quot;&gt;Buckley, l. 81&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh codarsnachtaí leis an seinm giotáir ag [[Johnny Marr]], sa ghrúpa rac malartach comhaimseartha [[The Smiths]]. Cé gur chuir Buck i gcéill go raibh suim aige sa bhanna, d'admhaigh sé gur chuir daoine isteach air ar dtús nuair a chuir siad ceisteanna air dá mbeadh tionchar ag Marr air, agus cháin sé na Smiths mar thoradh.&lt;ref name=&quot;date&quot; /&gt; Seachnaíonn Buck aonréid ghiotáir de ghnáth; mhínigh sé i 2002, &quot;Tá a fhios agam go mbíonn daoine ar mire nuair a sheinneann giotáraí aonréid te, ach ní chumaim amhráin atá fóirsteanach do sin, agus níl suim agam ann. Is féidir liom iad a dhéanamh dá mbeadh sé orm, ach ní maith liom iad.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 80&lt;/ref&gt; Tá tionchar ag [[Paul McCartney]] agus [[Chris Squire]] ó [[Yes]] ar an stíl séiseach atá ag Mike Mills ar an dordghiotár; dúirt Mills, &quot;Sheinn mé dord séiseach i gcónaí, cosúil le dord pianó ar dhóigheanna... Ní raibh sé ar intinn agam riamh an dord bun-nóta traidisiúnta, glasáilte sa druma speiche, a sheinm.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Buckley, l. 105&lt;/ref&gt; Tá níos mó oiliúint cheoil ag Mills ná ag baill eile an bhanna, agus dúirt sé go raibh sé &quot;níos éasca [dom] réaltacht a dhéanamh de smaoinimh cheoil dothuigthe&quot; mar thoradh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley81&quot; /&gt;

== Oidhreacht ==
Bhí R.E.M. thar a bheith tábhachtach sa chruthú agus san fhorbairt de sheánra rac malartach. Dearbhaíonn [[Allmusic]], &quot;Is iad R.E.M. an pointe nuair a rinneadh rac malartach den [[iarphunc]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot; /&gt; Sna luath-ochtóidí, bhí an rac malartach ag R.E.M. i gcontrárthacht le seánraí an iarphunc agus na [[Nuathonn|nuathoinne]] a tháinig roimhe. Thug an iriseoir ceoil [[Simon Reynolds]] faoi deara gur ghlac ghluaiseacht an iarphunc ag deireadh na 1970í agus ag tosach na 1980í &quot;sraitheanna ceoil ón bhiachlár&quot;, go háirithe ó na 1960í, agus, &quot;i ndiaidh dímhearaithe an iarphunc agus scéimeanna an Pop Nua, mhothaigh sé go saorthach bheith ag éisteacht le ceol bunaithe ar misteachas agus ar géilleadh aoibhinn.&quot; Dhearbhaigh Reynolds gur thug R.E.M. ceol na 1960í ar ais ina chuimhne le &quot;clingeacha giotáir plangent agus guta sa stíl ceol tíre,&quot; agus gur &quot;mhúscail siad, go tnúthánach agus go dothuigthe, samhlaoidí agus teorainneacha úr do Mheiriceá&quot;; mhaígh sé gurbh iad &quot;ceann den dá bhanna rac malartach is fearr na linne.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Reynolds, Simon. ''Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984''. Penguin, 2005. ISBN 0-14-303672-6, p. 392&lt;/ref&gt; I ndiaidh eisiúna ''Murmur'', bhí éifeacht níos mó go ceolmhar agus go tráchtála ag R.E.M. ná ag grúpaí luatha eile sa seánra malartach a bhí á fhorbairt, agus fágadh roinnt grúpaí [[jangle pop]] eile ina ndiaidh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/ | teideal=&quot;American Alternative Rock / Post-Punk&quot; | údar=Erlewine, Stephen Thomas | foilsitheoir=Allmusic.com | dátarochtana=2007-6-24 | archivedate=2010-11-13 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113053923/http://allmusic.com/explore/essay }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba spreagadh é an rath luath a bhí ag R.E.M. do bhannaí malartacha eile. Thagair ''[[Spin (irisleabhar)|Spin]]'' don &quot;eiseamláir R.E.M.&quot;—cinnidh a rinne R.E.M. ina slí bheatha a thabhairt treoirlínte do ealaíontóirí malartacha eile ina slite beatha féin. Scríobh Charles Aaron i ''Spin'', &quot;Léirigh siad cé chomh fada agus a fhéadfadh le banna faoi chuim, spreagtha sa phunc, a dhul istigh sa tionscal gan a n-ionracas ealaíonta a dhíol i mbealach fhollasach ar bith. Fuair siad amach an bhealach le ceannach isteach, chan díol amach-lena rá ar chaoi eile, bhain siad amach an Aisling Bhoithéimeach Mheiriceánach.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aaron, Charles. &quot;The R.E.M. method and other rites of passage&quot;. ''Spin: 20 Years of Alternative Music.'' Three Rivers Press, 2005. ISBN 0-307-23662-5, l. 18&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt [[Steve Wynn (file amhrán)|Steve Wynn]] de [[Dream Syndicate]], &quot;Thionscain siad cluiche liathróide úrnua do na bhannaí eile go hiomlán a ghlacadh leis cibé acu gurb é [[Sonic Youth]] nó na [[The Replacements|Replacements]] nó [[Nirvana]] nó [[Butthole Surfers]].

== Dioscliosta ==
=== Albaim sa stiúideo ===
* ''[[Murmur]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Reckoning]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Fables of the Reconstruction]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Lifes Rich Pageant]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Document]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Green (albam)|Green]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Out of Time]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Automatic for the People]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Monster]]'' (1994)
* ''[[New Adventures in Hi-Fi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Up]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Reveal]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Around the Sun]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Accelerate]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Collapse into Now]]'' (2011)

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Racghrúpaí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Grúpaí ceoil bunaithe sa bhliain 1980]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fuadar Óir Chalifornia</title>
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[[Íomhá:California Clipper 500.jpg|220x220px|clé|Ar bord loinge chuig California ag tús an Fhudair]]
Thosaigh '''[[Fuadar óir|Fuadar Óir]] Chalifornia''' ar an [[24 Eanáir]], [[1848]] le fionnachtain [[ór|óir]] ag [[Muileann Sutter]] (Béarla: ''Sutter's Mills'') i gColoma, [[California]]. Scaip an nuacht chuig gach cearn den tír agus thar sáile, agus mheall an scéal 300,000 duine go California ón chuid eile de SAM agus thar lear.

== Forbhreathnú ==
[[Íomhá:CalGoldRushMap.jpg|thumb|Bealaí chuig California in 1849]]
[[Íomhá:SanFranciscoharbor1851c sharp.jpg|thumb|Loingeas trádála ag líonadh duganna San Francisco i 1850 nó 1851.]]
[[Íomhá:The Attack.jpg|thumb|Ionsaí na mbunduchasaigh ar lonnaíocht mianadóirí]]

Chuireadh tús leis an bh[[Fuadar óir|Fuadar Óir]] ag [[Muileann Sutter]], gearr do [[Coloma|Choloma]]. D'aimsigh James W. Marshall píosaí óir agus é i mbun oibre mar shaoiste, ag tógáil muileann sábhadóireachta, a obair don téisclimí [[John Sutter]]. Chonaic Marshall giotaí den mhiotail ag soilsiú ar bhruach [[Abhainn Mheiriceánach]].

Gan a mhór a dhéanamh de, chuir Marshall  agus Sutter na píosaí mhiotail faoi thriail, go príobháideach. Dearbhaíodh gur ór a bhí faighte acu.  Cheap Sutter go mbeadh na sluaite ann ar thóir an óir agus ar an drochuair bhí an ceart aige. 

Gan mórán moille, spréigh ráflaí amach faoin scéal. Dearbhaíodh scéal a d'fhoilsigh Samuel Brennan faoi, foilsitheoir [[Nuachtán|nuachtáin]] i San Francisco, i Mí Márta 1848.

== Eolas ==
* [[Hubert Howe Bancroft|Bancroft, Hubert Howe]] (1884–1890) ''[http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/HHBindex.htm History of California],'' vols. 18–24.
* {{cite news   | last = Gaither|first=Chris|coauthor=Chmielewski, Dawn C. | teideal= Google Bets Big on Videos   | foilsitheoir= Los Angeles Times  | dáta= [[2006-10-10]]  | url = http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-google10oct10,0,1747609.story?coll=la-home-business  | accessdate =  2006-10-10 }} Archived .pdf version of the page: [http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/latimes/2006-10-10_latimes_google_youtube.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151921/http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/latimes/2006-10-10_latimes_google_youtube.pdf |date=2007-06-16 }}
* ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' March 1855, volume 10, issue 58, p.543, [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&amp;coll=moa&amp;view=50&amp;root=%2Fmoa%2Fharp%2Fharp0010%2F&amp;tif=00553.TIF&amp;cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABK4014-0010-69 complete text online].

== Breis léitheoireachta ==
* Burchell, Robert A. (Summer 1974). &quot;The Loss of a Reputation; or, The Image of California in Britain before 1875&quot;. California Historical Quarterly 53 (3): 115–130. ISSN 0097-6059. 
* Burns, John F. and Richard J. Orsi (eds.) (2003). Taming the elephant: politics, government, and law in pioneer California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23413-8. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
* Drager, K.; C. Fracchia (1997). The golden dream: California from Gold Rush to statehood. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55868-312-7.
* Eifler, Mark A. (2002). Gold Rush capitalists: greed and growth in Sacramento. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2822-9.
* Holliday, J. S.; William Swain [1981] (2002). The world rushed in: the California Gold Rush experience. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3464-X.
* Hurtado, Albert L. (2006). John Sutter: a life on the North American frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3772-X.
* Johnson, Susan Lee (2001). Roaring Camp: the social world of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. ISBN 0-393-32099-5.
* Klare, Normand E. (2005). The final voyage of the SS Central America 1857. Ashland, Oregon: Klare Taylor Publishers. ISBN 0-9764403-0-X.[[Íomhá:CalifornianNewspaperGoldFoundMarch15-1848.jpg|mion]]
* Levy, JoAnn [1990] (1992). They saw the elephant: women in the California Gold Rush. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2473-3.
* Owens, Kenneth N. (ed.) (2002). Riches for all: the California Gold Rush and the world. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8617-1.
* Roberts, Brian (2000). American alchemy: the California Gold Rush and middle-class culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4856-5.
* [[Íomhá:Gold Rush flyer.jpg|mion]]Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1998). Days of gold: the California Gold Rush and American nation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21659-8.
* Watson, Matthew A. (2005). &quot;The Argonauts of '49: Class, Gender, and Partnership in Bret Harte's West.&quot;. Western American Literature 40 (1): 33–53. ISSN 0043-3462. 

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/peopleevents/p_hill.html PBS: Slavery in the California Gold Rush] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218155742/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/peopleevents/p_hill.html |date=2007-12-18 }}
* [http://www.museumca.org/goldrush/index.html Gold Rush! Oakland Museum of California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206080210/http://museumca.org/goldrush/index.html |date=2010-12-06 }}
* [http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist/chron1.html California Gold Rush chronology]
* [http://www.museumsiskiyoutrail.org Museum of the Siskiyou Trail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415171721/http://www.museumsiskiyoutrail.org/ |date=2012-04-15 }}
* [http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist2/gold.html Description by John Sutter of the Discovery of Gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517182116/http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist2/gold.html |date=2011-05-17 }}
* [[Íomhá:California gold rush 1948 U.S. stamp.1.jpg|mion]][http://www.isu.edu/~trinmich/teacher.html#anchor778135 Commentary accompanying PBS documentary film &quot;The Gold Rush&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207054032/http://isu.edu/~trinmich/teacher.html#anchor778135 |date=2009-02-07 }}
* [http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=484 Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park]
* [http://www.oldecolomatheatre.com/page3.html Olde Coloma Theatre Gold Rush Play] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716155042/http://www.oldecolomatheatre.com/page3.html |date=2007-07-16 }}
* [http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=552 Columbia State Historic Park]
*[http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/impact.html Impact of Gold Rush on California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517182242/http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/impact.html |date=2011-05-17 }}
* [http://www.calgoldrush.com/resources/gr_timeline.html California Gold Rush timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121081218/http://www.calgoldrush.com/resources/gr_timeline.html |date=2010-11-21 }}
* [http://www.pbs.org/goldrush/funfacts.html#anchor261419 The Gold Rush: fun facts]
* [http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/ghayes/goldrush.htm Gold Rush geology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230234814/http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/ghayes/goldrush.htm |date=2012-12-30 }}
* [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/prospect1/goldgip.html USGS circular on the geology of gold]
* [http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=457 Weaverville State Historic Park]
* [http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=456 Shasta State Historic Park]
* [http://www.calgoldrush.com/part3/03asians.html Chinese name for California and Chinese miners in California]
* [http://www.museumca.org/goldrush/getin-pr01.html San Francisco harbor Gold Rush archaeology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227172242/http://museumca.org/goldrush/getin-pr01.html |date=2011-12-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080117053503/http://www.nps.gov/archive/safr/local/frolic.html Gold Rush era ship wreck]
* [http://www.sscentralamerica.com/history.html S.S. Central America information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124225358/http://www.sscentralamerica.com/history.html |date=2016-11-24 }}
* [http://www.pacificwestcom.com/klare/ Final voyage of the S.S. Central America]
* [http://www.ncgold.com/History/california-gold-rush.html Stories of the People who lived the California Gold Rush] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810080108/http://www.ncgold.com/History/california-gold-rush.html |date=2011-08-10 }}
* [http://www.doradovista.com/DVGold.html A brief history of gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227024435/http://www.doradovista.com/DVGold.html |date=2007-12-27 }}
* [http://www.davidrumsey.com/directory/when/California+Gold+Rush/ Historic Maps of the California Gold Rush]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:California]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Stát Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Ór]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cat</title>
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Is mamach feoiliteach&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Hussey, Matt|date=2011|title=Fréamh an Eolais|issue=Coiscéim}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus [[ainmhí]] clóis é '''an cat''' (''Felis catus''), nó '''an cat clóis/tí/baile''',  mar a thugtar air uaireanta chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir é agus [[féilíneach|féilínigh]] eile.  Úsáidtear an t-ainm go coitianta ar an gcat teaghlaigh, agus ainmneacha dá gcuid féin ar speicis eile: leon, tíogar is eile.  

Meastar go bhfuil breis agus 600 - 1,000 milliún cat ar fud na cruinne inniu:  

* '''Cait bhaile (peataí):''' Thart ar 370–400 milliún cat a bhfuil úinéirí acu agus a chónaíonn i dtithe.
* Cait shráide agus cait fhiáine: Thart ar 200–600 milliún cat a mhaireann sa nádúr nó i gceantair uirbeacha gan úinéirí (cait strae nó cait fhiáine).

Inniu bíonn an-tóir go deo ar fhíseáin, íomhánna agus méimeanna a bhaineann leis an ainmhí beag. Is amhlaidh go bhfuil an oiread físeán faoi chait ar [[Youtube]] – thar 2 mhilliún! – go bhfuil ‘Sonóg Neamhoifigiúil an Idirlín’ baiste ar an chat!.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Ceiliúrtar [[Lá Idirnáisiúnta an Chait]] ar an 8 Lúnasa. Ba é an Ciste Idirnáisiúnta um Leas Ainmhithe&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, an ''International Fund for Animal Welfare''&lt;/ref&gt; a chuir tús leis an nós in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/saol/la-idirnaisiunta-an-chait/|teideal=Lá Idirnáisiúnta an Chait á cheiliúradh inniu!|údar=NÓS|dáta=8ú Lúnasa 2017|language=ga|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2021-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Book of Kells 48r - Katze und Maus.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Cat agus luch,  [[Leabhar Cheanannais]]]]
[[Íomhá:Cat play 02.webm|clé|mion|220x220px|Cat agus luch, bocht]]
[[Íomhá:Cat lapping water off ground in slow motion.gk.webm|clé|mion|deoch deas|220x220px]][[Íomhá:Cat Using Scratcher 1 2016-06-09.webm|clé|mion|cat agus a scrabhdóir|220x220px]]

== Stair ==
Tá caidreamh fada ag an gcat leis an g[[cine daonna]], ar a laghad 9,500 bliain,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus|teideal=Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9,500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus|dáta=2004-04-08|language=en|work=Animals|dátarochtana=2021-08-08|archivedate=2021-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223000737/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus}}&lt;/ref&gt; mar pheata agus chun an ruaig a chur ar [[míolra|mhíolra]].  

Téann bunús na gcat ceansaithe baile siar go dtí an Neasoirthear nuair a thosaigh an cat fiáin a dhul a chónaí i measc na m[[Baile|bailte]] nua a bhí á dtógáil ann ag an am. Bhí cait cheansaithe teaghlaigh san Éigipt '''chomh'''  fada siar le 4,000 bliain ó shin, agus is féidir go ndearna siad éabhlóid ón gcat fiáin. Síolraíonn gach cat ar domhan ó chúig chat fia baineann a ceansaíodh sa tréimhse sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Níorbh fhada gur leathnaigh an cat baile ar fud an domhain.

Faoin am seo tá an iliomad pór ann, a rangaítear go ginearálta mar chait mhaola, fhadmhosacha is ghearrmhosacha .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Géinitic ===
Tá an ráiteas thuas bunaithe ar thorthaí ó thagarmharc-staidéar géiniteach a foilsíodh san iris eolaíochta ''Science'' sa bhliain 2007 (faoi stiúir Carlos Driscoll).

Rinne na heolaithe anailís ar [[Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach|ADN]] miteacoindreach— an cineál ADN a tharchuirtear go díreach ó mháthair go sliocht — ó beagnach 1,000 cat ar fud an domhain, idir chait teaghlaigh agus chait fhiáine. Thaispeáin an taighde sin go dtagann gach cat baile atá ann inniu ó chúig líne mháthartha dhifriúla de chuid an chait fhiáin Neas-Oirthearaigh (''Felis silvestris lybica'').

Sa chiall ghéiniteach sin, is fíor go síolraíonn gach cat baile ar domhan ó chúig mháthair-shinsear (nó cúig líne bhunúsacha ó chait fhiáine bhaineanna) a ceansaíodh sa [[An Corrán Méith|Chorrán Méith]] sa Neasoirthear thart ar 9,000 go 10,000 bliain ó shin. Ní chiallaíonn sé sin nach raibh ach cúig chat aonair sa réigiún ar fad ag an am, ach gur ó na cúig mháthair-líne sin amháin a tháinig an DNA miotachondreach atá marthanach i gcait an lae inniu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&amp;species=felis-catus|teideal=BRAINMAPS.ORG - BRAIN ATLAS, BRAIN MAPS, BRAIN STRUCTURE,         NEUROINFORMATICS, BRAIN, STEREOTAXIC ATLAS, NEUROSCIENCE|údar=UC Davis|language=en|work=brainmaps.org|dátarochtana=2026-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/Sequencing/SeqProposals/CatSEQ.pdf|teideal=Cat genome|údar=genome.gov|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanasaíocht ==
Tá gach seans ann go síolraíonn an focal ‘cat’, atá le fáil i dteangacha ar fud na hEorpa, ón mhórcheantar céanna, ó theanga Afra-Áisice nó teanga a bhí á labhairt san [[An Éigipt|Éigipt]] roimh an [[An Choptais|Choptais]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Cur síos ==
[[Mamach]] beag [[feoiliteach]] atá i gceist. Déanann na cait fuaim faoi leith; deirtear go mbíonn an cat ag [[Fuaimeanna na Feirme|crónán]].

[[Creachadóir]] tréitheach é, agus meastar go bhfuil thart ar 1,000 speiceas á fhiach aige mar bhia. Tá sé sa dúchas ag an gcat lucha a mharú, go háirithe.

Bíonn an cat an-neamhspleách
[[Íomhá:Cat playing with a lizard.webm|mion|cat agus laghairt|220x220px]]
[[Íomhá:Cat Plays.webm|mion|ag súgradh|391x391px]][[Íomhá:Cat funny gif.gif|mion|220x220px]]

== Frásaí&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/cat|teideal=cat - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for cat by New English-Irish Dictionary|work=www.focloir.ie|dátarochtana=2021-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus seanfhocail ==
* &quot;a bheith cosúil le rud a tharraingeodh an cat isteach lá fliuch&quot;
*&quot;ag borradh is ag at mar a bheadh cat i mála&quot; 
*&quot;ar nós cat ar ghrideall&quot; 
*&quot;Ar fhuadaigh an cat do theanga?&quot; 
*&quot;Ar mhaithe leis féin a dhéanann an cat crónán&quot; 
*&quot;Beagán ar bheagán a d'ith an cat an scadán&quot; 
*&quot;bheith chomh ríméadach le cat a mbeadh bróga air&quot; 
*&quot;bheith chomh sásta le cat a mbeadh póca air&quot; 
*&quot;Bíonn gach cat liath san oíche&quot; 
*&quot;Briseann an dúchas trí shúile an chait&quot;
* &quot;Cad a dhéanfadh mac a' chait ach luch a mharú?&quot;
*&quot;chomh postúil le cat a mbeadh póca air&quot;
* &quot;chomh sásta le cat an dá eireaball&quot;
*&quot;Chuirfeadh sé cat ag gáire&quot;
*&quot;Dhéanfadh sé cat agus dhá eireaball air&quot;
*&quot;Fiosracht a mharaigh an cat&quot;
*&quot;Is aoibhinn leis an gcat an t-iasc ach ní háil leis a chosa a fhliuchadh&quot;
* &quot;Is é gnó an chait luch a mharú&quot;
*&quot;Is iomaí bealach le cat a mharú seachas é a thachtadh le him&quot;
*&quot;Is mac don chat an piscín&quot;
* &quot;Mura bhfuil cat sa teach beidh na lucha gan bac&quot;
* &quot;Nuair atá an cat amuigh, bíonn an luch ag rince&quot;
*&quot;Níl slí dhá chat chun rince ann&quot;
*&quot;Nuair a bhíonn an cat ar shiúl, bíonn cead rince ag na luchóga&quot;
* &quot;Ólann an cat ciúin bainne leis&quot;
*&quot;Scéal an chait, a piscín&quot;
* &quot;Tá cead ag an chat féachaint ar an rí (ach thig leis an rí é a chaitheamh)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4428339/4397297/4552318|teideal=Seanráite|language=en|work=dúchas.ie|dátarochtana=2021-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Féach freisin ==

* [[Lá Idirnáisiúnta an Chait]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc ==
* [http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&amp;species=felis-catus Inchinn an chait (Béarla)]
* [http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/lgd/comparative_genome/catgenome/index_n.asp Cat Genome Project]

{{Cat}}

[[Catagóir:Cait| ]]
[[Catagóir:Féilínigh]]
[[Catagóir:Ainmhithe tí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ash</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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Is racghrúpa as [[Dún Pádraig]], [[Contae an Dúin]] i d[[Tuaisceart na hÉireann]] é '''Ash''', a bunaíodh sa bhliain 1992. Aicmíodh iad sa sheánra &quot;[[Britpop]]&quot; ar dtús sna nóchaidí. Tá cúpla amhrán cáiliúil acu, mar shampla ''[[Girl From Mars]]'', ''[[Oh Yeah]]'', ''[[Shining Light]]'' agus ''[[Burn Baby Burn]]''.   Is iad Tim Wheeler ([[giotár]] agus [[amhránaí]]), Mark Hamilton ([[dordghiotár]]) agus Rick McMurry ([[drumaí]]) na ceoltóirí reatha atá sa bhanna. Bhí [[Charlotte Hatherley]] sa bhanna ó 1997 go 2006, sheinn sí giotár agus chan sí fonnadóireacht taca.

== Stair ==
=== Bunú an bhanna, ''Trailer'' agus ''1977'' (1989-97) ===
{{Príomhalt|Trailer|1977 (albam)}}
Sheinn Tim Wheeler agus Mark Hamilton le cheile i mbanna leagain Iron Maiden, darbh ainm ''Vietnam'', ó 1989. Bhuail siad le drumadóir Rick McMurray agus bunaíodh Ash. Fuair siad an t-ainm as an [[foclóir|fhoclóir]] agus ba é &quot;Ash&quot; an chéad fhocal ar mhaith leo. Sa bhliain sin, rinne an banna trí théip shamplach - ''Solar Happy'' i mí an Mheithimh, ''Shed'' i mí Mheán Fómhair agus an ''Home Demo'' i mí na Samhna. Beidh roinnt amhrán as na téipeanna seo ar ''[[Trailer]]'', mar shampla &quot;Intense Thing&quot;, &quot;Get Out&quot;, &quot;Obscure Thing&quot;,&quot; agus &quot;[[Jack Names the Planets]]&quot;.

Sa bhliain 1993, thaifead an banna an téip shamplach ''Garage Girl''. Bhí &quot;Jack Names the Planets&quot; agus &quot;Intense Thing&quot; (de chuid ''Shed'') ach amhráin nua fosta, san áireamh &quot;[[Petrol (amhrán Ash)|Petrol]]&quot;, ar an téip. Tar éis ''Garage Girl'', chuir siad téip dhíolama, darbh ainm ''Pipe Smokin' Brick'' amach. Thaifead an banna na téipeanna samplacha le ceoltóir Dhún Pádraig, Ray Valentine, ina stiúideo taifeadta, &quot;Cosmic Rays&quot;. An an am,  &quot;Genuine Real Teenagers&quot; (&quot;déagóirí fíora dílse&quot;) a thugtar orthu mar go raibh siad an-óg nuair a thaifead siad a n-ábhar luath (bhí siad ar scoil fós). Ní bhfuair na téipeanna go leor aird ach, sa bhliain 1994, chuala Stephen Taverner (nó &quot;Tav&quot;) ''Garage Girl'' agus d'íoc sé as 1000 cóip de &quot;''Jack Names the Planets''&quot; a phreasáil ar a lipéad, ''La La Land''. Rinneadh a mbainisteoir lánaimseartha dó, fosta.

Chuir Ash an mionalbam [[Trailer]], le seacht n-amhrán atá ann, amach i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1994. Fuair siad am craolta le [[Steve Lemac]] ar ''[[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]]'' agus d'eisigh siad cúpla singil eile, &quot;[[Petrol (amhrán Ash)|Petrol]]&quot; agus &quot;[[Uncle Pat]]&quot; lena lipéad nua, ''[[Infectious Records]]''. Sa bhliain 1995, d'fhág siad an scoil agus d'eisigh siad na singilí &quot;[[Kung Fu (amhrán Ash)|Kung Fu]]&quot;,  &quot;[[Girl From Mars]]&quot; agus &quot;[[Angel Interceptor]]&quot;. Bhí &quot;Kung Fu&quot; ar na creidiúintí don scannán de chuid [[Jackie Chan]], darb ainm ''[[Rumble in the Bronx]]''. Bhí dhá amhrán, &quot;Jack Names the Planets&quot; agus &quot;Kung Fu&quot;, sa scannán ''[[Angus (scannán)|Angus]]'' fosta. Ag deireadh na bliana sin, chuir Ash singil eagráin teoranta amach, bá leagan d'amhrán de chuid ''[[The Temptations]]'' é, &quot;[[Get Ready (amhrán The  Temptations)|Get Ready]]&quot;.

Sa bhliain 1996, eisíodh na singilí, &quot;[[Goldfinger (amhrán Ash)|Goldfinger]]&quot; agus &quot;[[Oh Yeah (amhrán Ash)|Oh Yeah]]&quot; leis an albam ''[[1977 (albam)|1977]]''. Bhí an t-albam ag uimhir 1 ar chairt albaim sa [[Ríocht Aontaithe]]. Bhí an traic &quot;Lose Control&quot; ar an [[físchluiche|fhíschluiche]] ''[[Gran Turismo]]''. Ar [[17 Feabhra]] [[1997]], chuir Ash albam beo amach, ''[[Live at the Wireless]]''. Sa samhradh na bliana 1997, sheinn Ash i do phríomhoirfideach ag [[Féile Glastonbury]].

=== Charlotte Hatherley, ''Nu-Clear Sounds'' agus ''Free All Angels'' (1998–2004) ===
{{Príomhalt|Nu-Clear Sounds|Free All Angels}}
Tar éis turais le [[Weezer]], shíl Ash go raibh srian go sonach leis an banna triúir, mar sin, d'fhostaigh siad dara giotáraí, darb ainm [[Charlotte Hatherley]]. Sheinneadh Hatherley leis an bhanna ''[[Nightnurse]]'' roimhe sin. Ba í ''[[A Life Less Ordinary (amhrán Ash)|A Life Less Ordinary]]'' a gcéad eisiúint le Hatherley. Bhí an t-amhrán sa scannán [[Ewan McGregor]]/[[Cameron Diaz]] [[A Life Less Ordinary (scannán)|leis an ainm céanna]].

I mí Mheán Fómhair 1998, chuir Ash an singil &quot;[[Jesus Says]]&quot; agus an t-albam ''[[Nu-Clear Sounds]]'' an mí dár gcionn. Eisíodh an singil &quot;[[Wildsurf]]&quot; i mí na Samhna. Bá theip ó thaobh na tráchtála de agus i measc na léirmheastóirí é ''Nu-Clear Sounds''. Bhí an banna spíonta tar éis turasóireacht agus bhí siad faoi bhrú. Sa bhliain 1999, chuaigh Wheeler ar iarraidh ar feadh tamall beag. Tháinig sé ar ais i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] agus rinne sé an físeán conspóideach don amhrán ''[[Numbskull (ceirnín leathfhada)|Numbskull]]''.
[[Íomhá:Ash-in-tempe-2005-charlotte-np-cropped.JPG|mion|deas|Ash in 2005: (C-D) Hamilton, McMurray, Hatherley, Wheeler]]
Bhí an banna beagnach bancbhriste. D'fhill siad abhaile na hóige de chuid Wheeler agus scríobh siad amhráin nua. Eisíodh an singil &quot;[[Shining Light]]&quot; i mí Eanáir 2001, bhí sé ag uimhir 5 ar chairt sa Ríocht Aontaithe. Eisíodh an t-albam ''[[Free All Angels]]'' i mí Aibreáin 2001 agus chuaigh sé go huimhir 1 ar chairt albaim sa Ríocht Aontaithe, a ndara halbam #1, agus bhí sé ag uimhir 2 ar chairt albaim na h[[Éireann]]. Eisíodh singilí eile: &quot;[[Burn Baby Burn]]&quot;, &quot;[[Sometimes]]&quot;, &quot;[[Candy (amhrán Ash)|Candy]]&quot; agus &quot;[There's a Star]]&quot;. Sa bhliain 2002, eisíodh albam bailiúcháin, ''[[Intergalactic Sonic 7″s]]'', leis an singil nua &quot;[[Envy (amhrán Ash)|Envy]]&quot;.

Sa bhliain 2003, thuairiscigh na meáin go raibh Ash ag déanamh scannán sléachta darbh ainm ''&quot;Slashed&quot;''. Scannánaíodh ar thuras i Meiriceá é. Scríobh Jed Sheppard an script scannáin agus ba é Alexander Marks an stiúrthóir. Bhí príomhpháirteanna ag [[Chris Martin]] agus [[Jonny Buckland]], de chuid [[Coldplay]]. Bhí [[Moby]], [[James Nesbitt]], [[Dave Grohl]] agus Ash iad féin sa scannán fosta. Tá an scannán neamheisithe fós.

===''Meltdown'' agus imeacht Hatherley (2004-06) ===
{{Príomhalt|Meltdown (albam Ash)}}

I mí Feabhra 2004, eisíodh an singil &quot;[[Clones]]&quot; trí íoslódáil agus eisíodh an singil &quot;[[Orpheus (amhrán Ash)|Orpheus]]&quot; ar 3 Bealtaine. Ar 17 Bealtaine, d'eisigh Ash ''[[Meltdown (albam Ash)|Meltdown]]'' agus chuaigh sé go huimhir 5 ar chairt albaim sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus uimhir 6 ar chairt albaim na hÉireann. Sa samhradh céanna, chuir Hatherley albam aonair amach, ''[[Grey Will Fade]]''. Chuir Ash na singilí, &quot;[[Starcrossed]]&quot; agus &quot;[[Renegade Cavalcade]]&quot;, ar 19 Iúil agus 6 Nollaig faoi seach. Thug an banna an t-amhrán ''Clones'' don [[Físchluiche|fhíschluiche]] [[Star Wars]], ''Republic Commando''. Bhí &quot;Meltdown&quot; agus &quot;Orpheus&quot; sa [[Fuaimrian|fhuaimrian]] don scannán ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]''. Bhí an t-amhrán ''Vampire Love'' sa scannán ''[[American Pie Presents: Band Camp]]''.

Ar 20 Eanáir 2006, d'fhógair Ash gur fhág Hatherley an banna.

=== ''Twilight of the Innocents'' agus Sraith A-Z (2006–11) ===
{{Príomhalt|Twilight of the Innocents}}
Sa bhliain 2006, thosaigh na buncheoltóirí obair ar albam nua, ''[[Twilight of the Innocents]]'', ina stiúideosan nua i g[[Cathair Nua-Eabhrac]]. Eisíodh an traic réamhléirithe, &quot;I Started a Fire&quot; i mí Feabhra 2007. Eisíodh an chéad singil fisiciúil as an albam, &quot;[[You Can't Have It All]]&quot;, i mí Aibreáin 2007 agus eisíodh an t-albam an mí dár gcionn. Chuir siad na singilí eile, &quot;[[Polaris]]&quot; and &quot;[[End of the World]]&quot;, i mí Meithimh agus mí Mheán Fómhair faoi seach. D'fhógair Ash gurbh é an t-albam seo a gceann deireanach ach níl siad ag briseadh suas. Dúirt siad nach n-eiseoidh siad ach singilí. Luaigh siad athruithe i dtionscal an cheoil agus sa nósanna éisteachta.

Sa bhliain 2008, d'eisigh Ash leagan speisialta de ''[[1977 (albam)|1977]]'' le trí dhiosca. Sa bhliain 2009, thosaigh siad ag taifeadadh ábhair nua agus chuir siad an singil nua, &quot;Return of the White Rabbit&quot;, amach. I mí Mheán Fómhair 2009, thosaigh Ash an t[[Sraith A-Z]] agus d'eisigh siad singil nua gach coicís le bliain. Cuireadh na singilí seo le chéile ar dhá bhailiúchán níos déanaí. Chuaigh [[Russell Lissack]] (de chuid [[Bloc Party]]) sa bhanna mar ghiotáraí beo ó 2010 go 2011. Eisíodh an albam bailiúcháin, ''[[The Best of Ash]]'', sa bhliain 2011. Sa bhliain chéanna, chomhoibrigh siad le [[We Are Scientists]], agus d'eisigh siad leagan d'amhrán de chuid Robert Manning, &quot;Washington Parks&quot;. Bhí an singil ag bailiú airgid ar son carthanachta. Cheiliúir siad an cuimhneachán deich mbliana ón eisiúint de [[Free All Angels]] sa bhliain 2011 agus d'athaontaigh siad Charlotte Hatherley do roinnt ceolchoirmeacha.

=== ''Kablammo!'' (2012-16) ===
{{Príomhalt|Kablammo!}}

I mí an Mheithimh 2012, cheiliúir Ash fiche bliain le chéile agus rinne siad dhá cheolchoirm ceiliúrtha i m[[Béal Feirste]] agus [[Londain]]. Sa mí dár gcionn, chuir siad ceirnín leathfhada le leaganacha d'amhrán amach darb ainm ''Little Infinity''. I mí na Samhna 2012, chuaigh siad ar thuras chun Mheiriceá agus rinne siad roinnt seó le [[Weezer]] fosta. Bhí siad ina mbanna tacaíochta ag [[Smashing Pumpkins]] i [[Wembley Arena]] sa bhliain 2013 agus sheinn siad ag an fhéile [[South by Southwest]] in [[Austin, Texas]]. Sa bhliain 2014, chuir Wheeler albam aonair, ''Lost Domain'', amach.

Cé go ndúirt siad nach n-eiseoidh albam eile arís, d'eisigh siad albam nua, ''[[Kablammo!]]'', i mí na Bealtaine 2015. Eisíodh an singil &quot;Cocoon&quot; roimh an albam agus eisíodh &quot;Free&quot; and &quot;Machinery&quot; ina dhiaidh sin. I mí na Nollag, chuir siad an t-albam beo, ''Live on Mars: London Astoria 1997'', amach agus chuaigh siad ar thuras.

=== ''Islands'', ''Race the Night'' agus ''Ad Astra'' (2017-inniu) ===
{{Príomhalt|Islands (albam Ash)|Race the Night|Ad Astra (albam)}}

Ar 18 Bealtaine 2018, d'eisigh siad an t-albam ''[[Islands (albam Ash)|Islands]]''. Eisíodh an singil &quot;Buzzkill&quot; (le Damien O'Neill agus Mickey Bradley, de chuid [[The Undertones]] ar fhonnadóireacht taca) roimh an albam. Chuir siad na singilí, &quot;Annabel&quot; agus &quot;Confessions in the Pool&quot;, i mí Aibreáin 2018 agus i mí na Bealtaine 2018 faoi seach. 

I mí na Bealtaine 2019, d'eisigh siad boscra, le deich ceirnín seacht horlaí atá ann, darb ainm ''Ash – 94-04: The 7” Singles Box Set''. Ar 14 Feabhra 2020, d'eisigh siad albam díolama nua, darb ainm ''Teenage Wildlife: 25 Years of Ash''. Phleanáil an banna dul ar thuras ach cuireadh na ceolchoirmeacha siar de thairbhe [[COVID-19]].

Ar 14 Meitheamh 2023, d'eisigh siad an singil &quot;Race the Night&quot; agus eisíodh an t-albam leis an ainm céanna ar 23 Meán Fómhair. Eisíodh na singilí &quot;Like a God&quot; agus &quot;Usual Places&quot; fosta.

I mí Aibreáin 2025, d'eisigh Ash leagan d'amhrán de chuid [[Harry Belafonte]], ''[[Jump in the Line (Shake, Senora)|Jump in the Line]]''. I mí Iúil, d'fhógair siad go n-eiseofaí albam nua, darb ainm ''[[Ad Astra (albam)|Ad Astra]]'', ar 3 Deireadh Fómhair 2025. Eisíodh an singil &quot;Give Me Back My World&quot; fosta.

== Saothair ==
=== Albaim ===
* ''[[Trailer]]'' - mí Dheireadh Fómhair, 1994
* ''[[1977 (albam)|1977]]'' - 6 Bealtaine, 1996
* ''[[Nu-Clear Sounds]]'' - 5 Deireadh Fómhair, 1998
* ''[[Free All Angels]]'' - 23 Aibreán, 2001
* ''[[Meltdown (albam Ash)|Meltdown]]'' - 17 Bealtaine, 2004
* ''[[Twilight of the Innocents]]'' - 2 Iúil, 2007
* ''[[Kablammo!]]'' - 20 Aibreán, 2015
* ''[[Islands (albam Ash)|Islands]]'' - 18 Bealtaine, 2018
* ''[[Race the Night]]'' - 15 Meán Fómhair, 2023
* ''[[Ad Astra (albam)|Ad Astra]]'' - 3 Deireadh Fómhair, 2025

=== Beo ===
* ''[[Live at the Wireless]]'' - 17 Feabhra, 1997
* ''Live on Mars: London Astoria 1997 - 2 Nollaig, 2016 

=== Bailiúcháin ===
* ''[[Intergalactic Sonic 7″s]]'' - 9 Meán Fómhair 2002
* ''A-Z Volume 1'' - 19 Aibreán, 2010
* ''A-Z Volume 2'' - 25 Deireadh Fómhair, 2010
* ''The Best of Ash'' - 3 Deireadh Fómhair, 2011
* ''Teenage Wildlife: 25 Years of Ash'' - 14 Feabhra, 2020

=== Scannáin ===
* ''No One Said It Was Going to Be Easy'' - 1997
* ''Tokyo Blitz'' - Nollaig, 2001

== Ceoltóirí  ==
===Reatha===
* [[Tim Wheeler]], [[giotár]] agus [[amhránaí]] (1992 - inniu)
* Mark Hamilton, [[dordghiotár]] (1992 - inniu) 
* Rick McMurry, [[drumaí]] (1992 - inniu)

===Iarbhall ===
* [[Charlotte Hatherley]], giotár agus fonnadóireacht taca (1997 - 2006, aoi:2011, 2022)
=== Beo ===
* [[Russell Lissack]] – giotár (2010 – 2011)
* [[LaFaro|Alan Lynn]], drumaí (2011, aoi:2012)

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{stumpa}}

[[Catagóir:Racghrúpaí as Tuaisceart na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Grúpaí ceoil bunaithe sa bhliain 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Géarghortú scamhóige bainteach le fuilaistriú</title>
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      <text bytes="1608" sha1="gqzf5fquqp0uc5xx8yfqd3v0as4uvz4" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Galar}}

Ceann de na príomhchúiseanna le básmhaireacht bainteach le [[fuilaistriú]] is ea '''Géarghortú Scamhóige bainteach le Fuilaistriú''' (GGSBF).&lt;ref name='Tearma'&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/g%C3%A9arghort%C3%BA%20scamh%C3%B3ige%20bainteach%20le%20fuilaistri%C3%BA/|title=“géarghortú scamhóige bainteach le fuilaistriú” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2024-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roinntear GGSBF ina 'Géarghortú Scamhóige bainteach le Fuilaistriú' (GGSBF) agus ina 'Géarghortú Scamhóige bainteach le Fuilaistriú Féideartha' (GGSBFF).

Seo a leanas sainairíonna GGSBF:
* Teacht géar na n-airíonna
* Hipicséim SpO2&lt;90% ar aer an tseomra nó fianaise eile ar hipicséime
* Ionsíothláití déthaobhacha ar X-ghathú cliabhraigh tosaigh
* Gan aon fhianaise ar ró-ualach imshruthaithe
* Gan aon réamhghortú géar scamhóige ann roimh an nhfuilaistriú ná lena linn ná go ceann sé huaire an chloig ina dhiaidh
* Gan aon ghluaiseacha eile den ghort gar scamhóige i láthair

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060213203948/http://www.fda.gov/cber/ltr/trali101901.htm Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury] - US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA).
* [http://www.ashi-hla.org/publicationfiles/ASHI_Quarterly/28_2_2004/Neutrophil_Ag_Ab.pdf Neutrophil Antigens and Antibodies] - American Society of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.

[[Catagóir:Fuilaistriú]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cath Eachroma</title>
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      <text bytes="11280" sha1="8lgu966cdnra0aafrsv70zf7c6pjmuk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Coinbhleacht Mhíleata
|méid=300px
|coinbhleacht=Cath Eachroma
|cuid_de=Cuid de [[Cogadh an Dá Rí|Chogadh an Dá Rí]]
|íomhá=Aughrim_cross.jpg
|méid_íomhá=280px
|teideal_íomhá=Cros chuimhneacháin ar Armhá Eachroma
|dáta=[[12 Iúil]] [[1691]]
|áit=Is gaire, [[Eachroim, Contae na Gaillimhe|Eachroim]], in iarthar [[Éire|na hÉireann]]
|toradh=Bua [[Clann Bhullaí|Chlann Bhullaí]]
|comhraiceoir1=Arm [[Seacaibíteachas|Seacaibíteach]]&lt;br /&gt; (Trúpaí Éireannacha agus Francacha)
|comhraiceoir2=Arm Rí Liam&lt;br /&gt;(Dúitsigh, Briotanaigh, Danmhargaig agus Trúpaí na nUgóineach Francach)
|ceannasaí1=[[Marquis de Saint Ruth]]
|ceannasaí2=[[Godert de Ginkell, Céad Iarla Átha Luain|Godert de Ginkell]]
|líon_comhraic1=18,000 
|líon_comhraic2=20,000
|taismigh1=4000 básanna. 3/4000 gabháilte nó in easnamh
|taismigh2=3000
|nótaí=† Fuair bás sa choimhlint
|}}
Tharla '''Cath Eachroma''' le linn [[Cogadh an Dá Rí|Chogadh an Dá Rí]] (''nó Cogadh Rí Liam'') ar an [[12 Iúil]] [[1691]]. Maraíodh suas le seacht míle duine ann in aon tráthnóna amháin. Ina measc siúd bhí tuairim is 2,000 de lucht tacaíocht [[Liam III Shasana|Ri Liam]], mar aon leis na mílte de lucht tacaíochta [[Séamus II Shasana|Rí Shéamais]]. Ba chath cinniúnach é, mar is de bharr an chatha seo a rinneadh [[Conradh Luimnigh]] agus a tharla a lán eile ina dhiaidh---[[na Péindlíthe]] agus riar na h[[Éire]]ann idir 1691 agus 1922.

Is reilig mhór í Ármhá Eachroma ach ar chúiseanna éagsúla is beag athrú a rinneadh ar an bpáirc go dtí le fíorghairid. Sa bhliain 1970 chuir [[Contae na Gaillimhe|Comhairle Chontae na Gaillimhe]] bóthar mór trí lár na páirce catha. Anois tá ollbhóthar [[Béal Átha na Sluaighe|Bhéal Átha Slua]] go [[Gaillimh]] le bheith díreach in aice na páirce agus í ag dul trasna cuid bheag di.

== Réamhscéal ==
Seasamh cosanta a bhí ag na [[Seacaibíteach|Seacaibítigh]] i samhradh na bliana 1691.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fr/books?id=M4MPAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA746&amp;lpg=RA1-PA74#PRA1-PA745,M1 ''Histoire de l'Irlande ancienne et moderne:'' tirée des monumens les ..., Volume 3] Par Mac-Geoghegan (James, abbé) lgh 743-747. Aistriúchán: ''The History of Ireland, Ancient and Modern, Taken From the Most Authentic Records, and Dedicated to the Irish Brigade''. By the Abbe Mac-Geoghegan. Tr. From the French by Patrick O'Kelly. ISBN 13: 9781425566388 ISBN 10: 1425566383&lt;/ref&gt; I rith na bliana roimhe sin chúlaigh siad taobh thiar d'Abhainn na Sionainne, a bhí ina móta timpeall Chúige Chonnacht, agus daingin i [[Sligeach]], i m[[Baile Átha Luain]] agus i [[Luimneach]] ag cosaint na mbealaí isteach. Ón ionad seo, bhí na Seacaibítigh ag súil le cúnamh míleata a fháil ó [[Louis XIV na Fraince]] trí na bailte port, agus, ar dheireadh thiar thall, a bheith in ann an chuid eile den tír a athghabháil. 

D'éirigh le Godert de Ginkell, ginearál Ollannach (agus céad Iarla Bhaile Átha Luain), dul trasna Abhainn na Sionainne agus an líne chosanta a shárú ag [[Baile Átha Luain]]. Ghabh sé an baile mór le léigear ach maraíodh mórán. Theip ar Mharcas St Ruth (Charles Chalmont), an ginearál Seacaibíteach, teacht roimh an namhaid in am toisc é a bheith ag cruinniú a chuid saighdiúirí, ag fáil fir nua i measc na ropairí, agus ag bailiú fir eile ó na huaisle áitiúla. 

Ghluais Ginkel síos an bóthar mór chun [[Luimneach|Luimnigh]] agus [[Gaillimh]]e, ach tar éis dó Baile Átha na Sluaighe a chur de fuair sé arm St Ruth roimhe ag [[Eachroim, Contae na Gaillimhe|Eachroim]] ar 12 Iúil 1891. Bhí timpeall 20,000 fear i ngach arm. Gaeil ab ea formhór arm St Ruth, agus bhí Sasanaigh, Albannaigh, Danair, Ollannaigh, Úgóinigh de chuid Chonradh Augsburg agus Protastúnaigh ó Chúige Uladh in arm Uilliam.

Chuir St Ruth a chuid coisithe ina líne ar dhroim Chill Chumadáin, áit a raibh fálta agus clathacha. Bhí portach ar thaobh na láimhe clé agus cabhsa a raibh sráidbhaile Eachroma agus seanchaisleán os a chionn. Chuir St Ruth an chuid ab fhearr de na coisithe ar an gcliathán eile faoi cheannas an Ridire de Tessé (Philibert-Emmanuel de Froulay), a leascheannaire, in éineacht le formhór an mharcshlua faoi cheannas [[Pádraig Sáirséal|Phádraig Sáirséal]].

== An cath ==
Thug Ginkel iarracht ar bhreith d'ionsaí leataoibh ar an gcliathán oscailte le coisithe agus marcshlua. Chúlaigh siad roimh fhrithionsaí tréan, agus thalmhaigh fórsaí Uilliam ar chúl stácaí mar chosaint ar an marcshlua. Fágadh na hÚgóinigh gan chosaint ar ísleán agus maraíodh neart acu in áit a dtugtar &quot;Log na Fola&quot; anois uirthi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://ims0.osiemaps.ie/website/publicviewer/main.aspx#V1,579608,726802,7 |teideal=Léarscáil stairiúil de chuid Shuirbhé Ordanáis na hÉireann. |dátarochtana=2011-07-18 |archivedate=2010-05-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529055024/http://ims0.osiemaps.ie/website/publicviewer/main.aspx#V1,579608,726802,7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ansin d'ionsaigh coisithe Uilliam, faoi cheannas Aodh Mac Aoidh, na Seacaibítigh ar dhroim Chill Chumadáin, áit a raibh sraith trinsí, ach ba chrua é a gcás mar tar éis dóibh trinse amháin a ghabháil bheidís faoi lámhach na ngunnaí ón gcéad trinse eile. Rinne na coisithe úd, dream ar Shasanaigh agus Albannaigh a bhformhór, trí ionsaí, agus ba é an chéad cheann a thug an t-achar ab fhaide iad. Bhí orthu cúlú faoi dheireadh, áfach, agus an marcshlua ina ndiaidh. Thug siad an portach orthu féin, áit ar maraíodh nó ar bádh cuid mhaith acu. D'éirigh leis na Seacaibítigh roinnt gunnaí de chuid na namhad a spícéail. 

Ní raibh de rogha ag Ginkel ansin ach iarracht a dhéanamh ar dhul ar aghaidh ar an gcabhsa. Ba chóir gurbh fhurasta teacht roimhe agus na cosantóirí chomh tréan sin sa chaisleán. Chuir Mac Aoidh an lucht ionsaí, ar mharcshlua a bhformhór, ar aghaidh ina dhá dhream, ceann acu ag teacht feadh an chabhsa agus ceann eile ag teacht sa treo céanna theas. Ar dtús chuir na cosantóirí ina gcoinne go géar, ach fuair siad amach ansin nár oir a gcuid piléar breise do na muscaeid Fhrancacha a bhí acu, agus nuair a thug reisimint Angla-Ollannach ruathar eile faoi cheannas Henri de Massue (céad Iarla na Gaillimhe) bhain siad amach sráidbhaile Eachroma gan líon mór fear a chailleadh.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[The] fire from the castle on the right. . . was insignificant for it slew but a few in the passage. The reason of it was given because the men had French pieces, the bore of which was small and had English ball which was too large.&quot; &quot;Plunkett's Jacobite account&quot;, luaite in Boulger, Demetrius C., ''The Battle of the Boyne'', Martin Secker, London, 1911, lch 238.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhí marcshlua ann faoi cheannas an Choirnéil Anraí Lutrell mar chúltaca chun an cliathán a chosaint, ach d'ordaigh Lutrell dóibh cúlú, agus ba ghearr go raibh ar gharastún an chaisleáin géilleadh. Bhí siad á rá go bhfuair Lutrell breab ón namhaid, agus dúnmharaíodh i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]] dá bharr é. 

Is dócha gur chreid St Ruth gurbh fhéidir an namhaid a chloí, ach fad is a bhí sé ag iarraidh marcshlua na láimhe clé a athchruinniú chun go gcuirfidís ruaig ar mharcshlua Uilliam bhain caor ordanáis an ceann de, rud an bhain an misneach dá chuid fear. Bhain siad na cosa as agus b'fhurasta d'fhórsaí Uilliam teacht timpeall ar na fórsaí Seaicibíteacha. D'aithin Seacaibítigh an chliatháin dheis gurbh fhearr teitheadh ná seasamh, cé go ndearna Sáirséal iarracht cúlgharda a chur idir iad agus an namhaid. Bhí cosantóirí Chill Chumadáin timpeallaithe faoin am seo agus thug siad do na boinn é, ach d'fhág an namhaid a gcoirp spréite go tiubh ar an gcnoc.

== Toradh an chatha ==

Tá a lán meastachán déanta ar an líon fear a maraíodh. Is é an tuairim is coitianta gur maraíodh timpeall 7,000 fear, agus déarfadh daoine éigin gur chaill lucht Uilliam a oiread is 3,000,&lt;ref&gt;Piers Wauchope, ''Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War'', lch 232&lt;/ref&gt; ach deir staraithe eile gur maraíodh idir 1,000 agus 2,000 duine acu agus gur chaill na Seacaibítigh timpeall 4,000.&lt;ref&gt;Féach McCoy, lch 267.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Deir Pádraig Lenihan in ''Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603-1727'', lch 186, nach mór a chur san áireamh &quot;one fifth of the estimated 20,000 strong Irish army and at least 1,200 Allies killed in the opening attacks&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Chaill na Seacaibítigh mórán oifigeach agus cailleadh roinnt mhór dá lón cógaidh, agus tugadh ''Eachroim an áir'' ar an gcath. 

D'fhág an méid seo gurbh é Cath Eachroma cath na cinniúna sa chogadh. Ghéill Gaillimh ar choinníollacha maithe, agus ghéill príomharm na Seacaibíteach de réir choinníollacha [[Conradh Luimnigh|Chonradh Luimnigh]] tar éis léigir ghearr sa bhliain 1691.

== An láithreán ==

Thosaigh conspóid in Éirinn faoi phlean chun Mótarbhealach M6 a thógáil trasna cuid de mhachaire an chatha. Chuir lucht timpeallachta, staraithe agus baill den Ord Oráisteach i gcoinne an phlean, ach d'oscail an mótarbhealach sa bhliain 2009.

== Íomhánna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Íomhá:Léarscáil an chatha.jpg|Léarscáil an chatha
Íomhá:Cros chuimhneacháin ar Armhá Eachroma.jpg|Cros chuimhneacháin ar Armhá Eachroma
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Foinsí ==
* Boulger, Demetrius C. ''The Battle of the Boyne, Together with an Account Based on French &amp; Other Unpublished Records of the War in Ireland 1688-1691'' Martin Secker, London, 1911.([http://www.archive.org/download/battleofboynetog00boul/battleofboynetog00boul_bw.pdf Ar fáil mar pdf])
* Waudchope, Piers.''Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War'', Dublin 1992.
* Simms, J.G.. ''Jacobite Ireland'', London 1969.
* Hayes McCoy, G.A.. ''Irish Battles'', Belfast 1990.
* Ó Ciardha, Éamonn , ''Ireland and the Jacobite cause - a Fatal Attachment'', Dublin 2002.
* Lenihan, Pádraig. ''1690, Battle of the Boyne'', Tempus, 2003.

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* http://genforum.com/kirwin/messages/29.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711084422/http://genforum.com/kirwin/messages/29.html |date=2011-07-11 }} Lámhscríbhinní mhuintir Kirwin.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629080551/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/aughrim.shtml Leathanach staire de chuid an BBC ar Chath Eachroma]
* [http://ims0.osiemaps.ie/website/publicviewer/main.aspx#V1,579007,727133,7 Áit an chatha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529055024/http://ims0.osiemaps.ie/website/publicviewer/main.aspx#V1,579007,727133,7 |date=2010-05-29 }} ar ''Mapviewer'' Shuirbhé Ordanáis na hÉireann.
* [http://www.theirishstory.com/2011/07/02/padraig-lenihan-on-the-battle-of-aughrim/ Agallamh faoin gcath le Pádraig Lenihan, staraí.]
* [http://folktunefinder.com/tune/80681/ Fonn: Cath Eachroma.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308122035/http://folktunefinder.com/tune/80681 |date=2016-03-08 }}

[[Catagóir:1691 in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Cathanna Chogadh Rí Liam in Éirinn|Eachroim]]
[[Catagóir:Cathanna Chogadh an Dá Rí|Eachroim]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Ríochta Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Cathanna Chogadh an Chomhaontais Mhóir|Eachroim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>An Hiondúis</title>
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      <comment>Cealaíodh athrú [[Special:Diff/1328455|1328455]] le [[Special:Contributions/~2026-49449-44|~2026-49449-44]] ([[User talk:~2026-49449-44|plé]])  (cross-wiki spam)</comment>
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Tá an '''Hiondúis''' (Devanagari: हिन्दी, हिंदी, ISO: Hiondúis), nó níos cruinne, is teanga [[Ind-Arianach]] í an Nua-Chaighdeán Hindi a labhraítear go príomha ar fud thuaisceart agus lár na h[[India]]. Bunaithe go príomha ar “chanúint Khariboli” na [[Deilí]] agus na ceantair chomharsanachta i dtuaisceart na hIndia, cuireadh síos ar an Hiondúis mar an éagsúlacht “Caighdeánach” agus “[[Sanscrait]]-ised” den teanga Hindustani. 

Labhraítear an Hiondúis go forleathan ar fud fho-ilchríoch na hIndia agus tá sí ar cheann de dhá theanga oifigiúla atá aitheanta ag rialtas na hIndia, mar aon leis an mBéarla.  Is teanga oifigiúil í i 9 Stát agus i 3 Críoch an Aontais, agus teanga oifigiúil bhreise i 3 Stát eile. 

Tá an Hiondúis ar cheann de 22 theanga sceidealaithe Phoblacht na hIndia freisin. De réir dhaonáireamh Indiach 2011: thuairiscigh 322 milliún duine san India, go príomha ó laistigh den “chreasa Hiondúis” go raibh an Hiondúis mar theanga dhúchais acu;  in 2016 mhaígh 270 milliún eile go raibh siad in ann Hiondúis a labhairt mar theanga tánaisteach.

Tá Hiondúis den chuid is mó comh-intuigthe le Urdúis, is iad na príomhdhifríochtaí sna foirmeacha scríofa, go n-úsáideann Hiondúis go príomha [[Devanagari]] agus úsáideann Urdúis script [[Araibis]].

Cé go bhfuil mórán i gcoiteann ag Urdúis agus Hiondúis, braitheann an Hiondúis ar an tSanscrait chun a stór focal a neartú seachas ar spleáchas ginearálta Urdúis ar an Araibis agus ar an b[[An Pheirsis|Peirsis]]. 

Is í an Hiondúis an ceann is mó cainteoirí de theangacha oifigiúla na hIndia, agus í á labhairt sna stáit thuaisceartacha ar nós Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, agus Bihar. Ina lán áiteanna, áfach, bíonn teangacha áitiúla nó réigiúnacha á labhairt i mbreis ar an Hiondúis, agus thairis sin, bíonn féiniúlacht láidir ag a lán canúintí, agus lucht a labhartha á gcur chun cinn mar theangacha neamhspleácha. Mar shampla, is é dearcadh oifigiúil an rialtais fheidearálaigh san India gur canúint de chuid na Hiondúise í an teanga ''Chhattisgarhi'', ach sa bhliain 2000, d'éirigh leis an réigiún ina labhraítear an teanga seo féinrialtas a bhaint amach mar stát ar leith san India (Chhattisgarh ainm an stáit, agus ba chuid de Madhya Pradesh é roimhe sin), agus inniu, tá an teanga Chhattisgarhi á saothrú mar theanga oifigiúil sa stát nua. 

Labhraítear cineál Hiondúise i bhFidsí chomh maith, ós rud é gur shocraigh a lán muintir isteach ón India síos i bhFidsí sa naoú haois déag. Is deacair a rá, áfach, an ionann mar theangacha iad Hiondúis Fhidsí agus an Hiondúis sa chiall chúng. Meascán canúintí í Hiondúis Fhidsí a fuair a lán focal ar iasacht ón bhFidsis agus ón mBéarla, agus í féin níos cosúla leis an teanga ''Bhojpuri'' a labhraítear i stát Bihar agus leis an teanga ''Awadhi'' atá le cloisteáil i réigiún Awadh (Oudh) i stát Uttar Pradesh. Taispeánann cinniúint an dá theanga seo san India féin cé chomh deacair agus atá sé coincheap na &quot;teanga&quot; agus na &quot;canúna&quot; a shainiú go sásúil: bhí an teanga Awadhi an-tábhachtach mar chaighdeán scríofa sular tháinig an chanúint Khari Boli chun cinn, agus inniu, caitear leis an Awadhi mar nach mbeadh ann ach canúint; maidir leis an teanga Bhojpuri, tá stádas oifigiúil aici i stát Bihar in éineacht leis an Hiondúis agus dhá theanga ghaolmhara eile (an teanga ''Magadhi'' agus an teanga ''Maithili''), ach níl traidisiún liteartha na teanga Bhojpuri leath chomh sean ná chomh tábhachtach agus an litríocht a scríobhadh as Awadhi roimh chaighdeánú na Hiondúise.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hionduis, An}}

[[Catagóir:Teangacha na hÁise]]
[[Catagóir:Hiondúchas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ben Barnes (aisteoir)</title>
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Is aisteoir [[Sasana]]ch é '''Benjamin &quot;Ben&quot; Barnes''' ([[20 Lúnasa]] [[1981]] a rugadh é).
  
== Scannáin ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Scannáin
|-
! Bliain || Teideal || Ról || Nótaí eile
|-
| 2006 || ''Doctors'' || Craig Unwin || Sraith theilifíse
|-
| 2006 || ''Split Decision'' || Chris Wilbur || Sraith theilifíse
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Stardust (scannán 2007)|Stardust]]'' || Young Dunstan || 
|-
| 2008 || ''Bigga Than Ben'' || Cobakka ||  
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]'' || Prince Caspian ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Easy Virtue (scannán 2008)|Easy Virtue]]'' || John Whittaker ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Dorian Gray'' || Dorian Gray || 
|-
| 2010 || ''The Chronicles of Narnia: Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' || King Caspian ||
|}

== Naisc Sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm/ Ben Barnes ar IMDB] {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, Ben}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1981]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí teilifíse Sasanach]]
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Béarla]]
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Londain]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Giúdaigh Shasanacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paul Auster</title>
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Scríbhneoir Meiriceánach ba ea '''Paul Benjamin Auster''' ([[3 Feabhra]] [[1947]] – [[30 Aibreán]] [[2024]]). Tógadh é i South Orange i New Jersey. Chuaigh sé ar scoil i Columbia High School i Maplewood. Scríobh sé neart leabhar; mar shampla ''The New York Trilogy'' (1987), ''Moon Palace'' (1989) agus ''The Brooklyn Follies'' (2005). Scríobh Auster na scripteanna do na scannáin ''The Music of Chance'' (1993), ''Smoke'' (1995), ''Blue in the Face'' (1995), ''Lulu on the Bridge'' (1998) agus ''The Inner Life of Martin Frost'' (2007). D'úsáideadh Auster an t-ainm cleite Paul Benjamin.

== Saothar ==
=== Ficsean ===
* ''[[The New York Trilogy]]'' (1987)
** ''City of Glass'' (1985)
** ''Ghosts'' (1986)
** ''The Locked Room'' (1986)
* ''[[In the Country of Last Things]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Moon Palace]]'' (1989)
* ''[[The Music of Chance]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Leviathan (1992 novel)|Leviathan]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mr. Vertigo]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Timbuktu (Book)|Timbuktu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Book of Illusions]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Oracle Night]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Brooklyn Follies|The Brooklyn Follies]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Travels in the Scriptorium]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Man in the Dark (novel)|Man in the Dark]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Invisible]]'' (2009) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/oct/29/paul-auster-interview.] {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Sunset Park]] (2010)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/innocence-of-youth-how-paul-auster-excavated-his-own-past-for-his-latest-novel-1811322.html]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Auster, Paul}}
[[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1947]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2024]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rihanna</title>
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Is [[amhránaí]] agus [[Cumadóireacht|cumadóir]] [[Amhránaíocht|amhrán]] í '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''', nó '''Rihanna''' mar is fearr aithne uirthi, a rugadh ar an [[20 Feabhra]] [[1988]] i m[[Barbadós]]. [[Saol]]aíodh í i Saint Michael agus tógadh í i [[Bridgetown|mBridgetown]],  

Is mainicín í chomh maith, agus ambasadóir cultúrtha do Bharbadós. Is í Rihanna an chéad amhránaí ó Barbadós a ghnóthaigh Gradam Grammy. 

== Óige ==
Rugadh Robyn Rihanna Fenty ar an 20 Feabhra 1988 do Ronald agus Monica Fenty i m[[Barbadós]].&lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.people.com/people/rihanna/biography |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2009-04-07 |archivedate=2008-12-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217063124/http://www.people.com/people/rihanna/biography }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá beirt deartháireacha aici, Rorrey agus Rajad Fenty, atá níos óige ná í. D’fhreastail Rihanna ar Scoil Chuimhneacháin Charles F. Boome, agus ansin ar Scoil Combermere.
[[Íomhá:Rihanna Jingle Ball TFA.tif|clé|mion|236x236px|Jingle Ball, 2006]]

== Amhránaí ==
[[Íomhá:Rihanna 2010.jpg|clé|mion|247x247px|Last Girl on Earth 2010]]

=== 2003–06 ===
Sa bhliain 2003, agus í 15 bliana d’aois, cuireadh Rihanna in aithne don léiritheoir ceoil Evan Rogers, a chabhraigh léi [[dlúthdhiosca]] samplach a thaifeadadh. Chuala [[Jay-Z]], an rapálaí agus léiritheoir hip-hap, í,  Bhí Jay-Z ina uachtarán ar Def Jam Records. Rinne Jay-Z tairiscint do Rihanna láithreach, agus shínigh sí conradh le Def Jam.&lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot; /&gt;
[[Íomhá:Rihanna, LOUD Tour, Hannover 3 cropped.JPG|clé|mion|245x245px|LOUD Tour, Hannover, 2011]]
Bhain Rihanna cáil amach ar dtús i mí Lúnasa na bliana 2005, le heisiúint a céad albam ''[[Music of the Sun]]'', ar a bhfuil an singil ''Pon de Replay''. Scríobhadh léirmheasanna dearfacha agus diúltacha faoin albam seo. Mar shampla, bhronn an t-[[irisleabhar]] Rolling Stone 2.5 réalta as 5 ar an albam, agus dúirt gur léir go raibh an iomarca tionchair ag grúpaí R&amp;B Meiriceánacha ar shaothar Rihanna. D’éirigh leis an singil ‘Pon de Replay’ áit a bhaint amach sna deich n-amhrán ba mhó tóra i gcairteacha ceoil i 15 thír éagsúla.

Níos lú ná bliain ina dhiaidh sin, d’eisigh Rihanna an t-albam ''A Girl Like Me''. D’éirigh leis an albam seo uimhir a cúig a bhaint amach ar an Billboard 200,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&amp;model.vnuAlbumId=933955 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728075941/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&amp;model.vnuAlbumId=933955 |archivedate=2008-07-28 |dátarochtana=2009-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; chomh maith le gradam platanaim a bhaint amach ón RIAA, de bharr gur díoladh os cionn milliún cóip den albam. Chuaigh amhrán ón albam seo, ''SOS'' go barr na gcairteacha sna [[SAM|Stáit Aontaithe]]/ 

D’éirigh thar cionn le singil eile ón albam, ''Unfaithful''. Is í Rihanna féin a scríobh an t-amhrán ''Unfaithful'' agus is mar gheall ar chaidreamh a bhí aici le buachaill agus í 14 bliana d’aois atá sé scríofa. Roimh eisiúint an albaim seo, d’oscail Rihanna ceolchoirmeacha [[Gwen Stefani]], leis an amhrán ''Unfaithful'' chun bolscaireacht a dhéanamh ar a halbam nua. Ó mhí na Samhna 2006 go dtí Feabhra 2007, chan sí ar chamchuairt de cheolchoirmeacha leis an m[[banna ceoil]] [[Pussycat Dolls]].
[[Íomhá:Rihanna at LGOET in chicago 2.jpg|clé|mion|298x298px|LGOET, Chicago, 2011]]
Nuair a d’fhormhuinigh Rihanna an branda ''Clinique'', rinne sí taifeadadh ar amhrán a scríobh Ne-Yo dar teideal ''Just Be Happy'' mar chuid den fheachtas chun an chumhracht ''Happy'' a chur chun cinn. Rinne sí taifead ar an amhrán ''Winning Women'' chomh maith, mar fheachtas formhuinithe don táirge díbholaíocha ''Secret''. I rith an ama seo ghlac Rihanna páirt caimeo sa [[scannán]] ''Bring It On: All Or Nothing'' a eisíodh ar an 8 Lúnasa 2006.
 
Chaith Rihanna roinnt mhaith ama sa stiúideo taifeadta le leithéidí Ne-Yo, Stargate agus Timbaland chun a tríú halbam, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' a thaifeadadh. Eisíodh an t-albam seo ar an 5 Meitheamh 2007. D’éirigh léi barr na gcairteacha a bhaint amach le hocht singil éagsúla ón albam seo, na singlí cáiliúla ''Umbrella'', ''Don’t Stop The Music'' agus ''[[Take a Bow]]'' ina measc. Chomh maith le barr na gcairteacha a bhaint amach in iliomad tíortha leis an singil ''Umbrella'', chaith an tsingil seo deich seachtaine as a chéile ag barr na gcairteacha sa [[Ríocht Aontaithe]], éacht nár baineadh amach ón uair a chaith ''Wet Wet Wet'' 15 seachtaine ag barr na gcairteacha leis an singil ''Love Is All Around'' sa bhliain 1994.

=== 2007–09: ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' agus ''Rated R'' ===
[[Íomhá:Rihanna Diamonds World Tour 2013 cropped.jpg|clé|mion|242x242px|Diamonds World Tour, 2013]]
Le hatheisiúint a tríú halbam, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'', a eisíodh ar an 17 Meitheamh 2008, eisíodh an singil ''Take a Bow'', a bhain barr na gcairteacha amach timpeall na cruinne, chomh maith le hamhrán a eisíodh i gcomhar le Maroon 5, ''If I Never See Your Face Again'' agus an t-amhrán ''Disturbia'' a bhain barr na gcairteacha amach i dtíortha éagsúla ar fud an domhain. Tá os cionn dhá mhilliún cóip den albam seo díolta sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus bronnadh gradam platanaim an RIAA ar Rihanna faoi dhó de bharr an t-éacht sin a bhaint amach. 

Ag tosú di ar an 12 Meán Fómhair 2007, chuaigh Rihanna ar chamchuairt de cheolchoirmeacha thart timpeall [[Ceanada|Cheanada]] agus na Stát Aontaithe, agus lean sí uirthi trasna na hEorpa. Ba é seo an chéad chamchuairt dá leithéid inar ghlac sí ról an phríomhamhránaí. Le linn na camchuairte seo, bhuaigh Rihanna an gradam don bhan-amhránaí Pop/Roc is fearr ag Gradaim Cheoil Mheiriceá 2008.
[[Íomhá:Rihanna Cannes 2017 (cropped).jpg|clé|mion|235x235px|2017, Cannes]]
D’eisigh Rihanna ráiteas ar an 24 Nollaig 2008, ag rá go mbeadh sí ag filleadh ar an stiúideo taifeadta go luath sa bhliain 2009, chun obair a thosú ar a ceathrú halbam agus go raibh súil aici go n-eiseofaí an t-albam seo roimh dheireadh na bliana 2009. Bhí Rihanna ceaptha páirt a ghlacadh i nGradaim Grammy 2009, ach ar an 8 Feabhra cuireadh é seo ar ceal. Tháinig tuairiscí chun solais ina dhiaidh sin, gur mar gheall ar eachtra a tharla idir í féin agus a buachaill, an t-amhránaí [[Chris Brown]], nár chan sí ag na Gradaim Grammy. Idir an dá linn, ghabh na póilíní [[Chris Brown]] agus é curtha ina leith go raibh bagairtí coiriúla déanta aige ar Rihanna.

=== 2010–11: ''Loud'' agus ''Talk That Talk'' ===

=== 2012–14: ''Unapologetic'' ===

=== 2015: ''Home'' agus ''Anti''===
I mí Bealtaine 2014 d'fhág Rihanna Def Jam agus shínigh sí le Roc Nation. Scaoil Rihanna a hochtú halbam stiúideo ''[[Anti (albam Rihanna)|Anti]]'' ar an 27 Eanáir, 2016. D'fhógair sí an teideal ar an 7 Deireadh Fómhair, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/rihanna-unveils-artwork-for-new-album-anti-encourages-touching-2015810&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Rihanna - Concert for Valor in Washington, D.C. Nov. 11, 2014.jpg|mion|255x255px|'''Concert for Valor in Washington, D.C. 2014''']]

==Gradaim==
Tá 158 gradam buaite ag Rihanna.

== Dioscliosta ==
=== Albaim Stiúideo ===
* ''[[Music of the Sun]]'' (2005)
* ''[[A Girl like Me (albam Rihanna)|A Girl like Me]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Rated R (albam Rihanna)|Rated R]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Loud (albam Rihanna)|Loud]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Talk That Talk]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Unapologetic]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Anti (albam Rihanna)|Anti]]'' (2016)

[[Íomhá:Fenty Beauty (24990039168).jpg|mion|299x299px|Fógraíocht, Maine Mall,  Portland, Maine]]

=== Fuaimrian ===
* ''[[Home (scannán 2015)|Home]]'' (2015)

== Camchuairteanna ==
* 2006: ''[[Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour]]''
* 2007–2009: ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad Tour]]''
* 2010–2011: ''[[Last Girl on Earth Tour]]''
* 2011: ''[[Loud Tour]]''
* 2013: ''[[Diamonds World Tour]]''
* 2014: ''[[The Monster Tour]]'' (le [[Eminem]])
* 2016: ''[[Anti World Tour]]''

== Scannáin ==
* ''[[Bring It On: All or Nothing]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Battleship (scannán)|Battleship]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Katy Perry: Part of Me]]'' (2012)
* ''[[This Is the End]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Annie (scannán 2014)|Annie]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Home (scannán 2015)|Home]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets]]'' (2017)[[Íomhá:Rihanna-signature.png|mion|300x300px]]
* ''[[Ocean's Eight]]'' (2018)

{{commonscat}}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1988]]
[[Catagóir:Rihanna| ]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
      <sha1>t0wxnr8alloegxwieqvo0zdwkkthhm8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cluiche na Bliana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T02:14:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="13435" sha1="qevfhq0fcxersl0b92vcprtoaxgfwie" xml:space="preserve">{{glanadh-mar| Tá roinnt Béarla inti (Ranna, srl)}}
Is gradam é ''Cluiche na Bliana'' a dhámhann [[irisleabhar|irisleabhair]] agus suíomhanna idirlín éagsúla ar [[físchluiche|fhíschluiche]] a bhfuil sé toilte aige. Seo a leanas roinnt dos na heagrais agus [[foilseachán|foilseacháin]] a dhámhann Cluiche na Bliana de chineál éigin:

* [[Interactive Achievement Awards|Academy of Interactive Arts &amp; Sciences]] ''(féach thíos)''
* [[British Academy Video Games Awards|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]
* ''[[Computer Gaming World]]
* [[Crispy Gamer]]
* [http://www.destructoid.com Destructoid]
* ''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]''
* ''[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]'' ('''EGM''')
* [[Eurogamer]]
* ''[[Games (magazine)|Games]]''
* [[GameFAQs]] (trí phobalbhreitheanna)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín | url=http://www.gamefaqs.com/poll/index.html?poll=2630 | teideal=Poll of the Day: BEST OF 2006: Game of the Year (Final Vote) | publisher=[[GameFAQs]] | date=[[2007-01-13]] | accessdate=2007-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Game Informer]]
* [[Gamereactor]]
* [[GameSpot]]
* [[GameSpy]]
* [[GameTrailers]]
* ''[[G-Phoria]]''
* ''[http://wiki.noobtoob.com/Main_Page NoobToob] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203060634/http://wiki.noobtoob.com/Main_Page |date=2012-12-03 }}''
* [[Giant Bomb]] 
* [[IGN]]
* ''[[JIVE Magazine]]''
* [[Kotaku]]
* ''[[Nintendo Power]]''
* ''[[PC Gamer]]''
* ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]
* ''[[Pelit]]''
* ''[[Penny Arcade (webcomic)|Penny Arcade]]'' 
* ''[[Play (UK magazine)|Play]]''
* [[Spike Video Game Awards|Spike TV]]
* ''[[X-Play]]''

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana Iomlána de chuid an AIAS ==
Roghnaítear buaiteoirí na Interactive Achievement Awards trí phobalbhreith rúnda dos na daoine a oibríonn i dtionscail na gcluichí.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.interactive.org/awards/index.asp AIAS Awards]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-

|-
| '''2008''' (12ú) || ''[[Little Big Planet]]''|| [[Platformer]] || [[Playstation 3]] || [[Media Molecule]]
|-
| '''2007''' (11ú) || ''[[Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]]''|| [[Shooter]] ||  [[Xbox 360]], [[Windows]], [[Playstation 3]] ||  [[Infinity Ward]] ||
|-
| '''2006''' (10ú) || ''[[Gears of War]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Xbox 360]], [[Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] || [[Epic Games]] 
|-
| '''2005''' (9ú) || ''[[God of War (video game)|God of War]]'' || [[Hack and slash]], [[Action Game|Action]] || [[PlayStation 2]] || [[SCE Studios Santa Monica]]
|-
| '''2004''' (8ú) || ''[[Half-Life 2]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Windows]] || [[Valve Corporation]]
|-
| '''2003''' (7ú) || ''[[Call of Duty]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] || [[Infinity Ward]]
|-
| '''2002''' (6ú) || ''[[Battlefield 1942]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Windows]] || [[Digital Illusions]]
|-
| '''2001''' (5ú) || ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Xbox]] || [[Bungie Software]]
|-
| '''2000''' (4ú) || ''[[Diablo II]]'' || [[Action RPG]], [[Hack and slash]] || [[Windows]], [[Mac OS]], [[Mac OS X]] || [[Blizzard Entertainment]]
|-
| '''1999''' (3ú) || ''[[The Sims]]'' || [[Life simulation game]] || [[Windows]], [[Mac OS]], [[Linux]] || [[Maxis Software]]
|-
| '''1998''' (2ú) || ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]'' || [[Action-adventure game|Action-Adventure]] || [[Nintendo 64]] || [[Nintendo EAD]]
|-
| '''1997''' (1ú) || ''[[GoldenEye 007]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Nintendo 64]] || [[Rareware]]
|}

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana de chuid Crispy Gamer ==
Roghnaítear buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana de chuid Crispy Gamer trí [http://www.crispygamer.com/gametrust.aspx Iontaobhas na gCluichí Crispy Gamer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216020405/http://www.crispygamer.com/GameTrust.aspx |date=2008-12-16 }}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.crispygamer.com Crispy Gamer Website]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Fallout 3]]'' || [[Action RPG]] || [[Xbox 360]], [[PS3]], [[Personal computer|PC]] || [[Bethesda Game Studios]]
|-
| '''2007''' || ''[[BioShock]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Xbox 360]], [[PS3]], [[Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] || [[2K Boston/2K Australia]]
|}

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana de chuid Destructoid ==
Roghnaíonn eagarthóirí Destructoid Cluiche na Bliana seo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.destructoid.com Destructoid]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Left 4 Dead]]'' || [[Survival horror]], [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Windows]], [[Xbox 360]] || [[Valve Corporation]]
|-
| '''2007''' || ''[[BioShock]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Windows]], [[PS3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Mac OS X]] || [[2K Boston/2K Australia]]
|}

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana GameSpot ==
Roghnaíonn eagarthóirí GameSpot buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana GameSpot seo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gamespot.com GameSpot Website]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]'' || [[Action|Stealth Game]], [[Action game|Action]] || [[PS3]]|| [[Kojima Productions]]
|-
| '''2007''' || ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' || [[Platformer]] || [[Wii]] || [[Nintendo]]
|-
| '''2006''' || ''[[Gears of War]]'' || [[Tactical Shooter]] || [[Xbox 360]] || [[Epic Games]]
|-
| '''2005''' || ''[[Resident Evil 4]]'' || [[Survival horror]], [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[GameCube]], [[PS2]] || [[Capcom]]
|-
| '''2004''' || ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' || [[MMORPG]] || [[Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] || [[Blizzard]]
|-
| '''2003''' || ''[[The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker]]'' || [[Action-adventure game|Action-Adventure]] || [[GameCube]]  || [[Nintendo]]
|-
| '''2002''' || ''[[Metroid Prime]]'' || [[Action-adventure game|Action-Adventure]] || [[GameCube]] || [[Nintendo]]
|}
* Ó 1996 go 2001, roghnaíodh gradaim eallóige agus ríomhairí PC óna chéile. Ní raibh gradaim le haghaidh eallóga roimh 1998.

'''PC'''
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2001''' || ''[[Serious Sam: The First Encounter]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Personal Computer|PC]] || [[Croteam]]
|-
| '''2000''' || ''[[The Sims]]'' || [[Life simulation game]] || [[Windows]], [[Mac OS]], [[Linux]] || [[Maxis]]
|-
| '''1999''' || ''[[EverQuest]]'' || [[MMORPG]] || [[Personal Computer|PC]] || [[Sony Online Entertainment]] 
|-
| '''1998''' || ''[[Grim Fandango]]'' || [[Adventure Game|Adventure]] || [[Windows]] || [[LucasArts]] 
|-
| '''1997''' || ''[[Total Annihilation]]'' || [[Real-time strategy]] || [[Windows]], [[Mac OS]] || Cavedog Ent.
|-
| '''1996''' || ''[[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]]'' || [[Action RPG]], [[Hack and Slash]] || [[Windows]], [[Mac OS]] || [[Blizzard North]]  
|}
'''Eallóg'''
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2001''' || ''[[Grand Theft Auto III]]'' || [[Open world game|Open World]], [[Action game|Action]] || [[PS2]] || [[Rockstar North]]
|-
| '''2000''' || ''[[Chrono Cross]]'' || [[Role-playing game|RPG]] || [[Playstation]] || [[Square Co.]]
|-
| '''1999''' || ''[[Soulcalibur|Soul Calibur]]'' || [[Fighting game|Fighter]] || [[Dreamcast]] || [[Namco]] 
|-
| '''1998''' || ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]'' || [[Action-adventure game|Action-Adventure]] || [[Nintendo 64]] || [[Nintendo]] 
|}

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana de réir na Léitheoirí GameSpot ==
Mar aon rogha na heagarthóirí, reachtálann GameSpot pobalbhreith mór mílteach le haghaidh Cluiche na Bliana de réir na Léitheoirí
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]'' || [[Action|Stealth Game]], [[Action game|Action]] || [[PS3]]|| [[Kojima Productions]]
|-
| '''2007''' || ''[[Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]]'' || [[Action]] || [[PS3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[PC]] || [[Infinity Ward]]
|-
| '''2006''' || ''[[Gears of War]]'' || [[Tactical Shooter]] || [[Xbox 360]] || [[Epic Games]]
|-
| '''2005''' || ''[[Resident Evil 4]]'' || [[Survival horror]], [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[GameCube]], [[PS2]] || [[Capcom]]
|-
| '''2004''' || ''[[Halo 2]]'' || [[FPS]] || [[Windows]], [[Xbox]] || [[Bungie]]
|}

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana IGN ==
Roghnaíonn eagarthóirí IGN buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana IGN. Foilsítear na torthaí i mí Eanáir ionas go mbeidh an deis ag gach eagarthóir na cluichí is fearr a imirt. Is é IGN an suíomh idirlín do fhíschluichí is mó éileamh ar domhain ó 2008 ar aghaidh.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/video-games Most visited video game web sites]{{Dead link|date=Aibreán 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ign.com IGN Website]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Fallout 3]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]], [[Role-playing game|RPG]] || [[Personal computer|PC]], [[PS3]], [[Xbox 360]] || [[Bethesda Game Studios]]
|-
| '''2007''' || ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' || [[Platformer]] || [[Wii]] || [[Nintendo]]
|-
| '''2006''' || ''[[Ōkami]]'' || [[Adventure]] || [[PS2]] || [[Capcom]]
|-
| '''2005''' || ''[[God of War (video game)|God of War]]'' || [[Hack and slash]], [[Action Game|Action]] || [[PS2]] || [[SCE Studios Santa Monica]]
|-
| '''2004''' || ''[[Half-Life 2]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Personal Computer|PC]] || [[Valve Corporation]]
|-
| '''2003''' || ''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]]'' || [[Role-playing game|RPG]] || [[Xbox]], [[Personal Computer|PC]]  || [[BioWare]]
|-
| '''2002''' || ''[[Battlefield 1942]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Personal Computer|PC]] || [[Digital Illusions CE]]
|-
| '''2001''' || ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Xbox]] || [[Bungie Studios]]
|}
* Roimh a 2001 bronnadh duaiseanna ar ardáin faoi leith agus ní roghnaíodh príomhbhuaiteoir.

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana Kotaku ==
Roghnaíonn eagarthóirí Kotaku buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana Kotaku.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kotaku.com Kotaku]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' || [[Open world game|Open World]], [[Action game|Action]] || [[Xbox 360]], [[PS3]], [[Personal computer|PC]] || [[Rockstar North]]
|-
| '''2007''' || ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' || [[Platformer]] || [[Wii]] || [[Nintendo]]
|}

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana Spike TV VGA ==
Bronnadh Gradaim Fhíschluichí de chuid Spike TV gach bliain ó 2004 ar aghaidh. Tá na gradaim seo ar nós na hOscair ach is do fhíschluichí iad. Dámhadh na duaiseanna de réir toil an phobail ar dtús, ach ó 2007 i leith is iad saineolaithe atá ag obair i dtionscail na gcluichí, iriseoirí agus forbróirí ina measc, a roghnaíonn na buaiteoirí.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spike.com/event/vga Spike TV VGAs]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' || [[Open world game|Open World]], [[Action game|Action]] || [[Personal computer|PC]], [[PS3]], [[Xbox 360]] || [[Rockstar North]]
|-
| '''2007''' || ''[[BioShock]]'' || [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[Windows]], [[PS3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Mac OS X]] || [[2K Boston/2K Australia]]
|-
| '''2006''' || ''[[Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion]]'' || [[Action RPG]] || [[Personal computer|PC]], [[PS3]], [[Xbox 360]] || [[Bethesda Game Studios]]
|-
| '''2005''' || ''[[Resident Evil 4]]'' || [[Survival horror]], [[Shooter game|Shooter]] || [[GameCube]], [[PS2]] || [[Capcom]]
|-
| '''2004''' || ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' || [[Open world game|Open World]], [[Action game|Action]] || [[PS2]] || [[Rockstar North]]
|}

== Buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana Gamezine ==
Roghnaíonn léitheoirí Gamezine amháin buaiteoirí Cluiche na Bliana Gamezine.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gamezine.co.uk/news/formats/xbox360/gamezine-s-2008-game-the-year-$1258471.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
!Bliain
!Cluiche
!Aicme
!Ardá(i)n
!Forbróirí
|-
| '''2008''' || ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]'' || [[Action|Stealth Game]], [[Action game|Action]] || [[PS3]]|| [[Kojima Productions]]
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc Sheachtracha ==
* [http://goty.gamespy.com/2004/ Cluiche na Bliana 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416045146/http://goty.gamespy.com/2004/ |date=2009-04-16 }} ag [[GameSpy]]
* [http://www.gametrailers.com/game/5931.html Gradaim Cluiche na Bliana 2007] ag [[GameTrailers]]
* [http://www.crispygamer.com/goty2007/ Gradaim Cluiche na Bliana 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510100952/http://www.crispygamer.com/goty2007/ |date=2008-05-10 }} ag [[Crispy Gamer]]
* [http://www.crispygamer.com/features/2008-12-20/2008-game-of-the-year-day-1-the-year-in.aspx Gradaim Cluiche na Bliana 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209025125/http://www.crispygamer.com/features/2008-12-20/2008-game-of-the-year-day-1-the-year-in.aspx |date=2009-02-09 }} ag [[Crispy Gamer]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708002505/http://kotaku.com/5122222/kotakus-2008-games-of-the-year-awards?skyline=true&amp;s=x Gradaim Kotaku Cluiche na Bliana 2008] ag [[Kotaku]]

{{síol}}

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    <title>Conradh Ghent</title>
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{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

[[Íomhá:Verdragvangent 29-01-2009 11-02-06.JPG|thumb|Plaic ag an bhfoirgneamh in Veldstraat, [[Gent]] áit ar idirbheartaíodh an Conradh]]
Síníodh '''Conradh Ghent''', sa bhliain [[1814]], [[24 Nollaig]] i n[[Gent]], an [[An Ísiltír|Ísiltír]] (tá sé suite sa [[An Bheilg|Bheilg]] an lá atá inniu ann). Conradh síochána chun deireadh a chur le [[Cogadh 1812]] idir na [[Stáit Aontaithe]] agus Sasana a bhí i gceist le Conradh Ghent. Athshlánaíodh an caidreamh idir an dá stát leis an gConradh seo. 

== An Comhaontú ==
Ligeadh príosúnaigh saor leis an gConradh agus tugadh longa ar ais. Thug an Bhreatain gealltanas go dtabharfaidh sí ar ais na sclábhaí goirme ach ar deireadh íoc siad £350,000 dóibh.&lt;ref&gt;Lindsay, Arnett G. &quot;Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Great Britain Bearing on the Return of Negro Slaves, 1783-1828.&quot; ''Journal of Negro History.'' 5:4 (October 1920); [http://books.google.com/books?id=-JIBAAAAQAAJ Knight, Charles. ''The Crown History of England.'' Oxford, England: Oxford University, 1870].&lt;/ref&gt; Mhol na Breathnaigh gur cheart crios maolánach a chruthú i gcomhair na hIndiaigh in Ohio agus Michigan ach theip ar nuair a thit an comhghuaillíocht Indiach as a chéile. Níor bac na Stáit Aontaithe leis na ratha a thug siad in alt IX i dtaoibh déileáil leis na hIndiagh.&lt;ref&gt;http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ghent.asp&lt;/ref&gt;

== I ndiaidh an Chonartha ==
Stop an troid nuair a shroich an nuacht na Stáit Aontaithe, i ndiaidh bua na Meiriceánaigh ag Cath New Orleans]] agus bua na Breatnaigh ag Cath Fort Bowyer.

Thug Seanad na Stáit Aontaithe aitheantas don conartha ar an [[16 Feabhra]] [[1815]], agus foghraíodh an conartha ar an [[18 Feabhra]].
Níor throid na Stáit Aontaithe in aghaidh na Breatnaigh ó shin i leith.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Foinsí ==
* ''American Military History: Army Historical Series. Chapter 6: The War of 1812.'' Center of Military History, U.S. Army, Washington, DC, 1989. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208045812/http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/amh/amh-06.htm online].
* Bemis, Samuel Flagg. ''John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy'' (1950).
* A. L. Burt. ''The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812'', 1940 ([http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=750041 Online Edition].
* Engelman, Fred L. ''The Peace of Christmas Eve'' (1962), popular account; [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1960/1/1960_1_28.shtml online excerpt from ''American Heritage Magazine'' (Dec 1960) v 12#1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102122109/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1960/1/1960_1_28.shtml |date=2007-11-02 }}.
* Donald R. Hickey. ''The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict'' (1990) pp. 281-98.
* Perkins, Bradford. ''Castelereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812-1823'', 1964. 
* Robert Vincent Remini. ''Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union'' (1991) pp. 94-122.

== Foinsí Seachtrach ==

* Teacs iomláin Conradh Ghent [http://war1812.tripod.com/treaty.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418195002/http://war1812.tripod.com/treaty.html |date=2012-04-18 }}.
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ghent.asp Teacs an Conradh ag Togra Avalon]
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Ghent.html Conradh Ghent agus foinsí eile ag Leabharlann na Comhdhála]
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/ Treoir Leabharlann na Comhdhála do Cogadh 1812]

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  <page>
    <title>Daingniú</title>
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      <text bytes="18827" sha1="c5qyu011v5akr0u8zmy0hg6lzjfk3dj" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Table of Fortification, Cyclopaedia, Volume 1.jpg|thumb|210px|Cuntas ón [[Cyclopaedia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences|''Cyclopaedia'' (1728)]] ar na daingnithe.]]
Is éard is '''daingniú''' ann áit a threisiú mar dhaingean lena cosaint ar ionsaí míleata. 
== Bunphrionsabail ==
[[Íomhá:Genoese fortress in Sudak.jpg|thumb|380px|right|Daingean de chuid Phoblacht Genoa in Sudak san Úcráin.]]
Tá dhá chuspóir ag gabháil leis an daingniú:

* Constaicí a chur roimh an namhaid chun go gcuirfí moill orthu;

* Foscadh a thabhairt do na cosantóirí trí dhídean thathagach a sholáthar nó tríd an namhaid a chur amú.

== Stair ==
Is dócha gur baineadh úsáid as na daingnithe sa chéad dul síos chun sráidbhailte a chosaint. I lár na hEorpa thógadh na Ceiltigh “oppida” – bailte daingnithe ar fhág múrtha na Meánmhara a rian orthu, más fíor.

[[Íomhá:Buhen3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Léaráid de dhaingean Buhen san Éigipt timpeall na bliana 1800BC.]]
Chuir na brící pluda ar chumas daoine múrtha arda a thógáil agus daingniú de shaghas nua a chleachtadh. Tharla seo ar dtús i gceantair mhéithe an Mheánoirthir, áit ar lig an córas sóisialta mórán oibrithe a choinneáil i mbun tógála ar feadh i bhfad agus ar tháinig ríochtaí cumhachtacha i dtreis dá bharr. Sna bólaí sin a tógadh na chéad chathracha móra múrtha.

Bhain na hAsaírigh feidhm as na sluaite sclábhaithe chun páláis, teampaill agus múrtha a thógáil.&lt;ref&gt;Fletcher, 1996, lch 20.&lt;/ref&gt; Tá [[Uruk]], áit i Sumar na Measpatáime, ar na cathracha múrtha is ársa. Roimhe sin bhí múr timpeall chathair (nó phrótachathair) Ireachó chomh luath le hocht míle bliain RCh. Thóg na sean-Éigiptigh daingin ar theorainneacha Ghleann na Níle. 

Bhí bailte daingnithe le fáil i nGleann na hIndia. Faoin mbliain 3500 RCh bhí na céadta bailte beaga ar an tuilemhá, agus a lán acu daingnithe.&lt;ref&gt;Stearns agus Langer, 2001, lch 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Tháinig seandálaithe ar mhúrtha agus ar urdhúnta brící in Mundigak (c. 2500 BC) in oirdheisceart na hAfganastáine.&lt;ref&gt;Fletcher, 1996, lch 100.&lt;/ref&gt;

== An Seanreacht ==
[[Íomhá:Romeinse wachttoren fort vechten netherlands.jpg|thumb|left|Leagan atógtha de thúr faire Rómhánach (''specula'' nó ''vigilarium'') san Ísiltír. Bheadh múr agus díog timpeall a leithéide fadó.]]
I n[[An Ghréig|Gréig]] na réamhstaire bhí múrtha móra á dtógáil – féach na múrtha [[An Mhícéin|Mícéineacha]] agus na clocha ollmhóra atá iontu. Níos déanaí thóg an [[An Ataen|Ataen]] na [[Na Múrtha Fada|Múrtha Fada]] – múrtha comhthreomhara a bhí ag rith chomh fada le calafort [[Piréas|Phiréas]].

Chum na sean-Ghréagaigh agus na Rómhánaigh modhanna nua léigir, agus cumadh airm nua ar nós an chatafailt, an bhailiste agus an túr léigir. Chun [[imshuí]] den saghas sin a chur i gcrích b’éigean ullmhú fada a dhéanamh, agus thógfaí port (port dúbailte go minic) leis an áit a bhí faoi léigear a thimpeallú agus teacht roimh mhionruathar nó roimh arm tarrthála. 

Is mór a d'fheabhsaigh na Rómhánaigh an campa daingnithe. B’fhéidir leo a leithéid de champa a thógáil i gceann cúpla uair an chloig le cré, le hadhmad agus le díog, agus ba dheacair é a ghabháil. 

Bhí na Rómhánaigh go maith chun múrtha buana agus túir a thógáil, áiteanna daingnithe a chuaigh i bhfeidhm ar innealtóirí míleata na méanaoiseanna. B’an-tiubh iad na múrtha úd agus bhíodh moirtéal iontu. Is iad na cinn is mó iomrá múrtha Áiréileacha na Róimhe agus múrtha Teodósacha Chathair Chonstaintín, in éineacht le roinnt iarsmaí in áiteanna eile. Tógadh Múr Haidriain feadh thuaisceart na Breataine le linn an Impire sin (é faoi réim AD 117—138). 

Nuair a threascair na Gearmánaigh an Impireacht Rómhánach in Iarthar Eorpa tháinig an daingean chun tosaigh arís mar áit dídine an tiarna áitiúil, agus ní raibh an chathair mhór mhúrtha le feiceáil arís go ceann tamaill eile. 
[[Íomhá:Jinshangling2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Múr Mór na Síne.]]

Thosaigh an daingniú sa tSín luath go leor. Sa Ríora Shang (timpeall 1600 – 1050 BC) agus ó shin amach bhí múrtha cré á dtógáil. Bhí a leithéidí ag an bpríomhchathair in Ao. Bhíothas ag tógáil múrtha cloiche i ré na Stát Eascairdiúil (481-221 BC), ach níor baineadh feidhm mhór as an gcloch go dtí Ríora Tang (618-907 AD).

== Na Meánaoiseanna ==
[[Íomhá:Ávila 24-8-2002.jpg|thumb|left|Múrtha Ávila sa Spáinn.]] 

Tógadh bailte móra timpeall roinnt caisleán sna meánaoiseanna luatha. Bhíodh múr agus díog ina dtimpeall de ghnáth. Ón 12ú haois amach bunaíodh na céadta bailte ar feadh na hEorpa, agus ba bheag an mhoill orthu ceart daingnithe a fháil. 

[[Íomhá:Rio Miño y al fondo las murallas de ValenÇa.jpg|thumb|200px|Valenca sa Phortaingéil, agus radharc uirthi trasna abhainn Minho, atá ag síneadh leis an Spáinn ó thuaidh.]]
[[Íomhá:Krakow Fort31 20070413 1756.jpg|thumb|left|Daingean Ostra-Ungárach 31 (''Benedykt'') i nDaingean Kraków.]]

Bunaíodh mórán bailte móra, go háirithe in Oirthear Eorpa, mar chuid d’fhairsingiú críche i ré an choilínithe oirthearaigh (Ostsiedlung). Is furasta a leithéidí a aithint de bharr a leagain amach rialta agus a gcuid margaí móra. Bailte daingnithe ba ea iad, agus ní raibh stad acu ach ag treisiú na múrtha. Chuidigh tógáil na gcaisleán sna críocha úd le deireadh a chur le trádáil sclábhaithe (trádáil a bhí coitianta chomh déanach leis an 12ú haois): b’fhéidir leis na tiarnaí muintir na tuaithe a chosaint ar chreachadóirí.&lt;ref&gt;Bartlett 1994, lch 304.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Chateau-Thierry castle fortification.jpg|thumb|Múrtha [[Château-Thierry]], Aisne, an Fhrainc.]]

Cumadh na chéad ghunnaí móra sna meánaoiseanna déanacha. Ar dtús níorbh fhearr iad ná na sean-innill léigir, ach mhéadaigh ar a n-éifeacht de réir mar a d’fheabhsaigh an déantús. D’éirigh siad níos láidre agus níos soláimhsithe, agus tháinig feabhas ar na hurchair – liathróidí cré-umha agus iarainn. Chomh maith leis sin, bhí lámhach na ngunnaí ag éirí níos tapa agus b’fhéidir na gunnaí a dhíriú ar áit áirithe chun bearna a dhéanamh i múr ar bith. Níorbh fholáir don daingniú athrú dá réir. 
  
Chuimhnítí ar an imshuí mar chomhrac idir na gunnaí a bhí ag ionsaí an daingin agus iad siúd a bhí á chosaint. Ba é aidhm an lucht daingnithe, mar sin, buntáiste a thabhairt do ghunnaí an daingin. De réir a chéile d’éirigh na múrtha agus na túir níos ísle; tháinig feinistrí gunna in áit na gcíortha lámhaigh; agus tosaíodh ag tógáil daingnithe ar dícheangal timpeall an phríomhdhaingin chun go gcuirfí moill ar an namhaid agus gan dídean a thabhairt dóibh.

== An Nua-Aois ==

Tar éis chogadh neamhspleáchais na hÍsiltíre sa 16ú haois tháinig scoil Ghearmánach daingnithe i réim. Mhol sí an claonfort mar limistéar gan dídean timpeall an daingin, agus slí chumhdaithe ann chun an claonfort a chosaint. Tháinig tábhacht nua leis an díog agus a dhá taobh treisithe le leaca, agus tháinig an t-urdhún chun tosaigh in éineacht le daingnithe eile. 

Thug [[Jean Errard]], [[An Fhrainc|Francach]], cuntas foirmiúil ar na modhanna nua daingnithe sa bhliain 1600. Thomhais sé an t-achar ba cheart a bheith idir na daingnithe i bhfianaise raon na mionarm, agus mhol sé an lámhach trasnála. Chuir [[Antoine Deville]] agus [[Blaise François Pagan|Blaise de Pagan]] leis an gcomhairle seo, agus iad ag tabhairt aird ar leith ar úsáid na ndúnchlaí chun dídean agus misneach a thabhairt do na cosantóirí. Is amhlaidh gur beartaíodh prionsabal na fadchosanta, prionsabal a shaothraigh máistrí eile ar nós [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]].
[[Íomhá:Fortbourtange.jpg|thumb|Daingean réalta Bourtange mar a bhí sé sa bhliain 1750 i gCúige Groningen, an Ísiltír.]]
== Úsáid na nDaingnithe ==

Ní mór idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir daingnithe sealadacha (uchtbhallaí machaire agus mar sin de) agus daingnithe buana. B'éigean na cinn úd a thógáil sa chruth go gcosnófaí gach taobh díbh gach taobh eile, go dtiocfadh na daingnithe idir na cosantóirí agus urchair na naimhde, agus go scuabfadh lámhach an daingin clár iomlán an mhachaire os comhair na ndaingnithe amach. 

Ag seo comharthaí sóirt na ngnáthdhaingnithe ón 16ú haois i leith:

Thógfaí carn cré nó rampar timpeall na háite a bhí le cosaint. Chuirtí na gunnaí móra agus na saighdiúirí ar an gcuid uachtarach den rampar (an ''terre-pleine''), áit a mbíodh uchtbhalla mar chosaint, é timpeall ocht dtroigh ar airde agus finistir ghunna ann uaireanta. Taobh amuigh den uchtbhalla bhíodh díog le fáil agus í timpeall dhá throigh déag ar doimhne. Bhíodh an port rite le fáil ar an taobh istigh den díog agus é treisithe le leaca, le cliatha, le fóda nó eile; os a chomhair amach bhíodh frithbhalla ann. Lasmuigh de sin bhíodh “slí chumhdaithe” ann agus uchtbhalla idir í agus an namhaid; chuirfeadh seo ar chumas na saighdiúirí iad féin a cheilt chun mionruathar a thabhairt. Lastall de sin bhíodh claonfort ann agus é déanta i gcaoi is go bhféadfadh gunnaí an daingin an namhaid a phleancadh. Ba mhinic urdhúnta ann agus iad in ann an t-imbhalla a bhíodh eatarthu a chosaint. 

Ba é [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]], innealtóir Francach le linn Louis XIV, ba mhó a chuir tús leis an daingniú eolaíoch, agus tairbhe á bhaint aige as na hurdhúnta. 
[[Íomhá:Bastion Castle Siklós.jpg|thumb|right|Radharc aerga ar urdhúnta ag Caisleán Siklós san Ungáir.]]
Sa 19ú haois tháinig daingnithe polagánacha i réim, ó síleadh gurbh iad ab fhearr a bheadh in ann ionsaí na ngunnaí móra nua a sheasamh. Bhaintí feidhm as lúba láidre sconsa seachas as urdhúnta. Cuma pholagánach a bhí ar na daingnithe, agus rampair ar thaobhanna an pholagáin. Leagan amach casta a bhí ar an gcóras cosanta seo – an “enceinte” nó limistéar daingnithe. Faoi dheireadh an 19ú haois bhí raon chomh fada sin ag na gunnaí móra gur síleadh gur den chríonnacht roinnt dúnta ar dícheangal a thógáil tamall amach ón limistéar úd. 
     
Bhí éagsúlacht ag baint le daingnithe machaire. Orthu sin bhí an radán agus an dúnchla cosanta, ach b’éigean iad a úsáid le chéile chun lámhach cliathánach a dhéanamh. Dhéanfaí campa daingnithe le líne dúnchlaí cearnacha agus radáin sna bearnaí. Dá mbeadh práinn le dídean d’fhéadfaí trinsí éadroma a bhaint agus an chré carntha ar a mbéal. 

Is féidir tairbhe a bhaint as cosntaicí difriúla chun moill a chur ar an namhaid: leagarnach, tranglam sreinge, chevaux-de-frise agus eile. 

== Téarmaí ==

'''Urdhún''' 
[[Íomhá:Bastion (PSF).jpg|thumb|right|Urdhún]]
[[Íomhá:Map of Geneva in 1841.jpg|left|thumb|190px|Plean na [[An Ghinéiv|Ginéive]] agus an limistéir máguaird sa bhliain 1841. Daingnithe ollmhóra ann agus mórán urdhúnta ag baint leo.]]
Is éard atá in urdhún daingean beag a sheasann amach ó phríomhchlós an daingin mhóir, agus é suite i gcúinne balla dhírigh (an t-imbhalla). Ligeann sé don lucht cosanta gunnaí a dhíriú ar urdhúnta eile agus ar an imbhalla féin chun lucht ionsaithe a ruaigeadh. 

Ní raibh mórán maitheasa sna seandaingnithe sa mhéid gur dheacair scaoileadh leis an namhaid agus iad siúd cóngarach do na múrtha. Anois b’fhéidir an t-imbhallaí féin a chosaint le gunna mór agus gunnaí eile a dhíriú ar thargaidí eile níos faide amach.

Is fada cineálacha difriúla urdhúnta ann:

* ''Leath-Urdhún'': Níl ach éadan amháin agus cliathán amháin aige. Chun uillinn róghéar a dhaingniú, ghearrtar an rinn agus tógtar dhá leath-urdhún chun uillinn aisfhillte a dhéanamh. 
* ''Urdhún lánlíonta'': Gan aon spás folamh ina lár. An talamh agus an rampar cothrom le chéile.
* ''Urdhún folamh'': Rampar nó uchtbhalla timpeall na gcliathán agus an éadain amháin, agus áit fholamh sa lár dá bharr. Dá ngabhfaí an rampar bheadh an talamh chomh híseal sin nárbh fhéidir leis an namhaid trinsí a bhaint sa lár gan urchair na gcosantóirí a tharraingt orthu.
* ''Urdhún cothrom'': É tógtha i lár imbhalla nuair atá an clós chomh mór sin nach féidir é a chosaint leis na hurdhúnta atá ag na cúinní. 
* ''Urdhún scoite'': Uillinn aisfillte aige ag an bpointe. D’úsáidtí é nuair a bheadh an uillinn róghéar gan é. Thugtaí “urdhún scoite” freisin ar urdhún a mbíodh díog idir é agus an príomhdhaingean. 
* ''Urdhún athchóirithe'': Dhá thaobh den pholagán inmheánach a bheith an-neamhionann, rud a fhágann scrogall an urdhúin chomh neamhionann céanna.
* ''Urdhún rialta'': Urdhún a bhfuil an méid ceart cliathán, éadan agus scóigeanna ag gabháil leis.
* ''Urdhún neamhrialta'': Urdhún a bhfuil ceann dá chuid leathscóigeanna ar iarraidh, toisc taobh amháin den pholagán inmheánach a bheith róghearr. 
* ''Urdhún dúbailte'': Urdhún ardaithe a bheith tógtha siar ó uchtbhalla an phríomhurdhúin. 
* ''Urdhún déshleasach'': Daingniú crochta nó ceann le fána a mbeadh foscadh ann ar bhuamaí nó ar ghunnaí móra.

== Téarmaí Eile ==
[[Íomhá:Copertino.jpg|thumb|right|Urdhún de chuid Chaisleán Copertino san Iodáil.]]

* ''Beirm'': Sna meánaoiseanna ba í an bheirm an léibheann talaimh a bhí idir uchtballa agus díog. Inniu is uchtbhalla cosanta cré í. 
* ''Dúnan'': Daingean beag scoite gan ann ach [[foirgneamh]] amháin, agus ar féidir é a chosaint ar namhaid atá gan ghunnaí móra nó a leithéid. 
* ''Dúnchla cosanta'': Áit chosanta nó rampar lasmuigh d’urdhún. É déanta de chré de ghnáth. 
* ''Feinistear gunna'': Fuinneog a ligeann don chosantóir scaoileadh leis an namhaid. 
* ''Frithbhalla'': An taobh amuigh de dhíog chosanta (féach “port rite”) – an taobh, mar sin, is gaire don mhachaire. 
* ''Imbhalla'': Balla díreach a thimpeallaíonn clós atá le cosaint.
* ''Leagarnach'': Craobhacha a leagtar ina sraith agus aghaidh na mbarr bioraithe ar an namhaid. Bíonn na crainn fite ina chéile nó ceangailte dá chéile le sreang nó le téada. Úsáidtear leo féin iad nó in éineacht le constaicí eile. Is furasta luaith a dhéanamh de leagarnach, nó na téada a dhó agus na cearchaillí a scaradh ó chéile le graiplíní. 
[[Íomhá:Abatis (PSF).png|thumb|right| Is éard is cuspóir don leagarnach an namhaid a choinneáil faoi lámhach na ngunnaí chomh fada agus is féidir.]]
* ''Port rite'': An taobh istigh de dhíog chosanta faoi bhun uchtballa (féach “frithbhalla”).
* ''Radán'': Dhá uchtbhalla ina n-uillinn ar aghaidh na naimhde, agus díog ar a mbéal. 
* ''Scrogall'': Áit i gcúl urdhúin a bhfuil bealach isteach ann. 
* ''Slaodbhalla'': Daingniú triantánach nó sonnfort ar dícheangal os comhair urdhúin amach. Cúlbhalla íseal aige, agus gan aon chosaint le fail ann ag an namhaid má bhriseann siad isteach. 
* ''Slí chumhdaithe'': Limistéar idir an díog agus an claonfort. Ligeann sé do na cosantóirí fanacht as amharc lucht ionsaithe agus scaoileadh leo.


== Naisc ==

[[Caisleán]]

[[Caisleáin na hÉireann, 1350 - 1650]]

[[Dún réaltchruthach]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

== Leabhair ==

* Bartlett, Robert, 1994. ''The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950 - 1350''. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-015409-4

* Bayrou, Lucien, 2006. ''Entre Languedoc et Roussillon : 1258-1659 fortifier une frontière''. Les Amis du Vieux Canet.

* Salch, Charles-Laurent; Durupt, Anne-Marie, 2008. ''Nouvel Atlas Châteaux et fortifications des Bouches-du-Rhône''. Strasbourg. ISBN 1253-6008

* Schweitz, Daniel, 2006. ''Châteaux et forteresses du Moyen Âge en Val de Loire, Touraine, Anjou, Berry, Orléanais, Vendômois, marche bretonne''. CLD, Tours.

* Stearns, Peter; Langer, William Leonard, 2001. ''The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged''. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-395-65237-5

* Fletcher, Sir Banister; Cruickshank, Dan, 1996. ''A History of Architecture''. Architectural Press. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9

== Naisc Eachtracha ==

* [http://www.fortifications.fr/Biblio%20%26%20publications/bibliographiefor.html Artillerie &amp; Fortifications. Ouvrages anciens et modernes - Bibliographie critique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185628/http://www.fortifications.fr/Biblio%20%26%20publications/bibliographiefor.html |date=2016-03-03 }}

* [http://www.fortifications.fr Fortifications. De la fortification bastionnée à la fortification polygonale / Daingnithe. Ó na hurdhúnta go dtí an daingniú polagánach]

* [http://www.fortiff.be/iff/ Index de la fortification française / Innéacs na ndaingnithe Franacacha ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124231537/http://www.fortiff.be/iff/ |date=2010-11-24 }}

* [http://www.septentrion-nwe.org/index.php/septentrion/le_projet_septentrion Septentrion. De la ville forte à la ville durable] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626121903/http://www.septentrion-nwe.org/index.php/septentrion/le_projet_septentrion |date=2010-06-26 }}

* [http://www.sites-vauban.org Réseau des Sites Majeurs de Vauban / Gréasán de mhorláithreáin Vauban]

* [http://www.fortifications.fr/Neuf-Brisach/Neuf-Brisach.html Neuf-Brisach. Trois siècles d'histoire de la fortification / Trí chéad bliain de stair an daingnithe]

* [http://www.fort4a.harc.pl Daingean 4a i bPoznán, an Pholainn] 

* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Fortification_and_siegecraft 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica na bliana 1911 ar Dhaingnithe agus ar Mhodhanna Léigir]

* [http://www.tunnelrats.org.au Eolas ar Dhaingnithe Astralacha sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda]{{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.educ.um.edu.mt/militarymalta Stair Mhíleata Mhálta (Daingnithe)]

* [http://www.ag-festung-koeln.de/ Daingean Cologne]

* [http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_history.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Cosaint an Chósta
* [http://www.civertan.hu/legifoto/legifoto.php?page_level=322 Fotagrafaíocht Aerga: Daingean - Komárom - An Ungáir]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061205041205/http://peterwardein.com/ Petrovaradin - An daingean is mó san Eoraip de chuid an 18ú haois]
* [http://www.eastbournemuseums.co.uk/ Iarsmalann an Daingin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618163222/http://www.eastbournemuseums.co.uk/ |date=2011-06-18 }}

* [http://www.nortfort.ru/spb/index_e.html Pictiúir agus Stair Dhaingean Pheadair agus Phóil (Cathair San Peadar]

[[Catagóir:Caisleáin]]
[[Catagóir:Cogadh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Múscán</title>
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      <text bytes="808" sha1="l363unj8k68pt744mwfjfx82p8dws1t" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Verschimmeltes Brot 2008-12-07.JPG|thumb|250px|Múscán ar [[arán]]]]
'''Múscán''' a thugtar ar [[fungas|fhungas]] ar bith a fhásann i bhfoirm hyphae (filiméid), seachas cealla aonair. (Más cealla aonair atá ann, [[giosta]] a thugtar air). Fásann na múscáin ar / in ábhar orgánach. 

== Samplaí ==
* Múscán gorm
* Múscán liath
* Slam-mhúscán
* Múscán aráin

== Naisc ==
* [http://www.socialhousingaction.com/case_studies_irish.htm Comhdhlúthú agus cosc ar mhúscáin i Remscheid (uimhir 18)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102121454/http://www.socialhousingaction.com/case_studies_irish.htm |date=2009-01-02 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928122613/http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.html The EPA's guide to mold]

{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Plandaí]]</text>
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    <title>James Stewart</title>
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      <text bytes="3634" sha1="qki2m8jvmflfmicxh57etbvw77yv619" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
B'[[aisteoir]] [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]] é '''James Stewart''' (a rugadh ar an [[20 Bealtaine]] [[1908]] agus a fuair bás [[2 Iúil]] [[1997]]). 

== Saol ==
Saolaíodh James Maitland Stewart in Indiana i stát Pennsylvania sa bhliain 1908. Ba iad Elizabeth Ruth (née Jackson) agus Alexander Maitland Stewart a thuismitheoirí. Bhí siopa crua-earraí ag a athair..&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/James-Stewart.html James Stewart Biography (1908–)].&lt;/ref&gt;.

Phós Jimmy Gloria Hatrick McLean ar an 9 Lúnasa 1949. D'éirigh go maith leis i scannáin faoin [[Iarthar Fiáin]] sna 1930í agus 1940í, le cuid de na haisteoirí ba mhó cáil i Meiriceá, leithéidí [[Katharine Hepburn]] (''The Philadelphia Story'') agus [[Marlene Dietrich]] (''Destry Rides Again'').

Roghnaigh [[Alfred Hitchcock]] é chun an príomhpháirt a ghlacadh i sraith scannán mar ''Rope'' (1948), ''Vertigo'' (1958, le Kim Novak) agus ''Rear Window'' (1954). Ina dhiaidh sin d'fhill Stewart ar théama an Iarthair agus dheineadar scannáin mar ''How the West Was Won'' (1962). Throid sé mar bhall d'Aerfhórsa Mheiriceá le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. 

== Roinnt scannán ==
* ''You Can't Take It With You'' (1938)
* ''Made For Each Other'' (1939) 
* ''Mr. Smith Goes to Washington'' (1939)
* ''Destry Rides Again'' (1939)
* ''The Shop Around the Corner'' (1940)
* ''The Philadelphia Story'' (1940)
* ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946)
* ''Rope'' (1948)
* ''Harvey'' (1951)
* ''The Naked Spur'' (1953)
* ''Rear Window'' (1954)
* ''The Far Country'' (1954)
* ''Vertigo'' (1958)
* ''Anatomy of a Murder'' (1959)
* ''How the West Was Won'' (1962)
* ''The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance'' (1962)

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc ==
* [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0520.html Obituary:&quot;James Stewart, the Hesitant Hero, Dies at 89&quot; - ''[[New York Times]]'' (July 3, 1997)]
* [http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9707/02/stewart.obit.7p/ Obituary:&quot;Hollywood legend Jimmy Stewart dead at 89&quot; - [[CNN]] - (July 2, 1997)]{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* News: [http://www.princeton.edu/pr/news/97/q2/0402stwt.html &quot;Princeton to Honor Famed Alumnus Jimmy Stewart '32 With Tribute and Theater Dedication&quot; - [[Ollscoil Princeton]] - (1997)]
* [http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/JamesStewartCentennial.htm Centennial Tribute to James Stewart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907024952/http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/JamesStewartCentennial.htm |date=2010-09-07 }}
* [http://www.jimmy.org The Jimmy Stewart Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605134327/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1670 Brig. Gen. James M. Stewart - National Museum of the United States Air Force]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart, James}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1908]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1997]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:An Dara Cogadh Domhanda]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna de bharr galair]]
[[Catagóir:Buaiteoirí ghradam 'Aisteoir is Fearr' (Oscars)]]
[[Catagóir:Buaiteoirí gradaim Golden Globe]]
[[Catagóir:Cogadh Vítneam]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Pennsylvania]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine de bhunadh na hAlban]]
[[Catagóir:Eitleoirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Ginearáil]]
[[Catagóir:Meiriceánaigh de bhunadh na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Pearsanra míleata Meiriceánach]]
[[Catagóir:Poblachtánaigh na Stát Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Preispitéirigh]]
[[Catagóir:Saighdiúirí Meiriceánacha]]
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      <text bytes="5967" sha1="ej7emez0sge2rmxbwi5gs0kzb7grhbz" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:A view of the Panmunjom Joint Security Area looking towards the North Korean side as preparations are being made for a repatriation ceremony on 981106-F-AF179-004.jpg|mion|333x333px|an Limistéar Comhshlándála]]
Is éard atá i gceist leis an '''Limistéar Comhshlándála''' ([[An Béarla|Béarla]]: ''Joint Security Area'', [[An Chóiréis|Cóiréis]]: ''공동경비구역/Gongdong Gyeongbi Guyeok'') ná an t-aon chuid den chrios dé-mhíleataithe idir an [[An Chóiré Thuaidh|Chóiré Thuaidh]] agus an [[An Chóiré Theas|Chóiré Theas]] ina bhfuil fórsaí armtha an dá stát i ndlúth-theagmháil le chéile. 

Is minic a thugtar Panmunjom ar an áit i gcuimhne ar an sráidbhaile a bhí ansin roimh [[Cogadh na Cóiré|Chogadh na Cóiré]], nó ''Sráidbhaile an tSos Cogaidh'', nó ''Sráidbhaile na gComhchainteanna''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15563058/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2010-07-11 |archivedate=2012-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019024330/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15563058/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh an sráidbhaile féin de dhroim an domhain le linn an chogaidh, agus níl fágtha de inniu ach an &quot;iarsmalann síochána&quot; a thóg muintir na Cóiré Thuaidh san áit ina raibh lár an tsráidbhaile fadó. Tá an Limistéar Comhshlándála suite leathchiliméadar ó dheas ón iarsmalann sin.

[[Íomhá:DMZ seen from the north, 2005.jpg|thumb|An Limistéar Comhshlándála|clé]]In Panmunjom a síníodh an conradh faoin sos cogaidh ar an [[27 Iúil]] [[1953]], a chuir deireadh le Cogadh na Cóiré - go sealadach, ar fad. Ní conradh [[Síocháin|síochán]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a é, agus mar sin, ó thaobh an dlí idirnáisiúnta de, níl an cogadh sin críochnaithe i gceart go fóill.

== Eachtraí ==
Thit eachtraí éagsúla amach sa Limistéar Comhshlándála i rith na mblianta. I ndiaidh an tsos cogaidh, d'fhill na cimí cogaidh abhaile agus iad ag trasnú na líne críochadóireachta tríd an &quot;Droichead gan Filleadh&quot; (Béarla: ''Bridge of No Return'', Cóiréis: ''돌아올 수 없는 다리/Doraol su eomneun dari''). 

Fuair an droichead a ainm faoin am seo. Is é an míniú ná go raibh cuid mhór de na [[saighdiúir]]í Tuaisceartacha ann arbh fhearr leo fanacht sa leath [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Mheiriceánach]] den tír. Ag an droichead seo a fuair siad an fhaill dheireanach le dul go dtí an Chóiré Thuaidh; dá dtrasnóidís an líne críochadóireachta, ní fhéadfaidís filleadh go dtí an Deisceart.
[[Íomhá:North Korean soldier Demilitarized Zone of Korea 2005.jpg|mion|220x220px|Saighdiúir, An Chóiré Thuaidh]]
Ar dtús, ba iad na saighdiúirí Meiriceánacha a choinníodh súil ar an áit thar cionn na Cóiré Theas, an chuid ba mhó, ach san am chéanna, d'eagraigh [[Arm na Stát Aontaithe]] lárionad oiliúna míleata le haghaidh saighdiúirí Cóiréacha Deisceartacha a bheadh sásta dul ar fiannas in éineacht leis na fórsaí Meiriceánacha leis an limistéar a ghardáil. 

Na saighdiúirí a fhaigheann oiliúint mhíleata Mheiriceánach ar an mbealach seo, tugtar KATUSA orthu, is é sin, Meitheal Chúnta Chóiréach Arm na Stát Aontaithe (''Korean Augmentation to the United States Army'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/69038.pdf |foilsitheoir=U.S. Department of State |teideal=Abbreviations |page=3 |accessdate=2009-03-14 |dáta=29/9/2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060725155412/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/69038.pdf |archivedate=2006-07-25 |dátarochtana=2010-07-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Tá an lárionad oiliúna, Camp Jackson, suite taobh thuaidh de [[Súl]], [[príomhchathair]] na Cóiré Theas. 
[[Íomhá:KATUSA-U.S. Soldier Friendship Week-01.jpg|clé|mion|&quot;KATUSA-U.S. Soldier Friendship Week&quot;, 2009]]
Tugtar na Fórsaí Comhshlándála, nó ''Joint Security Forces'', ar shaighdiúirí an KATUSA agus na saighdiúirí Meiriceánacha in éineacht. 

Go dtí le déanaí, ní raibh ach dornán saighdiúirí Cóiréacha ann, ach d'imigh sin agus tháinig seo: inniu, is iad na Cóiréigh a ghlac orthu cuid mhór de na dualgais a bhí ar na Meiriceánaigh roimhe seo, agus chuaigh líon na Meiriceánach san áit i laghad. Tá an chuma ar an scéal go bhfuil na Meiriceánaigh dírithe ar an áit a fhágáil ina hiomláine faoi na Cóiréigh lá de na laethanta seo.

== Turasóireacht ==
[[Íomhá:USMC-060823-M-1132D-030.jpg|mion|Tuarasóirí]]
Cé go bhfuil caidreamh an dá stát Cóiréach lán naimhdeas agus drochamhras inniu féin, tagann céad míle [[Turasóireacht|turasóir]] go dtí an Limistéar Comhshlándála gach bliain le súil a chaitheamh ar iarsmaí deireanacha an [[Cogadh Fuar|Chogaidh Fhuair]]. 

Scéal eile áfach nach bhfuil cead ag sibhialtaigh ón dá Chóiré cuairt a thabhairt ar an limistéar. Mar sin, ní féidir leo turasóireacht den chineál seo a dhéanamh.

== An Scannán ''Joint Security Area'' ==
[[Íomhá:Joint Security Area observation tower.jpg|clé|mion|post breathnóireachta]]
Sa bhliain 2000, rinne an stiúrthóir Cóiréach Deisceartach Park Chan-wook [[scannán]] dar teideal ''Joint Security Area'' (Cóiréis: ''공동경비구역 JSA/Gongdong Gyeongbi Guyeok JSA''). Tugann an scannán cur síos ar shaol na saighdiúirí óga ar diúité ag an teorainn, ach is é is príomhábhar don scéal ná an cairdeas aisteach idir beirt saighdiúirí ón Deisceart agus beirt eile ón Tuaisceart.  

Goimh fhrithir is ea críochdheighilt na tíre do mhuintir na Cóiré Theas, agus is é an Limistéar Comhshlándála siombail na críochdheighilte. Mar sin, ní ábhar iontais é go raibh ráchairt mhór ar an scannán. Le fírinne, ba é an scannán ba mhó ráchairt i stair scannánaíochta na Cóiré Theas lena linn. 

{{commons|Category:Joint Security Area, Korea|An Limistéar Comhshlándála}}
== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Limistéar Comhshlándála, An}}
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Is [[suíomh gréasáin]] faoi chúrsaí an [[idirlín]] í '''BBC WebWise'''.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.open2.net/sciencetechnologynature/computing/glossary.html&lt;/ref&gt; Cruthaíodh sa bhliain 1998 é agus athsheoladh i Meán Fómhair na bliana 2010 é. Tá cúrsaí idirlín, colún seachtainiúil agus foclóirín téarmaíochta le fáil ann.

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100918172524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/ BBC WebWise - Suíomh oifigiúil]

[[Catagóir:Láithreáin gréasáin]]
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      <text bytes="6485" sha1="3wliy1eenapl0er718sfabo9vkm3p98" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Charcoal2.jpg|right|thumb|Fiodhghual tirim]]
[[Íomhá:Charbon de bois rouge.jpg|right|thumb|Dóiteán fiodhghuail]]

Is éard atá san '''fhioghual''' an fuílleach a fhágtar nuair a bhaintear [[uisce]] agus ábhar soghalaithe eile as ábhar ainmhíoch agus plandúil. Tagann ''fioghual'' ón gcomhfhocal ''fiodh-ghual''. De ghnáth déantar fioghual le [[pirealú]] mall, agus [[adhmad]], [[siúcra]] nó rudaí eile á théamh gan [[ocsaigin]]. Ábhar sobhriste piochánach dubh atá ann, agus idir 50% agus 95% de ina [[Carbón|charbón]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5328E/x5328e0b.htm Using charcoal efficiently]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Carbónú adhmaid ==

Déantar fioghual d'adhmad trína charbónú ar fad, i dtreo nach bhfágtar ach carbón agus luaith. Déantar ábhar éadrom scagach dá bharr, agus má bhaintear úsáid as dlúthábhar adhmadach, ar nós blaosc cnó nó cloch péitseoige, faightear fioghual a bhfuil dromchla leathan piochánach air agus é an-scagach dá bharr. Carbón gníomhaithe é sin, agus is maith an sás chun ceimicigh a shú é. 

Is iomaí áit fós a ndéantar fioghual ar an sean-nós agus carn adhmaid á dhó a bhfuil a mbunáite faoi chlúdach pluda nó brící. Déantar [[teas]] de na fothorthaí agus de bharr cuid den adhmad a dhó, rud a phirealaíonn an t-iomlán. Ní dhóitear an fioghual féin toisc a laghad sin ocsaigine a bheith ann. Anois is féidir an t-adhmad a théamh i soitheach aeriata miotail, rud a laghdaíonn [[truailliú]] agus a ligeann torthaí soghalaithe a chomhdhlúthú.

== Stair ==
[[Íomhá:Charcoal pile 05.jpg|left|thumb|Carn adhmaid sular clúdaíodh é (timpeall na bliana 1890)]]

Is fada fioghual á dhéanamh i gceantair choillteacha. De ghnáth chuirfí smutáin adhmaid ar a gceann chun carn coirceogach a dhéanamh, an t-aer á ligean isteach thíos trí phoill agus sloc i lár baill mar fheadán deataí. Chlúdófaí an carn le móin nó le cré fhliuch. Ansin dhéanfaí tine a adhaint i dtóin an fheadáin agus spréifeadh an teas.

Thabharfadh céad pháirt d'adhmad timpeall seasca páirt fiodhghuail de thoirt nó cúig pháirt is fiche de mheáchan. Obair í atá níos torthúla ar an mórchóir ná ar an mionchóir: go fiú sa 17ú haois bhí éifeacht 90% le tionscadail mhóra. Ach b'fhearr riamh an obair a fhágáil faoi dhaoine a raibh fios a ngnó acu. 
 
Ba iad na cruacha fiodhghuail a mhill coillte na hEorpa. I Sasana bhí a lán roscoillte ann a ghearrtaí agus a ligtí fás arís chun soláthar a dhéanamh don fhioghual, ach sa 17ú haois bhí daoine ag gearán faoi ghanntanas crann. In Éirinn rinne na tiarnaí nua lántairbhe a bhaint as fioghual le haghaidh teilgcheártaí beaga iarainn, rud a d'fhág na coillte ar lár. Nuair a d'éirigh an fioghual gann iompaíodh ar an ngual. 

Sa Lochlainn dhéantaí tarra adhmaid de na coillte péine, agus bhaintí feidhm as an bhfioghual a bhíodh ag roinnt leis mar chóc i gceártaí bruithnithe. Tháinig deireadh le déantús an tarra i ndeireadh an 19ú haois, agus d'fhás na coillte millte arís. 

Sa saol atá anois ann déantar adhmad a charbónú ina bhlúirí nó ina mhín sáibh i bhfreangáin iarann múnla, rud a ligeann fothorthaí a chruinniú - meatánól, tarra adhmaid nó aicíd phioradhmadach. Fioghual a dhéantar ag 300&amp;nbsp;°C tá sé briosc agus donn, agus téann sé trí thine ag 380&amp;nbsp;°C. Má dhéantar ag teocht níos airde é tá sé crua agus sobhriste, agus ní théann trí thine go dtí timpeall 700&amp;nbsp;°C.

=== An fioghual agus leagan na gcoillte in Éirinn sa 17ú haois ===
[[Íomhá:Portglenone Forest Bluebells - May 2008.jpg|thumb|200px|Sampla den saghas coille a leagfaí le haghaidh fioghuail in Éirinn: Port Chluain Eoghain i gContae Aontroma]]
Bhí idir gharbhiarann agus shlatiarann á ndéanamh in Éirinn sa 17ú haois. Sna 1660í bhí an tionscal in ísle brí de dheasca iomaíocht na Rúise agus na Sualainne, bhochtanas na tíre agus a laghad sin éilimh a bheith ar iarann ann. Sa chuid deiridh den aois, áfach, tháinig fás mór faoin tionscadal, agus dleachtanna arda importála ag cuidiú leis ón mbliain 1662 amach.&lt;ref&gt;Andrews, J.H., 'A note on the later history of the Irish charcoal iron industry,' ''The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland'', Vol. 86, No. 2 (1956), lgh 217-219.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shíl na tiarnaí nua Protastúnacha gurbh fhéidir brabach gasta a dhéanamh as na coillte in Éirinn trí fhioghual a dhéanamh agus ceártaí iarainn a bhunú. Fuair siad amach nach raibh an gnó chomh furasta sin: ba dheacair brabach leanúnach a dhéanamh. Mar sin féin, lean siad orthu ag tógáil ceártaí; ba lú costas an bhreosla in Éirinn ná i Sasana, agus rinne infheisteoirí ó Shasana féin ceárta iarainn a bhunú ag Inis Coirthe i gContae Loch Garman.&lt;ref&gt;Barnard, T.C., 'An Anglo-Irish industrial enterprise: iron making at Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford, 1657-92,' ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy''. Vol. 85C, (1985), lgh 101-144.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lean tionscal an fhioghuail anuas go dtí an chéad chuid den 18ú haois. Faoin am sin bhí slad déanta ar choillte na tíre de bharr ar leagadh de chrainn chun na ceártaí a chothú. Lena chois sin, chuaigh an gnó i bhfeidhm ar shaol agus ar gheilleagar na tuaithe. Ba é tús an tionsclaithe in Éirinn é.

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601014725/http://www.nps.gov/cato/historyculture/charcoal.htm Catoctin Mountain Park - Charcoal and Iron Industry (U.S. National Park Service)] Suíomh a bhaineann le Catoctin Mountain Park in Maryland, SAM, agus eolas ann ar stair na gcruacha fioghual sa cheantar.
* [http://bbq.about.com/b/2007/04/12/charcoal-of-the-future.htm Coconut Charcoal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109171012/http://bbq.about.com/b/2007/04/12/charcoal-of-the-future.htm |date=2010-11-09 }} - Eolas ar fhioghual a dheantar as cnónna cócó. 
* [http://www.biocoal.org/3.html &quot;Freangán Adam&quot;, nó ICPS (Improved Charcoal Production System)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620061658/http://www.biocoal.org/3.html |date=2010-06-20 }}
* [http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/bio.r3.asp Déanann an carbónu splaince fioghual go han-éifeachtach le brúchóiriú.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030127215121/http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/bio.r3.asp |date=2003-01-27 }}

[[Catagóir:Breoslaí]]
[[Catagóir:Carbón]]
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  <page>
    <title>Chris Christie</title>
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      <text bytes="3658" sha1="6q4fsvqbzyl9q40wt5ec1yuy8brq88y" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Gobharnóir [[New Jersey]] sna [[Stáit Aontaithe]] ab ea '''Christopher James “Chris” Christie''' (a rugadh ar [[6 Meán Fómhair]] [[1962]] i [[Newark]], [[New Jersey]]). Ba é an 55ú gobharnóir é i stair an stáit úd. Toghadh é i Samhain na bliana [[2009]]. Is ball den [[Páirtí Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe)|Pháirtí Poblachtach]] é. Tháinig sé i gcomharbas ar Jon Corzine, an 54ú gobharnóir agus ball den [[Páirtí Daonlathach (Stáit Aontaithe)|Pháirtí Daonlathach]]. Sular toghadh mar ghobharnóir é, d’oibrigh Christie mar Aturnae na Stát Aontaithe do Dhúiche New Jersey. Ar 16 Eanáir tháinig Doug Phillips den Pháirtí Daonalathach i gcomharbacht air mar ghobharnóir.

Is de shliocht measctha Éireannach Sicileach é Christie. Tógadh i Livingston, [[fo-bhaile]] compordach siar ó Newark é. Bhain sé céimeanna amach ó Ardscoil Livingston, Ollscoil Delaware ([[Baitsiléir Ealaíne]] san [[eolaíocht pholaitiúil]], 1984) agus Scoil Dlí [[Ollscoil Seton Hall]] (Juris Doctor, 1987). Glaodh chun [[Barra (dlí)|Barra]] New Jersey é sa bhliain 1987 agus chun Barra Chúirt Dhúiche na Stát Aontaithe sa bhliain chéanna.

Sa bhliain 1986, phós Christie Mary Pat Foster, a casadh air nuair a bhí siad ina mic léinn ag Ollscoil Delaware. Chuaigh sí seo leis an infheistíocht bhaincéireachta agus í ag obair don ghnólacht Wall Street úd Cantor Fitzgerald. D’éirigh sí as an bpost sin i ndiaidh ionsaithe [[9/11]] (chaill Cantor Fitzgerald níos mó dá chuid fostaithe sna hionsaithe úd ná aon chomhlacht eile.) Tá ceathrar páistí acu. I Mendham Township, New Jersey atá siad ina gcónaí, in áit Drumthwacket, teach oifigiúil an ghobharnóra i bPrinceton.

Tá tuairimí coimeádacha ag Chris Christie, agus lena chois sin modh oibre diongbháilte agus bealach cainte atá borb dar lena lán. Lochtaíonn sé an ionsaitheacht sa pholaitíocht, áfach. Tá Christie ag tarraingt éisteacht nach beag chuige féin ó cheann ceann na tíre le tamall anuas agus bhí iomrá leis mar iarrthóir Poblachtach d'uachtaránacht na tíre. Ar 11 Deireadh Fómhair 2011, thug Christie tacaíocht do [[Mitt Romney]] sa rás don uachtaránacht.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/10/11/christie-to-endorse-romney-for-president/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017034634/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/10/11/christie-to-endorse-romney-for-president/ |date=2011-10-17 }} &quot;Christie Endorses Romney Ahead of GOP Debate&quot;, Fox News&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí sé gníomhach i bhfeachtas [[Donald Trump]] sa bhliain 2016 agus é seo ar lorg uachtaránacht na tíre.

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [http://www.state.nj.us/governor/ Suíomh oifigiúil ghobharnóir New Jersey]
* [http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/current-governors/col2-content/main-content-list/christopher-christie.html Beathaisnéis ag suíomh an National Governors Association]
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/christopher_j_christie/index.html Ábhar faoi Christie ag an NY Times]

{{Síol-beath-us}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Chris}}
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    <title>Craobhchomórtas Sacair na hEorpa</title>
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      <text bytes="7548" sha1="bdenehctfhejsvmavyp6i87uk38x0ty" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Comórtas Spóirt}}

:''Féach ar [[UEFA Euro 2024]] don chomórtas reatha''.

Comórtas [[sacar|sacair]] idirnáisiúnta is ea '''Craobhchomórtas Sacair na hEorpa''' (ag tosú sa bhliain 1996 glaotar &quot;Euro 2008&quot; nó cibé bliain atá i gceist. Eagraíonn [[UEFA]] an comórtas gach ceithre bliana agus bíonn seans ag gach foireann sacair idirnáisiúnta na hEorpa a bheith páirteach. Bhuaigh [[an Spáinn]] an craobhchomórtas sa bhliain 2008, agus beidh an chéad cheann eile ar siúl sa Pholainn agus Úcráin sa bhliain [[2012]].

Tosaíonn an corn leis an gcomórtas cáiliúcháin, ina imríonn na foirne i gcoinne a chéile agus téann na buaiteoirí isteach sna cluichí ceannais. Ní bhíonn ach sé fhoireann déag sna cluichí ceannais, agus mar sin is luachmhar an duais é. Téann an fhoireann óstach go díreach isteach sna cluichí ceannais. Cuirtear na foirne eile isteach i ngrúpaí beaga, agus leanann an dá fhoireann is fearr ar aghaidh. Ansin, is iomaíocht díbeartha í go dtí an cluiche ceannais.

As an ceithre chomórtas déag a imríodh go dtí seo, tá an corn buaite ag naoi náisiún. Tá trí bhua ag [[an Ghearmáin]] agus [[An Spáinn]], níos mó ná aon fhoireann eile.

== Na Comórtais ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width: 100%; text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!rowspan=2 width=5%|Bliain 
!rowspan=2 width=10%|Óstaigh
|width=1% rowspan=23| 
!colspan=3|Cluiche ceannais 
|width=1% rowspan=23| 
!colspan=3|Cluiche don 3ú háit 
|-
!width=15%|Buaiteoir 
!width=8%|Scór 
!width=15%|Dara háit 
!width=15%|Tríú háit
!width=8%|Scór 
!width=15%|Ceathrú háit 
|-
|1960 &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]] 
|'''{{bratach|the Soviet Union 1955}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An tAontas Sóivéadach]]'''
|'''4–2'''
|{{bratach|the Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Iúgslaiv]]
|{{bratach| Czechoslovakia}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An tSeicslóvaic]]
|'''2-0'''
|{{bratach|France}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Fhrainc]]
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|1964 &lt;br /&gt;  
|{{bratach|Spain}} [[An Spáinn]]
|'''{{bratach|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Spáinn]]'''
|'''2–1'''
|{{bratach|the Soviet Union 1955}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An tAontas Sóivéadach]]
|{{bratach|Hungary}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ungáir]]
|'''3–1'''
|{{bratach|Denmark}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Danmhairg]]
|-
|1968 &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]
|'''{{bratach|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Iodáil]]'''
|'''1–1''' ab 
2-0 (athimirt)
|{{bratach|the Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Iúgslaiv]]
|{{bratach|England}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Sasana]]
|'''2-0'''
|{{bratach|the Soviet Union 1955}}&lt;br /&gt;[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]]
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|1972 &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|Belgium}} [[An Bheilg]]
|'''{{bratach|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ghearmáin|An Ghearmáin Thiar]]'''
|3-0
|{{bratach|the Soviet Union 1955}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An tAontas Sóivéadach]]
|{{bratach|Belgium}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Bheilg]]
|2-1
|{{bratach|Hungary}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ungáir]]
|-
|1976 &lt;br /&gt;  
|{{bratach|the Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[An Iúgslaiv]]
|'''{{bratach|Czechoslovakia}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An tSeicslóvaic]]'''
|'''2–2''' a.b.
5-3 pion.
|'''{{bratach|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ghearmáin|An Ghearmáin Thiar]]
|{{bratach|Netherlands}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ísiltír]]
|'''3–2''' a.b.
|{{bratach|the Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Iúgslaiv]]
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|1980 &lt;br /&gt;
|{{bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]] 
|'''{{bratach|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ghearmáin|An Ghearmáin Thiar]]'''
|'''2-1'''
|{{bratach|Belgium}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Bheilg]]
|{{bratach|Czechoslovakia}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An tSeicslóvaic]]
|'''1–1''' a.b 
9-8 pion.
|{{bratach|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Iodáil]]
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot;|Bliain
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;|ÓStaigh
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Cluiche ceannais
!colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Foirne a chaill cluiche leathcheannais
|-
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|Buaiteoir
!width=&quot;10%&quot;|Scór 
!width=&quot;15%&quot;|dara háit
|-
|1984 &lt;br /&gt;  
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]
|'''{{bratach|France}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Fhrainc]]'''
|'''2-0'''
|{{bratach|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Spáinn]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{bratach|Denmark}} [[An Danmhairg]] agus {{bratach|Portugal}} [[An Phortaingéil]]
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|1988 &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin|An Ghearmáin Thiar]]
|'''{{bratach|Netherlands}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ísiltír]]''' 
|'''2-0''' ab
|{{bratach|the Soviet Union 1955}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An tAontas Sóivéadach]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]] agus {{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin|An Ghearmáin Thiar]]
|-
|1992 &lt;br /&gt;  
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]
|'''{{bratach|Denmark}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Danmhairg]]'''
|'''2-0'''
|{{bratach|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ghearmáin]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]] agus {{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|1996 &lt;br /&gt;  
|{{bratach|England}} [[Sasana]]
|'''{{bratach|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ghearmáin]]'''
|'''2–1'''
|{{bratach|the Czech Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Poblacht na Seice]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{bratach|England}} [[Sasana]] agus {{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]
|-
|2000 &lt;br /&gt;  
|{{bratach|Belgium}} [[An Bheilg]] &amp; &lt;br /&gt; {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]
|'''{{bratach|France}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Fhrainc]]'''
|'''2–1'''
|{{bratach|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Iodáil]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]] agus {{bratach|Portugal}} [[An Phortaingéil]]
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|2004 &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|Portugal}} [[An Phortaingéil]]
|'''{{bratach|Greece}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ghréig]]'''
|'''1-0'''
|{{bratach|Portugal}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Phortaingéil]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{bratach|the Czech Republic}} [[Poblacht na Seice]] agus {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]] 
|-
|2008 &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|Austria}} [[An Ostair]] &amp; &lt;br /&gt; {{bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis|An Eilvéis]] 
|'''{{bratach|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Spáinn]]'''
|'''1-0'''
|{{bratach|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Ghearmáin]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{bratach|Russia}} [[An Rúis]] agus {{bratach|Turkey}} [[An Tuirc]]
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|[[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]] &lt;br /&gt;  
|{{bratach|Poland}} [[An Pholainn]] &amp; &lt;br /&gt; {{bratach|Ukraine}} [[An Úcráin]] 
|'''{{bratach|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Spáinn]]'''
|'''4–0'''
|{{bratach|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Iodáil]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{bratach|Portugal}} [[An Phortaingéil]] agus {{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]
|-
|[[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{FRA sacar}}
|{{bratach|Portugal}}&lt;br /&gt;'''[[An Phortaingéil]]'''
|'''1–0''' (a.b.)
|{{bratach|France}}&lt;br /&gt;[[An Fhrainc]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{WAL sacar}} agus {{GER sacar|deas}}
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|[[UEFA Euro 2020|2020]] &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|EU}} [[Eoraip]]
|{{bratach|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;'''[[An Iodáil]]'''
|'''1–1''' a.b.
3-2 pion.
|{{bratach|England}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Sasana]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{ESP sacar}} agus {{DEN sacar|deas}}
|-
|[[UEFA Euro 2024|2024]] &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]
|{{bratach|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;'''[[An Spáinn]]'''
|'''2–1''' 
|{{bratach|England}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Sasana]]
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{FRA sacar}} agus {{NED sacar|deas}}
|- style=&quot;background: #D0E6FF;&quot;
|[[UEFA Euro 2028|2028]] &lt;br /&gt; 
|{{bratach|UK}} [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|An Ríocht Aontaithe]] &amp; &lt;br /&gt; {{bratach|Ireland}} [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]
|
|
|
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|}

;Eochair
* ab — ''tar éis am breise''
* pion. — ''ciceanna pionóis''

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120731073048/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/index.html Suíomh Oifigiúil] ag UEFA.com
* [http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html Stair] ag UEFA.com

{{Síol-spórt}}

[[Catagóir:UEFA]]
[[Catagóir:Sacar]]
[[Catagóir:Ilchomórtais sacair]]
[[Catagóir:Craobhchomórtais spóirt]]</text>
      <sha1>bdenehctfhejsvmavyp6i87uk38x0ty</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioscliosta David Guetta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328543</id>
      <parentid>1242404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T03:48:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328543</origin>
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      <text bytes="12874" sha1="7rfnt1hydp6lzux2cl8w8q7d8m7l9gu" xml:space="preserve">{{glanadh}}

== Albaim ==
===Albaim===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=2 |Teideal
! width=&quot;40&quot; rowspan=2 |Bliain
! colspan=10 |Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Fhrainc]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Astráil]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Bheilg]]&lt;br /&gt;([[An Vallúin]])&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Eilvéis]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ghearmáin]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ísiltír]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ostair]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Stáit Aontaithe|SAM]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An tSualainn]]&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Just A Little More Love]]''
| 2002
| 6 || — || 43 || 17 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Guetta Blaster]]''
| 2004
| 11 || — || 29 || 45 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Pop Life]]''
| 2007
| 2 || — || 4 || 8 || — || — || 31 || 44 || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[One Love]]''
| 2009
| 1 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 3 || 2 || 70 || 33
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Nothing but the Beat]]''
| 2011
| 1 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 5 || 19
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Listen]]''
| 2014
| 3 || 11 || 6 || 2 || 3 || 11 || 3 || 8 || 4 || 6
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an t-albam sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Albaim Díolama ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=2 |Teideal
! width=&quot;40&quot; rowspan=2 |Bliain
! colspan=10 |Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Fhrainc]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Bheilg]]&lt;br /&gt;([[An Vallúin]])&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Eilvéis]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ostair]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Spáinn]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Stáit Aontaithe|SAM]]&lt;br&gt;Rince&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous]]''
| 2003
| — || — || 39 || — || 82 || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous Vol. 2]]''
| 2005
| — || — || — || — || 6 || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 06]]''
| 2006
| — || — || 62 || — || — || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 08]]''
| 2008
| 8 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2009]]''
| 2009
| — || — || — || — || 9 || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''Pop Life / Guetta Blaster''
| 2009
| 135 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2010]]''
| 2010
| — || 19 || — || 45 || 6 || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''Just a Little More Love / Pop Life''
| 2011
| 114 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2011]]''
| 2011
| 3 || 17 || — || 39 || 2 || — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2012]]''
| 2012
| 5 || 13 || — || 30 || — || 20 || 24
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2013]]''
| 2013
| 11 || — || — || 38 || — || — || —
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an t-albam sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Ceirníní Leathfhada ===
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Eolas
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''iTunes Festival: London 2009''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scaoilte: 20 Iúil, 2009
* Lipéad: [[EMI]]
* Formáidí: Íoslódáil
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''iTunes Festival: London 2012''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scaoilte: 5 Deireadh Fómhair, 2013
* Lipéad: EMI
* Formáidí: Íoslódáil
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Lovers on the Sun''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scaoilte: 30 Meitheamh, 2014
* Lipéad: EMI
* Formáidí: Íoslódáil
|-
|}

== Singlí ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:19em;&quot;|Teideal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! colspan=10 |Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=2 |Albam
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Fhrainc]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Astráil]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ostair]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Bheilg]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ghearmáin]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ísiltír]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An tSualainn]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Eilvéis]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;80&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Stáit Aontaithe|SAM]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Nation Rap&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite music release notes | type=single | artist=Sidney and David Guetta | year=1990 | teideal=Nation Rap | format=track listing | publisher=[[Island Records]] | id=878 325-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;(le [[Sidney Duteil|Sidney]])
| 1990
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singil gan albam
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Up &amp; Away&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite music release notes | type=single | artist=David Guetta | year=1990 | teideal=Up &amp; Away | format=track listing | publisher=[[Dance Pool]] | id=DAN 660409 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Robert Owens]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 1994
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Just a Little More Love&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Chris Willis]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 2001
| 29 || — || — || 42 || — || 38 || — || 59 || 19 || —
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| ''Just a Little More Love''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Love Don't Let Me Go&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis)&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2002
| 4 || — || — || 7 || — || 19 || — || 13 || 46 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;People Come People Go&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis)&lt;/span&gt;
| 42 || — || — || 47 || — || — || — || 54 || — || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Give Me Something&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Barbara Tucker]])&lt;/span&gt;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Just for One Day (Heroes)&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[David Bowie]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 2003
| 54 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 73 || —
| ''Fuck Me I'm Famous''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Money&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis agus Mone)&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2004
| 63 || — || — || 52 || — || — || — || 52 || — || —
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| ''Guetta Blaster''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Stay&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis)&lt;/span&gt;
| 18 || — || — || 19 || — || — || — || 82 || 78 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;The World Is Mine&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[JD Davis]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 16 || — || — || 15 || — || 27 || — || 40 || 49 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;In Love with Myself&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le JD Davis)&lt;/span&gt;
| 2005
| — || — || — || 43 || — || — || — || 46 || — || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[The Egg]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 2006
| 11 || 32 || 74 || 13 || 50 || 43 || 25 || 19 || 3 || —
| ''Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 06''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Love Is Gone&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis)&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2007
| 3 || — || 15 || 9 || 36 || 14 || 9 || 11 || 9 || 98
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| ''Pop Life''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Baby When the Light&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Cozi Costi|Cozi]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 6 || — || 62 || 5 || 59 || 15 || 35 || 25 || 50 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Delirious&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Tara McDonald]])&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2008
| 16 || — || 27 || 2 || 59 || 12 || 51 || 16 || — || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Tomorrow Can Wait&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis agus [[Tocadisco]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 7 || — || 47 || 19 || 56 || 21 || — || 43 || 84 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Everytime We Touch&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis, [[Steve Angello]] agus [[Sebastian Ingrosso]])&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| 2009
| — || — || — || 43 || — || 19 || — || 97 || 68 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;When Love Takes Over&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Kelly Rowland]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 2 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 76
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''One Love''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Sexy Bitch&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Akon]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 5
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;GRRRR&quot;
| — || — || — || 4 || — || — || — || — || 88 || —
| ''Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2009''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;One Love&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Estelle]])&lt;/span&gt;
| — || 36 || 20 || 41 || 18 || 19 || — || 48 || 46 || —
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| ''One Love''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Revolver&quot; (One Love Remix)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Madonna]], le [[Lil Wayne]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 25 || — || — || 12 || — || — || — || — || 130 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Memories&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Kid Cudi]])&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2010
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 6 || 4 || 14 || 7 || 15 || 46
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Gettin' Over You&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Chris Willis, [[Fergie]] agus [[LMFAO]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 1 || 5 || 4 || 12 || 15 || 21 || 28 || 11 || 1 || 31
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Who's That Chick?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Rihanna]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 5 || 7 || 4 || 1 || 6 || 6 || 14 || 8 || 6 || 51
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Sweat&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Snoop Dogg]])&lt;/span&gt; 
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| 2011
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 5 || 9 || 2 || 4 || 113
| ''[[Doggumentary]]''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Where Them Girls At&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Flo Rida]] agus [[Nicki Minaj]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 4 || 6 || 3 || 2 || 5 || 28 || 7 || 3 || 3 || 14
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| ''Nothing but the Beat''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Little Bad Girl&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Taio Cruz]] agus [[Ludacris]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 3 || 15 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 29 || 7 || 7 || 4 || 70
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Without You&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Usher]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 6 || 6 || 5 || 5 || 7 || 6 || 5 || 3 || 6 || 4
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Titanium&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Sia Furler|Sia]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 3 || 5 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 2 || 4 || 9 || 1 || 7
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Turn Me On&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Nicki Minaj]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 10 || 3 || 5 || 10 || 6 || 31 || 29 || 6 || 8 || 4
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;I Can Only Imagine&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Chris Brown]] agus Lil Wayne)&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2012
| 40 || 47 || 17 || 41 || 32 || 44 || — || 15 || 18 || 44
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Sia)&lt;/span&gt;
| 4 || 11 || 3 || 7 || 3 || 6 || 7 || 4 || 8 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Just One Last Time&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Taped Rai)&lt;/span&gt;
| 14 || — || 31 || 18 || 45 || 35 || — || 44 || 20 || —
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Play Hard&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Ne-Yo]] agus Akon)&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
| 7 || 16 || 10 || 5 || 8 || — || 8 || 3 || 6 || 64
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Ain't a Party&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le Glowinthedark agus Harrison)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/aint-party-feat.-harrison/id666048282|teideal=David Guetta &amp; Glowinthedark - &quot;Ain't a Party&quot; - Single|publisher=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=08 July 2013}} {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 45 || 76 || 30 || — || 46 || — || — || 57 || — || —
|''Fuck Me I'm Famous - Ibiza Mix 2013''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Shot Me Down&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Skylar Grey]])&lt;/span&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2014
| 6 || 3 || 9 || 3 || 13 || 18 || 16 || 6 || 4 || —
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Lovers on the Sun''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;BAD&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Showtek]] le [[assy]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 6 || 5 || 15 || 6 || 19 || 13 || 2 || 28 || 22 || —
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Blast Off&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Kaz James]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 33 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Lovers on the Sun&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(le [[Sam Martin]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 6 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 1 || 11 || 4 || 2 || 1 || —
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Dioscliostaí|Guetta, David]]</text>
      <sha1>7rfnt1hydp6lzux2cl8w8q7d8m7l9gu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conrad Bain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>41744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328533</id>
      <parentid>1072230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T02:51:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328533</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="905" sha1="ruq4sx6t54nz0v8z54si14nabay832n" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Ba [[aisteoir]] [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] é '''Conrad Stafford Bain''' (4 Feabhra, 1923–14 Eanáir, 2013), a rugadh sa bhliain [[1923]]. Cailleadh é as cúiseanna nádúrtha i [[Livermore]], [[California|California]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|teideal='Diff'rent Strokes' dad Conrad Bain dies at age 89; co-star Todd Bridges calls him 'father figure'|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/01/16/diffrent-strokes-dad-conrad-bain-dies-at-age-8/|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=16 January 2013|dátarochtana=6 Feabhra 2013|archivedate=16 Eanáir 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116201020/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/01/16/diffrent-strokes-dad-conrad-bain-dies-at-age-8/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{síol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bain, Conrad}}
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2013]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1923]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>An Trá Ghearr</title>
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[[Íomhá:The Short Strand peace line - panoramio.jpg|clé|mion|&quot;Líne shíochána&quot; san Trá Ghearr]]
Is comharsanacht lucht oibre é den chuid is mó, suite i lár [[Béal Feirste|Bhéal Feirste]] í '''an Trá Ghearr''' .
Is iamhchríoch náisiúnaíoch agus Chaitliceach den chuid is mó í atá timpeallaithe ag Oirthear Bhéal Feirste atá ina gceantar Protastúnach agus [[Aontachtóirí na hÉireann|aontachtach]] den chuid is mó.&lt;ref name=&quot;English&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Armed struggle: the history of the IRA |url=https://archive.org/details/armedstrugglehis00engl |url-access=registration |last=English |first=Richard |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |pages=[https://archive.org/details/armedstrugglehis00engl/page/134 134]–135 |isbn=978-0-19-516605-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the morality of terrorism |url=https://archive.org/details/provisionalirish00shan |url-access=limited |last=Shanahan |first=Timothy |year=2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/provisionalirish00shan/page/n32 24]–25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6350922.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106195301/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6350922.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2010 |teideal='Loyalist victim' was shot by IRA crossfire |author=Liam Clarke |work=[[The Times]] |date=24 May 2009 |access-date=25 June 2010 |location=London |dátarochtana=23 Nollaig 2024 |archivedate=6 Eanáir 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106195301/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6350922.ece }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/reid-talks-to-republican-and-loyalist-leaders-in-bid-to-stop-belfast-rioting-644490.html |teideal=Reid talks to republican and loyalist leaders in bid to stop Belfast rioting |author=David McKittrick |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=25 June 2010 |location=London |date=5 June 2002}} {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;


Tá an Trá Ghearr suite ar bhruach thoir Abhainn an Lagáin i mbaile fearainn Bhaile Mhic Gearóid, atá mar chuid de Chontae an Dúin. Is iad na teorainneacha atá leis an Trá Ghearr ná Bóthar Dhroichead Albert (ó dheas), Bóthar na Trá Giorra (siar), Bóthar Bhaile Nua na hArda (ó thuaidh) agus Sráid Uí Bhríosáin/Gairdíní Chlann Aodha Buí (soir). Ag cúinne na Trá Giorra  soir ó thuaidh tá séipéal Caitliceach Naomh Matha.

Le blianta fada anuas, bíonn Protastúnaigh agus Caitlicigh ag troid go rialta ar imill na Trá Giorra. Bhí círéib fhíochmhar mar thoradh air seo agus, uaireanta, cathanna gunnaí. Bhí go leor den Trá Ghearr timpeallaithe ag línte síochána.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Lundblad |first1=Mattias |last2=Frandsen |first2=Johannes |date=2019-06-05 |teideal=PHOTOS: 'I Haven't Met Anybody in the Area Who Actually Wants to Take the Walls Down' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/belfast-peace-lines-troubles-northern-ireland/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378 |quote=Short Strand, a small Catholic enclave in Eastern Belfast, is completely surrounded by walls separating it from the Protestant areas.}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Stair ==

===18ú haois===
Tagraíonn an logainm 'An Trá Ghearr' don chladach abhann a bhíodh ar bhaile fearainn Bhaile Mhic Gearóid, sular míntíríodh an talamh san iarthar i gcéimeanna ón an Lagán le haghaidh úsáide tionsclaíche san 18ú haois. San áireamh anseo bhí na chéad oibreacha gloine sa cheantar, a bhunaigh Benjamin Edwards sa bhliain 1776, a d'úsáid gaineamh ón abhainn freisin chun a ghloine a dhéanamh.

===19ú haois===
Sa 19ú haois, bhog a lán Caitliceach ó Chontae an Dúin go dtí an ceantar.

===Trioblóidí na 1920idí===
Ar an 21 Iúil 1920, tar éis uaireanta imeaglaithe agus foréigin ag Dílseoirí, baineadh formhór na n-oibrithe Caitliceacha agus Sóisialacha go forneartach as a bpost ag longchlós Harland agus Wolff. Lean díbirtí ar feadh roinnt laethanta in áiteanna laistigh de Bhéal Feirste ina raibh roinnt céadta oibrí teicstíle mná &lt;ref&gt;Parkinson, Alan F. (2004), ''Belfast's Unholy War'', Four Courts Press, pgs 33-34, ISBN 1-85182-792-7 &lt;/ref&gt;. Tar éis na &quot;''Shipyard Clearances''&quot; (Bánaithe na Longchlós) tharla dianfhoréigean comúnach i gceantar na Trá Giorra ar feadh roinnt blianta, le thart ar 32 duine ón gceantar a chaill a saol thar thréimhse dhá bhliain &lt;ref&gt;Parkinson, pg 42&lt;/ref&gt;. Tharla círéibeacha forleathana, creachtaí, díshealbhuithe Caitlicigh as a dtithe agus araile. Ionsaíodh an eaglais Chaitliceach áitiúil (Naomh Maitiú) arís agus arís eile – ar an 25 Lúnasa 1920 tar éis loit agus ionsaithe dóiteáin i mBaile Mhic Gearóid, ar an 22 Samhain 1921 bhí lóiste geata na heaglaise dóite go talamh ag daoscarshlua Dílseach ag uimhriú idir seacht agus ocht gcéad &lt;ref&gt;McDermott, Jim, (2001), ''Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22'', BTP Publications, Belfast, pgs 52 &amp; 127, ISBN 1-900960-11-7&lt;/ref&gt; . I Márta 1922, rinneadh ionsaí buamála ar Bhunscoil Naomh Maitiú. 

D'ionsaíodh an Strand Bar i dTulach Phoitinséir, ar an [[11 Aibreán]] [[1975]]. Dúnnharaíodh seisear agus gortaíodh 50. Thit an [[foirgneamh]] anuas sa mhullach orthu. Bhí [[Óglaigh  Uladh]] freagrach as an ionsaí.


== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tra Ghearr, An}}
[[Catagóir:Béal Feirste]]
[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Aontroma]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Teanga Chomharthaíochta na hÉireann</title>
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Is teanga chomharthaíochta [[Éireannach]] é '''Teanga Chomharthaíochta na hÉireann''' (''ISL'') a mbaintear úsáid aisti i b[[Poblacht na hÉireann]] go príomha. Baintear úsáid as i d[[Tuaisceart na hÉireann]], ach úsáidtear [[Teanga Chomharthaíochta na Breataine]] ''British Sign Language'' ansin freisin. Tá gaol níos gaire ag Teanga Chomharthaíochta na hÉireann le [[Teanga Chomharthaíochta na Fraince]] ná mar atá aici le [[Teanga Chomharthaíochta na Breataine]] a céadúsáideadh i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]]. Tá tionchar tar éis a bheith aici ar theangacha comharthaíochta san [[Astráil]] agus san [[Afraic Theas]], agus is beag an gaol atá aige le [[Gaeilge]] nó le [[Béarla]] labhartha.

Uaireanta, úsáidtear an aibítir chun focail faoi leith a litriú, agus is féidir focail Bhéarla nó Ghaeilge a bheith i gceist. Tá aip ann darbh ainm Concise ISL, agus tá cuid de stair na teanga le léamh ann, chomh maith le míniúchán ar chóras na teanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/cearta-teanga-na-mbodhar-in-eirinn-ina-phriomhtheamha-le-linn-sheachtain-idirnaisiunta-na-mbodhar/|teideal=Cearta teanga na mBodhar in Éirinn ina phríomhthéamha le linn Sheachtain Idirnáisiúnta na mBodhar|údar=Maitiú Ó Coimín|dáta=22 Meán Fómhair 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Teanga chomharthaíochta]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

{{Síol-teanga}}

[[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]]
[[Catagóir:Teangacha Comharthaíochta]]
[[Catagóir:Teangacha na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Teangacha Dúchais na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Bodhaire]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jeannie Suk</title>
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      <text bytes="1182" sha1="oh6d63lk0lp2lwizmn34yw6cgpzscz7" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is [[ollamh]] le [[dlí]] ag Scoil Dlí [[Ollscoil Harvard|Harvard]] í '''Jeannie Suk'''.

== Leabhair ==

* Postcolonial Paradoxes in French Caribbean Writing: Césaire, Glissant, Condé, Oxford University Press,2001
* At Home in the Law: How the Domestic Violence Revolution Is Transforming Privacy, Yale University Press, 2009
== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/suk/ Leathanach dáimhe Suk]
* [http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198160182 Leabhar Suk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002145400/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198160182 |date=2008-10-02 }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20121025185740/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/fashion/articles/2010/03/07/should_the_law_protect_fashion_from_knockoffs/
* http://www.amazon.com/At-Home-Law-Revolution-Transforming/dp/0300113986
* http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/opinion/sunday/louboutin-and-the-little-red-litigious-shoes.html

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Síol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suk, Jeannie}}
[[Catagóir:Alumni Scoil Dlí Harvard]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1973]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Dlíodóirí Mheiriceá]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hafez</title>
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      <text bytes="6311" sha1="o0j62a9jv9m38vzy8n64hoxilatt8mu" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
File Iaránach ba ea '''Khwāja Shamsu d-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī''' ({{lang-fa|خواجه شمس دین محمد حافظ شیرازی}}), nó '''Hāfez''' mar is fearr aithne air (c. 1325 - c. 1390).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251392/Hafez|teideal=Hafez {{!}} biography - Persian author|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|dátarochtana=2026-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Níl mórán eolais againn ar a shaol,&lt;ref&gt;[[#reflhp|Lit. Hist. Persia]] III, pp. 271-73&lt;/ref&gt; ach bhí tionchar ollmhór ag a shaothar ar litríocht, ar cheol, ar ealaíon agus ar challagrafaíocht lucht labhartha na [[Peirsis]]e.&lt;ref&gt;Yarshater. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amaana.org/sultweb/msmhafiz.htm Hafiz and the Place of Iranian Culture in the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609215724/http://www.amaana.org/sultweb/msmhafiz.htm |date=2022-06-09 }} by [[Aga Khan III]], November 9, 1936 London.&lt;/ref&gt; Tá clú agus cáil air ar fud an domhain, go mór mhór i gcríocha na Peirsise, s[[an Iaráin]], s[[an Afganastáin]] agus sa [[an Táidsíceastáin|Táidsíceastáin]]. 

== Saothar ==
Is iomaí finscéal a insítear faoi. Is iad téamaí an ghrá, an chreidimh agus an fhimíneachais is mó a fheictear i ndánta Hafiz.

Tá filíocht Hafez fós lárnach sa saol san Iaráin inniu. Bíonn cóip den fhile i mbeagnach gach teach san Iaráin. Ag ceiliúradh [[Nowruz]], an bhliain úr Pheirseach, léann teaghlaigh filíocht dá chéile. Fiú le linn [[COVID-19|Covid]], bhí an rialtas ag úsáid dánta ársa chun daoine a spreagadh le fanacht sa bhaile agus mascanna a chaitheamh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ta-nasc-nios-laidre-idir-an-ghaeilge-agus-an-fhairsis-na-mar-a-cheapfa-ar-dtus/|teideal=Tá nasc níos láidre idir an Ghaeilge agus an Fhairsis ná mar a shílfeá ar dtús|údar=Bridget Bhreathnach|dáta=14 Bealtaine 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Rumi]]
* [[An Pheirsis|An Fhairsis]]

== Íomhánna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Íomhá:Divan von Hafiz.jpg|Divan (bailiúchán dánta), 1585.
Íomhá:Thr muze art islam 17.jpg|Divan in iarsmalann náisiúnta na hIaráine
Íomhá:Anselm Feuerbach Hafis vor der Schenke.jpg|''Hafis vor der Schenke'', Anselm Feuerbach, 1852
Íomhá:West-östlicher Divan (Goethe) - 26 - p.341.jpg|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe / leathanach teidil an West-Östlicher Divan / 1819 / Stuttgart / Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Beirlin
Íomhá:Hafez 880714 095.jpg|[[Tuama Hafez]] i Shiraz.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nótaí ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Foinsí ==
* [[Peter Avery]], ''The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz'', 603 p. (Archetype, Cambridge, UK, 2007). ISBN 1-901383-09-1 &lt;br /&gt;Translated from ''Divān-e Hāfez'', Vol. 1, ''The Lyrics (Ghazals)'', edited by [[Parviz Natel-Khanlari]] ([[Tehran]], [[Iran]], 1362 [[Persian calendar|AH]]/1983-4).
* Parvin Loloi, ''Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry: A Critical Bibliography - English Translations Since the Eighteenth Century'' (2004. I.B. Tauris)
* E.G. Browne. ''Literary History of Persia''. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). Reprint 1998. ISBN 0-7007-0406-X
* [[Will Durant]], ''The Reformation''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957
* Erkinov A. “Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis of 17th-19th c. Central Asian Copies”. ''Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe Congrès Européen des études iraniennes organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea'', Paris, 6-10 Septembre 1999. vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne. [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 26], M.Szuppe (ed.). Association pour l`avancement des études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, 2002, pp.&amp;nbsp;213–228.
* Hafez. ''The Green Sea of Heaven: Fifty ghazals from the Diwan of Hafiz.'' Trans. Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. White Cloud Press, 1995 ISBN 1-883991-06-4
* Hafez. ''The Angels Knocking on the Tavern Door: Thirty Poems of Hafez.'' Trans. Robert Bly and Leonard Lewisohn. HarperCollins, 2008, p.&amp;nbsp;69. ISBN 978-0-06-113883-6
* Hafiz, ''Divan-i-Hafiz'', translated by Henry Wiberforce-Clarke, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 0-936347-80-5
* {{Cite web | last = Khorramshahi | first = Bahaʾ-al-Din | year = 2002 | teideal = Hafez II: Life and Times | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hafez-ii |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica | accessdate = 25 July 2010}}
* {{Cite web | last = Yarshater | first = Ehsan | year = 2002 | teideal = Hafez I: An Overview | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hafez-i |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica | accessdate = 25 July 2010}}
* Jan Rypka, ''History of Iranian Literature''. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968. ISBN 90-277-0143-1

== Naisc ==
* [http://mastaneh.ir/fehrest-ghazal''Hafez Divan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423161321/http://mastaneh.ir/fehrest-ghazal |date=2014-04-23 }}
* [http://www.mshams.ir/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/divan.html Fall-e Hafez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316161336/http://www.mshams.ir/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/divan.html |date=2014-03-16 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150611100051/http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/falehafez.me/id671500861 Fale Hafez iPhone App]
* [http://www.RadioHafez.com''Cláir raidió'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904030605/http://www.radiohafez.com/ |date=2016-09-04 }}
* [http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Hafiz.html Hafiz, Shams al-Din Muhammad] leis an Ollamh Iraj Bashiri, [[University of Minnesota]]
* [http://www.iranica.com/articles/v11f5/v11f5004.html Hafez san ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050201034830/http://www.iranica.com/articles/v11f5/v11f5004.html |date=2005-02-01 }} ([[Columbia University]]).
* [http://ifile.it/5pxha04 Divan-e-Hafez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230513/http://ifile.it/5pxha04 |date=2012-04-25 }}
* [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xfyfe7_ullmann-drunken-betrunken-from-the-songbook-of-hafis_creation]
* [http://www.facebook.com/ThePoetHafez?sk=app_4949752878 Leathanach Facebook]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1325]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1390]]
[[Catagóir:Filí de chuid na Peirse]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>An Teach Bán</title>
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Is é '''An Teach Bán''' áras [[Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe]] atá suite in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]. [[Íomhá:White House West Wing - 1st Floor with the Press Briefing Room highlighted.jpg|mion|An Sciathán Thiar - an leagan amach inmheánach|clé]]
[[Íomhá:The Rainbow White House.webm|clé|mion|2015 agus [[pósadh comhghnéis]]

]]

== Ailtireacht ==
[[James Hoban]] a dhear an Teach Bán. B'ailtire [[Éire|Éireannach]] é James Hoban, a dhear roinnt foirgnimh poiblí in Éirinn agus i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá. An t-éacht is mó a rinne sé ná an [[Teach Bán]]. 

Sa bhliain [[1792]], b'é Hoban an buaiteoir i gcomórtas a cuireadh ar siúl chun dearthóir an árais uachtaránachta nua a roghnú, an Teach Bán mar a tugadh air níos déanaí. Bhí Hoban ar dhuine de na h-ailtirí maoirseachta a bhí ag obair ar Chnoc an Chaipeatóil in Washington, ag cur i gcrích scéimeanna a bhí deartha ag Dr. William Thornton.

Bhí plean Hoban bunaithe ar [[Teach Laighean|Theach Laighean]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc31.htm |teideal=&quot;The White House&quot;. National Park Service |dátarochtana=2017-03-26 |archivedate=2019-03-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313050658/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc31.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ach rinne sé foirgneamh dhá stór de, tar éis iarratas ó [[George Washington]]. Tógadh an foirgneamh idir na blianta [[1792]] agus [[1800]]. Cuireadh an cloch choirnéil ar an [[13 Meán Fómhair]] [[1792]]. 

== Eachtraí ==
* Chuir na [[Sasanaigh]] an Teach Bán le tine ar an [[24 Lúnasa]] [[1814]], sa Chogadh Briotanach-Meiriceánach ag an am sin, an [[Cogadh 1812]]. 

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{síol}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Teach Ban}}
[[Catagóir:Ailtireacht Sheoirseach]]
[[Catagóir:Foirgnimh agus struchtúir i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
[[Catagóir:Uachtaránacht na Stát Aontaithe]]</text>
      <sha1>p2yb3b5mu6y2zg2tiwkqchxlcwjpnki</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>DNA (albam)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328537</id>
      <parentid>1327005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T03:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328537</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6938" sha1="inns8704yeb5itavs5latd1qeuyix74" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}

Is é '''''DNA''''' an chéad albam ón popghrúpa [[Little Mix]]. Scaoileadh é ar an 16 Samhain, 2012.

==Rath Cairt==
Chuaigh an t-albam seo díreach go uimhir a trí sna RA agus díreach go 3 in Éirinn. Bhí an t-albam taobh thiar de Unapologetic le [[Rihanna]] agus Take Me Home le [[One Direction]] sa dá tíortha.

Chuaigh sé díreach go uimhir a ceathair san SAM ag díol 50,000 cóipeanna sa chéad seachtain.

== Traicliosta ==
Is iad seo na hamhráin:
# &quot;Wings&quot; – 3:40
# &quot;DNA&quot; – 3:56
# &quot;Change Your Life&quot; – 3:22
# &quot;Always Be Together&quot; – 4:27
# &quot;Stereo Soldier&quot; – 3:22
# &quot;Pretend It's OK&quot; – 3:45
# &quot;Turn Your Face&quot; – 3:41
# &quot;We Are Who We Are&quot; – 3:04
# &quot;How Ya Doin'?&quot; – 3:13
# &quot;Red Planet&quot; (le [[T-Boz]]) – 3:46
# &quot;Going Nowhere&quot; – 3:45
# &quot;Madhouse&quot; – 3:49

==Singlí==
# &quot;[[Wings]]&quot; - 24 Lúnasa 2011
# &quot;[[DNA (amhrán)|DNA]]&quot; - 9 Samhain 2012
# &quot;[[Change Your Life]]&quot; - 15 Feabhra 2013
# &quot;[[How Ya Doin'?]]&quot; - 17 Aibreán 2013

== Cairteacha ==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
===Cairteacha seachtainiúla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Tír (2012–13)
! Uimhir
|-
|{{Bratach|Scotland}} [[Albain]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|5
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|10
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|48
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[An Vallúin]])&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|87
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/307628/Little+Mix/chart?f=309 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-23 |archivedate=2016-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701045811/http://www.billboard.com/artist/307628/Little+Mix/chart?f=309}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|4
|-
|{{bratach|Croatia}} [[An Chróit]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hdu-toplista.com/index.php?what=arhiva&amp;w=details&amp;id={{{id}}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|21
|-
|{{Bratach|Denmark}} [[An Danmhairg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-23 |archivedate=2013-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204161155/http://www.danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|13
|-
|{{Bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|86
|-
|{{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Éire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2012&amp;year=2012&amp;week=47 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-23 |archivedate=2018-07-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185423/http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2012&amp;year=2012&amp;week=47 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|3
|-
|{{Bratach|Finland}} [[An Fhionlainn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/artistit/Little+Mix/DNA |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-23 |archivedate=2015-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923114530/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/artistit/little+mix/dna }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|50
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|24
|-
|{{Bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|5
|-
|{{Bratach|Norway}} [[An Iorua]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|5
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|21
|-
|{{Bratach|Mexico}} [[Meicsiceo]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mexicancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=%7B%7B%7Balbum%7D%7D%7D&amp;cat=a{{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|28
|-
|{{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|14
|-
|{{Bratach|Portugal}} [[An Phortaingéil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.portuguesecharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a{{Dead link|date=Iúil 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|30
|-
|{{Bratach|the Czech Republic}} [[Poblacht na Seice]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=hitparada&amp;hitparada=14&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/Little%20Mix/&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|3
|-
|{{Bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/591228/products/music/1032897/1/&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|4
|-
|{{Bratach|Spain}} [[An Spáinn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|17
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/307628/Little+Mix/chart?f=305 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-23 |archivedate=2015-09-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907204107/http://www.billboard.com/artist/307628/Little+Mix/chart?f=305}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|4
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Little+Mix&amp;titel=DNA&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|8
|-
|}
|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|

===Deimhniúcháin===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!align=&quot;left&quot;|Tír
!align=&quot;center&quot;|Deimhniúchán
!align=&quot;center&quot;|Díolacháin
|-
| {{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria-charts-accreditations-albums-2013.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ór
|35,000&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/download/614/albums&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Éire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/gold12.htm |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-02 |archivedate=2015-07-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215954/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/gold12.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ór
|7,500
|-
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-02 |archivedate=2017-07-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710164143/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Platanam
|415,116
|}
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Little Mix}}
{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Albaim a eisíodh in 2012]]
[[Catagóir:Little Mix]]</text>
      <sha1>inns8704yeb5itavs5latd1qeuyix74</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ella Henderson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328549</id>
      <parentid>1249063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T04:31:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328549</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9924" sha1="2awvwrgzgmlo2t1q4f51a4cn1t0ctk3" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is [[ceoltóir]] [[Sasana]]ch í '''Gabriella Michelle Henderson''' nó '''Ella Henderson'''. Rugadh i Sasana í ar 12 Eanáir 1996. Tháinig sí sa séú háit ar an [[The X Factor (sraith 9 an RA)|naoú sraith]] ''[[The X Factor (RA)|The X Factor]]'' sa bhliain 2012.

== Luathshaol ==
Rugadh agus tógadh Henderson in [[Tetney]], in aice le [[Grimsby]], iníon Sean agus Michelle. Tá beirt deartháireacha aici, Patrick agus Fraser agus deirfiúr amháin aici, Holly.&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/X-Factor-Family-rooting-Ella-Henderson-s/story-17275789-detail/story.html|teideal=X Factor: Family are rooting for Ella Henderson's fairytale ending|nuachtán=Grimsby Telegraph|dáta=9 Samhain 2012|dátarochtana=16 Meitheamh 2014|archivedate=6 Deireadh Fómhair 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102426/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/X-Factor-Family-rooting-Ella-Henderson-s/story-17275789-detail/story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ina óige, d'fhorbair sí suim san fhaisean.

Ag aois a trí, thosaigh Henderson ag canadh.

== Gairm ==
===2012: ''The X Factor''===
{{Príomhalt|The X Factor (sraith 9 an RA)}}
Sa bhliain 2012, thriail Henderson don naoú sraith ''[[The X Factor (RA)|The X Factor]]'' le  &quot;Missed&quot;. Shroich sí na Seónna Beo agus bhí [[Tulisa Contostavlos]] a comhairleoir. Bhí Henderson sa bhunbheirt i seachtain 7 agus chuaigh an vótaí na moltóirí go leathghlas.

===2013–2015: ''Chapter One''===
{{Príomhalt|Chapter One}}
Scaoil Henderson a céad albam ''[[Chapter One]]'' ar an 13 Deireadh Fómhair, 2014. Chuaigh an t-albam díreach go uimhir a haon sna RA agus uimhir a dó in Éirinn.

===2016–inniu: Dara halbam===
D'fhógair Henderson i mí na Samhna 2016 ar a cuntas Instagram go bhfuil sí ag obair ar a dara halbam. I measc na hamhráin ar an albam ná &quot;Ugly&quot;, &quot;Cry Like A Woman&quot;, &quot;Bones&quot;, &quot;Solid Gold&quot; agus &quot;Let's Go Home Together&quot; dísréad le [[James Arthur]]. Bhí sí ag tacú le Arthur ar a chamchuairt ''Back from the Edge'' sa bhliain 2017.

Ar an 23 Bealtaine, d'fhógair Henderson a dara halbam, ''This Is Everything I Didn't Say''.&lt;ref&gt;https://instagram.com/p/BjHs6WwH5Xg/&lt;/ref&gt;


== Dioscliosta ==
=== Albaim Stiúideo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! rowspan=2 |Albam
! rowspan=2 |Eolas
! colspan=&quot;11&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deimhniúcháin
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Albain|ALB]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Danmhairg|DAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ghearmáin|GEA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ostair|OST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An tSualainn|SUA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''[[Chapter One]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 13 Deireadh Fómhair, 2014
* Lipéad: [[Syco]]
* Formáid: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
| 1 || 1 || 11 || 17 || 9 || 4 || 22 || 9 || 14 || 34 || 11
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Platanam
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! ''This Is Everything I Didn't Say''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 2018
* Lipéad: 
* Formáid: 
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|}

=== Singlí ===
====Mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Amhrán
! colspan=&quot;11&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deimhniúcháin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Ceanada|CEAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Danmhairg|DAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ghearmáin|GEA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ostair|OST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An tSualainn|SUA]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2014
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Ghost&quot;
| 1 || 3 || 12 || 15 || 10 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 21 || 11
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: 2× Platanam&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx|teideal=BPI Certified Awards &gt; Search|foilsitheoir=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|dátarochtana=29 Meitheamh 2014|archivedate=11 Bealtaine 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511120001/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*AST: 3× Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 Singles Certifications&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria-charts-accreditations-singles-2014.htm|teideal=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles|foilsitheoir=Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA)|dátarochtana=2014-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*DAN: Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content/ella-henderson-ghost-0&lt;/ref&gt;
*GEA: Ór&lt;ref&gt;http://www.musikindustrie.de/no_cache/gold_platin_datenbank/#topSearch&lt;/ref&gt;
*EIL: Ór&lt;ref&gt;http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2014&lt;/ref&gt;
*N-S: Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;NZTOP40&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/|teideal=The Official NZ Music Charts - Singles - 1 September 2014|foilsitheoir=NZ Top 40|dátarochtana=2014-08-29|archivedate=2013-01-14|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130114082751/http://nztop40.co.nz/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*SAM: Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Ghost%22&lt;/ref&gt;
*SUA: Ór&lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/EllaHendersonMusic/photos/pcb.763323373711406/763323103711433/?type=1&amp;theater&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| ''Chapter One''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Glow&quot;
| 7 || 49 || — || — || — || 17 || — || 26 || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Yours&quot;
| 16 || — || — || — || — || 41 || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Airgead&lt;ref&gt;https://twitter.com/bpi_music/status/611921417152532481&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2015
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Mirror Man&quot;
| 96 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — 
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
!Colspan=&quot;15&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

====Mar Gné-Ealaíontóir Ceoil====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Teideal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deimhniúcháin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Albain|ALB]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ghearmáin|GEA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Iorua|IOR]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ostair|OST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An tSualainn|SUA]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Glitterball&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/glitterball-feat.-ella-henderson/id997398173 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-06-23 |archivedate=2015-06-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614215304/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/glitterball-feat.-ella-henderson/id997398173}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Sigma]] le Ella Henderson)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2015
| 4 || 1 || — || — || 20 || 64 || — || 66 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Ór
| ''Life''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Here for You&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Kygo]] le Ella Henderson)}}
| 18 || 11 || 99 || 17 || 36 || 46 || 9 || 58 || 16
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Airgead
| rowspan=2 {{n/a|Singil gan albam}}
|-
! &quot;Bridge Over Troubled Water&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(mar chuid Artists for Grenfell)&lt;/small&gt;
|2017
| 1 || 1 || 53 || 28 || 25 || — || — || 32 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|}

=== Singlí Eile ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Amhrán
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:4em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:4em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:4em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ostair|OST]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2014
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Hard Work&quot;
| — || — || 73 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ''Chapter One''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Missed&quot;
| 151 || — || — 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2015
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Empire&quot;
| — || 66 || — 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2016
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Now You Say You Love Me Again&quot;
| — || — || — 
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| ''Despite The Falling Snow''
|-
!Colspan=&quot;15&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Camchuairteanna ==
* Chapter One Tour (2015)

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.ellahenderson.co.uk/ www.ellahenderson.co.uk/]
* [https://twitter.com/Ella__Henderson Ella Henderson ar Twitter]

{{Iomaitheoirí The X Factor (RA)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henderson, Ella}}
[[Catagóir:Iomaitheoirí X Factor]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1996]]
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe is scríbhneoirí Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Ella Henderson]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
      <sha1>2awvwrgzgmlo2t1q4f51a4cn1t0ctk3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Osteichthyes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49176</id>
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      <id>1328597</id>
      <parentid>1216472</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T10:03:16Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="5815" sha1="3qci04t84lbh7tmoorb8v5cvniu78nk" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}}

Áirítear na h'''Osteichthyes''', ar a dtugtar freisin [[iasc cnámhach| éisc chnámhacha]], sa grúpa tacsanomaíoch ina mbíonn éisc chnámhacha ann, seachas [[Chondrichthyes|éisc loingeánacha]]. Is Osteichthyes iad formhór mór na n-iasc, grúpa thar a bheith éagsúil agus flúirseach comhdhéanta de 45 ord, agus os cionn 435 teaghlach agus 28,000 speiceas.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/scientific-classification.htm Bony fishes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606012932/http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/scientific-classification.htm |date=2013-06-06 }} ''[[SeaWorld]]''. Retrieved 2 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;  Is é an rang is mó de veirteabraigh atá ann sa lá atá inniu. Tá na hOsteichthyes roinnte éisc atá gaeiteacha ([[Actinopterygii]]) agus liopa-eiteacha ([[Sarcopterygii]]). Tá na hiontaisí is sine de na héisc chnámhacha ar eolas againn timpeall 420 milliún bliain d'aois, atá freisin ina [[iontaise idirthréimhseach|n-iontaisí idirthréimhseacha]], a léiríonn patrún fiacail atá idir sraitheanna fiacail siorcanna agus éisc chnámhachana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-jawed-fish.html |teideal=Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114054414/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-jawed-fish.html |archivedate=2007-11-14 |dátarochtana=2016-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Is féidir Osteichthyes agus Euteleostomi a chur i gcomparáid lena chéile. Sa [[pailé-ointeolaíocht|phailé-ointeolaíocht]], tá na téarmaí comhionann lena chéile. 

==Fíligineacht==
Tá fíligineacht na n-iasc cnámhach le feiceáil sa léaráid a leanas.

{| class=&quot;width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:4em&quot; |
! Rangú na nOsteichthyes
! style=&quot;width:4em&quot; |
|-
| colspan=3 |
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Sarcopterygii]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Coelacanthimorpha]]
    |1= [[Coelacanthiformes]]
    |label2=[[Rhipidistia]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Dipnomorpha]]
      |1= [[Ceratodontiformes]]
      |2= [[Tetrapodomorpha]]
       }}
     }}
  |label2=[[Actinopterygii]]
  |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Cladistia]]
    |1= [[Polypteriformes]]
    |label2=[[Actinopteri]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Chondrostei]]
      |1= [[Acipenseriformes]]
      |label2=[[Neopterygii]]
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Holostei]]
        |1={{clade
          |1= [[Amiiformes]]
          |2= [[Lepisosteiformes]]
           }}
        |label2=[[Teleostei]]
        |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Elopomorpha]]
          |1={{clade
            |1= [[Elopiformes]]
            |2={{clade
              |1= [[Albuliformes]]
              |2={{clade
                |1= [[Notacanthiformes]]
                |2= [[Anguilliformes]]
                 }}
               }}
             }}
          |label2=[[Osteoglossocephalai]]
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Osteoglossomorpha]]
            |1= [[Osteoglossiformes]] (incl. [[Hiodontiformes]])
            |label2=[[Clupeocephala]]
            |2={{clade
              |label1=[[Otomorpha]]
              |1={{clade
                |label1=[[Clupei]]
                |1= [[Clupeiformes]]
                |label2=
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=
                  |1= [[Alepocephaliformes]]
                  |label2=[[Ostariophysi]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=[[Anotophysa]]
                    |1= [[Gonorynchiformes]]
                    |label2=[[Otophysa]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |label1=
                      |1= [[Cypriniformes]]
                      |label2=[[Characiphysae]]
                      |2={{clade
                        |label1=
                        |1= [[Gymnotiformes]]
                        |label2=
                        |2={{clade
                          |1= [[Characiformes]]
                          |2=[[Siluriformes]]
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
              |label2=[[Euteleosteomorpha]]
              |2={{clade
                |label1=
                |1= [[Lepidogalaxiiformes]]
                |label2=
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=
                  |1={{clade
                    |label1=[[Protacanthopterygii]]
                    |1={{clade
                      |1= [[Argentiniformes]]
                      |2={{clade
                        |1= [[Galaxiiformes]]
                        |2= [[Salmoniformes]] (incl. [[Esociformes]])
                         }}
                       }}
                    |label2=[[Stomiatii]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |1= [[Osmeriformes]]
                      |2= [[Stomiatiformes]]
                       }}
                     }}
                  |label2=[[Neoteleostei]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=
                    |1= [[Ateleopodiformes]]
                    |label2=[[Eurypterygia]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |label1=[[Cyclosquamata]]
                      |1= [[Aulopiformes]]
                      |label2=[[Ctenosquamata]]
                      |2={{clade
                        |1= [[Myctophiformes]]
                        |2= [[Acanthomorpha]]
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}


==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}


{{síol}}
[[Category: Éisc chnámhacha | ]]
[[Category: Teleostomi]]</text>
      <sha1>3qci04t84lbh7tmoorb8v5cvniu78nk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>James Hogg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328571</id>
      <parentid>1140906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T06:51:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="2543" sha1="evwf9mrjrdkwfwjcmdczqr7njapowaw" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
File agus scríbhneoir i m[[Béarla]] agus san [[An Albainis|Albainis]] ab ea '''James Hogg''' ([[1770]] &amp;ndash; [[21 Samhain]] [[1835]]).&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, Gillian, 1995. &quot;James Hogg&quot;. The Literary Encyclopedia. [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&amp;UID=2168]&lt;/ref&gt; Nuair a bhí sé óg, bhí sé ag obair sa talmhaíocht mar aoire agus tréadaí, agus fuair sé a chuid oideachais ina aonar trí léamh pearsanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/james-hogg |teideal=Beathaisnéis, BBC |dátarochtana=2013-11-30 |archivedate=2012-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111202914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/james-hogg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí sé ina chara ag mórán scríbhneoirí clúiteacha a bhí beo ag an am, [[Walter Scott]] ina measc. Fiú scríobh Hogg beathaisnéis neamhoifigiúil ar Scott.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Miller, The Electric Shepherd: A Likeness of James Hogg, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí clú is cáil air mar an &quot;Tréadaí [[Eadaraig]]&quot; (''Ettrick Shepherd''), agus d'úsáid sé an leasainm sin nuair a foilsíodh a lán leabhar a scríobh sé. Ina theannta sin, d'úsáid sé an t-ainm sin mar ainm carachtair sa tsraith chlúiteach ''Noctes Ambrosianae'', a bhí foilsithe san iris ''Blackwood's Magazine''.&lt;ref&gt;Hogg, James (2004). Anecdotes of Scott. Dún Éideann: Edinburgh University Press. lgh. v-vi. ISBN 0-7486-2085-0&lt;/ref&gt; Tá cáil air fós sa lá atá inniu mar gheall ar an úrscéal ''The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner''. I measc na rudaí eile a scríobh sé, tá dáin mar ''The Queen's Wake'' (1813), bailiúchán amhrán ''Jacobite Reliques'' (1819), agus dhá úrscéal eile, ''The Three Perils of Man'' (1822) agus ''The Three Perils of Woman'' (1823).

== Leabhair ==
* ''The Mountain Bard'' (1807)
* ''The Forest Minstrel'' (1810)
* ''The Queen's Wake'' (1813) 
* ''The Pilgrims of the Sun'' (1815)
* ''Brownie of Bodsbeck'' (1817)
* ''Jacobite Reliques'' (1819)
* ''The Three Perils of Man'' (1822)
* ''The Three Perils of Woman'' (1923)
* ''The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner'' (1824)
* ''Queen Hynde'' (1925)
* ''Songs by the Ettrick Shephard'' (1831)
* ''The Brownie of the Black Haggs'' (1828)
* ''The Domestic Manner and Private Life of Sir Walter Scott'' (1834)
* ''Tales and Sketches of the Ettrick Shepherd'' (1837)

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hogg, James}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1770]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1835]]
[[Catagóir:Filí Albanacha]]</text>
      <sha1>evwf9mrjrdkwfwjcmdczqr7njapowaw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patella vulgata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328599</id>
      <parentid>1257147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T10:13:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="3440" sha1="jmyb7506zlayt0vvpeasle8vp1jqora" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}}
Is saghas [[Sliogiasc|sliogéisc]] é '''''Patella vulgata''''' nó an '''bairneach coiteann'''.&lt;ref name='Tearma'&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Patella%20vulgaris/|title=“Patella vulgaris” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.manandmollusc.net/molluscan_food_files/molluscan_food_6.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-12-05 |archivedate=2016-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323101519/http://www.manandmollusc.net/molluscan_food_files/molluscan_food_6.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní úsáidtear mar bhia é go minic, ach tá siad go maith comónta.
Tá an [[speiceas]] le fáil in uiscí iarthar na hEorpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WoRMS&quot;&gt; Gofas, S. (2014). Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=140685 on 2014-10-29 &lt;/ref&gt;

==Radula==
Bíonn radula an speicis seo níos faide ná an [[blaosc|bhlaosc]] féin. Tá 1,920 fiacail i 160 sraith de 12 fiacail i ngach ceann acu. Faightear é ceangailte le foshraitheanna daingean ón gcladach ard go dtí imeall an [[crios fochladachúil|chreasa fochladachúla]], cé go mbíonn sé níos iomadúla i limistéir thonnghníomhaithe. Tá a bhlaosc cónúil, suas go dtí thart ar 6 cm ar fad, agus bíonn ganntanas [[ciriúlacht|ciriúlachta]] sainithe aige. Creidtear gur féidir leo a bheith in ann maireachtáil ar feadh suas le fiche bliain. 

== Cladaí Chonamara ==
Rinne [[Séamus Mac an Iomaire]] cur síos ar an mbairneach ina leabhar clúiteach ''[[Cladaí Chonamara]]'':
{{Cquote|
Níl iasc sliogánach ar bith chomh fairsing le bairnigh. Tá clocha an chladaigh druidte leo i ngach áit ó lán
mara go díthrá agus is acu a bhíos an greim crua ar an gcloch; is minic gur fearr leis an sliogán a bhriseadh os
a chionn ná a sheilbh a chailleadh. Ar aimsir bhreá bhog éiríonn sé amach ón gcloch ar
a leathriasc i riocht agus gur féidir leis breathnú ina thimpeall. Ní mór a theacht i ngan fhios air le hé a 
bhaint, mar má airíonn sé aon torann daingníonn sé a ghreim. Baintear é le barr scine, nó aon rud iarainn a 
mbíonn gob biorach air...
}}

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Bairneach]] 

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

==Naisc sheachtracha==
* [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/berniques site perso]
* [http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=4050 MarLIN species information]
* [http://www.arkive.org/common-limpet/patella-vulgata/ Live underwater image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008032442/http://www.arkive.org/common-limpet/patella-vulgata/ |date=2009-10-08 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013131022/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/blueplanet/factfiles/molluscs/limpet_bg.shtml BBC Info retrieved 2012]
* [http://www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/SpeciesPages/Limpets.jpg.html FSC Info- great pix Retrieved 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930224719/http://www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/SpeciesPages/Limpets.jpg.html |date=2020-09-30 }}

[[Catagóir:Patellidae]]
[[Catagóir:Moilisc  an Aigéin Atlantaigh]]
[[Catagóir:Moilisc Mara na hEorpa]]
[[Catagóir:Ainmhithe a tuairiscíodh sa bhliain 1758]]
[[Catagóir:Gastrapóid mara inite]]
[[Catagóir:Gastrapóid]]
[[Catagóir:Moilisc]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Montevideo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328591</id>
      <parentid>1193114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T09:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="2297" sha1="pfzlyid7u4wqo3zmyr7fhrxx21mgi6b" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is é '''Montevideo''' príomhchathair [[Uragua]]. Tá an chathair suite i ndeisceart na tíre. Tá níos mó ná 1,000,000 duine ina gcónaí sa chathair féin, agus mar sin is é an chathair is mó sa tír agus an t-aon chathair le daonáireamh os cionn 1,000,000. Tá tránna breátha ann, mar shampla: Pocitos, Buceo, Malvín, Playa de los Ingleses, Playa Verde, Punta Gorda agus Carrasco. Tá an chathair lán d'fhoirgnimh stairiúla. De réir &quot;''Mercer Human Resource Consulting''&quot; is é Montevideo an chathair i [[Meiriceá Laidineach]] le cáilíocht na beatha is airde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070401/pags/20070401204943.html |teideal=''La Nación'' |dátarochtana=2013-12-08 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525094021/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070401/pags/20070401204943.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.larepublica.com.uy/lr3/larepublica/2007/04/03/politica/252300/montevideo-la-mejor-ciudad-para-vivir-de-america-latina/ Montevideo, la mejor ciudad para vivir de América Latina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007084230/http://www.larepublica.com.uy/lr3/larepublica/2007/04/03/politica/252300/montevideo-la-mejor-ciudad-para-vivir-de-america-latina/ |date=2007-10-07 }} ó nuachtán Uraguach [http://www.larepublica.com.uy La República] {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Spáinnis)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/MegaBBS/thread-view.asp?threadid=8972&amp;start=1 Alt ón ''Café''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226080650/https://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/MegaBBS/thread-view.asp?threadid=8972&amp;start=1%20 |date=2018-12-26 }} (Spáinnis)&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Bailte Ceangailte==
*[[File:Flag of Western Sahara.svg|22px]] [[El Aaiún]]
*[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|22px]] [[Beirlín]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Nasc Seachtrach ==
* [http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/ Montevideo - Leathanach oifigiúil]

[[File:Montevideo centro y puerto.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Montevideo, lár na cathrach agus an calafort]]
[[File:Montevideouruguaynasa.jpg|thumb|200px|Montevideo]]

[[Catagóir:Uragua]]
[[Catagóir:Príomhchathracha Mheiriceá Theas]]</text>
      <sha1>pfzlyid7u4wqo3zmyr7fhrxx21mgi6b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dangerously in Love</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328539</id>
      <parentid>1326591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T03:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10957" sha1="qecaq71kyceo0sf188vtm3b83hgt01v" xml:space="preserve">{{teideal iodálach}}
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}

Is é '''''Dangerously in Love''''' an chéad albam ó [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]. Scaoileadh é ar an 22 Meitheamh, 2003.

== Traicliosta ==
Is iad seo na hamhráin:
# &quot;Crazy in Love&quot; (le [[Jay-Z]]) – 3:56
# &quot;Naughty Girl&quot; – 3:29
# &quot;Baby Boy&quot; (le [[Sean Paul]]) – 4:05
# &quot;Hip Hop Star&quot; – 3:43
# &quot;Be with You&quot; – 4:20
# &quot;Me, Myself and I&quot; – 5:01
# &quot;Yes&quot; – 4:19
# &quot;Signs&quot; (le [[Missy Elliott]]) – 4:58
# &quot;Speechless&quot; – 6:00
# &quot;That's How You Like It&quot; (le [[Jay-Z]]) – 3:39
# &quot;The Closer I Get to You&quot; (duet le [[Luther Vandross]]) – 4:58
# &quot;Dangerously in Love 2&quot; – 4:53
# &quot;Beyoncé Interlude&quot; – 0:16
# &quot;Gift from Virgo&quot; – 2:45
# &quot;Daddy&quot; – 4:57

==Singlí==
# *[[Crazy in Love]]&quot; - Bealtaine 18, 2003
# &quot;[[Baby Boy]]&quot; - Lúnasa 3, 2003
# &quot;[[Me, Myself and I]]&quot; - Deireadh Fómhair 19, 2003
# &quot;[[Naughty Girl]]&quot; - Márta 14, 2004
# &quot;[[The Closer I Get to You]]&quot; - Meitheamh 13, 2004

== Cairteacha ==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
===Cairteacha seachtainiúla===
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Tír (2003-04)
! Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[An Vallúin]])&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|13
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/281569/beyonc-knowles/chart |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2013-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618043639/http://www.billboard.com/artist/281569/beyonc-knowles/chart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Denmark}} [[An Danmhairg]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|5
|-
|{{Bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Éire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2003&amp;year=2003&amp;week=26 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2014-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202957/http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2003&amp;year=2003&amp;week=26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Europe}} [[Eoraip]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69800/bedingfield-bounces-beyonce-on-uk-charts&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Finland}} [[An Fhionlainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|6
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|14
|-
|{{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Beyonce/Dangerously+In+Love/longplay |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2013-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206000727/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Beyonce/Dangerously+In+Love/longplay }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Greece}} [[An Ghréig]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2004-06-05 |archivedate=2004-06-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605194410/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|16
|-
|{{Bratach|Norway}} [[An Iorua]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|4
|-
|{{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|8
|-
|{{Bratach|Austria}} [[An Ostair]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|-
|{{Bratach|Poland}} [[An Pholainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=158&amp;lang=en&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|18
|-
|{{Bratach|Portugal}} [[An Phortaingéil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|16
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=713 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-05-27 |archivedate=2012-05-27 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120527053926/http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=713 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/510557/1/&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|12
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/281569/beyonc-knowles/chart |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2013-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618043639/http://www.billboard.com/artist/281569/beyonc-knowles/chart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&amp;titel=Dangerously+In+Love&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|11
|-
|{{Bratach|Hungary}} [[An Ungáir]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&amp;menu2=archivum&amp;lista=top40&amp;ev=2003&amp;het=37&amp;submit_=Keres%C3%A9s&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|18
|}
|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|

===Cairteacha Deireadh na Bliana===
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Tír (2003)
! Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2003.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|51
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2003&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|39
|-
|{{Bratach|World}} [[An Domhan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2003.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2008-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117003117/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2003.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|5
|-
|{{Bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]&lt;ref&gt;http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2003&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|13
|-
|{{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Éire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.irma.ie/best2003.htm#albums |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2008-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617025339/http://www.irma.ie/best2003.htm#albums }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|10
|-
|{{Bratach|Finland}} [[An Fhionlainn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/myydyimmat/2003/ulkomaiset/albumit |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2013-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005134/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/myydyimmat/2003/ulkomaiset/albumit }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|38
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&amp;year=2003&amp;type=2 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2009-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124040037/http://disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|73
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]&lt;ref&gt;http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2003&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|31
|-
|{{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2011-05-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526200911/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|36
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/Yearly%20best%20sellers%20-%20albums.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2017-06-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629223739/http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/Yearly%20best%20sellers%20-%20albums.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|15
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2003/top-r-b-hip-hop-albums?begin=11&amp;order=position |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-03 |archivedate=2015-07-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719031333/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2003/top-r-b-hip-hop-albums?begin=11&amp;order=position}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|19
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=83&amp;dfom=20030001&amp;newi=0&amp;height=392&amp;platform=Win32&amp;browser=MSIE&amp;navi=no&amp;subframe=Mainframe&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|66
|-
|{{Bratach|Hungary}} [[An Ungáir]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&amp;menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&amp;id=album_chart&amp;ev=2003&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|87
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Tír (2004)
! Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2003.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|74
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2004&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|78
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&amp;year=2004&amp;type=2&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|128
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]&lt;ref&gt;http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2004&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|79
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2004/the-billboard-200?begin=21&amp;order=position {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|29
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Tír (2005)
! Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2005/the-billboard-200?begin=181&amp;order=position {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|195
|}
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Albaim a eisíodh in 2003]]
[[Catagóir:Beyoncé Knowles]]</text>
      <sha1>qecaq71kyceo0sf188vtm3b83hgt01v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liosta eipeasóidí The Simpsons</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328587</id>
      <parentid>1325413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T07:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="174968" sha1="hi7cnxuabqhb3j9eudd63q41r2n87sx" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:The Simpsons Logo.svg|250px|deas]]
Is é ''[[The Simpsons]]'' an tsraith bheoite Mheiriceánach is fadsaolaí riamh. Tá 654 eipeasóid de chuid ''The Simpsons'' tagtha ar an saol faoi láthair.

Thosaigh an 30ú séasúr ar an 30 Meán Fómhair 2018.   

==Sraitheanna==
{|id=&quot;toc&quot; class=&quot;toc&quot; summary=&quot;Contents&quot;
|-
|
'''Séasúir''': [[#Séasúr 1|1]] [[#Séasúr 2|2]] [[#Séasúr 3|3]] [[#Séasúr 4|4]] [[#Séasúr 5|5]] [[#Séasúr 6|6]] [[#Séasúr 7|7]] [[#Séasúr 8|8]] [[#Séasúr 9|9]] [[#Séasúr 10 |10]] [[#Séasúr 11|11]] [[#Séasúr 12|12]] [[#Séasúr 13|13]] [[#Séasúr 14|14]] [[#Séasúr 15|15]] [[#Séasúr 16|16]] [[#Séasúr 17|17]] [[#Séasúr 18|18]] [[#Séasúr 19|19]] [[#Séasúr 20|20]] [[#Séasúr 21|21]] [[#Séasúr 22|22]] [[#Séasúr 23|23]] [[#Séasúr 24|24]] [[#Séasúr 25|25]] [[#Séasúr 26|26]] [[#Séasúr 27|27]] [[#Séasúr 28|28]] [[#Séasúr 29|29]] [[#Séasúr 30|30]] [[#Rátálacha|Rátálacha]] [[#Tagairtí|Tagairtí]]
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Séasúr
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; |Eipeasóid
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; |Céad chraoladh
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; |Craoladh deireanach
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;B8CACF&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 1|1]]
| 13
| {{Start date|1989|12|17}}
| {{End date|1990|5|13}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;D3EDF2&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 2|2]]
| 22
| {{Start date|1990|10|11}}
| {{End date|1991|7|11}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;CCA7C4&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 3|3]]
| 24
| {{Start date|1991|9|19}}
| {{End date|1992|8|27}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;189FDD&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 4|4]]
| 22
| {{Start date|1992|9|24}}
| {{End date|1993|5|13}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;B11618&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 5|5]]
| 22
| {{Start date|1993|9|30}}
| {{End date|1994|5|19}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;575959&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 6|6]]
| 25
| {{Start date|1994|9|4}}
| {{End date|1995|5|21}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;4B498F&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 7|7]]
| 25
| {{Start date|1995|9|17}}
| {{End date|1996|5|19}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;58A5AD&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 8|8]]
| 25
| {{Start date|1996|10|27}}
| {{End date|1997|5|18}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;7A335D&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 9|9]]
| 25
| {{Start date|1997|9|21}}
| {{End date|1998|5|17}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;A79548&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 10|10]]
| 23
| {{Start date|1998|8|23}}
| {{End date|1999|5|16}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;2E5C82&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 11|11]]
| 22
| {{Start date|1999|9|26}}
| {{End date|2000|5|21}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;993129&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 12|12]]
| 21
| {{Start date|2000|11|1}}
| {{End date|2001|5|20}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;593285&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 13|13]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2001|11|6}}
| {{End date|2002|5|22}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;000000&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 14|14]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2002|11|3}}
| {{End date|2003|5|18}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#7BB842&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 15|15]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2003|11|2}}
| {{End date|2004|5|23}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#9D296E&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 16|16]]
| 21
| {{Start date|2004|11|7}}
| {{End date|2005|5|15}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;005B9C&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 17|17]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2005|9|11}}
| {{End date|2006|5|21}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;544b42&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 18|18]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2006|9|10}}
| {{End date|2007|5|20}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;60e9b5&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 19|19]]
| 20
| {{Start date|2007|9|23}}
| {{End date|2008|5|18}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;DEDDE2&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 20|20]]
| 21
| {{Start date|2008|9|28}}
| {{End date|2009|5|17}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;A90E63&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 21|21]]
| 23
| {{Start date|2009|9|27}}
| {{End date|2010|5|23}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;E06EFA&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 22|22]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2010|9|26}}
| {{End date|2011|5|22}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;5EA6F8&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 23|23]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2011|9|25}}
| {{End date|2012|5|20}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;1E6157&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 24|24]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2012|9|30}}
| {{End date|2013|5|19}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;fcd959&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 25|25]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2013|9|29}}
| {{End date|2014|5|18}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;1DD9FC&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 26|26]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2014|9|28}}
| {{End date|2015|5|17}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;7F1790&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 27|27]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2015|9|27}}
| {{End date|2016|5|22}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;431F27&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 28|28]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2016|9|25}}
| {{End date|2017|5|21}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;375383&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 29|29]]
| 21
| {{Start date|2017|10|1}}
| {{End date|2018|5|20}}
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;b961b6&quot; height=&quot;10px&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 30|30]]
| 
| {{Start date|2018|9|30}}
| 
|}

==Eipeasóid==
===Séasúr 1===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 1)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b8cacf;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b8cacf;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b8cacf;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b8cacf;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b8cacf;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b8cacf;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]&quot; || Nollaig 17, 1989 || 7G08 || 26.7&lt;ref&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5931.2007.00379.x&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 2 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart the Genius]]&quot; || Eanáir 14, 1990 || 7G02 || 24.5&lt;ref&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5931.2007.00379.x&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 3 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer's Odyssey]]&quot; || Eanáir 21, 1990 || 7G03 || 27.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 4 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[There's No Disgrace Like Home]]&quot; || Eanáir 28, 1990 || 7G04 ||  20.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 5 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart the General]]&quot; || Feabhra 4, 1990 || 7G05 || 27.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 6 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moaning Lisa]]&quot; || Feabhra 11, 1990 || 7G06 || 27.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 7 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Call of the Simpsons]]&quot; || Feabhra 18, 1990 || 7G09 || 27.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 8 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Telltale Head]]&quot; || Feabhra 25, 1990 || 7G07 || 28.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 9 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Life on the Fast Lane]]&quot; || Márta 18, 1990 || 7G11 || 33.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 10 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer's Night Out]]&quot; || Márta 25, 1990 || 7G10 || 30.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 11 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Crepes of Wrath]]&quot; || Aibreán 18, 1990|| 7G13 || 31.2&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317253,00.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2014-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135735/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317253,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 12 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Krusty Gets Busted]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 1990 || 7G12 || 30.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317346,00.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2014-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100152/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317346,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 13 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Some Enchanted Evening]]&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 1990 || 7G01 || 27.1
|}

===Séasúr 2===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 2)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3edf2;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3edf2;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3edf2;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3edf2;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3edf2;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3edf2;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 14 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Gets an &quot;F&quot;]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 11, 1990 || 7F03 || 33.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 15 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpson and Delilah]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 18, 1990 || 7F02 || 29.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 16 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 25, 1990 || 7F04 || 27.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 17 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish]]&quot; || Samhain 1, 1990 || 7F01 || 26.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 18 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dancin' Homer]]&quot; || Samhain 8, 1990 || 7F05 || 26.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 19 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dead Putting Society]]&quot; || Samhain 15, 1990 || 7F08 || 25.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 20 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart vs. Thanksgiving]]&quot; || Samhain 22, 1990 || 7F07 || 25.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 21 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart the Daredevil]]&quot; || Nollaig 6, 1990 || 7F06 || 26.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 22 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Itchy &amp; Scratchy &amp; Marge]]&quot; || Nollaig 20, 1990 || 7F09 || 22.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 23 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Gets Hit by a Car]]&quot; || Eanáir 10, 1991 || 7F10 || 24.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 24 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish]]&quot; || Eanáir 24, 1991 || 7F11 || 24.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 25 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Way We Was]]&quot; || Eanáir 31, 1991 || 7F12 || 26.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 26 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment]]&quot; || Feabhra 7, 1991 || 7F13 || 26.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 27 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Principal Charming]]&quot; || Feabhra 14, 1991 || 7F15 || 23.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 28 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?]]&quot; || Feabhra 21, 1991 || 7F16 || 26.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 29 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart's Dog Gets an &quot;F&quot;]]&quot; || Márta 7, 1991 || 7F14 || 23.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 30 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Old Money]]&quot; || Márta 28, 1991 || 7F17 || 21.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 31 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brush with Greatness]]&quot; || Aibreán 11, 1991 || 7F18 || 20.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 32 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa's Substitute]]&quot; || Aibreán 25, 1991 || 7F19 || 17.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 33 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The War of the Simpsons]]&quot; || Iúil 11, 1991 || 7F20 || 19.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 34 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Three Men and a Comic Book]]&quot; || Bealtaine 2, 1991 || 7F21 || 21.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 35 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Blood Feud]]&quot; || Bealtaine 9, 1991 || 7F22 || 17.3
|}

===Séasúr 3===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 3)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#cca7c4;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#cca7c4;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#cca7c4;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#cca7c4;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#cca7c4;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#cca7c4;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 36 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stark Raving Dad]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 19, 1991 || 7F24 || 22.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 37 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 26, 1991 || 8F01 || 20.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 38 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[When Flanders Failed]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 3, 1991 || 7F23 || 22.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 39 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart the Murderer]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 10, 1991 || 8F03 || 20.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 40 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Defined]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 17, 1991 || 8F04 || 20.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 41 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Like Father, Like Clown]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 24, 1991 || 8F05 || 20.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 42 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror II]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 31, 1991 || 8F02 || 20.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 43 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa's Pony]]&quot; ||  Samhain 7, 1991 || 8F06 || 23.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 44 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Saturdays of Thunder]]&quot; ||  Samhain 14, 1991 || 8F07 || 24.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 45 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Flaming Moe's]]&quot; || Samhain 21, 1991 || 8F08 || 23.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 46 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk]]&quot; || Nollaig 5, 1991 || 8F09 || 21.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 47 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Married Marge]]&quot; || Nollaig 26, 1991 || 8F10 || 21.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 48 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Radio Bart]]&quot; || Eanáir 9, 1992 || 8F11 || 24.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 49 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Greek]]&quot; || Eanáir 23, 1992 || 8F12 || 23.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 50 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Alone]]&quot; || Feabhra 6, 1992 || 8F14 || 23.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 51 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart the Lover]]&quot; || Feabhra 13, 1992 || 8F16 || 20.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 52 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer at the Bat]]&quot; || Feabhra 20, 1992 || 8F13 || 24.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 53 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Separate Vocations]]&quot; || Feabhra 20, 1992 || 8F15 || 23.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 54 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dog of Death]]&quot; || Márta 12, 1992 || 8F17 || 23.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 55 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Colonel Homer]]&quot; || Márta 26, 1992 || 8F19 || 25.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 56 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Black Widower]]&quot; || Aibreán 6, 1992 || 8F20 || 17.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 57 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Otto Show]]&quot; || Aibreán 23, 1992 || 8F21 || 17.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 58 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart's Friend Falls in Love]]&quot; || Bealtaine 7, 1992 || 8F22 || 19.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 59 || 24 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?]]&quot; || Lúnasa 27, 1992 || 8F23 || 17.2
|}

===Séasúr 4===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 4)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#189FDD;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#189FDD;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#189FDD;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#189FDD;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#189FDD;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#189FDD;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 60 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Kamp Krusty]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 24, 1992 || 8F24 || 21.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 61 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Streetcar Named Marge]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 1, 1992 || 8F18 || 18.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 62 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer the Heretic]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 8, 1992 || 9F01 || 19.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 63 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Beauty Queen]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 15, 1992 || 9F02 || 19.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 64 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror III]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 29, 1992 || 9F04 || 25.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 65 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Itchy &amp; Scratchy: The Movie]]&quot; || Samhain 3, 1992 || 9F03 || 20.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 66 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge Gets a Job]]&quot; || Samhain 5, 1992 || 9F05 || 22.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 67 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[New Kid on the Block]]&quot; || Samhain 12, 1992 || 9F06 || 23.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 68 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mr. Plow]]&quot; || Samhain 19, 1992 || 9F07 || 24.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 69 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa's First Word]]&quot; || Nollaig 3, 1992 || 9F08 || 28.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 70 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer's Triple Bypass]]&quot; || Nollaig 17, 1992 || 9F09 || 23.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 71 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge vs. the Monorail]]&quot; || Eanáir 14, 1993 || 9F10 || 23.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 72 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Selma's Choice]]&quot; || Eanáir 21, 1993 || 9F11 || 24.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 73 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brother from the Same Planet]]&quot; || Feabhra 4, 1993 || 9F12 || 23.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 74 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Love Lisa]]&quot; || Feabhra 11, 1993 || 9F13 || 25.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 75 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Duffless]]&quot; || Feabhra 18, 1993 || 9F14 || 25.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 76 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Last Exit to Springfield]]&quot; || Márta 11, 1993 || 9F15 || 22.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 77 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show]]&quot; || Aibreán 1, 1993 || 9F17 || 25.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 78 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Front]]&quot; || Aibreán 15, 1993 || 9F16 || 20.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 79 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Whacking Day]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 1993 || 9F18 || 20.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 80 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge in Chains]]&quot; || Bealtaine 6, 1993 || 9F20 || 17.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 81 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Krusty Gets Kancelled]]&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 1993 || 9F19 || 19.4
|}

===Séasúr 5===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 5)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#B11618;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#B11618;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#B11618;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#B11618;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#B11618;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#B11618;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 88 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer's Barbershop Quartet]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 1993 || 9F21 || 19.9&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=5 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 83 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Cape Feare]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 7, 1993 || 9F22 || 20.0&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=6 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 84 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Goes to College]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 14, 1993 || 1F02 || 18.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=7 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 85 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Rosebud]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 21, 1993 || 1F01 || 19.5&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=8 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 86 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror IV]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 28, 1993 || 1F04 || 24.0&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=9 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 87 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge on the Lam]]&quot; || Samhain 4, 1993 || 1F03 || 21,7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=10 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 88 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart's Inner Child]]&quot; || Samhain 11, 1993 || 1F05 || 18.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=11 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 89 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Boy-Scoutz N the Hood]]&quot; || Samhain 18, 1993 || 1F06 || 20.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=12 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053942/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19930920-19931128_TVRatings.pdf#page=12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 90 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Last Temptation of Homer]]&quot; || Nollaig 9, 1993 || 1F07 || 20.6&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19931129-19940227_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 91 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[$pringfield, Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling|$pringfield, Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and &lt;br/&gt; Love Legalized Gambling]]&quot; || Nollaig 16, 1993 || 1F08 || 17.9&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19931129-19940227_TVRatings.pdf#page=3&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 92 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer the Vigilante]]&quot; || Eanáir 6, 1994 || 1F09 || 20.1&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19931129-19940227_TVRatings.pdf#page=6&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 93 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Gets Famous]]&quot; || Feabhra 3, 1994 || 1F11 || 20.0&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19931129-19940227_TVRatings.pdf#page=10&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 94 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer and Apu]]&quot; || Feabhra 10, 1994 || 1F10 || 21.8&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19931129-19940227_TVRatings.pdf#page=11&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 95 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy]]&quot; || Feabhra 17, 1994 || 1F12 || 20.5&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19931129-19940227_TVRatings.pdf#page=12&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 96 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Deep Space Homer]]&quot; || Feabhra 24, 1994 || 1F13 || 18.2&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19931129-19940227_TVRatings.pdf#page=13&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 97 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Loves Flanders]]&quot; || Márta 17, 1994 || 1F14 || 18.0&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940228-19940529_TVRatings.pdf#page=3&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 98 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Gets an Elephant]]&quot; || Márta 31, 1994 || 1F15 || 17.0&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940228-19940529_TVRatings.pdf#page=5&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 99 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Burns' Heir]]&quot; || Aibreán 14, 1994 || 1F16 || 14.7&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940228-19940529_TVRatings.pdf#page=5&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 100 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song]]&quot; || Aibreán 14, 1994 || 1F18 || 19.7&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940228-19940529_TVRatings.pdf#page=9&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 101 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Boy Who Knew Too Much]]&quot; || Bealtaine 5, 1994 || 1F19 || 15.5&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940228-19940529_TVRatings.pdf#page=9&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 102 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lady Bouvier's Lover]]&quot; || Bealtaine 5, 1994 || 1F21 || 15.1&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940228-19940529_TVRatings.pdf#page=11&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 103 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Secrets of a Successful Marriage]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 1994 || 1F20 || 15.6&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940228-19940529_TVRatings.pdf#page=9&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 6===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 6)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#575959;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#575959;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#575959;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#575959;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#575959;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#575959;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 104 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart of Darkness]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 4, 1994 || 1F22 || 15.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940530-19940918_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-09-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910131740/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940530-19940918_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 105 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa's Rival]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 11, 1994 || 1F17 || 16.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940530-19940918_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-09-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910131740/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940530-19940918_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 106 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Another Simpsons Clip Show]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 25, 1994 || 2F33 || 13.5&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 107 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Itchy &amp; Scratchy Land]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 2, 1994 || 2F01 || 14.8&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 108 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sideshow Bob Roberts]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 9, 1994 || 2F02 || 14.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 109 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror V]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 30, 1994 || 2F03 || 22.2&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 110 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart's Girlfriend]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 1994 || 2F04 || 15.3&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 111 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa on Ice]]&quot; || Samhain 13, 1994 || 2F05 || 17.9&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 112 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer: Badman]]&quot; || Samhain 27, 1994 || 2F06 || 17.0&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 113 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy]]&quot; || Nollaig 4, 1994 || 2F07 || 14.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2017-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517130243/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19940919-19941204_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 114 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fear of Flying]]&quot; || Nollaig 18, 1994 || 2F08 || 15.6&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 115 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer the Great]]&quot; || Eanáir 8, 1995 || 2F09 || 20.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 116 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[And Maggie Makes Three]]&quot; || Eanáir 22, 1995 || 2F10 || 17.3&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 117 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart's Comet]]&quot; || Feabhra 5, 1995 || 2F11 || 18.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 118 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homie the Clown]]&quot; || Feabhra 12, 1995 || 2F12 || 17.6&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 119 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart vs. Australia]]&quot; || Feabhra 19, 1995 || 2F13 || 15.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 120 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer vs. Patty &amp; Selma]]&quot; || Feabhra 26, 1995 || 2F14 || 18.9&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 121 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Star is Burns]]&quot; || Márta 5, 1995 || 2F31 || 14.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054425/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19941205-19950305_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 122 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa's Wedding]]&quot; || Márta 19, 1995 || 2F15 || 14.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225945/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 123 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Two Dozen and One Greyhounds]]&quot; || Aibreán 9, 1995 || 2F18 || 11.6&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225945/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 124 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The PTA Disbands!]]&quot; || Aibreán 16, 1995 || 2F19 || 11.8&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225945/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 125 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[['Round Springfield]]&quot; || Aibreán 30, 1995 || 2F32 || 12.6&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225945/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 126 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Springfield Connection]]&quot; || Bealtaine 7, 1995 || 2F21 || 12.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225945/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 127 || 24 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lemon of Troy]]&quot; || Bealtaine 14, 1995 || 2F22 || 13.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225945/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 128 || 25 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Who Shot Mr. Burns?|Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Cuid a hAon)]]&quot; || Bealtaine 21, 1995 || 2F16 || 15.0&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225945/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950306-19950528_TVRatings.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 7===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 7)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#4b498f;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#4b498f;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#4b498f;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#4b498f;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#4b498f;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#4b498f;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 129 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Who Shot Mr. Burns?|Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Cuid a Dó)]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 17, 1995 || 2F20 || 16.0&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 130 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Radioactive Man]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 24, 1995 || 2F17 || 15.7&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 131 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Home Sweet Homediddly-Dum-Doodily]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 1, 1995 || 3F01 || 14.5&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 132 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Sells His Soul]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 8, 1995 || 3F02 || 14.8&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 133 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Vegetarian]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 15, 1995 || 3F03 || 14.6&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 134 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror VI]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 29, 1995 || 3F04 || 19.7&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 135 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[King-Size Homer]]&quot; || Samhain 5, 1995 || 3F05 || 17.0&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 136 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mother Simpson]]&quot; || Samhain 19, 1995 || 3F06 || 15.3&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 137 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming]]&quot; || Samhain 26, 1995 || 3F08 || 14.2&lt;ref&gt;http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19950918-19951126_TVRatings.pdf#page=2&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 138 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular]]&quot; || Nollaig 3, 1995 || 3F31 || 16.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 139 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge Be Not Proud]]&quot; || Nollaig 17, 1995 || 3F07 || 16.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 140 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Team Homer]]&quot; || Eanáir 7, 1996 || 3F10 || 16.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 141 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Two Bad Neighbors]]&quot; || Eanáir 14, 1996 || 3F09 || 17.5&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 142 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield]]&quot; || Feabhra 4, 1996 || 3F11 || 14.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 143 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart the Fink]]&quot; || Feabhra 11, 1996 || 3F12 || 15.0&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 144 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Iconoclast]]&quot; || Feabhra 18, 1996 || 3F13 || 13.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 145 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer the Smithers]]&quot; || Feabhra 25, 1996 || 3F14 || 14.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071616/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19951127-19960225_TVRatings.pdf#page=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 146 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Day the Violence Died]]&quot; || Márta 17, 1996 || 3F16 || 14.4&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 147 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Fish Called Selma]]&quot; || Márta 24, 1996 || 3F15 || 12.9&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 148 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart on the Road]]&quot; || Márta 31, 1996 || 3F17 || 1.8&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 149 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[22 Short Films About Springfield]]&quot; || Aibreán 14, 1996 || 3F18 || 10.5&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 150 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Raging Abe Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in &quot;The Curse of the Flying Hellfish&quot;]]&quot; || Aibreán 28, 1996 || 3F19 || 13.0&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 151 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homerpalooza]]&quot; || Bealtaine 5, 1996 || 3F20 || 11.3&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 152 || 24 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Much Apu About Nothing]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 1996 || 3F21 || 12.9&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 153 || 25 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Summer of 4 Ft. 2]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 1996 || 3F22 || 14.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2013-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071727/http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19960226-19960526_TVRatings.pdf#page=3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 8===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 8)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#58a5ad;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#58a5ad;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#58a5ad;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#58a5ad;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#58a5ad;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#58a5ad;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 154 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror VII]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 27, 1996 || 4F02 || 18.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 155 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[You Only Move Twice]]&quot; || Samhain 3, 1996 || 3F23 || 13.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 156 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Homer They Fall]]&quot; || Samhain 10, 1996 || 4F03 || 17.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 157 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Burns, Baby Burns]]&quot; || Samhain 17, 1996 || 4F05 || 12.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 158 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart After Dark]]&quot; || Samhain 24, 1996 || 4F06 || 14.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 159 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Milhouse Divided]]&quot; || Nollaig 1, 1996 || 4F04 || 12.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 160 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa's Date with Density]]&quot; || Nollaig 15, 1996 || 4F01 || {{n/a}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 161 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hurricane Neddy]]&quot; || Nollaig 29, 1996 || 4F07 || {{n/a}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 162 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)]]&quot; || Eanáir 5, 1997 || 3F24 || 14.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 163 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Springfield Files]]&quot; || Eanáir 12, 1997 || 3G01 || 20.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 164 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Twisted World of Marge Simpson]]&quot; || Eanáir 19, 1997 || 4F08 || 14.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 165 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mountain of Madness]]&quot; || Feabhra 2, 1997 || 4F10 || 9.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 166 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpsoncalifragilisticexpiala(Annoyed Grunt)cious]]&quot; || Feabhra 7, 1997 || 3G03 || 17.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 167 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Itchy &amp; Scratchy &amp; Poochie Show]]&quot; || Feabhra 9, 1997 || 4F12 || 15.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 168 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer's Phobia]]&quot; || Feabhra 16, 1997 || 4F11 || 15.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 169 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brother from Another Series]]&quot; || Feabhra 23, 1997 || 4F14 || 15.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 170 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[My Sister, My Sitter]]&quot; || Márta 2, 1997 || 4F13 || 15.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 171 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment]]&quot; || Márta 16, 1997 || 4F11 || 14.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 172 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Grade School Confidential]]&quot; || Aibreán 6, 1997 || 4F09 || 13.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 173 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Canine Mutiny]]&quot; || Aibreán 13, 1997 || 4F16 || {{n/a}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 174 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Old Man and the Lisa]]&quot; || Aibreán 20, 1997 || 4F17 || 14.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 175 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[In Marge We Trust]]&quot; || Aibreán 27, 1997 || 4F18 || 16.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 176 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer's Enemy]]&quot; || Bealtaine 4, 1997 || 4F19 || 11.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 177 || 24 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase]]&quot; || Bealtaine 11, 1997 || 4F20 || 11.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 178 || 25 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Secret War of Lisa Simpson]]&quot; || Bealtaine 18, 1997 || 4F21 || 12.7
|}

===Séasúr 9===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 9)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7a335d;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7a335d;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7a335d;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7a335d;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7a335d;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7a335d;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 179 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 21, 1997 || 4F22 || 10.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 180 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Principal and the Pauper]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 28, 1997 || 4F23 || 14.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 181 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa's Sax]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 19, 1997 || 3G02 || 12.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 182 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror VIII]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 26, 1997 || 5F02 || 10.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 183 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Cartridge Family]]&quot; || Samhain 2, 1997 || 5F01 || 10.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 184 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Star]]&quot; || Samhain 9, 1997 || 5F03 || 10.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 185 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons]]&quot; || Samhain 16, 1997 || 5F04 || 11.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 186 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Skeptic]]&quot; || Samhain 23, 1997 || 5F05 || 9.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 187 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Realty Bites]]&quot; || Nollaig 7, 1997 || 5F06 || 10.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 188 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Miracle on Evergreen Terrace]]&quot; || Nollaig 21, 1997 || 5F07 || 9.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 189 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[All Singing, All Dancing]]&quot; || Eanáir 4, 1998 || 5F24 || 8.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 190 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Carny]]&quot; || Eanáir 11, 1998 || 5F08 || 11.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 191 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Joy of Sect]]&quot; || Feabhra 8, 1998 || 5F23 || 9.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 192 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Das Bus]]&quot; || Feabhra 15, 1998 || 5F11 || 9.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 193 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Last Temptation of Krust]]&quot; || Feabhra 22, 1998 || 5F10 || 9.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 194 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dumbbell Indemnity]]&quot; || Márta 1, 1998 || 5F12 || 10.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 195 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Simpson]]&quot; || Márta 8, 1998 || 4F24 || 10.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 196 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[This Little Wiggy]]&quot; || Márta 22, 1998 || 5F13 || 8.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 197 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpson Tide]]&quot; || Márta 29, 1998 || 3G04 || 9.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 198 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Trouble with Trillions]]&quot; || Aibreán 5, 1998 || 5F14 || 7.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 199 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Girly Edition]]&quot; || Aibreán 19, 1998 || 5F15 || 8.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 200 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Trash of the Titans]]&quot; || Aibreán 26, 1998 || 5F09 || 10.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 201 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[King of the Hill]]&quot; || Bealtaine 3, 1998 || 5F16 || 9.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 202 || 24 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lost Our Lisa]]&quot; || Bealtaine 10, 1998 || 5F17 || 7.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 203 || 25 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Natural Born Kissers]]&quot; || Bealtaine 17, 1998 || 5F18 || 8.6
|}

===Séasúr 10===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 10)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A79548;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A79548;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A79548;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A79548;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A79548;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A79548;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 204 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lard of the Dance]]&quot; || Lúnasa 23, 1998 || 5F20 || 7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 205 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 20, 1998 || 5F21 || 7.95
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 206 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart the Mother]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 27, 1998 || 5F22 || 7.35
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 207 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror IX]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 25, 1998 || AABF01 || 8.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 208 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[When You Dish Upon a Star]]&quot; || Samhain 8, 1998 || 5F19 || 9.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 209 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[D'oh-in' in the Wind]]&quot; || Samhain 15, 1998 || AABF02 || 8.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 210 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa Gets an “A”]]&quot; || Samhain 22, 1998 || AABF03 || 8.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 211 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Simpson in: &quot;Kidney Trouble”]]&quot; || Nollaig 6, 1998 || AABF04 || 7.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 212 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mayored to the Mob]]&quot; || Nollaig 20, 1998 || AABF05 || 8.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 213 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Viva Ned Flanders]]&quot; || Eanáir 10, 1999 || AABF06 || 11.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 214 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Wild Barts Can't Be Broken]]&quot; || Eanáir 17, 1999 || AABF07 || 8.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 215 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sunday, Cruddy Sunday]]&quot; || Eanáir 31, 1999 || AABF08 || 11.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 216 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer to the Max]]&quot; || Feabhra 7, 1999 || AABF09 || 8.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 217 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I'm with Cupid]]&quot; || Feabhra 14, 1999 || AABF11 || 7.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 218 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge Simpson in: &quot;Screaming Yellow Honkers”]]&quot; || Feabhra 21, 1999 || AABF10 || 8.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 219 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Make Room for Lisa]]&quot; || Feabhra 28, 1999 || AABF12 || 7.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 220 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Maximum Homerdrive]]&quot; || Márta 28, 1999 || AABF13 || 15.5&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117492811.html?categoryid=14&amp;cs=1 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-15 |archivedate=2010-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914093351/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117492811.html?categoryid=14&amp;cs=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 221 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpsons Bible Stories]]&quot; || Aibreán 4, 1999 || AABF14 || 12.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 222 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mom and Pop Art]]&quot; || Aibreán 11, 1999 || AABF15 || 8.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 223 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Old Man and the &quot;C&quot; Student]]&quot; || Aibreán 25, 1999 || AABF16 || 6.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 224 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Monty Can't Buy Me Love]]&quot; || Bealtaine 2, 1999 || AABF17 || 7.26
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 225 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[They Saved Lisa's Brain]]&quot; || Bealtaine 9, 1999 || AABF18 || 6.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 226 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo]]&quot; || Bealtaine 16, 1999 || AABF20 || 8.0
|}

===Séasúr 11===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 11)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2E5C82;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2E5C82;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2E5C82;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2E5C82;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2E5C82;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2E5C82;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 227 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Beyond Blunderdome]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 26, 1999 || AABF23 || 8.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 228 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brother's Little Helper]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 3, 1999 || AABF22 || 7.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 229 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Guess Who's Coming to Criticize Dinner?]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 24, 1999 || AABF21 || 6.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 230 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror X]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 31, 1999 || BABF01 || 8.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 231 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[E-I-E-I-(Annoyed Grunt)]]&quot; || Samhain 7, 1999 || AABF19 || 8.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 232 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder]]&quot; || Samhain 14, 1999 || BABF02 || 9.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 233 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Eight Misbehavin']]&quot; || Samhain 21, 1999 || BABF03 || 9.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 234 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Take My Wife, Sleaze]]&quot; || Samhain 28, 1999 || BABF05 || 8.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 235 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Grift of the Magi]]&quot; || Nollaig 19, 1999 || BABF07 || 7.76
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 236 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Little Big Mom]]&quot; || Eanáir 9, 2000 || BABF04 || 10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 237 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Faith Off]]&quot; || Eanáir 16, 2000 || BABF06 || 10.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 238 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Mansion Family]]&quot; || Eanáir 23, 2000 || BABF08 || 11.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 239 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Saddlesore Galactica]]&quot; || Feabhra 6, 2000 || BABF09 || 9.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 240 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Alone Again, Natura-Diddily]]&quot; || Feabhra 13, 2000 || BABF10 || 10.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 141 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Missionary: Impossible]]&quot;&quot; || Feabhra 20, 2000 || BABF11 || 9.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 142 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pygmoelian]]&quot; || Feabhra 27, 2000 || BABF12 || 9.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 243 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart to the Future]]&quot; || Márta 19, 2000 || BABF13 || 8.77
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 244 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Days of Wine and D'oh'ses]]&quot; || Aibreán 9, 2000 || BABF14 || 8.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 245 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Kill the Alligator and Run]]&quot; || Aibreán 30, 2000 || BABF16 || 7.47
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 246 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Last Tap Dance in Springfield]]&quot; || Bealtaine 7, 2000 || BABF15 || 7.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 247 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad Marge]]&quot; || Bealtaine 14, 2000 || BABF18 || 7.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 248 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Behind the Laughter]]&quot; || Bealtaine 21, 2000 || BABF19 || 8.3
|}

===Séasúr 12===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 12)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#993129;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#993129;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#993129;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#993129;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#993129;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#993129;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 249 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XI]]&quot; || Samhain 1, 2000 || BABF21 || 13.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 250 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Tale of Two Springfields]]&quot; || Samhain 5, 2000 || BABF20 || 16.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 251 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Insane Clown Poppy]]&quot; || Samhain 12, 2000 || BABF17 || 16.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 252 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Tree Hugger]]&quot; || Samhain 19, 2000 || CABF01 || 14.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 253 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer vs. Dignity]]&quot; || Samhain 26, 2000 || CABF04 || 15
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 254 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Computer Wore Menace Shoes]]&quot; || Nollaig 3, 2000 || CABF02 || 15.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 255 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Great Money Caper]]&quot; || Nollaig 10, 2000 || CABF03 || 16.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 256 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Skinner's Sense of Snow]]&quot; || Nollaig 17, 2000 || CABF06 || 15.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 257 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[HOMR]]&quot; || Eanáir 7, 2001 || BABF22 || 18.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 258 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pokey Mom]]&quot; || Eanáir 14, 2001 || CABF05 || 15
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 259 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Worst Episode Ever]]&quot; || Feabhra 4, 2001 || CABF08 || 18.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 260 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Tennis the Menace]]&quot; || Feabhra 11, 2001 || CABF07 || 14
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 261 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Day of the Jackanapes]]&quot; || Feabhra 18, 2001 || CABF10 || 15.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 262 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[New Kids on the Blecch]]&quot; || Feabhra 25, 2001 || CABF12 || 18.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 263 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hungry, Hungry Homer]]&quot; || Márta 4, 2001 || CABF09 || 17.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 264 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bye Bye Nerdie]]&quot; || Márta 11, 2001 || CABF11 || 16.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 275 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpson Safari]]&quot; || Aibreán 1, 2001 || CABF13 || 13.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 266 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Trilogy of Error]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 2001 || CABF14 || 14.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 267 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I'm Goin' to Praiseland]]&quot; || Bealtaine 6, 2001 || CABF15 || 13.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 268 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Children of a Lesser Clod]]&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 2001 || CABF16 || 13.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 269 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpsons Tall Tales]]&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2001 || CABF17 || 13.4
|}

===Séasúr 13===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 13)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#593285;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#593285;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#593285;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#593285;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#593285;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#593285;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 270 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XII]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 2001 || CABF19 || 13
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 271 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Parent Rap]]&quot; || Samhain 11, 2001 || CABF22 || 14.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 272 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer the Moe]]&quot; || Samhain 18, 2001 || CABF20 || 14.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 273 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love]]&quot; || Nollaig 2, 2001 || CABF18 || 13.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 274 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Blunder Years]]&quot; || Nollaig 9, 2001 || CABF21 || 12.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 275 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[She of Little Faith]]&quot; || Nollaig 16, 2001 || DABF02 || 13.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 276 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brawl in the Family]]&quot; || Eanáir 6, 2002 || DABF01 || 11.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 277 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sweets and Sour Marge]]&quot; || Eanáir 20, 2002 || DABF03 || 12.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 278 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Jaws Wired Shut]]&quot; || Eanáir 27, 2002 || DABF05 || 14.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 279 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Half-Decent Proposal]]&quot; || Feabhra 10, 2002 || DABF04 || 13.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 280 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Bart Wants What It Wants]]&quot; || Feabhra 17, 2002 || DABF06 || 11.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 281 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Lastest Gun in the West]]&quot; || Feabhra 24, 2002 || DABF07 || 13.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 282 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Old Man and the Key]]&quot; || Márta 10, 2002 || DABF09 || 14.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 283 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Tales from the Public Domain]]&quot; || Márta 17, 2002 || DABF08 || 11.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 284 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Blame It on Lisa]]&quot; || Márta 31, 2002 || DABF10 || 11.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 285 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Weekend at Burnsie's]]&quot; || Aibreán 7, 2002 || DABF11 || 12.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 286 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Gump Roast]]&quot; || Aibreán 21, 2002 || DABF12 || 12.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 287 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Am Furious (Yellow)]]&quot; || Aibreán 28, 2002 || DABF13 || 12.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 288 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Sweetest Apu]]&quot; || Bealtaine 5, 2002 || DABF14 || 11.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 289 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Little Girl in the Big Ten]]&quot; || Bealtaine 12, 2002 || DABF15 || 11.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 290 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Frying Game]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 2002 || DABF16 || 10.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 291 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge]]&quot; || Bealtaine 22, 2002 || DABF17 || 8.2
|}

===Séasúr 14===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 14)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 292 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XIII]]&quot; || Samhain 3, 2002 || DABF19 || 16.7&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2002/11/doh-homers-still-a-hit/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2013-08-03 |archivedate=2022-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516173618/http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2002/11/doh-homers-still-a-hit/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 293 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[How I Spent My Strummer Vacation]]&quot; || Samhain 10, 2002 || DABF22 || 12.5&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2002/11/10&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 294 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade]]&quot; || Samhain 17, 2002 || DABF20 || 13.3&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2002/11/17&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 295 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Large Marge]]&quot; || Samhain 24, 2002 || DABF18 || 17.4&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2002/11/24&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 296 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Helter Shelter]]&quot; || Nollaig 1, 2002 || DABF21 || 15.1&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2002/12/01&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 297 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Great Louse Detective]]&quot; || Nollaig 15, 2002 || EABF01 || 15.5&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2002/12/15&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 298 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Special Edna]]&quot; || Eanáir 5, 2003 || EABF02 || 15.0&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/01/05&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 299 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Dad Who Knew Too Little]]&quot; || Eanáir 12, 2003 || EABF03 || 12.8&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/01/12&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 300 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Strong Arms of the Ma]]&quot; || Feabhra 9, 2003 || EABF04 || 15.4&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/02/02&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 301 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pray Anything]]&quot; || Feabhra 16, 2003 || EABF05 || 13.4&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2003/tv/news/simpsons-law-60-shine-sunday-1117880315/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 302 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Barting Over]]&quot; || Feabhra 16, 2003 || EABF06 || 21.3&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/02/16&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 303 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can]]&quot; || Márta 2, 2003 || EABF07 || 22.1&lt;ref&gt;http://www.angelfire.com/tv/JustTVRatings/feb101603.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 304 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Star Is Born Again]]&quot; || Márta 9, 2003 || EABF08 || 14.4&lt;ref&gt;http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/04/entertainment/et-quick4.3&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 305 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mr. Spritz Goes to Washington]]&quot; || Márta 16, 2003 || EABF09 || 14.4&lt;ref&gt;http://www.angelfire.com/tv/JustTVRatings/mar3903.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 306 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[C.E.D'oh]]&quot; || Márta 30, 2003 || EABF10 || 13.0&lt;ref&gt;http://www.angelfire.com/tv/JustTVRatings/mar101603.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 307 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[['Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky]]&quot; || Aibreán 13, 2003 || EABF11 || 12.6&lt;ref&gt;http://www.angelfire.com/tv/JustTVRatings/mar243103.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 308 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Three Gays of the Condo]]&quot; || Aibreán 27, 2003 || EABF12 || 12.02&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext16apr16.story |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2003-10-10 |archivedate=2003-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010141849/http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext16apr16.story }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 309 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dude, Where's My Ranch?]]&quot; || Aibreán 28, 2003 || EABF13 || 11.71&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext30apr30,0,2588331.htmlstory?coll=cl-tvratings |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2003-06-18 |archivedate=2003-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030618102120/http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext30apr30,0,2588331.htmlstory?coll=cl-tvratings }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 310 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Old Yeller-Belly]]&quot; || Bealtaine 4, 2003 || EABF14 || 11.59&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext7may07,0,2276775.story?coll=cl-tvratings |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2003-06-05 |archivedate=2003-06-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605094142/http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext7may07,0,2276775.story?coll=cl-tvratings }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 311 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brake My Wife, Please]]&quot; || Bealtaine 11, 2003 || EABF15 || 10.56&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-ratingstext13may14,0,2535362.story?coll=cl-tvratings |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2003-06-05 |archivedate=2003-06-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605093658/http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-ratingstext13may14,0,2535362.story?coll=cl-tvratings }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 312 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Bart of War]]&quot; || Bealtaine 18, 2003 || EABF16 || 12.10&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext21may21,0,4095663.story?coll=cl-tvratings |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2003-06-01 |archivedate=2003-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030601081216/http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext21may21,0,4095663.story?coll=cl-tvratings }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 313 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moe Baby Blues]]&quot; || Bealtaine 18, 2003 || EABF17 || 13.44&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext21may21,0,4095663.story?coll=cl-tvratings |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2003-06-01 |archivedate=2003-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030601081216/http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/ratings/cl-et-tvratingstext21may21,0,4095663.story?coll=cl-tvratings }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 15===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 15)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bb842;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bb842;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bb842;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bb842;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bb842;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bb842;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 314 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XIV]]&quot; || [[1 Samhain]] [[2003]] || EABF21 || 16.22&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/[[2003]]/11/ratings-treehouse-of-horror/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 315 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[My Mother the Carjacker]]&quot; || [[9 Samhain]] [[2003]] || EABF18 || 12.4 &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080309092802/http://www.simpsonschannel.com/news/monthly-archive-11-2003.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 316 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The President Wore Pearls]]&quot; || [[16 Samhain]] [[2003]] || EABF20 || 12.7 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/11/16&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 317 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Regina Monologues]]&quot; || [[23 Samhain]] [[2003]] || EABF22 || 12.2 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/11/23&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 318 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Fat and the Furriest]]&quot; || [[30 Samhain]] [[2003]] || EABF19 || 11.7 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/11/30&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 319 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Today I Am a Clown]]&quot; || [[7 Nollaig]] [[2003]] || FABF01 || 10.5 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/12/07&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 320 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[['Tis the Fifteenth Season]]&quot; || [[14 Nollaig]] [[2003]] || FABF02 || 11.3 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2003/12/14&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 321 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge vs. Singles, Seniors, Childless Couples and Teens and Gays]]&quot; || [[4 Eanáir]] [[2004]] || FABF03 || 12.0 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/01/04&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 322 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I, (Annoyed Grunt)-bot]]&quot; || [[11 Eanáir]] [[2004]] || FABF04 || 16.3 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/01/11&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 323 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Diatribe of a Mad Housewife]]&quot; || [[25 Eanáir]] [[2004]] || FABF05 || 10.6 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/01/25&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 324 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Margical History Tour]]&quot; || [[8 Feabhra]] [[2004]] || FABF06 || 8.9 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/02/08&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 325 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore]]&quot; ||[[15 Feabhra]] [[2004]]  || FABF07 || 9.4 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/02/15&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 326 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Smart &amp; Smarter]]&quot; || [[21 Feabhra]] [[2004]] || FABF09 || 12.6 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/02/22&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 327 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Ziff Who Came to Dinner]]&quot; || [[14 Márta]] [[2004]] || FABF08 || 10.7 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/03/14&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 328 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Co-Dependents' Day]]&quot; || [[21 Márta]] [[2004]] || FABF10 || 11.2 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/03/21&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 329 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Wandering Juvie]]&quot; || [[28 Márta]] [[2004]] || FABF11 || 10.5 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/03/28&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 330 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[My Big Fat Geek Wedding]]&quot; || [[18 Aibreán]] [[2004]] || FABF12 || 9.2 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/04/18&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 331 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Catch 'Em If You Can]]&quot; || [[25 Aibreán]] [[2004]] || FABF14 || 9.3 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/04/25&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 332 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simple Simpson]]&quot; || [[2 Bealtaine]] [[2004]] || FABF15 ||  9.5 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/05/02&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 333 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Way We Weren't]]&quot; || [[9 Bealtaine]] [[2004]] || FABF13 || 6.6 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/05/09&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 334 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart-Mangled Banner]]&quot; || [[16 Bealtaine]] [[2004]] || FABF17 || 8.7 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvtango.com/listings/2004/05/16&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 335 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fraudcast News]]&quot; || [[23 Bealtaine]] [[2004]] || FABF18 || 9.2 &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20111117201132/http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2004/05/ratings-fraudcast-news/&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 16===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 16)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9D296E;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9D296E;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9D296E;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9D296E;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9D296E;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9D296E;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 336 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XV]]&quot; || Samhain 7, 2004 || FABF23 || 11.29&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2004/11/ratings-treehouse-of-horror-xv/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-16 |archivedate=2013-08-03 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130803100446/http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2004/11/ratings-treehouse-of-horror-xv/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 337 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[All's Fair in Oven War]]&quot; || Samhain 14, 2004 || FABF20 || 11.64&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=111604_05&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 338 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sleeping with the Enemy (eipeasóid The Simpsons)|Sleeping With the Enemy]]&quot; || Samhain 21, 2004 || FABF19 || 9.95&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=112304_07&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 339 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[She Used to Be My Girl]]&quot; || Nollaig 5, 2004 || FABF22 || 10.81&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=120704_06&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 340 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fat Man and Little Boy]]&quot; || Nollaig 12, 2004 || FABF21 || 10.31&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=121404_08&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 341 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Midnight Rx]]&quot; || Eanáir 16, 2005 || FABF16 || 8.11&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=011905_07&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 342 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mommie Beerest]]&quot; || Eanáir 30, 2005 || GABF01 || 9.97&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=020105_07&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 343 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass]]&quot; || Feabhra 6, 2005 || GABF02 || 23.07&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=020805_08&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 344 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pranksta Rap]]&quot; || Feabhra 13, 2005 || GABF03 || 8.01&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=021505_06&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 345 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[There's Something About Marrying]]&quot; || Feabhra 20, 2005 || GABF04 || 10.39&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=022305_08&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 346 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[On a Clear Day I Can't See My Sister]]&quot; || Márta 6, 2005 || GABF05 || 10.39&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=022305_08&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 347 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Goo Goo Gai Pan]]&quot; || Márta 13, 2005 || GABF06 || 10.28&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=031505_05&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 348 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mobile Homer]]&quot; || Márta 20, 2005 || GABF07 || 8.49&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=032205_05&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 349 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Seven-Beer Snitch]]&quot; || Aibreán 3, 2005 || GABF08 || 7.48&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=040505_07&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 350 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Future-Drama]]&quot; || Aibreán 17, 2005 || GABF12 || 8.31&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=041905_03&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 351 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Don't Fear the Roofer]]&quot; || Bealtaine 1, 2005 || GABF10 ||  11.92&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=050305_05&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 352 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Heartbroke Kid]]&quot; || Bealtaine 1, 2005 || GABF11 || 10.79&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=050305_05&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 353 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Star Is Torn]]&quot; || Bealtaine 8, 2005 || GABF13 || 8.72&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=051005_08&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 354 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Thank God, It's Doomsday]]&quot; || Bealtaine 8, 2005 || GABF14 || 10.05&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=051005_08&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 355 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Home Away from Homer]]&quot; || Bealtaine 15, 2005 || GABF15 || 8.17&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=051705_04&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 356 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star]]&quot; || Bealtaine 15, 2005 || GABF09 || 9.69&lt;ref&gt;http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=051705_04&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 17===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 17)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#005B9C;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#005B9C;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#005B9C;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#005B9C;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#005B9C;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#005B9C;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 357 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bonfire of the Manatees]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 11, 2005 || GABF18 || 11.10&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/09/nfl-simpsons-take-sunday-for-fox/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 358 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Girl Who Slept Too Little]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 118, 2005 || GABF16 || 9.79&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/09/ratings-the-girl-who-slept-too-little/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 359 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Milhouse of Sand and Fog]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 25, 2005 || GABF19 || 10.19&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/09/ratings-milhouse-of-sand-and-fog/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 360 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XVI]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 2005 || GABF17 || 11.63&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/11/ratings-treehouse-of-horror-xvi/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-09 |archivedate=2013-08-27 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130827011947/http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/11/ratings-treehouse-of-horror-xvi/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 361 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge's Son Poisoning]]&quot; || Samhain 13, 2005 || GABF20 || 11.4&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/11/ratings-marges-son-poisoning/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 362 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[See Homer Run]]&quot; || Samhain 20, 2005 || GABF21 || 10.3&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/11/ratings-see-homer-run-figures/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 363 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Last of the Red Hat Mamas]]&quot; || Samhain 27, 2005 || GABF22 || 11.46&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/11/ratings-last-of-the-red-hat-mamas/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 364 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Italian Bob]]&quot; || Nollaig 11, 2005 || HABF02 || 10.39&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/12/ratings-the-italian-bob/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 365 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpsons Christmas Stories]]&quot; || Nollaig 18, 2005 || HABF01 || 9.8&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2005/12/ratings-simpsons-christmas-stories/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 366 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer's Paternity Coot]]&quot; || Eanáir 8, 2006 || HABF03 || 10.1&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/01/ratings-homers-paternity-coot/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 367 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[We're on the Road to D'ohwhere]]&quot; || Eanáir 29, 2006 || HABF04 || 9.04&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/01/ratings-were-on-the-road-to-dohwhere/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 368 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[My Fair Laddy]]&quot; || Feabhra 26, 2006 || HABF05 || 9.51&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/03/ratings-my-fair-laddy/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 369 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Seemingly Never-Ending Story]]&quot; || Márta 12, 2006 || HABF06 || 9.72&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/03/ratings-seemingly-never-ending-story/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 370 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Has Two Mommies]]&quot; || Márta 19, 2006 || HABF07 || 8.75&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/03/ratings-bart-has-two-mommies/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 371 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife]]&quot; || Márta 26, 2006 || HABF08 || 10.09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 372 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Million Dollar Abie]]&quot; || Aibreán 2, 2006 || HABF09 || 7.83&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/04/ratings-million-dollar-abie/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 373 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore]]&quot; || Aibreán 9, 2006 || HABF10 || 8.20&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/04/ratings-kiss-kiss-bang-bangalore/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 374 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Wettest Stories Ever Told]]&quot; || Aibreán 23, 2006 || HABF11 || 7.04&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/04/ratings-the-wettest-stories-ever-told/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 375 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Girls Just Want to Have Sums]]&quot; || Aibreán 30, 2006 || HABF12 || 8.7&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/05/ratings-girls-just-want-to-have-sums/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 376 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Regarding Margie]]&quot; || Bealtaine 7, 2006 || HABF13 || 8.50&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/05/ratings-regarding-margie/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 377 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Monkey Suit]]&quot; || Bealtaine 14, 2006 || HABF14 || 8.3&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/05/ratings-the-monkey-suit/&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 378 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge and Homer Turn a Couple Play]]&quot; || Bealtaine 21, 2006 || HABF16 || 8.23&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simpsonschannel.com/2006/05/ratings-marge-and-homer-turn-a-couple-play/&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 18===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 18)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#544b42;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#544b42;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#544b42;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#544b42;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#544b42;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#544b42;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 379 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 10, 2006 || HABF15 || 11.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 280 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Jazzy and the Pussycats]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 17, 2006 || HABF18 || 8.94
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 381 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Please Homer, Don't Hammer 'Em]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 24, 2006 || HABF20 || 9.72
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 382 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XVII]]&quot; || Samhain 5, 2006 || HABF17 || 10.43
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 383 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[G.I. (Annoyed Grunt)]]&quot; || Samhain 12, 2006 || HABF21 || 11.43
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 384 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moe'N'a Lisa]]&quot; || Samhain 19, 2006 || HABF19 || 9.31
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 385 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Ice Cream of Margie (with the Light Blue Hair)]]&quot; || Samhain 26, 2006 || HABF22 || 10.90
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 386 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Haw-Hawed Couple]]&quot; || Nollaig 10, 2006 || JABF02 || 8.29
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 387 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Kill Gil, Volumes I &amp; II]]&quot; || Nollaig 17, 2006 || JABF01 || 8.96
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 388 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Wife Aquatic]]&quot; || Eanáir 7, 2007 || JABF03 ||  13.90
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 389 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times]]&quot; || Eanáir 28, 2007 || JABF05 || 8.09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 390 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Little Big Girl]]&quot; || Feabhra 11, 2007 || JABF04 || 8.27
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 391 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Springfield Up]]&quot; || Feabhra 18, 2007 || JABF07 || 8.80
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 392 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Yokel Chords]]&quot; || Márta 4, 2007 || JABF09 || 9.09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 393 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Rome-Old and Juli-Eh]]&quot; || Márta 11, 2007 || JABF08 || 8.98
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 394 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homerazzi]]&quot; || Márta 25, 2007 || JABF06 || 6.91
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 395 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Marge Gamer]]&quot; || Aibreán 22, 2007 || JABF10 || 6.40
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 396 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Boys of Bummer]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 2007 || JABF11 || 7.57
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 397 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Crook and Ladder]]&quot; || Bealtaine 6, 2007 || JABF13 || 7.72
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 398 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot]]&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 2007 || JABF12 || 6.48
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 399 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[24 Minutes]]&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2007 || JABF14 || 9.80
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 400 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[You Kent Always Say What You Want]]&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2007 || JABF15 || 9.80
|}

===Séasúr 19===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 19)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#60e9b5;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#60e9b5;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#60e9b5;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#60e9b5;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#60e9b5;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#60e9b5;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 401 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[He Loves to Fly and He D'oh's]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 23, 2007 || JABF20 || 9.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 402 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Homer of Seville]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 2007 || JABF18 || 8.4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 403 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Midnight Towboy]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 7, 2007 || JABF21 || 7.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 404 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 14, 2007 || JABF19 || 8.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 405 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XVIII]]&quot; || Samhain 4, 2007 || JABF16 || 11.7
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 406 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Little Orphan Millie]]&quot; || Samhain 11, 2007 || JABF22 || 10.57
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 407 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Husbands and Knives]]&quot; || Samhain 18, 2007 || JABF17 || 10.5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 408 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Funeral for a Fiend]]&quot; || Samhain 25, 2007 || KABF01 || 9.0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 409 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind]]&quot; || Nollaig 16, 2007 || KABF02 || 10.15
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 410 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[E Pluribus Wiggum]]&quot; || Eanáir 6, 2008 || KABF03 || 8.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 411 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[That '90s Show]]&quot; || Eanáir 27, 2008 || KABF04 || 7.6
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 412 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Love, Springfieldian Style]]&quot; || Feabhra 17, 2008 || KABF05 || 7.81
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 413 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Debarted]]&quot; || Márta 2, 2008 || KABF06 || 8.18
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 414 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dial 'N' for Nerder]]&quot; || Márta 9, 2008 || KABF07 || 7.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 415 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Smoke on the Daughter]]&quot; || Márta 30, 2008 || KABF08 || 7.10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 416 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Papa Don't Leech]]&quot; || Aibreán 13, 2008 || KABF09 || 6.9
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 417 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Apocalypse Cow]]&quot; || Aibreán 27, 2008 || KABF10 || 7.69
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 418 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Any Given Sundance]]&quot; || Bealtaine 4, 2008 || KABF11 || 6.18
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 419 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mona Leaves-a]]&quot; || Bealtaine 11, 2008 || KABF12 || 6.02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 420 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[All About Lisa]]&quot; || Bealtaine 18, 2008 || KABF13 || 6.11
|}

===Séasúr 20===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 20)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#dedde2;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#dedde2;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#dedde2;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#dedde2;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#dedde2;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#dedde2;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 421 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sex Pies and Idiot Scrapes]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 28, 2008 || KABF17 || 9.30
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 422 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lost Verizon]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 5, 2008 || KABF15 || 7.43
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 423 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Double, Double, Boy in Trouble]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 19, 2008 || KABF14 || 8.09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 424 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XIX]]&quot; || Samhain 2, 2008 || KABF16 || 12.48
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 425 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dangerous Curves]]&quot; || Samhain 9, 2008 || KABF18 || 8.16
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 426 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words]]&quot; || Samhain 16, 2008 || KABF19 || 8.52
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 427 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[MyPods and Boomsticks]]&quot; || Samhain 30, 2008 || KABF20 || 8.00
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 428 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Burns and the Bees]]&quot; || Nollaig 7, 2008 || KABF21 || 6.19
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 429 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Drama Queen]]&quot; || Eanáir 25, 2009 || KABF22 || 5.75
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 430 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Take My Life, Please]]&quot; || Feabhra 15, 2009 || LABF01 || 6.82
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 431 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[How the Test Was Won]]&quot; || Márta 1, 2009 || LABF02 || 6.71
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 432 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[No Loan Again, Naturally]]&quot; || Márta 8, 2009 || LABF03 || 5.99
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 433 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Gone Maggie Gone]]&quot; || Márta 15, 2009 || LABF04 || 5.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 434 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[In the Name of the Grandfather]]&quot; || Márta 22, 2009 || LABF11 || 6.15
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 435 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Wedding for Disaster]]&quot; || Márta 29, 2009 || LABF05 || 6.58
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 436 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Eeny Teeny Maya Moe]]&quot; || Aibreán 5, 2009 || LABF06 || 6.40
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 437 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Good, the Sad and the Drugly]]&quot; || Aibreán 19, 2009 || LABF07 || 6.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 438 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Father Knows Worst]]&quot; || Aibreán 26, 2009 || LABF08 || 5.94
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 439 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Waverly Hills, 9-0-2-1-D'oh]]&quot; || Bealtaine 3, 2009 || LABF10 || 6.66
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 440 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Four Great Women and a Manicure]]&quot; || Bealtaine 10, 2009 || LABF09 || 5.16
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 441 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Coming to Homerica]]&quot; || Bealtaine 17, 2009 || LABF12 || 5.86
|}

===Séasúr 21===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 21)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A90E63;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A90E63;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A90E63;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A90E63;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A90E63;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A90E63;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 442 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer the Whopper]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 27, 2009 || LABF13 || 8.21
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 443 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Gets a 'Z']]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 4, 2009 || LABF15 || 9.32
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 444 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Great Wife Hope]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 11, 2009 || LABF16 || 7.55
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 445 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XX]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 18, 2009 || LABF14 || 8.59
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 446 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Devil Wears Nada]]&quot; || Samhain 15, 2009 || LABF17 || 9.04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 447 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pranks and Greens]]&quot; || Samhain 22, 2009 || LABF18 || 7.04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 448 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Rednecks and Broomsticks]]&quot; || Samhain 29, 2009 || LABF19 || 8.90
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 449 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[O Brother, Where Bart Thou?]]&quot; || Nollaig 13, 2009 || MABF01 || 7.11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 450 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Thursdays with Abie]]&quot; || Eanáir 3, 2010 || MABF02 || 8.65
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 451 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Once Upon a Time in Springfield]]&quot; || Eanáir 10, 2010 || LABF20 || 21.01
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 452 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Million Dollar Maybe]]&quot; || Eanáir 31, 2010 || MABF03 || 5.11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 453 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Boy Meets Curl]]&quot; || Feabhra 14, 2010 || MABF05 || 5.87
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 454 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Color Yellow]]&quot; || Feabhra 21, 2010 || MABF06 || 6.08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 455 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Postcards from the Wedge]]&quot; || Márta 14, 2010 || MABF04 || 5.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 456 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stealing First Base]]&quot; || Márta 21, 2010 || MABF07 || 5.69
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 457 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Greatest Story Ever D'ohed]]&quot; || Márta 28, 2010 || MABF10 || 5.70
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 458 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[American History X-cellent]]&quot; || Aibreán 11, 2010 || MABF08 || 5.65
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 459 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Chief of Hearts]]&quot; || Aibreán 18, 2010 || MABF09 || 5.93
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 460 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Squirt and the Whale]]&quot; || Aibreán 25, 2010 || MABF14 || 5.94
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 461 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[To Surveil with Love]]&quot; || Bealtaine 2, 2010 || MABF12 || 6.05
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 462 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moe Letter Blues]]&quot; || Bealtaine 9, 2010 || MABF13 || 5.66
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 463 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Bob Next Door]]&quot; || Bealtaine 16, 2010 || MABF11 || 6.26
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 464 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Judge Me Tender]]&quot; || Bealtaine 23, 2010 || MABF15 || 5.74
|}

===Séasúr 22===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 22)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#E06EFA;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#E06EFA;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#E06EFA;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#E06EFA;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#E06EFA;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#E06EFA;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 465 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Elementary School Musical]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 26, 2010 || MABF21 || 7.76
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 466 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Loan-a Lisa]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 3, 2010 || MABF17 || 8.95
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 467 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[MoneyBart]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 10, 2010 || MABF18 || 6.72
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 468 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXI]]&quot; || Samhain 7, 2010 || MABF16 || 8.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 469 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa Simpson, This Isn't Your Life]]&quot; || Samhain 14, 2010 || MABF20 || 8.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 470 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Fool Monty]]&quot; || Samhain 21, 2010 || NABF01 || 6.63
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 471 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[How Munched is That Birdie in the Window?]]&quot; || Samhain 28, 2010 || NABF02 || 9.42
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 472 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Fight Before Christmas]]&quot; || Nollaig 5, 2010 || MABF22 || 9.56
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 473 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Donnie Fatso]]&quot; || Nollaig 12, 2010 || MABF19 || 7.31
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 474 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moms I'd Like to Forget]]&quot; || Eanáir 9, 2011 || NABF03 || 12.65
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 475 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Flaming Moe]]&quot; || Eanáir 16, 2011 || NABF04 || 6.47
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 476 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer the Father]]&quot; || Eanáir 23, 2011 || NABF05 || 6.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 477 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Blue and the Gray]]&quot; || Feabhra 13, 2011 || NABF06 || 5.62
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 478 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Angry Dad: The Movie]]&quot; || Feabhra 20, 2011 || NABF07 || 6.44
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 479 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Scorpion's Tale]]&quot; || Márta 6, 2011 || NABF08 || 6.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 480 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Midsummer's Nice Dream]]&quot; || Márta 13, 2011 || NABF09 || 5.45
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 481 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Love Is a Many Strangled Thing]]&quot; || Márta 27, 2011 || NABF10 || 6.14
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 482 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Great Simpsina]]&quot; || Aibreán 10, 2011 || NABF11 || 4.99
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 483 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Real Housewives of Fat Tony]]&quot; || Bealtaine 1, 2011 || NABF12 || 6.11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 484 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Scissorhands]]&quot; || Bealtaine 8, 2011 || NABF13 || 5.48
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 485 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[500 Keys]]&quot; || Bealtaine 15, 2011 || NABF14 || 6.00
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 486 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Ned-Liest Catch]]&quot; || Bealtaine 22, 2011 || NABF15 || 5.29
|}

===Séasúr 23===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 23)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#5EA6F8;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#5EA6F8;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#5EA6F8;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#5EA6F8;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#5EA6F8;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#5EA6F8;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 487 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Falcon and the D'ohman]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 25, 2011 || NABF16 || 8.08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 488 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart Stops to Smell the Roosevelts]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 2, 2011 || NABF17 || 6.19
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 489 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXII]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 30, 2011 || NABF19 || 8.10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 490 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Replaceable You]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 2011 || NABF21 || 7.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 491 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Food Wife]]&quot; || Samhain 13, 2011 || NABF20 || 7.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 492 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Book Job]]&quot; || Samhain 20, 2011 || NABF22 || 5.74
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 493 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Man in the Blue Flannel Pants]]&quot; || Samhain 27, 2011 || PABF01 || 5.61
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 494 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Ten-Per-Cent Solution]]&quot; || Nollaig 4, 2011 || PABF02 || 9.01
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 495 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Holidays of Future Passed]]&quot; || Nollaig 11, 2011 || NABF18 || 6.43
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 496 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Politically Inept, with Homer Simpson]]&quot; || Eanáir 8, 2012 || PABF03 || 5.07
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 497 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The D'oh-cial Network]]&quot; || Eanáir 15, 2012 || PABF04 || 11.48
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 498 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moe Goes from Rags to Riches]]&quot; || Eanáir 29, 2012 || PABF05 || 5.12
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 499 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Daughter Also Rises]]&quot; || Feabhra 12, 2012 || PABF06 || 4.26
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 500 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[At Long Last Leave]]&quot; || Feabhra 19, 2012 || PABF07 || 5.77
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 501 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Exit Through the Kwik-E-Mart]]&quot; || Márta 4, 2012 || PABF09 || 5.09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 502 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[How I Wet Your Mother]]&quot; || Márta 11, 2012 || PABF08 || 4.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 503 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Them, Robot]]&quot; || Márta 18, 2012 || PABF10 || 5.25
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 504 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Beware My Cheating Bart]]&quot; || Aibreán 15, 2012 || PABF11 || 4.86
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 505 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Totally Fun Thing That Bart Will Never Do Again]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 2012 || PABF12 || 5.00
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 506 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Spy Who Learned Me]]&quot; || Bealtaine 6, 2012 || PABF13 || 4.84
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 507 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Ned 'n Edna's Blend]]&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 2012 || PABF15 || 4.07
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 508 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa Goes Gaga]]&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2012 || PABF14 || 4.82
|}

===Séasúr 24===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 24)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1E6157;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1E6157;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1E6157;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1E6157;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1E6157;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1E6157;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 509 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moonshine River]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 2012 || PABF21 || 8.08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 510 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXIII]]&quot; || Deireadh 7, 2012 || PABF17 || 6.57
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 511 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Adventures in Baby-Getting]]&quot; || Samhain 4, 2012 || PABF18 || 5.65
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 512 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Gone Abie Gone]]&quot; || Samhain 11, 2012 || PABF16 || 6.86
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 513 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Penny-Wiseguys]]&quot; || Samhain 18, 2012 || PABF19 || 5.06
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 514 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Tree Grows in Springfield]]&quot; || Samhain 25, 2012 || PABF22 || 7.46
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 515 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Day the Earth Stood Cool]]&quot; || Nollaig 9, 2012 || PABF20 || 7.44
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 516 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[To Cur with Love]]&quot; || Nollaig 16, 2012 || RABF01 || 3.77
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 517 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Goes to Prep School]]&quot; || Eanáir 6, 2013 || RABF02 || 8.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 518 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Test Before Trying]]&quot; || Eanáir 13, 2013 || RABF03 || 5.04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 519 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Changing of the Guardian]]&quot; || Eanáir 27, 2013 || RABF04 || 5.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 520 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Love is a Many-Splintered Thing]]&quot; || Feabhra 10, 2013 || RABF07 || 4.19
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 521 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hardly Kirk-ing]]&quot; || Feabhra 17, 2013 || RABF05 || 4.57
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 522 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Gorgeous Grampa]]&quot; || Márta 3, 2013 || RABF06 || 4.66
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 523 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Black Eyed, Please]]&quot; || Márta 10, 2013 || RABF09 || 4.85
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 524 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dark Knight Court]]&quot; || Márta 17, 2013 || RABF10 || 4.89
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 525 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[What Animated Women Want]]&quot; || Aibreán 14, 2013 || RABF08 || 4.11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 526 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pulpit Friction]]&quot; || Aibreán 28, 2013 || RABF11 || 4.54
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 527 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Whiskey Business]]&quot; || Bealtaine 5, 2013 || RABF13 || 4.43
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 528 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Fabulous Faker Boy]]&quot; || Bealtaine 12, 2013 || RABF12 || 4.16
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 529 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Saga of Carl]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 2013 || RABF14 || 4.01
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 530 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dangers on a Train]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 2013 || RABF17 || 4.52
|}

===Séasúr 25===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 25)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcd959;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcd959;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcd959;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcd959;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcd959;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcd959;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 531 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homerland]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 29, 2013 || RABF20 || 6.37
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 532 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXIV]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 6, 2013 || RABF16 || 6.42
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 533 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Four Regrettings and a Funeral]]&quot; || Samhain 3, 2013 || RABF18 || 5.43
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 534 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[YOLO]]&quot; || Samhain 10, 2013 || RABF22 || 4.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 535 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Labor Pains]]&quot; || Samhain 17, 2013 || RABF19 || 4.08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 536 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Kid Is All Right]]&quot; || Samhain 24, 2013 || SABF02 || 6.78
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 537 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Yellow Subterfuge]]&quot; || Nollaig 8, 2013 || SABF04 || 6.85
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 538 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[White Christmas Blues]]&quot; || Nollaig 15, 2013 || SABF01 || 8.48
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 539 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Steal This Episode]]&quot; || Eanáir 5, 2014 || SABF05 || 12.04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 540 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Married to the Blob]]&quot; || Eanáir 12, 2014 || SABF03 || 4.83
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 541 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Specs and the City]]&quot; || Eanáir 26, 2014 || SABF06 || 3.87
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 542 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Diggs]]&quot; || Márta 9, 2014 || SABF08 || 2.69
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 543 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Man Who Grew Too Much]]&quot; || Márta 9, 2014 || SABF07 || 3.75
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 544 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Winter of His Content]]&quot; || Márta 16, 2014 || SABF09 || 4.02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 545 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The War of Art]]&quot; || Márta 23, 2014 || SABF10 || 3.98
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 546 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[You Don't Have to Live Like a Referee]]&quot; || Márta 30, 2014 || SABF11 || 3.91
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 547 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Luca$]]&quot; || Aibreán 6, 2014 || SABF12 || 4.30
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 548 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Days of Future Future]]&quot; || Aibreán 13, 2014 || SABF13 || 3.64
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 549 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[What to Expect When Bart's Expecting]]&quot; || Aibreán 27, 2014 || SABF14 || 3.45
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 550 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brick Like Me]]&quot; || Bealtaine 4, 2014 || RABF21 || 4.39
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 551 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pay Pal (sraith Simpsons)|Pay Pal]]&quot; || Bealtaine 11, 2014 || SABF15 || 3.66
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 552 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Yellow Badge of Cowardge]]&quot; || Bealtaine 18, 2014 || SABF18 || 3.28
|}

===Séasúr 26===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 26)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1DD9FC;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1DD9FC;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1DD9FC;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1DD9FC;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1DD9FC;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#1DD9FC;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 553 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Clown in the Dumps]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 28, 2014 || SABF20 || 8.53&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|last1=Bibel|first1=Sara|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time', 'Resurrection' &amp; 'Revenge' Adjusted Up; 'CSI' Adjusted Down|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/09/30/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-csi-adjusted-down/308631/|foilsitheoir=[[TV By the Numbers]]|dáta=Meán Fómhair 30, 2014|dátarochtana=30 September 2014|archivedate=1 Deireadh Fómhair 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001164212/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/09/30/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-csi-adjusted-down/308631/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 554 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Wreck of the Relationship]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 5, 2014 || SABF17 || 4.27&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|last1=Bibel|first1=Sara|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/07/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/311599/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: ‘Once Upon a Time’, ‘Resurrection’ &amp; ‘Revenge’ Adjusted Up; ‘Madam Secretary’ Adjusted Down|obair=TVbytheNumbers|dátarochtana=8 Deireadh Fómhair 2014|archivedate=2014-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009022811/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/07/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/311599/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 555 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Super Franchise Me]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 12, 2014 || SABF19 || 7.33&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/14/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-brooklyn-nine-nine-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/314089/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A TIme', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' &amp; 'Resurrection' Adjusted Up; 'Madam Secretary' Adjusted Down|last=Bibel|first=Sara|dáta=October 14, 2014|=Deireadh Fómhair 15, 2014|obair=[[TV by the Numbers]]|foilsitheoir=[[Zap2it]]|dátarochtana=Deireadh Fómhair 26, 2014|archivedate=Deireadh Fómhair 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015030538/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/14/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-brooklyn-nine-nine-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/314089/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 556 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXV]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;The Simpsons Halloween Special XXV&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 19, 2014 || SABF21 || 7.76&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/21/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-mulaney-adjusted-down/317481/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons' &amp; 'Madam Secretary' Adjusted Up; 'Mulaney' Adjusted Down|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|dáta=Deireadh Fómhair 21, 2014|dátarochtana=Deireadh Fómhair 21, 2014|obair=[[TV by the Numbers]]|foilsitheoir=[[Zap2it]]|archivedate=2014-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023121705/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/21/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-mulaney-adjusted-down/317481/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 557 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Opposites A-Frack]]&quot; || Samhain 2, 2014 || SABF22 || 4.24&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/03/tv-ratings-sunday-once-upon-a-time-madam-secretary-resurrection-brooklyn-nine-nine-the-good-wife-down-mulaney-hits-low/322848/|teideal=TV Ratings Sunday: 'Once Upon A Time', 'Madam Secretary', 'Resurrection' &amp; 'Revenge' Up; 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' &amp; 'The Good Wife' Down, 'Mulaney' Hits Low|last=Bibel|first=Sara|dáta=Samhain 3, 2014|dátarochtana=Samhain 2, 2014|obair=[[TV by the Numbers]]|foilsitheoir=[[Zap2it]]|archivedate=Samhain 6, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106141141/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/03/tv-ratings-sunday-once-upon-a-time-madam-secretary-resurrection-brooklyn-nine-nine-the-good-wife-down-mulaney-hits-low/322848/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 558 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simpsorama]]&quot; || Samhain 9, 2014 || SABF16 || 6.70&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/11/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-brooklyn-nine-nine-adjusted-up/326064/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons', &amp; 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Adjusted up|3=|last=Bibel|first=Sara|dáta=Samhain 10, 2014|7=|dátarochtana=Samhain 11, 2014|obair=[[TV by the Numbers]]|foilsitheoir=[[Zap2it]]|archivedate=Samhain 13, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113192557/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/11/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-brooklyn-nine-nine-adjusted-up/326064/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 559 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Blazed and Confused]]&quot; || Samhain 16, 2014 || TABF01 || 6.64&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/17/tv-ratings-sunday-revenge-bobs-burgers-rise-once-upon-a-time-two-hour-special-dips/328524/|teideal=TV Ratings Sunday: 'Revenge' &amp; 'Bob's Burgers' Rise + 'Once Upon a Time' Two-Hour Special Dips|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|dáta=Samhain 17, 2014|dátarochtana=Samhain 16, 2014|obair=[[TV by the Numbers]]|foilsitheoir=[[Zap2it]]|archivedate=Samhain 19, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119182348/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/17/tv-ratings-sunday-revenge-bobs-burgers-rise-once-upon-a-time-two-hour-special-dips/328524/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 560 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Covercraft]]&quot; || Samhain 23, 2014 || TABF02 || 3.45&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/25/sunday-final-ratings-madam-secretary-the-simpsons-60-minutes-americas-funniest-home-videos-adjusted-down/331606/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'Madam Secretary', 'The Simpsons', '60 Minutes' &amp; 'America's Funniest Home Videos' Adjusted Down &amp; Final Football Numbers|last=Bibel|first=Sara|foilsitheoir=[[TV by the Numbers]]|dáta=Samhain 25, 2014|dátarochtana=Samhain 25, 2014|archivedate=Samhain 27, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127171317/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/25/sunday-final-ratings-madam-secretary-the-simpsons-60-minutes-americas-funniest-home-videos-adjusted-down/331606/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 561 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Won't Be Home for Christmas]]&quot; || Nollaig 7, 2014 || TABF03 || 6.52&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=hhttp://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/09/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-family-guy-adjusted-up-60-minutes-adjusted-down-final-football-numbers/337039/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The SImpsons' &amp; 'Family Guy' Adjusted Up, '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down &amp; Final Football Numbers|last=Bibel|first=Sara|foilsitheoir=[[TV by the Numbers]]|dáta=Nollaig 9 2014|dátarochtana=Nollaig 9, 2014|archivedate=Eanáir 10, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110045922/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/09/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-family-guy-adjusted-up-60-minutes-adjusted-down-final-football-numbers/337039/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 562 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Man Who Came to Be Dinner]]&quot; || Eanáir 7, 2015 || RABF15 || 10.62&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/07/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-madam-secretary-brooklyn-nine-nine-the-celebrity-apprentice-bobs-burgers-csi-adjusted-up/347466/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons', 'Madam Secretary', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine', 'The Celebrity Apprentice', 'Bob's Burgers' &amp; 'CSI' Adjusted Up|last=Bibel|first=Sara|foilsitheoir=[[TV by the Numbers]]|dáta=Eanáir 8, 2014|dátarochtana=Eanáir 8, 2014|archivedate=Feabhra 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227071518/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/07/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-madam-secretary-brooklyn-nine-nine-the-celebrity-apprentice-bobs-burgers-csi-adjusted-up/347466/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 563 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart's New Friend]]&quot; || Eanáir 11, 2015 || TABF05 || 4.28&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/13/sunday-final-ratings-the-good-wife-adjusted-up-final-ratings-for-the-golden-globe-awards-nfl/349625/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Good Wife' Adjusted Up + Final Rating for 'The Golden Globes' and NFL|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|obair=TV by the Numbers|dáta=Eanáir 13, 2015|dátarochtana=Eanáir 15, 2015|archivedate=Eanáir 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114225825/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/13/sunday-final-ratings-the-good-wife-adjusted-up-final-ratings-for-the-golden-globe-awards-nfl/349625/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 564 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Musk Who Fell to Earth]]&quot; || Eanáir 23, 2015 || TABF04 || 3.29&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/27/sunday-final-ratings-no-adjustment-for-galavant-revenge-or-csi/355998/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: No Adjustment for 'Galavant', 'Revenge' or 'CSI'|obair=TV by the Numbers|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|dáta=Eanáir 27, 2015|dátarochtana=Eanáir 27, 2015|archivedate=Eanáir 30, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130011409/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/27/sunday-final-ratings-no-adjustment-for-galavant-revenge-or-csi/355998/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 565 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Walking Big &amp; Tall]]&quot; || Feabhra 8, 2015 || TABF06 || 2.78&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/10/sunday-final-ratings-grammy-awards-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-for-brooklyn-nine-nine-or-bobs-burgers/361381/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: Grammy Awards Adjusted Down; No Adjustment for 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' or 'Bob's Burgers'|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|obair=TV by the Numbers|dáta=Feabhra 10, 2015|dátarochtana=Feabhra 10, 2015|archivedate=Feabhra 10, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210202457/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/10/sunday-final-ratings-grammy-awards-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-for-brooklyn-nine-nine-or-bobs-burgers/361381/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 566 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[My Fare Lady]]&quot; || Feabhra 15, 2015 || TABF07 || 2.75&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.digitalspy.com.au/ustv/s195/the-simpsons/news/a629404/sunday-ratings-saturday-night-live-anniversary-special-wins-night.html?utm_source=twt&amp;utm_medium=snets&amp;utm_campaign=twitter#~p4wVgKdRTGvJQY |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-02-17 |archivedate=2015-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225600/http://www.digitalspy.com.au/ustv/s195/the-simpsons/news/a629404/sunday-ratings-saturday-night-live-anniversary-special-wins-night.html?utm_source=twt&amp;utm_medium=snets&amp;utm_campaign=twitter#~p4wVgKdRTGvJQY }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 567 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Princess Guide]]&quot; || Márta 1, 2015 || TABF08 || 3.93&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/03/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-dateline-adjusted-up/369595/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-03-07 |archivedate=2015-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305222209/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/03/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-dateline-adjusted-up/369595/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 568 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sky Police]]&quot; || Márta 8, 2015 || TABF09 || 3.79&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/10/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-bobs-burgers-family-guy-brooklyn-nine-nine-revenge-adjusted-up/373065/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-03-27 |archivedate=2015-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312100103/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/10/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-bobs-burgers-family-guy-brooklyn-nine-nine-revenge-adjusted-up/373065/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 569 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Waiting for Duffman]]&quot; || Márta 15, 2015 || TABF10 || 3.59&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/17/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-secrets-lies-battle-creek-60-minutes-adjusted-up/375679/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-03-27 |archivedate=2015-03-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318233904/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/17/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-secrets-lies-battle-creek-60-minutes-adjusted-up/375679/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 570 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peeping Mom]]&quot; || Aibreán 19, 2015 || TBAF11 || 3.23&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/17/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-secrets-lies-battle-creek-60-minutes-adjusted-up/375679/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-03-27 |archivedate=2015-03-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318233904/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/17/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-secrets-lies-battle-creek-60-minutes-adjusted-up/375679/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 571 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Kids Are All Fight]]&quot; || Aibreán 26, 2015 || TBAF12 || 3.33&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/28/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-adjusted-up-no-adjustments-to-once-upon-a-time/395350/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-05-02 |archivedate=2015-04-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430232159/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/28/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-adjusted-up-no-adjustments-to-once-upon-a-time/395350/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 572 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Let's Go Fly a Coot]]&quot; || Bealtaine 3, 2015 || TBAF13 || 3.12&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/05/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-secrets-and-lies-adjusted-up/399471/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-05-15 |archivedate=2015-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506201931/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/05/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-secrets-and-lies-adjusted-up/399471/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 573 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bull-E]]&quot; || Bealtaine 10, 2015 || TBAF15 || 2.77&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/12/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-rooklyn-nine-nine-adjusted-up/402844/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-05-15 |archivedate=2015-05-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514165159/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/12/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-rooklyn-nine-nine-adjusted-up/402844/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 574 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mathlete's Feat]]&quot; || Bealtaine 17, 2015 || TBAF16 || 2.82&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/19/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-billboard-music-awards-adjusted-up/405808/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-05-21 |archivedate=2015-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520231857/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/19/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-billboard-music-awards-adjusted-up/405808/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 27===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 27)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7F1790;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7F1790;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7F1790;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7F1790;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7F1790;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#7F1790;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 575 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Every Man's Dream]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 27, 2015 || TABF14 || 3.28&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/29/sunday-final-ratings-bobs-burgers-adjusted-down-60-minutes-adjusted-up-sunday-night-football/473898/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-02 |archivedate=2015-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930221125/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/29/sunday-final-ratings-bobs-burgers-adjusted-down-60-minutes-adjusted-up-sunday-night-football/473898/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 576 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Cue Detective]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 4, 2015 || TABF17 || 6.02&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/06/sunday-final-ratings-blood-oil-simpsons-adjusted-up-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/476816/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-09 |archivedate=2015-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007141204/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/06/sunday-final-ratings-blood-oil-simpsons-adjusted-up-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/476816/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 577 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Puffless]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 11, 2015 || TABF19 || 3.31&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/13/sunday-final-ratings-oct-11-2015/477642/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-16 |archivedate=2015-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013183517/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/13/sunday-final-ratings-oct-11-2015/477642/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 578 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Halloween of Horror]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 18, 2015 || TABF22 || 3.69&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/20/sunday-final-ratings-oct-18-2015/479263/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-23 |archivedate=2015-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021162811/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/20/sunday-final-ratings-oct-18-2015/479263/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 579 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXVI]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 25, 2015 || TABF18 || 6.75&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/27/sunday-final-ratings-oct-25-2015/480723/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-28 |archivedate=2015-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028134518/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/27/sunday-final-ratings-oct-25-2015/480723/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 580 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Friend with Benefit]]&quot; || Samhain 8, 2015 || TABF21 || 3.48&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/10/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-and-once-upon-a-time-adjust-up/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-11-13 |archivedate=2015-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112172948/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/10/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-and-once-upon-a-time-adjust-up/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 581 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa with an 'S']]&quot; || Samhain 22, 2015 || TABF20 || 5.64&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-final-ratings-nov-22-2015/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-11-27 |archivedate=2016-03-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328082544/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-final-ratings-nov-22-2015/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 582 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Paths of Glory]]&quot; || Nollaig 6, 2015 || VABF01 || 5.53&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/08/sunday-final-ratings-dec-6-2015/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-12-12 |archivedate=2015-12-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210012909/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/08/sunday-final-ratings-dec-6-2015/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 583 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Barthood]]&quot; || Nollaig 13, 2015 || VABF02 || 5.97&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/15/sunday-final-ratings-dec-13-15/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-12-17 |archivedate=2015-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218054755/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/15/sunday-final-ratings-dec-13-15/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 584 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Girl Code]]&quot; || Eanáir 3, 2016 || VABF03 || 4.41&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/06/sunday-final-ratings-jan-3-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-01-16 |archivedate=2016-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106203505/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/06/sunday-final-ratings-jan-3-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 585 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Teenage Mutant Milk-fed Hurdles]]&quot; || Eanáir 10, 2016 || VABF04 || 8.33&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/12/sunday-final-ratings-jan-10-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-01-16 |archivedate=2016-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114162250/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/12/sunday-final-ratings-jan-10-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 586 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Much Apu About Something]]&quot; || Eanáir 17, 2016 || VABF05 || 3.95&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/20/sunday-final-ratings-jan-17-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-01-22 |archivedate=2016-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122084735/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/20/sunday-final-ratings-jan-17-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 587 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Love Is in the N2-O2-Ar-CO2-Ne-He-CH4]]&quot; || Feabhra 14, 2016 || VABF07 || 2.89&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/17/sunday-final-ratings-feb-14-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-02-19 |archivedate=2016-02-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091514/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/17/sunday-final-ratings-feb-14-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 588 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Gal of Constant Sorrow]]&quot; || Feabhra 21, 2016 || VABF06 || 3.10&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/23/sunday-final-ratings-feb-21-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-02-26 |archivedate=2016-02-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224084346/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/23/sunday-final-ratings-feb-21-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 589 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa the Veterinarian]]&quot; || Márta 6, 2016 || VABF08 || 3.09&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/08/sunday-final-ratings-march-6-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-03-12 |archivedate=2016-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015906/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/08/sunday-final-ratings-march-6-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 590 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Marge-ian Chronicles]]&quot; || Márta 13, 2016 || VABF09 || 3.07&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/15/sunday-final-ratings-march-13-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-03-19 |archivedate=2016-03-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316003439/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/15/sunday-final-ratings-march-13-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 591 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Burns Cage]]&quot; || Aibreán 3, 2016 || VABF10 || 2.32&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/05/sunday-final-ratings-april-3-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-08 |archivedate=2016-04-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406025627/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/05/sunday-final-ratings-april-3-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 592 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[How Lisa Got Her Marge Back]]&quot; || Aibreán 10, 2016 || VABF11 || 2.55&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/12/sunday-final-ratings-april-10-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-15 |archivedate=2016-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413042537/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/12/sunday-final-ratings-april-10-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 593 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fland Canyon]]&quot; || Aibreán 24, 2016 || VABF12 || 2.77&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/26/sunday-final-ratings-april-24-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-29 |archivedate=2016-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426171530/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/26/sunday-final-ratings-april-24-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 594 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[To Courier with Love]]&quot; || Bealtaine 8, 2016 || VABF14 || 2.52&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/10/sunday-final-ratings-may-8-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-05-14 |archivedate=2016-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511034215/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/10/sunday-final-ratings-may-8-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 595 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Simprovised]]&quot; || Bealtaine 15, 2016 || VABF13 || 2.80&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/17/sunday-final-ratings-may-15-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-05-20 |archivedate=2016-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518101750/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/17/sunday-final-ratings-may-15-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 596 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Orange Is the New Yellow]]&quot; || Bealtaine 22, 2016 || VABF15 || 2.54&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/24/sunday-final-ratings-may-22-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-05-27 |archivedate=2016-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525123318/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/24/sunday-final-ratings-may-22-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 28===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 28)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A80F11;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A80F11;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A80F11;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A80F11;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A80F11;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A80F11;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 597 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Monty Burns' Fleeing Circus]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 25, 2016 || VABF20 || 3.36&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/09/27/sunday-final-ratings-sept-25-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-09-30 |archivedate=2016-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928162621/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/09/27/sunday-final-ratings-sept-25-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 598 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Friends and Family]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 2, 2016 || VABF18 || 6.00&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/10/04/sunday-final-ratings-oct-2-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-07 |archivedate=2016-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142902/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/10/04/sunday-final-ratings-oct-2-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 599 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Town]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 9, 2016 || VABF17 || 3.22&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-9-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-14 |archivedate=2016-10-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012080159/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-9-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 600 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXVII]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 16, 2016 || VABF16 || 7.44&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-16-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-21 |archivedate=2016-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019075652/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-16-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 601 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Trust but Clarify]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 23, 2016 || VABF21 || 3.36&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-23-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-28 |archivedate=2016-10-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080120/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-23-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 602 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[There Will Be Buds]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 2016 || VABF22 || 3.14&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-6-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-11 |archivedate=2016-11-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021813/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-6-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 603 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Havana Wild Weekend]]&quot; || Samhain 13, 2016 || VABF19 || 7.13&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-nov-13-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-18 |archivedate=2016-11-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115140224/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-nov-13-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 604 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dad Behavior]]&quot; || Samhain 20, 2016 || WABF01 || 2.88&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-20-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-26 |archivedate=2016-11-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222403/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-20-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 605 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Last Traction Hero]]&quot; || Nollaig 4, 2016 || WABF03 || 5.77&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-4-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-12-09 |archivedate=2016-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207152503/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-4-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 606 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Nightmare After Krustmas]]&quot; || Nollaig 11, 2016 || WABF02 || 5.60&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-11-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-12-16 |archivedate=2016-12-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220141642/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-11-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 607 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pork and Burns]]&quot; || Eanáir 8, 2017 || WABF06 || 8.19&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-8-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-01-11 |archivedate=2017-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111154350/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-8-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 608 || 12 || rowspan=2 align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Great Phatsby|The Great Phatsby, Parts 1 &amp; 2]]&quot; ||rowspan=2| Eanáir 15, 2017 || WABF04 ||rowspan=2| 14.08&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-jan-15-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-01-19 |archivedate=2017-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118213912/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-jan-15-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 609 || 13 || WABF05
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 610 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fatzcarraldo]]&quot; || Feabhra 12, 2017 || WABF07 || 2.40&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-12-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-02-18 |archivedate=2017-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214164530/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-12-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 611 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Cad and the Hat]]&quot; || Feabhra 19, 2017 || WABF08 || 2.44&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-19-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-03-17 |archivedate=2017-02-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223004831/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-19-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 612 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Kamp Krustier]]&quot; || Márta 5, 2017 || WABF09 || 2.56&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-5-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-03-17 |archivedate=2017-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308121255/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-5-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 613 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[22 for 30]]&quot; || Márta 12, 2017 || WABF10 || 2.61&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-march-12-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-03-17 |archivedate=2017-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054423/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-march-12-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 614 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Father's Watch]]&quot; || Márta 19, 2017 || WABF11 || 2.40&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-19-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-03-26 |archivedate=2017-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324051507/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-19-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 615 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Caper Chase]]&quot; || Aibreán 2, 2017 || WABF12 || 2.13&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-2-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-07 |archivedate=2017-07-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704003321/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-2-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 616 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Looking for Mr. Goodbart]]&quot; || Aibreán 30, 2017 || WABF13 || 2.30&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-30-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-05-05 |archivedate=2017-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503230934/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-30-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 617 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Moho House]]&quot; || Bealtaine 7, 2017 || WABF14 || 2.34&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-7-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-05-16 |archivedate=2017-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511025634/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-7-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 618 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dogtown (The Simpsons)|Dogtown]]&quot; || Bealtaine 21, 2017 || WABF15 || 2.15&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-21-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-07-18 |archivedate=2017-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523182926/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-21-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
===Séasúr 29===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 29)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#375383;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#375383;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#375383;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#375383;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#375383;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#375383;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 619 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Serfsons]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 1, 2017 || WABF17 || 3.26&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-1-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-06 |archivedate=2017-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003211758/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-1-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 620 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Springfield Splendor]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 8, 2017 || WABF22 || 5.25&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-8-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-13 |archivedate=2017-10-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014180641/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-8-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 621 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Whistler's Father]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 15, 2017 || WABF16 || 2.91&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-15-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-20 |archivedate=2017-10-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026010152/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-15-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 622 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXVIII]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 22, 2017 || WABF18 || 3.66&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-22-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-27 |archivedate=2017-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028050230/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-22-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 623 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Grampy Can Ya Hear Me]]&quot; || Samhain 5, 2017 || WABF19 || 2.86&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-5-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-11-10 |archivedate=2017-11-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108090819/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-5-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 624 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Old Blue Mayor She Ain't What She Used to Be]]&quot; || Samhain 12, 2017 || WABF20 || 4.75&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-12-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-11-17 |archivedate=2017-11-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202430/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-12-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 625 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Singin' in the Lane]]&quot; || Samhain 19, 2017 || WABF21 || 2.67&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-19-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-11-26 |archivedate=2017-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034307/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-19-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 626 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mr. Lisa's Opus]]&quot; || Nollaig 3, 2017 || XABF01 || 4.28&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-3-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-12-08 |archivedate=2017-12-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220153936/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-3-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 627 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Gone Boy]]&quot; || Nollaig 10, 2017 || XABF02 || 6.06&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-10-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-12-15 |archivedate=2017-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010915/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-10-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 628 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Haw-Haw Land]]&quot; || Eanáir 7, 2018 || XABF03 || 6.95&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-7-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-01-09 |archivedate=2018-01-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110114642/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-7-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 629 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Frink Gets Testy]]&quot; || Eanáir 14, 2018 || XABF04 || 8.04&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-14-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-01-26 |archivedate=2018-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010321/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-14-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 630 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Homer Is Where the Art Isn't]]&quot; || Márta 18, 2018 || XABF05 || 2.07&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-18-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320164316/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-18-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 631 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[3 Scenes Plus a Tag from a Marriage]]&quot; || Márta 25, 2018 || XABF06 || 2.15&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-25-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-03-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327210934/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-25-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 632 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fears of a Clown]]&quot; || Aibreán 1, 2018 || XABF08 || 2.06&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-1-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403184225/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-1-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 633 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[No Good Read Goes Unpunished]]&quot; || Aibreán 8, 2018 || XABF07 || 2.15&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-8-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-04-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201832/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-8-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 634 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[King Leer]]&quot; || Aibreán 15, 2018 || XABF10 || 2.26&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-15-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-04-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032542/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-15-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 635 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lisa Gets the Blues]]&quot; || Aibreán 22, 2018 || XABF11 || 2.19&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-22-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424191226/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-22-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 636 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Forgive and Regret]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 2018 || XABF09 || 2.47&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-29-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-05-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224625/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-29-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 637 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Left Behind]]&quot; || Márta 6, 2018 || XABF12 || 2.15&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-6-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-13 |archivedate=2018-05-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508211822/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-6-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 638 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Throw Grampa from the Dane]]&quot; || Márta 13, 2018 || XABF13 || 2.14&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-13-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-28 |archivedate=2018-05-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515191153/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-13-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 639 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Flanders' Ladder]]&quot; || Márta 20, 2018 || XABF14 || 2.10&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-20-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-28 |archivedate=2018-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522212828/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-20-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
===Séasúr 30===
{{Príomhalt|The Simpsons (séasúr 30)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b961b6;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b961b6;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b961b6;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b961b6;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b961b6;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#b961b6;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 640 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bart's Not Dead]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 2018 || XABF19 || 3.24&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-sept-30-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-11-24 |archivedate=2018-10-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002185241/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-sept-30-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 641 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Heartbreak Hotel]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 7, 2018 || XABF15 || 4.60&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-7-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-11-24 |archivedate=2018-10-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172523/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-7-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 642 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[My Way or the Highway to Heaven]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 14, 2018 || XABF17 || 2.52&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-14-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-11-24 |archivedate=2018-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203319/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-14-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 643 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Treehouse of Horror XXIX]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 21, 2018 || XABF16 || 2.95&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-21-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-12-15 |archivedate=2018-10-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023185501/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-21-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 644 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Baby You Can't Drive My Car]]&quot; || Samhain 4, 2018 || XABF16 || 5.08&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-4-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-12-15 |archivedate=2018-11-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106210747/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-4-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 645 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[From Russia Without Love]]&quot; || Samhain 11, 2018 || XABF20 || 2.35&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-11-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-12-20 |archivedate=2018-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113224715/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-11-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 646 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Werking Mom]]&quot; || Samhain 18, 2018 || XABF21 || 4.34&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-18-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-12-20 |archivedate=2018-11-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221303/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-18-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 647 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Krusty the Clown (eipeasóid The Simpsons)|Krusty the Clown]]&quot; || Samhain 25, 2018 || XABF22 || 2.11&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-25-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-01-09 |archivedate=2018-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210204/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-25-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 648 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Daddicus Finch]]&quot; || Nollaig 2, 2018 || YABF01 || 4.33&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-2-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-01-09 |archivedate=2018-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204212119/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-2-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 649 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[['Tis the 30th Season]]&quot; || Nollaig 9, 2018 || YABF02 || 7.53&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-9-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-01-09 |archivedate=2018-12-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211230850/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-9-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 650 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[Mad About the Toy]]&quot; || Eanáir 6, 2019 || YABF03 || 2.33&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-6-2019/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-03-09 |archivedate=2019-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201219/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-6-2019/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 651 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[The Girl on the Bus]]&quot; || Nollaig 13, 2019 || YABF04 || 8.20&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-13-2019/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-03-09 |archivedate=2019-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115220623/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-13-2019/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 652 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[I'm Dancing as Fat as I Can]]&quot; || Feabhra 10, 2019 || YABF05 || 1.75&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-17-2019/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-03-09 |archivedate=2019-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220211931/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-17-2019/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 653 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[The Clown Stays in the Picture]]&quot; || Feabhra 17, 2019 || YABF06 || 2.75&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-17-2019/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-03-09 |archivedate=2019-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220211931/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-17-2019/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 654 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[101 Mitigations]]&quot; || Márta 3, 2019 || YABF07 || 2.25&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-3-2019/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-03-09 |archivedate=2019-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305212154/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-3-2019/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 655 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[I Want You (She's So Heavy)]]&quot; || Márta 10, 2019 || YABF08 || 2.21&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-10-2019/|teideal='World of Dance,' 'Aretha! A Grammy Celebration' adjust down: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=12 Márta 2019|archivedate=28 Márta 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215055/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-10-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 656 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[E My Sports]]&quot; || Márta 17, 2019 || YABF09 || 2.08&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-17-2019/|teideal='Good Girls,' 'God Friended Me,' 'The Simpsons,' everything else unchanged: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=19 Márta 2019|archivedate=27 Márta 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101433/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-17-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 657 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[Bart vs. Itchy &amp; Scratchy]]&quot; || Márta 24, 2019 || YABF10 || 1.99&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-24-2019/|teideal='Madam Secretary,' '60 Minutes' adjust down, 'Shark Tank' adjusts up: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=26 Márta 2019|archivedate=26 Márta 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326144036/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-24-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 658 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[Girl's in the Band]]&quot; || Márta 31, 2019 || YABF11 || 2.07&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-31-2019/|teideal='Good Girls,' 'NCIS: Los Angeles,' and others adjust up: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=02 Aibreán 2019|archivedate=2 Aibreán 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402143559/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-31-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 659 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[I'm Just a Girl Who Can't Say D'oh]]&quot; || Aibreán 07, 2019 || YABF12 || 1.61&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-7-2019/|teideal='Ellen's Game of Games,' 'The Simpsons' repeats adjust down: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=09 Aibreán 2019|archivedate=10 Aibreán 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410060314/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-7-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 660 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[D'oh Canada]]&quot; || Aibreán 28, 2019 || YABF14 || 1.93&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-28-2019/|teideal='American Idol,' 'The Simpsons' adjust up, 'The Red Line' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=30 Aibreán 2019|archivedate=30 Aibreán 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430143127/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-28-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 661 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[Woo-Hoo Dunnit?]]&quot; || Bealtaine 5, 2019 || YABF15 || 1.79&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-5-2019/|teideal='American Idol' adjusts up: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=07 Bealtaine 2019|archivedate=7 Bealtaine 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507144937/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-5-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 662 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;| &quot;[[Crystal Blue-Haired Persuasion]]&quot; || Bealtaine 12, 2019 || YABF16 || 1.50&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-12-2019/|teideal='American Idol' adjusts up, 'The Red Line' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings|dátarochtana=12 Bealtaine 2021|foilsitheoir=TV by the Numbers|dáta=14 Bealtaine 2019|archivedate=14 Bealtaine 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514154857/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-12-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Eipeasóid atá le ag teacht==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:50%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! width:10%;&quot;| Cód táirgeachta
! width:50%;&quot;| Teideal
! width:10%;&quot;| Tagairt(í)
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF08
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;I Want You (She's So Heavy)&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/997186725196644352?s=20 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter
&quot;. 2018-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF09
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;E My Sports&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/1002276028604010496?s=09 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2018-05-31.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF10
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;Bart vs. Itchy &amp; Scratchy&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/1012772888179437568 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2018-06-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF11
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;Girl's in the Band&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/1012420251386986497 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2018-06-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF12
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;I'm Just a Girl Who Can't Say D'oh&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/1020002789437550593 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2018-07-19.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF13
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;The Incredible Lightness of Being a Baby&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/1025064194679300098 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2018-08-02.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF14
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;D'oh Canada&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/1030168643928129536 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2018-08-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF15
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |&quot;Woo-Hoo Dunnit?&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/1032749221273694208?s=19 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2018-08-23.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | YABF??
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | &quot;Treehouse of Horror XXX&quot;
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/908711941933113345 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2017-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/909452659085647873 Al Jean on Twitter] &quot;Twitter&quot;. 2017-09-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Rátálacha==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Séasúr
! Blianta
! Teaghlaigh
! Céim
|-
| 1
| 1989/90
| 13.4m&lt;ref name=&quot;season1&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|teideal=Nielsen's top 50 shows |obair=[[USA Today]] |údar=|page=3D |dáta=1990-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 30ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2
| 1990/91
| 12.2m
| 38ú&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Nielsen ratings |obair=[[The Tampa Tribune]] |údar=|page=4 |dáta=1991-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 3
| 1991/92
| 12.0m
| 33ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=CBS' historic jump |obair=[[USA Today]] |údar=Gable, Donna |page=3D |dáta=1992-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 4
| 1992/93
| 12.1m&lt;ref name=&quot;season4&quot; /&gt;
| 30ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Year-end ratings |obair=[[Deseret News]] |údar=|page=C6 |dáta=1993-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 5
| 1993/94
| 10.5m
| 53ú&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Nielsen ratings |obair=[[The Tampa Tribune]] |údar=[[Associated Press]] |page=4 |dáta=1994-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 6
| 1994/95
| 9.0m&lt;ref name=&quot;season6&quot; /&gt;
| 67ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season6&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=They're not laughing at CBS after drop from 1st to worst |obair=[[Deseret News]] |údar=Pierce, Scott D. |page=C6 |dáta=1995-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 7
| 1995/96
| 8.0m&lt;ref name=&quot;season7&quot; /&gt;
| 75ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season7&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=NBC lands 6 series in season's top 10 |obair=[[Daily Breeze]] |údar=|page=D3 |dáta=1996-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 8
| 1996/97
| 8.6m&lt;ref name=&quot;season8&quot; /&gt;
| 53ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season8&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Moses |first=Robert |údar=Rowen, Beth |teideal=The 1998 A &amp; E Entertainment Almanac |year=1997 |foilsitheoir=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |pages=496–515 |isbn=9780395882771}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 9
| 1997/98
| 9.1m&lt;ref name=&quot;season9&quot; /&gt;
| 32ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season9&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Final Ratings for '97–'98 TV Season |obair=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |údar=|page=E4 |dáta=1998-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 10
| 1998/99
| 7.9m&lt;ref name=&quot;season10&quot; /&gt;
| 46ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season10&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Nielsen rankings for 1998–99 |obair=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |údar=|page=C5 |dáta=1999-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 11
| 1999/2000
| 8.2m&lt;ref name=&quot;season11&quot; /&gt;
| 44ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season11&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Nielsen rankings for 1999–2000 |obair=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |údar=|page=C17 |dáta=2000-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 12
| 2000/01
| 14.7m&lt;ref name=&quot;season12&quot; /&gt;
| 21ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season12&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=The Bitter End |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,256435,00.html |accessdate=2011-09-10 |newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |dáta=2001-06-01 |dátarochtana=2014-05-13 |archivedate=2012-07-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718141929/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,256435,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 13
| 2001/02
| 12.4m&lt;ref name=&quot;season13&quot; /&gt;
| 30ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season13&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=How did your favorite show rate? |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/2002/2002-05-28-year-end-chart.htm |dátarochtana=2011-09-10 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |dáta=2002-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 14
| 2002/03
| 13.4m&lt;ref name=&quot;season14&quot; /&gt;
| 25ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season14&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Nielsen numbers |obair=[[The Star-Ledger]] |údar=Sepinwall, Alan |author2=Seitz, Matt Zoller |page=31 |dáta=2003-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 15
| 2003/04
| 10.6m&lt;ref name=&quot;season15&quot; /&gt;
| 42ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season15&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Season to date program ratings |url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/pressrel/dispDNR.html?id=060204_11 |foilsitheoir=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]] |dátarochtana=2007-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208132303/http://www.abcmedianet.com/pressrel/dispDNR.html?id=060204_11 |dáta=2004-06-02 |archivedate=2007-02-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 16
| 2004/05
| 9.6m&lt;ref name=&quot;season16&quot; /&gt;
| 52ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season16&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Season program ratings |url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/pressrel/dispDNR.html?id=060105_05 |foilsitheoir=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]] |dátarochtana=2007-03-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210208/http://www.abcmedianet.com/pressrel/dispDNR.html?id=060105_05 |dáta=2005-06-01 |archivedate=2007-03-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 17
| 2005/06
| 9.1m&lt;ref name=&quot;season17&quot; /&gt;
| 62ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season17&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Season program ratings |url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/pressrel/dispDNR.html?id=053106_05 |foilsitheoir=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]] |dátarochtana=2007-03-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210300/http://www.abcmedianet.com/pressrel/dispDNR.html?id=053106_05 |dáta=2006-05-31 |archivedate=2007-03-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 18
| 2006/07
| 8.6m&lt;ref name=&quot;season18&quot; /&gt;
| 60ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season18&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Season program ratings |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/features/e3ifbfdd1bcb53266ad8d9a71cad261604f |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |dátarochtana=2010-01-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129154626/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/features/e3ifbfdd1bcb53266ad8d9a71cad261604f |dáta=2007-05-25 |archivedate=2010-01-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 19
| 2007/08
| 8.0m&lt;ref name=&quot;season19&quot; /&gt;
| 87ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season19&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Season program ratings |url=http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=052808_06 |foilsitheoir=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]] |dátarochtana=2011-09-10 |dáta=2008-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 20
| 2008/09
| 6.9m&lt;ref name=&quot;season20&quot; /&gt;
| 77ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season20&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Season program ratings |url=http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=051909_05 |foilsitheoir=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]] |dátarochtana=2011-09-10 |dáta=2009-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 21
| 2009/10
| 7.2m&lt;ref name=&quot;season21&quot; /&gt;
| 61ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season21&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |teideal=Full Series Rankings For The 2009–10 Broadcast Season |url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/05/full-series-rankings-for-the-2009-10-broadcast-season/ |dátarochtana=2011-09-10 |foilsitheoir=[[Deadline.com]] |dáta=2010-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 22
| 2010/11
| 7.3m&lt;ref name=&quot;season22&quot; /&gt;
| 65ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season22&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |teideal=Full 2010–11 TV Season Series Rankings |url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/05/full-2010-11-season-series-rankers/ |dátarochtana=2011-09-10 |foilsitheoir=[[Deadline.com]] |dáta=2011-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 23
| 2011/12
| 7.0m&lt;ref name=&quot;season23&quot;/&gt;
| 69ú&lt;ref name=&quot;season23&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |teideal=Full 2011–2012 TV Season Series Rankings |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/full-2011-2012-tv-season-series-rankings/ |dátarochtana=2012-05-25 |foilsitheoir=[[Deadline.com]] |dáta=2012-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 24
| 2012/13
| 6.3m&lt;ref name=&quot;season23&quot;/&gt;
| 70ú&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |údar=Dominic Patten |teideal=Full 2012-2013 TV Season Series Rankings |url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/05/tv-season-series-rankings-2013-full-list/ |dátarochtana=25 May 2013 |newspaper=deadline |dáta=23 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 25
| 2013/14
| 5.6m&lt;ref&gt;http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/full-2011-2012-tv-season-series-rankings/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 81ú&lt;ref&gt;http://www.deadline.com/2014/05/tv-season-series-rankings-2013-full-list-2/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 26
| 2014/15
| 5.6m
| 100ú&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2015/05/2014-15-full-tv-season-ratings-shows-rankings-1201431167/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 27
| 2015/16
| 4.7m
| 102ú&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2016/05/2015-16-full-tv-season-2015-2016-series-rankings-shows-full-list-1201763189/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 28
| 2016/17
| 4.8m
| 92ú&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2017/05/2016-2017-tv-season-ratings-series-rankings-list-1202102340/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 29
| 2017/18
| 4.1m
| 122ú&lt;ref&gt;https://deadline.com/2018/05/2017-2018-tv-series-ratings-rankings-full-list-of-shows-1202395851/&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
{{reflist|20em}}
|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
|}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
*[http://www.thesimpsons.com/#/recaps Liosta de na eipeasóid The Simpsons] ar The Simpsons.com
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096697/episodes Liosta de na eipeasóid The Simpsons] ar an [[Internet Movie Database]]
*[http://www.tv.com/shows/the-simpsons/episodes/ Liosta de na eipeasóid The Simpsons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822111030/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-simpsons/episodes/ |date=2020-08-22 }} ar [[TV.com]]
*[http://epguides.com/Simpsons The Simpsons] ar [[epguides.com]]

{{The Simpsons}}

[[Catagóir:The Simpsons]]
[[Catagóir:Eipeasóidí The Simpsons|*]]
[[Catagóir:Liosta eipeasóidí sraitheanna grinn]]
[[Catagóir:Liostaí a bhaineann leis The Simpsons]]</text>
      <sha1>hi7cnxuabqhb3j9eudd63q41r2n87sx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>It's Not me, It's You</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328569</id>
      <parentid>1218178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T06:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8726" sha1="k5ebhg76hkl9urk46tb1gkt4biw1x8t" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}

Is é '''''It's Not me, It's You''''' an dara halbam ó [[Lily Allen]]. Scaoileadh é ar an 4 Feabhra, 2009.

== Traicliosta ==
Is iad seo na hamhráin:
# &quot;Everyone's At It&quot; – 4:38
# &quot;The Fear&quot; - 3:27
# &quot;Not Fair&quot; – 3:21
# &quot;22&quot; – 3:06
# &quot;I Could Say&quot; – 4:04
# &quot;Back to the Start&quot; – 4:14
# &quot;Never Gonna Happen&quot; 3:27
# &quot;Fuck You&quot; – 3:43
# &quot;Who'd Have Known&quot; – 3:50
# &quot;Chinese&quot; – 3:28
# &quot;Him&quot; – 3:18
# &quot;He Wasn't There&quot; – 2:51

==Singlí==
#&quot;[[The Fear]]&quot; - 9 Nollaig 2008
#&quot;[[Not Fair]]&quot; - 20 Márta 2009
#&quot;[[Fuck You]]&quot; - 10 Iúil 2009
#&quot;[[22 (amhrán)|22]]&quot; - 24 Lúñasa 2009
#&quot;[[Who'd Have Known]]&quot; - 30 Samhain 2009
#&quot;[[Back to the Start]]&quot; - 17 Aibreán 2010

== Cairteacha ==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
===Cairteacha seachtainiúla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! scope=col | Tír
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]&lt;ref&gt;http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])&lt;ref&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Me,_It%27s_You#cite_note-64&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|5
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[An Vallúin]])&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|22
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/307355/lily+allen/chart?f=309 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-18 |archivedate=2015-07-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711043841/http://www.billboard.com/artist/307355/lily+allen/chart?f=309}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Croatia}} [[An Chróit]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hdu-toplista.com/index.php?what=arhiva&amp;w=details&amp;id=608&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|19
|-
|{{Bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]&lt;ref&gt;http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|6
|-
|{{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Eire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2009&amp;year=2009&amp;week=7 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-18 |archivedate=2016-02-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203091741/http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2009&amp;year=2009&amp;week=7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|3
|-
|{{Bratach|Europe}} [[Eoraip]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1274295/springsteens-third-week-atop-euro-albums-chart |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-18 |archivedate=2013-06-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620044151/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1274295/springsteens-third-week-atop-euro-albums-chart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|2
|-
|{{Bratach|Finland}} [[An Fhionlainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|11
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]&lt;ref&gt;http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|11
|-
|{{Bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.charts.de/album.asp?artist=Lily+Allen&amp;title=It%27s+Not+Me%2C+It%27s+You&amp;cat=a&amp;country=de{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|17
|-
|{{Bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.fimi.it/main/chart_id/242 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-18 |archivedate=2014-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222203403/http://www.fimi.it/main/chart_id/242 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|41
|-
|{{Bratach|Norway}} [[An Iorua]]&lt;ref&gt;http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|26
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]&lt;ref&gt;http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|17
|-
|{{Bratach|Mexico}} [[Meicsiceo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://mexicancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It%27s+Not+Me%2C+It%27s+You&amp;cat=a |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-05-18 |archivedate=2012-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019215904/http://mexicancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It%27s+Not+Me%2C+It%27s+You&amp;cat=a }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|50
|-
|{{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It%27s+Not+Me%2C+It%27s+You&amp;cat=a |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2022-09-27 |archivedate=2018-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221204657/http://charts.org.nz//showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It%27s+Not+Me%2C+It%27s+You&amp;cat=a }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|9
|-
|{{Bratach|Austria}} [[An Ostair]]&lt;ref&gt;http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|21
|-
|{{Bratach|Poland}} [[An Pholainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=500&amp;lang=en&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|35
|-
|{{Bratach|the Czech Republic}} [[Poblacht na Seice]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&amp;hitparada=14&amp;titul=146722&amp;sec=e497cc86ae49217b4e1411ed2192ac2a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|11
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.officialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/3/2009-02-21/&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/397973/ranking/cd_album/&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|27
|-
|{{Bratach|Spain}} [[An Spáinn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|93
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.billboard.com/artist/307355/lily+allen/chart?f=305&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|5
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]&lt;ref&gt;http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lily+Allen&amp;titel=It's+Not+Me,+It's+You&amp;cat=a&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center|14
|}
|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|

===Cairteacha Deireadh na Bliana===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! scope=col | Tír (2009)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]
| align=center|5
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|30
|-4
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[An Vallúin]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|71
|-
|{{Bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|50
|-
|{{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Eire]]
| align=center|20
|-
|{{Bratach|Europe}} [[Eoraip]]
| align=center|17
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]
| align=center|66
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|57
|-
|{{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]
|align=center|33
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|align=center|10
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
|align=center|148
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! scope=col | Tír (2010)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]
| align=center|46
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]
| align=center|152
|}
|}

===Díolacháin===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
!align=&quot;left&quot;|Tír
!align=&quot;center&quot;|Díolacháin
|-
| {{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]
|280,000
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} [[An Bheilg]]
|30,000
|-
| {{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]
|40,000
|-
| {{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Eire]]
|30,000
|-
|{{Bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]
|15,000
|-
| {{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]
|100,000
|-
| {{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]
|15,000
|-
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|900,000
|-
|{{Bratach|Europe}} [[Eoraip]]
|1,000,000
|}

== Dátaí eisiúna ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Tír
!Dáta
!Lipéad
|-
|{{bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]
|4 Feabhra 2009
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[EMI]]
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|6 Feabhra 2009
|-
|{{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]
|-
|{{bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]
|-
|{{bratach|Ireland}} [[Éire]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Regal Recordings]], [[Parlophone]]
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|9 Feabhra 2009
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|EMI
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|10 Feabhra 2009
|-
|{{bratach|United States}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
|[[Capitol Records]]
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]
|11 Feabhra 2009
|EMI
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Albaim a eisíodh in 2009]]
[[Catagóir:Lily Allen]]</text>
      <sha1>k5ebhg76hkl9urk46tb1gkt4biw1x8t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioscliosta Lily Allen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328544</id>
      <parentid>1290890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T03:48:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23691" sha1="6cwxcew2oylzzcs0i0ltswaoe5qojr7" xml:space="preserve">Rinne an ceoltóir Briotanach [[Lily Allen]] trí albaim stiúideo.

==Albaim==
===Albaim Stiúideo===
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ Liosta albam stiúideo 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Teideal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Eolas
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Díolacháin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deimhniúcháin
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Ceanada|CEAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Fhrainc|FRA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ísiltír|ÍSI]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Alright, Still]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scaoilte: 14 Iúil, 2006
* Lipéad: [[Regal Recordings|Regal]], [[EMI Music|EMI]]
* Formáidí: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], Íoslódáil
| 2 || 7 || 24 || 21 || 53 || 6 || 47 || 27 || 22 || 20
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: 1,117,604&lt;ref name=&quot;UKsales&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Alan |url=http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-lily-allen-lp-sells-35k-to-hit-no-1/058400 |teideal=Official Charts Analysis: Lily Allen LP sells 35k to hit No.1 |obair=[[Music Week]] |foilsitheoir=Intent Media |dáta=12 Bealtaine 2014 |dátarochtana=1 Meitheamh 2014}} {{Síntiús de dhíth}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*SAM: 627,000&lt;ref name=&quot;USsales&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5785877/lily-allen-returns-with-scathing-hard-out-here-watch-video |teideal=Lily Allen Returns With Scathing 'Hard Out Here': Watch Video |obair=Billboard |foilsitheoir=Prometheus Global Media |dáta=12 Samhain 2013 |dátarochtana=1 Meitheamh 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Domhan: 2,500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Jody |authorlink=Jody Rosen |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/its-not-me-its-you-20090204 |teideal=It's Not Me, It's You |obair=[[Rolling Stone]] |foilsitheoir=[[Wenner Media]] |dáta=4 Feabhra 2009 |dátarochtana=1 Meitheamh 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: 3x Platanam
*Ast: Platanam
*Éire: Platanam
*Cean: Ór
*SAM: Ór
*N-S: Ór
*Fra: Airgead
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[It's Not me, It's You]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scaoilte: 9 Feabhra, 2009
* Lipéad: Regal, EMI
* Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil
| 1 || 1 || 5 || 1 || 6 || 3 || 11 || 17 || 9 || 5
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*FRA: 111,200
*RA: 1,016,169&lt;ref name=&quot;UKsales&quot;/&gt;
*SAM: 353,000&lt;ref name=&quot;USsales&quot;/&gt;
*Domhan: 2,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Rachel Helyer |url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/entertainment/18083/lily-allen-quit-music-fashion-break |teideal=Lily Allen to quit music for a fashion break |obair=[[The Week]] |foilsitheoir=[[Dennis Publishing]] |dáta=3 Nollaig 2009 |dátarochtana=1 Meitheamh 2014 |archivedate=3 Meitheamh 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603140855/http://www.theweek.co.uk/entertainment/18083/lily-allen-quit-music-fashion-break }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: 3x Platanam
*Ast: 4x Platanam
*Bei: Platanam
*Eil: Ór
*Éire: 2x Platanam
*Cean: Ór
*N-S: Platanam
*Fra: Platanam
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Sheezus]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Scaoilte: 2 Bealtaine, 2014 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.amazon.co.uk/Sheezus-Lily-Allen/dp/B00IKKQT1G/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1393010189&amp;sr=8-13&amp;keywords=lily+allen&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lipéad: Regal, [[Parlophone]]
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| 1 || 4 || 31 || 16 || 16 || 4 || 32 || 26 || 9 || 12
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: 113,054
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Airgead
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[No Shame (albam Lily Allen)|No Shame]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Scaoilte: 8 Meitheamh, 2018
*Lipéad: [[Parlophone]]
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil
| 8 || 8 || 41 || — || — || 20 || 137 || 68 || 40 || 168
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: 14,439
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an t-albam sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

===Ceirníní Leathfhada===
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ Liosta ceirníní leathfhada 
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Eolas
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[F.U.E.P.]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scaoilte: 31 Márta, 2009
* Lipéad: [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
* Formáidí: Íoslódáil
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Paris Live Session]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scaoilte: 24 Samhain, 2009
* Lipéad: Regal, EMI
* Formáidí: Íoslódáil
|-
|}

==Singlí==
===Mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Teideal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deimhniúcháin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Fhrainc|FRA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ghearmáin|GEA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ísiltír|ÍSI]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Smile&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2006
| 1 || 14 || 27 || 16 || 67 || 21 || 6 || 19 || 6 || 49
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Airgead
*SAM: Ór
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| ''Alright, Still''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;LDN&quot;
| 6 || 39 || 52 || — || — || 88|| 21 || — || 23 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Littlest Things&quot;
| 21 || — || 63 || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Alfie&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2007
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|15 || — || — || — || — || 31 || — || — || 15 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Shame for You&quot;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;The Fear&quot;
| 2008
| 1 || 3 || 5 || 15 || 12 || 14 || 5 || 40 || 14 || 80
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Ór
*Ast: Platanam
*Cean: Ór
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| ''It's Not Me, It's You''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Not Fair&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2009
| 5 || 3 || 12 || — || 12 || 6 || 3 || 9 || 6 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Ór
*Ast: Platanam
*Eil: Ór
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Fuck You&quot;
| 154 || 23 || 1 || 14 || 49 || 5 || — || 2 || 5 || 68
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Ast: Ór
*Bei: Ór
*Eil: Ór
*Fra: Ór
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;22&quot;
| 14 || 12 || 34 || 23 || 85 || 71 || — || 79 || 71 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Ast: Ór
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Who'd Have Known&quot;
| 39 || 54 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Somewhere Only We Know&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
| 1 || — || — || 6 || — || 52 || 1 || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Platanam
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| ''Sheezus''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Hard out Here&quot;
| 9 || 14 || 24 || 78 || 2 || 6 || 21 || 32 || 6 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Ast: Platanam
*Gea: Ór
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Air Balloon&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2014
| 7 || 15 || — || — || 40 || 65 || 8 || — || 30 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Ast: Ór
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Our Time&quot;
| 43 || 60 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;URL Badman&quot;
| 93 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;As Long as I Got You&quot;
| — || 45 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Trigger Bang&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|((le [[Giggs]])}}
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2017
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''No Shame''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Lost My Mind&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2018
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

===Mar Gné-Ealaíontóir Ceoil===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Teideal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! colspan=&quot;11&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deimhniúcháin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Ceanada|CEAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Fhrainc|FRA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ghearmáin|GEA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ísiltír|ÍSI]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Oh My God&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Mark Ronson]] le Lily Allen)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2007
| 8 || 72 || 69 || — || — || — || — || 21 || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| ''[[Version (albam)|Version]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Drivin' Me Wild&quot; &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Common]] le Lily Allen)&lt;/small&gt;
| 56 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| ''[[Finding Forever]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Just Be Good to Green&quot; &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Professor Green]] le Lily Allen)&lt;/small&gt;
| 2010
| 5 || 49 || — || — || — || — || — || 17 || 95 || 32 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| ''[[Alive Till I'm Dead]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;5 O'Clock&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[T-Pain]] le [[Wiz Khalifa]] agus Lily Allen)&lt;/small&gt;
| 2011
| 6 || 29 || 33 || 15 || 90 || — || — || — || — || 27 || 10 
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Ast: Ór
*Cean: Platanam
| ''[[Revolver (T-Pain albam)|REVOLVEЯ]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;True Love&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Pink (Amhránaí)|Pink]] le [[Lily Allen]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
| 16 || 5 || 53 || 20 || 52 || — || — || 23 || 57 || 14 || 53
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*Ast: 2x Platanam
*Cean: Platanam
*N-S: Airgead
| ''[[The Truth About Love (Pink albam)|The Truth About Love]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Dream a Little Dream&quot; &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Robbie Williams]] le Lily Allen)&lt;/small&gt;
| 144 || — || — || — || 160 || 88 || 67 || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| ''[[Swings Both Ways]]''
|-
!Colspan=&quot;15&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Singlí Eile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Teideal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:95%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Cheryl Tweedy&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2006
| 153
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Alright, Still]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Absolutely Nothing&quot;
| 136
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Everyone's at It&quot;
| 2009
| 117
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[It's Not me, It's You]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Back to the Start&quot;
| 2010
| —
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Sheezus&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2014
| 113
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Sheezus]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;L8 CMMR&quot;
| 113
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Bass Like Home&quot;
| —
| {{N/B}}
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==Taispeántaí Eile==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;colw&quot; style=&quot;width:21em;&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Lights Go Down&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(le [[Basement Jaxx]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r852291|teideal=allmusic (((Crazy Itch Radio &gt; Credits)))|foilsitheoir=[[Allmusic]]|dátarochtana=2009-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2006
| ''[[Crazy Itch Radio]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Bongo Bong and Je Ne T'Aime Plus&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(le [[Robbie Williams]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r860752|foilsitheoir=[[Allmusic]]|teideal=allmusic (((Rudebox &gt; Credits)))|dátarochtana=2009-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Rudebox (albam)|Rudebox]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Wanna Be&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Dizzee Rascal]] le Lily Allen)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2007
| ''[[Maths + English]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Everybody's Changing&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1110994|foilsitheoir=[[Allmusic]]|teideal=allmusic (((The Saturday Sessions: The Dermot O'Leary Show &gt; Overview)))|dátarochtana=2009-11-26}}{{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[The Saturday Sessions: The Dermot O'Leary Show]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Don't Get Me Wrong&quot;
| ''[[Radio 1 Established 1967]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|foilsitheoir=IPC Media|obair=NME.COM|accessdate=2009-11-26|teideal=Various Artists: 'Radio 1 Established 1967'|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/various-artists/9051 | location=London | first=Pete | last= Cashmore  | dáta=2007-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Never Miss a Beat&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(le [[Kaiser Chiefs]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kc&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1444177|foilsitheoir=[[Allmusic]]|teideal=allmusic (((Off with Their Heads &gt; Credits)))|dátarochtana=2009-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2008
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Off with Their Heads (albam)|Off with Their Heads]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Always Happens Like That&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Kaiser Chiefs le Lily Allen)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Straight to Hell&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(le [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1477959|foilsitheoir=[[Allmusic]]|teideal=allmusic (((War Child Presents Heroes &gt; Credits)))|dátarochtana=2009-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2009
| ''[[War Child Presents Heroes]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Beds Are Burning&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(le Ealaíontóirí Éagsúla)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|foilsitheoir=Telegraph Media Group|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|dátarochtana=2009-11-26|teideal=Lily Allen and Duran Duran record climate change song|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/6253847/Lily-Allen-and-Duran-Duran-record-climate-change-song.html|áit=London|first=Louise|last=Gray|dáta=2009-10-02|archivedate=2011-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204062333/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/6253847/Lily-Allen-and-Duran-Duran-record-climate-change-song.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{n/a}}
|-
|}

==Físeáin Cheoil==
===Mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:21em;&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Stiúrthóir(í)
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Tagairtí
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Smile&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2006
| [[Sophie Muller]]
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/lily-allen/112324/smile.jhtml|obair=[[MTV]]|foilsitheoir=[[Viacom]]|teideal=Smile - Lily Allen - Music Video|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2009-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908021250/http://www.mtv.com/videos/lily-allen/112324/smile.jhtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;LDN&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Nima Nourizadeh
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| &lt;ref name=&quot;nima&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.partizan.com/partizan/musicvideos/?nima_nourizadeh|teideal=Music Videos - Nima Nourizadeh|foilsitheoir=Partizan|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2007-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110081840/http://www.partizan.com/partizan/musicvideos/?nima_nourizadeh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Littlest Things&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Alfie&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2007
| Sarah Chatfield
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.vh1.com/video/play.jhtml?artist=2389411&amp;vid=145891|obair=[[VH1]]|foilsitheoir=[[Viacom]]|teideal=Music Video - Lily Allen - Alfie|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2009-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925072801/http://www.vh1.com/video/play.jhtml?artist=2389411&amp;vid=145891}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Oh My God&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;([[Mark Ronson]] le Lily Allen)&lt;/span&gt;
| Nima Nourizadeh
! &lt;ref name=&quot;nima&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Drivin' Me Wild&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Common le Lily Allen)&lt;/span&gt;
| [[Chris Robinson]]
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/common/171374/drivin-me-wild.jhtml|work=[[MTV]]|foilsitheoir=[[Viacom]]|teideal=Drivin' Me Wild - Common - Music Video|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2009-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819123003/http://www.mtv.com/videos/common/171374/drivin-me-wild.jhtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;The Fear&quot;
| 2008
| Nez
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/lily-allen/335781/the-fear.jhtml#artist=2389411|work=[[MTV]]|foilsitheoir=[[Viacom]]|teideal=The Fear - Lily Allen  - Music Video|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2009-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822035343/http://www.mtv.com/videos/lily-allen/335781/the-fear.jhtml#artist=2389411}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Not Fair&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2009
| [[Melina Matsoukas]]
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.missomnimedia.com/2009/07/lady-behind-the-lens-melina-matsoukas/|foilsitheoir=M.I.S.S|teideal=Lady Behind The lLens - Melina Matsoukas|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2012-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218125719/http://www.missomnimedia.com/2009/07/lady-behind-the-lens-melina-matsoukas/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Fuck You&quot;
| Arnaud Boutin, Camille Dauteuille&lt;br&gt;agus Clement Dozier
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204556804574262371895054780.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|teideal=Lily Allen's New Music Video|obair=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|foilsitheoir=[[Dow Jones &amp; Company]]|first=Candance|last=Jackson|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|dáta=2009-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;22&quot;
| [[Jake Scott]]
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|teideal=Lily Allen &quot;22&quot;|obair=Boards|url=http://www.boardsmag.com/screeningroom/musicvideos/7825|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2012-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217020114/http://www.boardsmag.com/screeningroom/musicvideos/7825}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Who'd Have Known&quot;
| James Caddick
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://warp.net/films/james-caddick/player/widescreen-video/whod-have-known-lily-allen|teideal=James Caddick Who'd Have Known (Lily Allen, EMI)|work=''[[Warp (record label)|Warp Records]]''|foilsitheoir=warp.net|dátarochtana=2010-02-12|archivedate=2020-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807043736/https://warp.net/films/james-caddick/player/widescreen-video/whod-have-known-lily-allen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Just Be Good to Green&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;([[Professor Green]] le Lily Allen)&lt;/span&gt;
| 2010
| Henry Scholfield
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.partizan.com/partizan/musicvideos/?henry_scholfield|teideal=Music Videos - Henry Scholfield|foilsitheoir=Partizan|dátarochtana=2010-07-17|archivedate=2011-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001131958/http://www.partizan.com/partizan/musicvideos/?henry_scholfield}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;True Love&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Pink le Lily Allen)&lt;/span&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2013
| Sophie Muller
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/pnk-feat-lily-allen/true-love/USRV81300233|teideal=VEVO: Pink feat. Lily Allen - True Love|foilsitheoir=[[VEVO]]|dátarochtana=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Hard Out Here&quot;
| Christopher Sweeney
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|last=Phillips |first=Amy |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/52130-video-lily-allen-returns-with-hard-out-here/ |teideal=Video: Lily Allen Returns With &quot;Hard Out Here&quot; |foilsitheoir=Pitchfork Media |dáta=2013-11-12 |dátarochtana=2013-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Somewhere Only We Know&quot;
| 
! 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Air Balloon&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| 2014
| That Go
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín |last=Knight |first=David |url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/02/13/lily-allen-air-balloon-go |teideal=Lily Allen 'Air Balloon' by That Go |foilsitheoir=Promo News |dáta=13 Feabhra 2014 |dátarochtana=1 Meitheamh 2014 |archivedate=10 Bealtaine 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510012540/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/02/13/lily-allen-air-balloon-go }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Our Time&quot;
| Chris Sweeney
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín |last=Brown |first=Jimmy |url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/03/12/lily-allen-our-time-chris-sweeney |teideal=Lily Allen 'Our Time' by Chris Sweeney |foilsitheoir=Promo News |dáta=12 Márta 2014 |dátarochtana=1 Meitheamh 2014 |archivedate=15 Bealtaine 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515164251/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/03/12/lily-allen-our-time-chris-sweeney }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Sheezus&quot;
| Ruffmercy
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín |last=Brown |first=Jimmy |url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/04/28/lily-allen-sheezus-ruff-mercy |teideal=Lily Allen 'Sheezus' by RUFF MERCY |foilsitheoir=Promo News |dáta=28 Aibreán 2014 |dátarochtana=1 Meitheamh 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;URL Badman&quot;
| The Sacred Egg
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|last=Gottlieb |first=Steven |url=http://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2014/07/02/lily-allen-url-badman-sacred-egg-dir |teideal=Lily Allen &quot;URL Badman&quot; (The Sacred Egg, dir.) |foilsitheoir=VideoStatic |dáta=2 Iúil 2014 |dátarochtana=2 Iúil 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;As Long as I Got You&quot;
| Christopher Sweeney
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|last=Camp |first=Zoe |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/56019-lily-allen-shares-baby-photos-performs-at-glastonbury-in-as-long-as-i-got-you-video/ |teideal=Lily Allen Shares Baby Photos, Performs at Glastonbury in &quot;As Long As I Got You&quot; Video |foilsitheoir=Pitchfork Media |dáta=24 Iúil 2014 |dátarochtana=24 Iúil 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Mar Gné-Ealaíontóir Ceoil===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Stiúrthóir(í)
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Tagairtí
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Who Invented Fish And Chips? (Who Invented Poo?)&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(Fat Les)}}
| 2002
| 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Oh My God&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(Mark Ronson le Lily Allen)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2007
| Nima Nourizadeh
! &lt;ref name=&quot;nima&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Drivin' Me Wild&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(Common le Lily Allen)}}
| [[Chris Robinson]]
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/common/171374/drivin-me-wild.jhtml|obair=[[MTV]]|foilsitheoir=[[Viacom]]|teideal=Drivin' Me Wild - Common - Music Video|dátarochtana=2009-09-01|archivedate=2009-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819123003/http://www.mtv.com/videos/common/171374/drivin-me-wild.jhtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Just Be Good to Green&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(Professor Green le Lily Allen)}}
| 2010
| Henry Scholfield
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.partizan.com/partizan/musicvideos/?henry_scholfield|teideal=Music Videos - Henry Scholfield|foilsitheoir=Partizan|dátarochtana=2010-07-17|archivedate=2011-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001131958/http://www.partizan.com/partizan/musicvideos/?henry_scholfield}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;True Love&quot; {{small|(Pink le Lily Allen)}}
| 2013
| Sophie Muller
! &lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/pnk-feat-lily-allen/true-love/USRV81300233|teideal=VEVO: Pink feat. Lily Allen - True Love|foilsitheoir=[[VEVO]]|dátarochtana=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Lily Allen]]
[[Catagóir:Dioscliostaí|Allen, Lily]]</text>
      <sha1>6cwxcew2oylzzcs0i0ltswaoe5qojr7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irreemplazable</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328568</id>
      <parentid>1202084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T06:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328568</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="dgmqfurzubdhs57bcz8abr6cmn5yjz7" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}
Is é '''''Irreemplazable''''' an chéad cheirnín leathfhada ó [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]. Scaoileadh é ar an 28 Lúnasa, 2007.

== Traicliosta ==
Is iad seo na hamhráin:
# &quot;Amor Gitano&quot; ([[Alejandro Fernández]] le Beyoncé) – 3:48
# &quot;Oye&quot; – 3:41
# &quot;Irreemplazable&quot; – 3:48
# &quot;Bello Embustero&quot; – 3:20
# &quot;Beautiful Liar&quot; (Remix) (le [[Shakira]]) – 3:01
# &quot;Beautiful Liar (Spanglish Version)&quot; – 3:21
# &quot;Irreemplazable&quot; ([[Norteña]] Remix) – 3:51
# &quot;Get Me Bodied&quot; ([[Timbaland]] Remix) (le [[Voltio]]) – 6:14

== Cairteacha ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! scope=col | Tír (2007)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{Bratach|USA}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/281569/beyonc-knowles/chart |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2014-06-07 |archivedate=2013-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618043639/http://www.billboard.com/artist/281569/beyonc-knowles/chart}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1087822/charts-awards&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center|105
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Beyoncé Knowles]]
[[Catagóir:Ceirnín leathfhada]]</text>
      <sha1>dgmqfurzubdhs57bcz8abr6cmn5yjz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liosta eipeasóidí Family Guy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>58872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328586</id>
      <parentid>1172379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T07:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="80522" sha1="ejtmsw105uy8h0qw7n0z0bfzjkhz23d" xml:space="preserve">Is sraith theilifíse Mheiriceánach é [[Family Guy]] faoi chlann chraiceáilte atá ina gcónaí i mbaile ficseanúil darb ainm Quahog, Oileán Rhode. Tá 323 eipeasóid de chuid ''Family Guy'' tagtha ar an saol faoi láthair.

Thosaigh an 17ú séasúr ar an 30 Meán Fómhair 2018.

==Sraitheanna==
{|id=&quot;toc&quot; class=&quot;toc&quot; summary=&quot;Contents&quot;
|-
|
'''Séasúir''': [[#Séasúr 1|1]] [[#Séasúr 2)|2]] [[#Séasúr 3|3]] [[#Séasúr 4|4]] [[#Séasúr 5|5]] [[#Séasúr 6|6]] [[#Séasúr 7|7]] [[#Séasúr 8|8]] [[#Séasúr 9|9]] [[#Séasúr 10|10]] [[#Séasúr 11|11]] [[#Séasúr 12|12]] [[#Séasúr 13|13]] [[#Séasúr 14|14]] [[#Séasúr 15|15]] [[#Séasúr 16|16]] [[#Séasúr 17|17]] [[#Tagairtí|Tagairtí]]
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Séasúr
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; |Eipeasóid
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; |Céad chraoladh
! style=&quot;padding: 0px 8px&quot; |Craoladh deireanach
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FBEC5C;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 1|1]]
| 7
| {{Start date|1999|1|31}}
| {{End date|1999|5|16}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 2|2]]
| 21
| {{Start date|1999|9|23}}
| {{End date|2000|8|1}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#2fce1f;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 3|3]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2001|7|11}}
| {{End date|2003|11|9}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#C273FF;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 4|4]]
| 30
| {{Start date|2005|5|1}}
| {{End date|2006|5|21}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#f93;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 5|5]]
| 18
| {{Start date|2006|9|10}}
| {{End date|2007|5|20}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d3212d;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 6|6]]
| 12
| {{Start date|2007|9|23}}
| {{End date|2008|5|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#fbec5d;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 7|7]]
| 16
| {{Start date|2008|9|28}}
| {{End date|2009|5|17}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 8|8]]
| 21
| {{Start date|2009|9|27}}
| {{End date|2010|5|23}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#192870;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 9|9]]
| 18
| {{Start date|2010|9|26}}
| {{End date|2011|5|22}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#9cd298;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 10|10]]
| 23
| {{Start date|2011|9|25}}
| {{End date|2012|5|20}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 11|11]]
| 22
| {{Start date|2012|9|30}}
| {{End date|2013|5|19}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 12|12]]
| 21
| {{Start date|2013|9|29}}
| {{End date|2014|5|18}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#8C2528;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 13|13]]
| 18
| {{Start date|2014|9|28}}
| {{End date|2015|5|17}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#AE054E;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 14|14]]
| 20
| {{Start date|2015|9|27}}
| {{End date|2016|5|22}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 15|15]]
| 20
| {{Start date|2016|9|25}}
| {{End date|2017|5|21}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#A52A2A;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 16|16]]
| 20
| {{Start date|2017|10|1}}
| {{End date|2018|5|20}}
|-
| style=&quot;background:#00bba2;&quot;|
| [[#Séasúr 17|17]]
| 
| {{Start date|2018|9|30}}
| 
|}

==Eipeasóid==
===Séasúr 1===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 1)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#FBEC5C;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#FBEC5C;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#FBEC5C;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#FBEC5C;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#FBEC5C;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Death Has a Shadow]]&quot; || Eanáir 31, 1999 || ACX01	
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 2 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Never Met the Dead Man]]&quot; || Aibreán 11, 1999 || 1ACX02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 3 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Chitty Chitty Death Bang]]&quot; || Aibreán 18, 1999 || 1ACX04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 4 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mind Over Murder]]&quot; || Aibreán 25, 1999 || 1ACX03
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 5 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Hero Sits Next Door]]&quot; || Bealtaine 2, 1999 || 1ACX05
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 6 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Son Also Draws]]&quot; || Bealtaine 9, 1999 || 1ACX06
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 7 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian: Portrait of a Dog]]&quot; || Bealtaine 16, 1999 || 1ACX07
|}

===Séasúr 2===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 2)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 8 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 23, 1999 || 1ACX08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 9 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Holy Crap]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 1999 || 1ACX11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 10 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Da Boom]]&quot; || Nollaig 26, 1999 || 2ACX06
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 11 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian in Love]]&quot; || Márta 7, 2000	 || 2ACX01
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 12 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Love Thy Trophy]]&quot; || Márta 14, 2000 || 1ACX13
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 13 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Death Is a Bitch]]&quot; || Márta 21, 2000 || 1ACX14
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 14 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The King Is Dead]]&quot; || Márta 28, 2000 || 1ACX15
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 15 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Am Peter, Hear Me Roar]]&quot; || Márta 28, 2000 || 2ACX02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 16 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[If I'm Dyin', I'm Lyin']]&quot; || Aibreán 4, 2000 || 1ACX12
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 17 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Running Mates]]&quot; || Aibreán 11, 2000 || 1ACX09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 18 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Picture Is Worth a 1,000 Bucks]]&quot; || Aibreán 18, 2000 || 2ACX07
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 19 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fifteen Minutes of Shame]]&quot; || Aibreán 25, 2000 || 2ACX08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 20 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Road to Rhode Island]]&quot; || Bealtaine 30, 2000 || 2ACX12
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 21 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Let's Go to the Hop]]&quot; || Meitheamh 6, 2000 || 2ACX04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 22 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dammit Janet!]]&quot; || Meitheamh 13, 2000 || 2ACX09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 23 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[There's Something About Paulie]]&quot; || Meitheamh 27, 2000 || 1ACX10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 24 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[He's Too Sexy for His Fat]]&quot; || Meitheamh 27, 2000 || 2ACX10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 25 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[E. Peterbus Unum]]&quot; || Iúil 12, 2000 || 2ACX13
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 26 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Story on Page One]]&quot; || Iúil 18, 2000 || 2ACX14
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 27 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Wasted Talent]]&quot; || Iúil 25, 2000 || 2ACX15
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 28 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fore, Father]]&quot; || Lúnasa 1, 2000 || 2ACX16
|}

===Séasúr 3===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 3)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2fce1f;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2fce1f;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2fce1f;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2fce1f;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2fce1f;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 29 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Thin White Line]]&quot; || Iúil 11, 2001 || 2ACX17
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 30 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian Does Hollywood]]&quot; || Iúil 18, 2001 || 2ACX20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 31 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington]]&quot; || Iúil 25, 2001 || 2ACX11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 32 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[One If by Clam, Two If by Sea]]&quot; || Lúnasa 1, 2001 || 2ACX19
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 33 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[And the Wiener Is...]]&quot; || Lúnasa 8, 2001 || 2ACX22
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 34 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Death Lives]]&quot; || Lúnasa 15, 2001 || 2ACX21
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 35 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lethal Weapons]]&quot; || Lúnasa 22, 2001 || 2ACX18
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 36 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Kiss Seen Around the World]]&quot; || Lúnasa 29, 2001 || 3ACX02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 37 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mr. Saturday Knight]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 5, 2001 || 3ACX04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 38 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Fish Out of Water]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 19, 2001 || 3ACX05
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 39 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Emission Impossible]]&quot; || Samhain 8, 2001 || 3ACX01
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 40 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[To Love and Die in Dixie]]&quot; || Samhain 15, 2001 || 3ACX09
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 41 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Screwed the Pooch]]&quot; || Samhain 29, 2001 || 3ACX08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 42 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter Griffin: Husband, Father...Brother?]]&quot; || Nollaig 6, 2001 || 3ACX06
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 43 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Ready, Willing, and Disabled]]&quot; || Nollaig 20, 2001 || 3ACX07
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 44 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Very Special Family Guy Freakin' Christmas]]&quot; || Nollaig 21, 2001 || 2ACX03
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 45 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows]]&quot; || Eanáir 17, 2002 || 3ACX03
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 46 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[From Method to Madness]]&quot; || Eanáir 24, 2002 || 3ACX11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 47 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stuck Together, Torn Apart]]&quot; || Eanáir 31, 2002 || 3ACX10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 48 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Road to Europe]]&quot; || Feabhra 7, 2002 || 3ACX13
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 49 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Family Guy Viewer Mail #1]]&quot; || Feabhra 14, 2002 || 3ACX12
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 50 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[When You Wish Upon a Weinstein]]&quot; || Samhain 9, 2003 ([[Adult Swim]])&lt;br&gt;Nollaig 10, 2004 (Fox) || 2ACX05
|}

===Séasúr 4===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 4)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#C273FF;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#C273FF;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#C273FF;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#C273FF;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#C273FF;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#C273FF;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 51 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[North by North Quahog]]&quot; || Bealtaine 1, 2005 || 4ACX01 || 11.85
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 52 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High]]&quot; || Bealtaine 8, 2005 || 4ACX02 || 9.71
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 53 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Blind Ambition]]&quot; || Bealtaine 15, 2005 || 4ACX04 || 9.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 54 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Don't Make Me Over]]&quot; || Meitheamh 5, 2005 || 4ACX03 ||  7.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 55 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire]]&quot; || Meitheamh 12, 2005 || 4ACX08 || 8.35
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 56 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Petarded]]&quot; || Meitheamh 19, 2005 || 4ACX09 || 7.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 57 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian the Bachelor]]&quot; || Meitheamh 26, 2005 || 4ACX10 || 7.29
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 58 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter]]&quot; || Iúil 10, 2005 || 4ACX11 || 6.1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 59 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Breaking Out Is Hard to Do]]&quot; || Iúil 17, 2005 || 4ACX12 || 5.75
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 60 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Model Misbehavior]]&quot; || Iúil 24, 2005 || 4ACX13 || 6.73
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 61 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter's Got Woods]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 11, 2005 || 4ACX14 || 9.22
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 62 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Perfect Castaway]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 18, 2005 || 4ACX15 || 8.68
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 63 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Jungle Love]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 25, 2005 || 4ACX16 || 8.56
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 64 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[PTV]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 2005 || 4ACX17 || 7.98
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 65 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian Goes Back to College]]&quot; || Samhain 13, 2005 || 4ACX18 || 9.2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 66 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Courtship of Stewie's Father]]&quot; || Samhain 20, 2005 || 4ACX19 || 9.08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 67 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Fat Guy Strangler]]&quot; || Samhain 27, 2005 || 4ACX20 || 9.85
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 68 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz]]&quot; || Nollaig 18, 2005 || 4ACX22 || 8.26
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 69 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian Sings and Swings]]&quot; || Eanáir 8, 2006 || 4ACX21 || 8.10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 70 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Patriot Games]]&quot; || Eanáir 29, 2006 || 4ACX25 || 9.08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 71 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Take Thee Quagmire]]&quot; || Márta 12, 2006 || 4ACX23 || 8.06
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 72 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Sibling Rivalry]]&quot; || Márta 26, 2006 || 4ACX24 || 7.95
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 73 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Deep Throats]]&quot; || Aibreán 9, 2006 || 4ACX26 || 7.88
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 74 || 24 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peterotica]]&quot; || Aibreán 23, 2006 || 4ACX27 || 7.82
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 75 || 25 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[You May Now Kiss the... Uh... Guy Who Receives]]&quot; || Aibreán 30, 2006 || 4ACX28 || 7.82
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 76 || 26 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Petergeist]]&quot; || Bealtaine 7, 2006 || 4ACX29 || 7.85
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 77 || 27 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Griffin Family History]]&quot; || Bealtaine 14, 2006 || 4ACX30 || 7.87
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 78 || 28 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stewie B. Goode]]&quot; (Cuid 1) || Bealtaine 21, 2006 || 4ACX05 || 7.88
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 79 || 29 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bango Was His Name, Oh!]]&quot; (Cuid 2) || Bealtaine 21, 2006 || 4ACX06 || 7.88
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 80 || 30 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stu and Stewie's Excellent Adventure]]&quot; (Cuid 3) || Bealtaine 21, 2006 || 4ACX07 || 7.88
|}

===Séasúr 5===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 5)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#f93;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#f93;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#f93;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#f93;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#f93;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#f93;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 81 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stewie Loves Lois]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 10, 2006 || 4ACX32 || 9.93
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 82 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mother Tucker]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 17, 2006 || 4ACX31 || 9.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 83 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hell Comes to Quahog]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 24, 2006 || 4ACX33 || 9.66
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 84 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Saving Private Brian]]&quot; || Samhain 5, 2006 || 4ACX34 || 8.45
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 85 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Whistle While Your Wife Works]]&quot; || Samhain 12, 2006 || 4ACX35 || 9.04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 86 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Prick Up Your Ears]]&quot; || Samhain 19, 2006 || 5ACX01 || 9.3
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 87 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Chick Cancer]]&quot; || Samhain 26, 2006 || 5ACX02 || 9.49
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 88 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Barely Legal]]&quot; || Nollaig 17, 2006 || 5ACX03 || 8.48
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 89 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Road to Rupert]]&quot; || Eanáir 28, 2007 || 5ACX04 || 8.8
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 90 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|[[&quot;Peter's Two Dads]]&quot; || Feabhra 11, 2007 || 5ACX05 || 7.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 91 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Tan Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]&quot; || Feabhra 18, 2007 || 5ACX06 || 8.53
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 92 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Airport '07]]&quot; || Márta 4, 2007 || 5ACX08 || 8.59
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 93 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bill and Peter's Bogus Journey]]&quot; || Márta 11, 2007 || 5ACX07 || 8.05
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 94 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[No Meals on Wheels]]&quot; || Márta 25, 2007 || 5ACX09 || 7.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 95 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Boys Do Cry]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 2007 || 5ACX10 || 8.13
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 96 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[No Chris Left Behind]]&quot; || Bealtaine 6, 2007 || 5ACX11 || 7.95
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 97 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One]]&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 2007 || 5ACX12 || 7.21
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 98 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Meet the Quagmires]]&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2007 || 5ACX13 || 9.15
|}

===Séasúr 6===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 6)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3212d;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3212d;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3212d;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3212d;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3212d;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#d3212d;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 99 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Blue Harvest]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 23, 2007 || 5ACX16&lt;br&gt;5ACX22 || 10.86
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 100 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Movin' Out (Brian's Song)]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 2007 || 5ACX14 || 7.95
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 101 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Believe It or Not, Joe's Walking on Air]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 7, 2007 || 5ACX15 || 8.39
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 102 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stewie Kills Lois]]&quot; (Cuid 1) || Samhain 4, 2007 || 5ACX17 || 10.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 103 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lois Kills Stewie]]&quot; (Cuid 2) || Samhain 11, 2007 || 5ACX18 || 10.42
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 104 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Padre de Familia]]&quot; || Samhain 18, 2007 || 5ACX20 || 10.53
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 105 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter's Daughter]]&quot; || Samhain 25, 2007 || 5ACX21 || 9.60
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 106 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[McStroke]]&quot; || Eanáir 13, 2008 || 5ACX19 || 11.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 107 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Back to the Woods]]&quot; || Feabhra 17, 2008 || 6ACX02 || 7.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 108 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Play It Again, Brian]]&quot; || Márta 2, 2008 || 6ACX01 || 7.80
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 109 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Former Life of Brian]]&quot; || Aibreán 27, 2008 || 6ACX04 || 8.49
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 110 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Long John Peter]]&quot; || Bealtaine 4, 2008 || 6ACX06 || 7.68
|}

===Séasúr 7===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 7)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fbec5d;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fbec5d;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fbec5d;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fbec5d;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fbec5d;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#fbec5d;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 111 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[&quot;Love, Blactually]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 28, 2008 || 6ACX03 || 9.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 112 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I Dream of Jesus]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 5, 2008 || 6ACX05 || 8.42
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 113 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Road to Germany]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 19, 2008 || 6ACX08 || 9.07
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 114 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Baby Not on Board]]&quot; || Samhain 2, 2008 || 6ACX07 ||  9.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 115 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Man with Two Brians]]&quot; || Samhain 9, 2008 || 6ACX09 || 8.60
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 116 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Tales of a Third Grade Nothing]]&quot; || Samhain 16, 2008 || 6ACX10 || 8.52
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 117 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Ocean's Three and a Half]]&quot; || Feabhra 15, 2009 || 6ACX11 || 7.33
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 118 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Family Gay]]&quot; || Márta 8, 2009 || 6ACX12 || 7.18
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 119 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Juice Is Loose]]&quot; || Márta 15, 2009 || 6ACX13 || 7.21
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 120 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fox-y Lady]]&quot; || Márta 22, 2009 || 6ACX14 || 7.45
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 121 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Not All Dogs Go to Heaven]]&quot; || Márta 29, 2009 || 6ACX17 || 8.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 122 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[420 (Family Guy)|420]]&quot; || Aibreán 19, 2009 || 6ACX16 || 7.40
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 123 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stew-Roids]]&quot; || Aibreán 26, 2009 || 6ACX18 || 6.80
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 124 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[We Love You, Conrad]]&quot; || Bealtaine 3, 2009 || 6ACX19 || 6.67
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 125 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Three Kings]]&quot; || Bealtaine 10, 2009 || 6ACX15 || 6.47
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 126 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter's Progress]]&quot; || Bealtaine 17, 2009 || 6ACX20 || 7.33
|}

===Séasúr 8===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 8)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:skyBlue;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:skyBlue;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:skyBlue;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:skyBlue;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:skyBlue;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:skyBlue;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 127 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Road to the Multiverse]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 27, 2009 || 7ACX06 || 10.17
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 128 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Family Goy]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 4, 2009 || 7ACX01 || 9.66
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 129 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Spies Reminiscent of Us]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 11, 2009 || 7ACX03 || 8.88
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 130 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian's Got a Brand New Bag]]&quot; || Samhain 8, 2009 || 7ACX02 || 7.38
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 131 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hannah Banana]]&quot; || Samhain 8, 2009 || 7ACX05 || 7.73
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 132 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Quagmire's Baby]]&quot; || Samhain 15, 2009 || 7ACX04 || 8.28
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 133 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Jerome Is the New Black]]&quot; || Samhain 22, 2009 || 7ACX08 || 7.38
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 134 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dog Gone]]&quot; || Samhain 29, 2009 || 7ACX07 || 8.48
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 135 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Business Guy]]&quot; || Nollaig 13, 2009 || 7ACX11 || 7.67
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 136 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Big Man on Hippocampus]]&quot; || Eanáir 3, 2010 || 7ACX09 || 8.10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 137 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dial Meg for Murder]]&quot; || Eanáir 31, 2010 || 7ACX12 || 6.21
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 138 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Extra Large Medium]]&quot; || Feabhra 14, 2010 || 7ACX14 || 6.42
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 139 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Go, Stewie, Go!]]&quot; || Márta 14, 2010 || 7ACX15 || 6.72
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 140 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter-assment]]&quot; || Márta 21, 2010 || 7ACX16 || 6.65
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 141 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian Griffin's House of Payne]]&quot; || Márta 28, 2010 || 7ACX13 || 7.27
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 142 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[April in Quahog]]&quot; || Aibreán 11, 2010 || 7ACX18 || 6.93
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 143 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian &amp; Stewie]]&quot; || Bealtaine 2, 2010 || 7ACX20 || 7.68
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 144 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Quagmire's Dad]]&quot; || Bealtaine 9, 2010 || 7ACX19 || 7.22
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 145 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Splendid Source]]&quot; || Bealtaine 16, 2010 || 7ACX17 || 7.59
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 146 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Something, Something, Something, Dark Side]]&quot; || Bealtaine 23, 2010 || 6ACX21&lt;br&gt;6ACX22 || 6.13
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 147 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Partial Terms of Endearment]]&quot; || Meitheamh 20, 2010 ([[BBC Three]]) || 7ACX10 || {{n/a}}
|}

===Séasúr 9===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 9)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#192870;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#192870;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#192870;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#192870;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#192870;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#192870;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 148 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[And Then There Were Fewer]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 26, 2010 || 8ACX01&lt;br&gt;8ACX02 || 9.41
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 149 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Excellence in Broadcasting]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 3, 2010 || 8ACX03 || 7.94
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 150 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Welcome Back, Carter]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 10, 2010 || 8ACX04 || 7.02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 151 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Halloween on Spooner Street]]&quot; || Samhain 7, 2010 || 8ACX06 || 7.97
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 152 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Baby, You Knock Me Out]]&quot; || Samhain 14, 2010 || 8ACX05 || 7.00
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 153 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian Writes a Bestseller]]&quot; || Samhain 21, 2010 || 8ACX07 || 6.59
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 154 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Road to the North Pole]]&quot; || Nollaig 12, 2010 || 8ACX08&lt;br&gt;8ACX09 || 8.03
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 155 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[New Kidney in Town]]&quot; || Eanáir 9, 2011 || 8ACX10 || 9.29
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 156 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[And I'm Joyce Kinney]]&quot; || Eanáir 16, 2011 || 8ACX12 || 7.08
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 157 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Friends of Peter G.]]&quot; || Feabhra 13, 2011 || 8ACX13 || 5.99
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 158 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[German Guy]]&quot; || Feabhra 20, 2011 || 8ACX14 || 6.56
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 159 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair]]&quot; || Márta 6, 2011 || 8ACX11 || 6.32
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 160 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Trading Places]]&quot; || Márta 20, 2011 || 8ACX17 || 6.55
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 161 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Tiegs for Two]]&quot; || Aibreán 10, 2011 || 8ACX16 || 6.61
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 162 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brothers &amp; Sisters]]&quot; || Aibreán 17, 2011 || 8ACX15 || 6.04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 163 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Big Bang Theory]]&quot; || Bealtaine 8, 2011 || 8ACX18 || 6.52
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 164 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Foreign Affairs]]&quot; || Bealtaine 15, 2011 || 8ACX19 || 6.55
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 165 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[It's a Trap!]]&quot; || Bealtaine 22, 2011 || 7ACX21&lt;br&gt;7ACX22 || 5.83
|}

===Séasúr 10===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 10)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9cd298;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9cd298;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9cd298;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9cd298;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9cd298;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#9cd298;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 166 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lottery Fever]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 25, 2011 || 9ACX01 || 7.69
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 167 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Seahorse Seashell Party]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 2, 2011 || 8ACX20 || 6.99
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 168 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Screams of Silence: The Story of Brenda Q]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 30, 2011 || 8ACX21 || 5.96
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 169 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stewie Goes for a Drive]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 2011 || 9ACX02 || 5.82
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 170 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Back to the Pilot]]&quot; || Samhain 13, 2011 || 9ACX08 || 6.01
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 171 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Thanksgiving]]&quot; || Samhain 20, 2011 || 9ACX04 || 6.02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 172 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Amish Guy]]&quot; || Samhain 27, 2011 || 8ACX22 || 5.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 173 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Cool Hand Peter]]&quot; || Nollaig 4, 2011 || 9ACX05 || 7.14
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 174 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Grumpy Old Man]]&quot; || Nollaig 11, 2011 || 9ACX07 || 6.10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 175 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Meg and Quagmire]]&quot; || Eanáir 8, 2012 || 9ACX03 || 6.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 176 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Blind Side]]&quot; || Eanáir 15, 2012 || 9ACX06 || 8.31
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 177 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Livin' on a Prayer]]&quot; || Eanáir 29, 2012 || 9ACX09 || 5.92
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 178 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Tom Tucker: The Man and His Dream]]&quot; || Feabhra 12, 2012 || 9ACX10 || 5.03
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 179 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Be Careful What You Fish For]]&quot; || Feabhra 19, 2012 || 9ACX11 || 5.39
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 180 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Burning Down the Bayit]]&quot; || Márta 4, 2012 || 9ACX13 || 5.33
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 181 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Killer Queen]]&quot; || Márta 11, 2012 || 9ACX12 || 5.74
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 182 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Forget-Me-Not]]&quot; || Márta 18, 2012 || 9ACX14 || 5.61
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 183 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[You Can't Do That on Television, Peter]]&quot; || Aibreán 1, 2012 || 9ACX15 || 5.05
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 184 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mr. and Mrs. Stewie]]&quot; || Aibreán 29, 2012 || 9ACX17 || 5.63
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 185 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Leggo My Meg-O]]&quot; || Bealtaine 6, 2012 || 9ACX16 || 5.64
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 186 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Tea Peter]]&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 2012 || 9ACX18 || 4.94
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 187 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Family Guy Viewer Mail #2]]&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2012 || 9ACX19 || 5.35
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 188 || 23 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Internal Affairs]]&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2012 || 9ACX20 || 5.35
|}

===Séasúr 11===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 11)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#000000;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 189 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Into Fat Air]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 2012 || 9ACX21 || 6.55
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 190 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Ratings Guy]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 7, 2012 || AACX01 || 6.70
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 191 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Old Man and the Big 'C']]&quot; || Samhain 4, 2012 || 9ACX22 || 5.11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 192 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Yug Ylimaf]]&quot; || Samhain 11, 2012 || AACX04 || 5.57
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 193 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Joe's Revenge]]&quot; || Samhain 18, 2012 || AACX03 || 5.14
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 194 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Lois Comes Out of Her Shell]]&quot; || Samhain 25, 2012 || AACX05 || 5.77
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 195 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Friends Without Benefits]]&quot; || Nollaig 9, 2012 || AACX02 || 5.64
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 196 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Jesus, Mary and Joseph!]]&quot; || Nollaig 23, 2012 || AACX07 || 5.49
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 197 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Space Cadet]]&quot; || Eanáir 6, 2013 || AACX06 || 7.21
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 198 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian's Play]]&quot; || Eanáir 13, 2013 || AACX08 || 6.01
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 199 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Giggity Wife]]&quot; || Eanáir 27, 2013 || AACX09 || 5.63
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 200 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Valentine's Day in Quahog]]&quot; || Feabhra 10, 2013 || AACX11 || 4.71
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 201 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Chris Cross]]&quot; || Feabhra 17, 2013 || AACX10 || 4.87
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 202 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Call Girl]]&quot; || Márta 10, 2013 || AACX12 || 5.27
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 203 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Turban Cowboy]]&quot; || Márta 17, 2013 || AACX13 || 4.92
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 204 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[12 and a Half Angry Men]]&quot; || Márta 24, 2013 || AACX14 || 5.16
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 205 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bigfat]]&quot; || Aibreán 14, 2013 || AACX15 || 5.02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 206 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Total Recall (Family Guy)|Total Recall]]&quot; || Aibreán 28, 2013 || AACX16 || 4.89
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 207 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Save the Clam]]&quot; || Bealtaine 5, 2013 || AACX18 || 4.79
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 208 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Farmer Guy]]&quot; || Bealtaine 12, 2013 || AACX19 || 4.82
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 209 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Roads to Vegas]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 2013 || AACX20 || 5.28
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 210 || 22 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[No Country Club for Old Men]]&quot; || Bealtaine 19, 2013 || AACX21 || 5.16
|}

===Séasúr 12===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 12)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 211 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Finders Keepers]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 29, 2013 || BACX01 || 5.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 212 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Vestigial Peter]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 6, 2013 || BACX02 || 5.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 213 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Quagmire's Quagmire]]&quot; || Samhain 3, 2013 || BACX03 || 4.87
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 214 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Fistful of Meg]]&quot; || Samhain 10, 2013 || AACX22 || 4.18
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 215 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Boopa-dee Bappa-dee]]&quot; || Samhain 17, 2013 || BACX04 || 4.46
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 216 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Life of Brian]]&quot; || Samhain 24, 2013 || BACX05 || 4.58
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 217 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Into Harmony's Way]]&quot; || Nollaig 8, 2013 || BACX06 || 5.36
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 218 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Christmas Guy]]&quot; || Nollaig 15, 2013 || BACX07 || 6.37
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 219 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter Problems]]&quot; || Eanáir 5, 2014 || BACX08 || 5.76
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 220 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Grimm Job]]&quot; || Eanáir 12, 2014 || BACX09 || 5.22
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 221 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian's a Bad Father]]&quot; || Eanáir 26, 2014 || BACX10 || 4.11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 222 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mom's the Word]]&quot; || Márta 9, 2014 || BACX11 || 4.56
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 223 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[3 Acts of God]]&quot; || Márta 16, 2014 || AACX17 || 4.62
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 224 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fresh Heir]]&quot; || Márta 23, 2014 || BACX13 || 4.38
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 225 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Secondhand Spoke]]&quot; || Márta 30, 2014 || BACX12 || 4.17
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 226 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Herpe the Love Sore]]&quot; || Aibreán 6, 2014 || BACX16 || 4.77
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 227 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Most Interesting Man in the World]]&quot; || Aibreán 13, 2014 || BACX14 || 4.39
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 228 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Baby Got Black]]&quot; || Aibreán 27, 2014 || BACX15 || 4.02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 229 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Meg Stinks!]]&quot; || Bealtaine 4, 2014 || BACX17 || 4.40
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 230 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[He's Bla-ack!]]&quot; || Bealtaine 11, 2014 || BACX19 || 4.16
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 231 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Chap Stewie]]&quot; || Bealtaine 18, 2014 || BACX18 || 3.88
|}

===Séasúr 13===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 13)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#8c2528;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#8c2528;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#8c2528;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#8c2528;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#8c2528;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#8c2528;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 232 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Simpsons Guy]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 28, 2014 || BACX22/BACX23 || 8.45&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/09/30/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-csi-adjusted-down/308631/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time', 'Resurrection' &amp; 'Revenge' Adjusted Up; 'CSI' Adjusted Down|obair=[[TV by the Numbers]]|foilsitheoir=[[Zap2it]]|dáta=Meán Fómhair 30, 2014|dátarochtana=Meán Fómhair 30, 2014|archivedate=2014-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001164212/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/09/30/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-csi-adjusted-down/308631/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 233 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Book of Joe]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 5, 2014 || CACX01 || 3.63&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/07/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/311599/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: ‘Once Upon a Time’, ‘Resurrection’ &amp; ‘Revenge’ Adjusted Up; ‘Madam Secretary’ Adjusted Down|obair=TVbytheNumbers|dátarochtana=8 Deireadh Fómhair 2014|archivedate=2014-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009022811/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/07/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-resurrection-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/311599/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 234 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Baking Bad]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 19, 2014 || BACX20 || 4.74&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/21/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-mulaney-adjusted-down/317481/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: ‘The Simpsons &amp; ‘Madam Secretary’ Adjusted Up; ‘Mulaney’ Adjusted Down|obair=TVbytheNumbers|dátarochtana=21 Deireadh Fómhair 2014|archivedate=2014-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023121705/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/21/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-mulaney-adjusted-down/317481/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 235 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian the Closer]]&quot; || Samhain 9, 2014 || BACX21 || 3.63&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/11/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-brooklyn-nine-nine-adjusted-up/326064/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: ‘The Simpsons’ &amp; ‘Brooklyn Nine-Nine’ Adjusted Up|obair=TVbytheNumbers|dátarochtana=12 Samhain 2014|archivedate=13 Samhain 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113192557/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/11/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-brooklyn-nine-nine-adjusted-up/326064/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 236 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Turkey Guys]]&quot; || Samhain 16, 2014 || CACX02 || 4.46&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/18/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-americas-funniest-home-videos-adjusted-up-final-football-numbers/328882/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: ‘The Simpsons’ &amp; ‘America's Funniest Home Videos’ Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers|obair=TVbytheNumbers|dátarochtana=18 Samhain 2014|archivedate=20 Samhain 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120164004/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/18/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-americas-funniest-home-videos-adjusted-up-final-football-numbers/328882/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 237 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The 2000-Year-Old Virgin]]&quot; || Nollaig 7, 2014 || CACX03 || 4.44&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/09/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-family-guy-adjusted-up-60-minutes-adjusted-down-final-football-numbers/337039/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The SImpsons' &amp; 'Family Guy' Adjusted Up, '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down &amp; Final Football Numbers|obair=TVbytheNumbers|dátarochtana=Nollaig 9 2014|archivedate=2015-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110045922/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/09/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-family-guy-adjusted-up-60-minutes-adjusted-down-final-football-numbers/337039/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 238 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stewie, Chris, &amp; Brian's Excellent Adventure]]&quot; || Eanáir 4, 2015 || CACX04 || 5.53&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/07/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-madam-secretary-brooklyn-nine-nine-the-celebrity-apprentice-bobs-burgers-csi-adjusted-up/347466/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons', 'Madam Secretary', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine', 'The Celebrity Apprentice', 'Bob's Burgers' and 'CSI' Adjusted Up|last=Bibel|first=Sara|obair=TV by the Numbers|dáta=Eanáir 7, 2015|dátarochtana=Eanáir 7, 2015|archivedate=Feabhra 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227071518/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/07/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-madam-secretary-brooklyn-nine-nine-the-celebrity-apprentice-bobs-burgers-csi-adjusted-up/347466/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 239 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Our Idiot Brian]]&quot; || Eanáir 11, 2015 || CACX05 || 4.12&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/13/sunday-final-ratings-the-good-wife-adjusted-up-final-ratings-for-the-golden-globe-awards-nfl/349625/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Good Wife' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for 'The Golden Globes' &amp; NFL|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|obair=TV by the Numbers|dáta=Eanáir 13, 2015|dátarochtana=Eanáir 13, 2015|archivedate=Eanáir 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114225825/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/13/sunday-final-ratings-the-good-wife-adjusted-up-final-ratings-for-the-golden-globe-awards-nfl/349625/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 240 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[This Little Piggy]]&quot; || Eanáir 25, 2015 || CACX06 || 3.19&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/27/sunday-final-ratings-no-adjustment-for-galavant-revenge-or-csi/355998/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: No Adjustments for 'Galavant', 'Revenge' or 'CSI'|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|obair=TV by the Numbers|dáta=Eanáir 27, 2015|dátarochtana=Eanáir 28, 2015|archivedate=Eanáir 30, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130011409/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/27/sunday-final-ratings-no-adjustment-for-galavant-revenge-or-csi/355998/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 241 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Quagmire's Mom]]&quot; || Feabhra 8, 2015 || CACX07 || 2.81&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/10/sunday-final-ratings-grammy-awards-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-for-brooklyn-nine-nine-or-bobs-burgers/361381/|teideal=Sunday Final Ratings: Grammy Awards Adjusted Down; No Adjustment for 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' or 'Bob's Burgers'|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|obair=TV by the Numbers|dáta=Feabhra 10, 2015|dátarochtana=Feabhra 10, 2015|archivedate=Feabhra 10, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210202457/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/10/sunday-final-ratings-grammy-awards-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-for-brooklyn-nine-nine-or-bobs-burgers/361381/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 242 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Encyclopedia Griffin]]&quot; || Feabhra 15, 2015 || CACX08 || 2.51&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.digitalspy.com.au/ustv/s195/the-simpsons/news/a629404/sunday-ratings-saturday-night-live-anniversary-special-wins-night.html?utm_source=twt&amp;utm_medium=snets&amp;utm_campaign=twitter#~p4wVgKdRTGvJQY |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-02-17 |archivedate=2015-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225600/http://www.digitalspy.com.au/ustv/s195/the-simpsons/news/a629404/sunday-ratings-saturday-night-live-anniversary-special-wins-night.html?utm_source=twt&amp;utm_medium=snets&amp;utm_campaign=twitter#~p4wVgKdRTGvJQY }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 243 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Stewie is Enceinte]]&quot; || Marta 8, 2015 || CACX09 || 3.98&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/10/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-bobs-burgers-family-guy-brooklyn-nine-nine-revenge-adjusted-up/373065/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-03-20 |archivedate=2015-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312100103/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/10/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-bobs-burgers-family-guy-brooklyn-nine-nine-revenge-adjusted-up/373065/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 244 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dr. C and the Women]]&quot; || Márta 15, 2015 || CACX10 || 3.45&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/17/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-secrets-lies-battle-creek-60-minutes-adjusted-up/375679/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-03-20 |archivedate=2015-03-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318233904/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/17/sunday-final-ratings-the-last-man-on-earth-secrets-lies-battle-creek-60-minutes-adjusted-up/375679/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 245 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[JOLO|#JOLO]]&quot; || Aibreán 12, 2015 || CACX11 || 3.11&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/14/sunday-final-ratings-americas-funniest-home-videos-adjusted-up-mad-secretary-the-good-wife-60-minutes-adjusted-down/388684/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-04-24 |archivedate=2015-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416215644/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/14/sunday-final-ratings-americas-funniest-home-videos-adjusted-up-mad-secretary-the-good-wife-60-minutes-adjusted-down/388684/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 246 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Once Bitten]]&quot; || Aibreán 19, 2015 || CACX12 || 3.45&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/21/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-secrets-acm-awards-american-odyssey-adjusted-down/392401/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-04-24 |archivedate=2015-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233929/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/21/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-secrets-acm-awards-american-odyssey-adjusted-down/392401/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 247 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Roasted Guy]]&quot; || Aibreán 26, 2015 || CACX13 || 3.17&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/28/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-adjusted-up-no-adjustments-to-once-upon-a-time/395350/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-05-03 |archivedate=2015-04-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430232159/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/04/28/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-adjusted-up-no-adjustments-to-once-upon-a-time/395350/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 248 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fighting Irish]]&quot; || Bealtaine 3, 2015 || CACX15 || 3.68&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/05/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-secrets-and-lies-adjusted-up/399471/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-05-25 |archivedate=2015-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506201931/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/05/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-secrets-and-lies-adjusted-up/399471/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 249 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Take My Wife]]&quot; || Bealtaine 17, 2015 || CACX14 || 2.85&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/19/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-billboard-music-awards-adjusted-up/405808/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-05-25 |archivedate=2015-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520231857/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/05/19/sunday-final-ratings-the-simpsons-billboard-music-awards-adjusted-up/405808/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 14===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 14)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#AE054E;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#AE054E;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#AE054E;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#AE054E;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#AE054E;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#AE054E;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 250 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Pilling Them Softly]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 27, 2015 || CACX17 || 2.87&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/29/sunday-final-ratings-bobs-burgers-adjusted-down-60-minutes-adjusted-up-sunday-night-football/473898/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-03 |archivedate=2015-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930221125/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/29/sunday-final-ratings-bobs-burgers-adjusted-down-60-minutes-adjusted-up-sunday-night-football/473898/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 251 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Papa Has a Rollin' Son]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 4, 2015 || CACX18 || 3.56&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/06/sunday-final-ratings-blood-oil-simpsons-adjusted-up-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/476816/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-09 |archivedate=2015-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007141204/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/06/sunday-final-ratings-blood-oil-simpsons-adjusted-up-madam-secretary-adjusted-down/476816/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 252 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Guy, Robot]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 11, 2015 || DACX02 || 2.79&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/13/sunday-final-ratings-oct-11-2015/477642/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-10-16 |archivedate=2015-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013183517/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/13/sunday-final-ratings-oct-11-2015/477642/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 253 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peternormal Activity]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 25, 2015 || CACX16 || 3.85&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/27/sunday-final-ratings-oct-25-2015/480723/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-22 |archivedate=2015-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028134518/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/27/sunday-final-ratings-oct-25-2015/480723/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 254 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hot Pocket-Dial]]&quot; || Samhain 8, 2015 || DACX03 || 2.58&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/10/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-and-once-upon-a-time-adjust-up/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-22 |archivedate=2015-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112172948/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/10/sunday-final-ratings-family-guy-and-once-upon-a-time-adjust-up/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 255 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter's Sister]]&quot; || Samhain 15, 2015 || DACX04 || 2.91&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/17/sunday-final-ratings-nov-15-2015/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-22 |archivedate=2015-11-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118155245/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/17/sunday-final-ratings-nov-15-2015/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 256 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hot Pocket-Dial]]&quot; || Samhain 22, 2015 || DACX06 || 3.37&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-final-ratings-nov-22-2015/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-22 |archivedate=2016-03-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328082544/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-final-ratings-nov-22-2015/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 257 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brokeback Swanson]]&quot; || Nollaig 6, 2015 || DACX07 || 3.63&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/08/sunday-final-ratings-dec-6-2015/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-22 |archivedate=2015-12-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210012909/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/08/sunday-final-ratings-dec-6-2015/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 258 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Shot in the Dark]]&quot; || Nollaig 13, 2015 || DACX05 || 3.74&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/15/sunday-final-ratings-dec-13-15/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-22 |archivedate=2015-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218054755/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/15/sunday-final-ratings-dec-13-15/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 259 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Candy, Quahog Marshmallow]]&quot; || 3 Eanáir, 2016 || DACX01 || 3.26&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/06/sunday-final-ratings-jan-3-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-01-09 |archivedate=2016-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106203505/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/06/sunday-final-ratings-jan-3-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 260 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Peanut Butter Kid]]&quot; || 10 Eanáir, 2016 || DACX08 || 3.92&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/12/sunday-final-ratings-jan-10-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-01-16 |archivedate=2016-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114162250/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/12/sunday-final-ratings-jan-10-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 261 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Scammed Yankees]]&quot; || 17 Eanáir, 2016 || DACX09 || 3.40&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/20/sunday-final-ratings-jan-17-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-01-22 |archivedate=2016-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122084735/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/20/sunday-final-ratings-jan-17-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 262 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[An App a Day]]&quot; || 14 Feabhra, 2016 || DACX12 || 2.57&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/17/sunday-final-ratings-feb-14-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-02-19 |archivedate=2016-02-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091514/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/17/sunday-final-ratings-feb-14-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 263 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Underage Peter]]&quot; || 21 Feabhra, 2016 || DACX13 || 2.72&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/23/sunday-final-ratings-feb-21-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-02-26 |archivedate=2016-02-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224084346/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/23/sunday-final-ratings-feb-21-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 264 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Lot Going on Upstairs]]&quot; || 6 Márta, 2016 || DACX11 || 2.74&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/08/sunday-final-ratings-march-6-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-03-12 |archivedate=2016-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015906/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/08/sunday-final-ratings-march-6-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 265 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Heartbreak Dog]]&quot; || 13 Márta, 2016 || DACX14 || 2.98&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/15/sunday-final-ratings-march-13-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-03-19 |archivedate=2016-03-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316003439/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/15/sunday-final-ratings-march-13-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 266 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Take a Letter]]&quot; || 17 Aibreán, 2016 || DACX15 || 2.93&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/19/sunday-final-ratings-april-17-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-04-22 |archivedate=2016-04-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419165444/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/19/sunday-final-ratings-april-17-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 267 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The New Adventures of Old Tom]]&quot; || 8 Bealtaine, 2016 || DACX16 || 2.76&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/10/sunday-final-ratings-may-8-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-05-14 |archivedate=2016-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511034215/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/10/sunday-final-ratings-may-8-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 268 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Run, Chris, Run]]&quot; || 15 Bealtaine, 2016 || DACX17 || 2.65&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/17/sunday-final-ratings-may-15-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-05-20 |archivedate=2016-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518101750/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/17/sunday-final-ratings-may-15-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 269 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Road to India]]&quot; || 22 Bealtaine, 2016 || DACX18 || 2.59&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/24/sunday-final-ratings-may-22-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-05-27 |archivedate=2016-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525123318/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/24/sunday-final-ratings-may-22-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 15===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 15)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#75A1CD;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 270 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Boys in the Band]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 25, 2016 || EACX01 || 2.80&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/09/27/sunday-final-ratings-sept-25-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-09-30 |archivedate=2016-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928162621/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/09/27/sunday-final-ratings-sept-25-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 271 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bookie of the Year]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 2, 2016 || DACX10 || 3.47&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/10/04/sunday-final-ratings-oct-2-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-07 |archivedate=2016-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142902/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/10/04/sunday-final-ratings-oct-2-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 272 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[American Gigg-olo]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 16, 2016 || DACX19 || 3.68&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-16-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-21 |archivedate=2016-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019075652/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-16-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 273 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Inside Family Guy]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 23, 2016 || DACX20 || 2.49&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-23-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-28 |archivedate=2016-10-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080120/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-23-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 274 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Chris Has Got a Date, Date, Date, Date, Date]]&quot; || Samhain 6, 2016 || EACX02 || 2.60&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-6-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-11 |archivedate=2016-11-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021813/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-6-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 275 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Hot Shots]]&quot; || Samhain 13, 2016 || EACX03 || 3.58&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-13-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-18 |archivedate=2016-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021210/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-13-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 276 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[High School English]]&quot; || Samhain 20, 2016 || EACX03 || 2.74&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-20-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-26 |archivedate=2016-11-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222403/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-20-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 277 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Carter and Tricia]]&quot; || Nollaig 4, 2016 || EACX05 || 3.45&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-4-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-12-09 |archivedate=2016-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207152503/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-4-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 278 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[How the Griffin Stole Christmas]]&quot; || Nollaig 11, 2016 || EACX06 || 3.05&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-11-2016/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-12-16 |archivedate=2016-12-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220141642/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-11-2016/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 279 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Passenger Fatty-Seven]]&quot; || Eanáir 8, 2016 || EACX07 || 4.00&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-8-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-01-11 |archivedate=2017-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111154350/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-8-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 280 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Gronkowsbees]]&quot; || Eanáir 15, 2016 || EACX08 || 3.55&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-15-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-01-20 |archivedate=2017-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119051636/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-15-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 281 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter's Def Jam]]&quot; || Feabhra 12, 2017 || EACX09 || 1.86&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-12-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-02-18 |archivedate=2017-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214164530/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-12-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 282 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Finer Strings]]&quot; || Feabhra 19, 2017 || EACX10 || 2.26&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-12-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-02-18 |archivedate=2017-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214164530/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-feb-12-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 283 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Dating Game]]&quot; || Márta 5, 2017 || EACX11 || 2.48&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-5-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-03-17 |archivedate=2017-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308121255/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-5-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 284 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Cop and a Half-wit]]&quot; || Márta 12, 2017 || EACX12 || 2.51&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-march-12-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-03-17 |archivedate=2017-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054423/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-sunday-march-12-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 285 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Saturated Fat Guy]]&quot; || Márta 19, 2017 || EACX13 || 2.34&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-19-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-03-26 |archivedate=2017-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324051507/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-19-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 286 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter's Lost Youth]]&quot; || Márta 26, 2017 || EACX14 || 2.17&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-26-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-01 |archivedate=2017-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330180012/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-26-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 287 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Peter Principal]]&quot; || Aibreán 30, 2017 || EACX16 || 2.42&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-30-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-05-05 |archivedate=2017-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503230934/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-30-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 288 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dearly Deported]]&quot; || Bealtaine 21, 2017 || EACX17 || 2.14&lt;ref name=&quot;finale&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-21-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-08-18 |archivedate=2017-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523182926/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-21-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 289 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A House Full of Peters]]&quot; || Bealtaine 21, 2017 || EACX19 || 2.14&lt;ref name=&quot;finale&quot;/&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 16===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 16)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A52A2A;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A52A2A;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A52A2A;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A52A2A;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A52A2A;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#A52A2A;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 290 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Emmy-Winning Episode]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 1, 2017 || FACX06 || 2.80&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-1-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-06 |archivedate=2017-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003211758/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-1-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 291 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Foxx in the Men House]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 8, 2017 || EACX20 || 3.05&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-8-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-13 |archivedate=2017-10-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014180641/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-8-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 292 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Nanny Goats]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 15, 2017 || FACX02 || 2.54&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-15-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-20 |archivedate=2017-10-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026010152/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-15-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 293 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Follow the Money]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 22, 2017 || EACX15 || 2.69&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-22-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-10-27 |archivedate=2017-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028050230/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-oct-22-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 294 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Three Directors]]&quot; || Samhain 5, 2017 || EACX18 || 2.31&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-5-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-11-10 |archivedate=2017-11-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108090819/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-5-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 295 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The D in Apartment 23]]&quot; || Samhain 12, 2017 || FACX03 || 3.11&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-12-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-11-17 |archivedate=2017-11-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202430/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-12-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 296 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Petey IV]]&quot; || Samhain 19, 2017 || FACX04 || 2.08&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-19-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-11-26 |archivedate=2017-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034307/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-nov-19-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 297 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Crimes and Meg's Demeanor]]&quot; || Nollaig 3, 2017 || FACX05 || 2.59&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-3-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-12-08 |archivedate=2017-12-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220153936/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-3-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 298 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas]]&quot; || Nollaig 10, 2017 || FACX07 || 2.98&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-10-2017/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-12-15 |archivedate=2017-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010915/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-dec-10-2017/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 299 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Boy (Dog) Meets Girl (Dog)]]&quot; || Eanáir 7, 2017 || FACX09 || 3.40&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-7-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-01-09 |archivedate=2018-01-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110114642/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-7-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 300 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dog Bites Bear]]&quot; || Eanáir 14, 2017 || FACX01 || 4.10&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-14-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-01-26 |archivedate=2018-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010321/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-jan-14-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 301 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Send in Stewie, Please]]&quot; || Márta 18, 2017 || FACX10 || 2.24&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-18-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-14 |archivedate=2018-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320164316/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-18-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 302 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;V is for Mystery&quot; || Márta 25, 2017 || FACX08 || 1.91&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-25-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-14 |archivedate=2018-03-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327210934/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-march-25-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 303 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Veteran Guy&quot; || Aibreán 1, 2017 || FACX11 || 2.05&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-1-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-14 |archivedate=2018-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403184225/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-1-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 304 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;The Woof of Wall Street&quot; || Aibreán 8, 2017 || FACX12 || 1.93&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-8-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-14 |archivedate=2018-04-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201832/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-8-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 305 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;''Family Guy'' Through the Years&quot; || Aibreán 22, 2017 || FACX13 || 2.00&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-22-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-14 |archivedate=2018-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424191226/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-22-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 306 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Switch the Flip&quot; || Aibreán 29, 2017 || FACX14 || 2.26&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-29-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-14 |archivedate=2018-05-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224625/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-april-29-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 307 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;HTTPete&quot; || Bealtaine 6, 2017 || FACX15 || 1.92&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-6-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-14 |archivedate=2018-05-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508211822/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-6-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 308 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;The Unkindest Cut&quot; || Bealtaine 13, 2017 || FACX16 || 2.15&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-13-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-27 |archivedate=2018-05-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515191153/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-13-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 309 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Are You There God? It's Me, Peter&quot; || Bealtaine 20, 2017 || FACX17 || 1.83&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-20-2018/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2018-05-27 |archivedate=2018-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522212828/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-final-ratings-may-20-2018/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Séasúr 17===
{{Príomhalt|Family Guy (séasúr 17)}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#00bba2;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#00bba2;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#00bba2;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#00bba2;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#00bba2;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#00bba2;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 310 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Married... with Cancer&quot; || Meán Fómhair 30, 2018 || HACX02 || 2.57
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 311 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Dead Dog Walking&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 7, 2018 || HACX03 || 2.69
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 312 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Pal Stewie&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 14, 2018 || FACX18 || 1.99
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 313 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Big Trouble in Little Quahog&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 21, 2018 || FACX19 || 2.57
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 314 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Regarding Carter&quot; || Samhain 4, 2018 || HACX04 || 2.60
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 315 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Stand by Meg&quot; || Samhain 11, 2018 || HACX05 || 2.29
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 316 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;The Griffin Winter Games&quot; || Samhain 18, 2018 || HACX01 || 2.66
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 317 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Con Heiress&quot; || Nollaig 2, 2018 || HACX07 || 2.72
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 318 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Pawtucket Pete&quot; || Nollaig 9, 2018 || FACX20 || 3.50
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 319 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Hefty Shades of Gray&quot; || Eanáir 6, 2019 || HACX08 || 2.42
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 320 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Trump Guy]]&quot; || Eanáir 13, 2019 || HACX09 || 4.04
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 321 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Bri, Robot&quot; || Feabhra 10, 2019 || HACX10 || 1.81
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 322 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Trans-Fat&quot; || Feabhra 17, 2019 || HACX11 || 2.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 323 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Family Guy Lite&quot; || Márta 3, 2019 || HACX12 || 2.10
|}

==Rátálacha==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Séasúr
! Séasúr Teiifís
! Céim
! Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|-
| 1
| 1999
! 33&lt;ref name=&quot;1999Ratings&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/ratings/1998_1999.htm|teideal=1998-1999 Television Season Top Rated Shows|accessdate=2006-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031060351/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/ratings/1998_1999.htm|dátarochtana=2006-10-31|archivedate=2006-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 12.80&lt;ref name=&quot;1999Ratings&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2
| 1999-2000
! 114&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1999&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://fbibler.chez.com/tvstats/recent_data/1999-00.html |teideal=TV Ratings 1999–2000 |foilsitheoir=Fbibler.chez.com |dáta=2002-07-26 |dátarochtana=2011-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 6.32&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1999&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 3
| 2001-02
! 125&lt;ref name=&quot;season3ratings&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/2002/2002-05-28-year-end-chart.htm |teideal=How did your favorite show rate? |dátarochtana=2009-01-04 |dáta= 2002-05-28 |foilsitheoir=''USA Today''}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 4.50&lt;ref name=&quot;season3ratings&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 4
| 2005-06
! 68&lt;ref name=&quot;season4ratings&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002576393|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722095055/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002576393|dátarochtana=2009-07-03|obair=The Hollywood Reporter|foilsitheoir=Nielsen Business Media|teideal=Series|dáta=2006-05-26|archivedate=2010-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 7.90&lt;ref name=&quot;season4ratings&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 5
| 2006-07
! 71&lt;ref name=&quot;season5ratings&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|work=The Hollywood Reporter|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|date=2007-05-25|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/features/e3ifbfdd1bcb53266ad8d9a71cad261604f?pn=1|teideal=2006–07 primetime wrap|dátarochtana=2009-07-03}} {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 7.20&lt;ref name=&quot;season5ratings&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 6
| 2007-08
! 84&lt;ref name=&quot;season6ratings&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|publisher=ABC Medianet|date=2008-05-28|url=http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=052808_06|teideal= Season Program Rankings from 09/24/07 through 05/25/08|dátarochtana=2009-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 7.94&lt;ref name=&quot;season6ratings&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 7
| 2008-09
! 69&lt;ref name=&quot;season7ratings&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|publisher=ABC Medianet|date=2009-05-19|url=http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=051909_05|teideal= Season Program Rankings from 09/22/08 through 05/17/09 |dátarochtana=2009-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 7.56&lt;ref name=&quot;season7ratings&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 8
| 2009-10
! 53&lt;ref name=&quot;0910season&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|publisher=Deadline|date=2010-05-27|url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/05/full-series-rankings-for-the-2009-10-broadcast-season/|teideal= Full Series Rankings For The 2009–10 Broadcast Season |dátarochtana=2010-05-18|first=Nellie |last=Andreeva}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 7.73&lt;ref name=&quot;0910season&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 9
| 2010-11
! 56&lt;ref name=&quot;1011season&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|publisher=Deadline|date=2011-05-27|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/05/full-2010-11-season-series-rankers/|teideal= Full 2010–2011 TV Season Series Rankings |dátarochtana=2011-05-28|first=Nellie |last=Andreeva}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 7.66&lt;ref name=&quot;1011season&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 10
| 2011-12
! 63&lt;ref name=&quot;1112season&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|publisher=Deadline|date=2011-05-27|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/full-2011-2012-tv-season-series-rankings/|teideal= Full 2011–2012 TV Season Series Rankings |dátarochtana=2011-05-28|first=Nellie |last=Andreeva}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 7.30&lt;ref name=&quot;1112season&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 11
| 2012-13
! 62&lt;ref name=&quot;1213season&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|publisher=Deadline|date=2011-05-27|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/05/tv-season-series-rankings-2013-full-list/|teideal= Full 2012–2013 TV Season Series Rankings |dátarochtana=2011-05-28|first=Nellie |last=Andreeva}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 6.94&lt;ref name=&quot;1213season&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 12
| 2013-14
! 78&lt;ref name=&quot;1314season&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|publisher=Deadline|date=2011-05-27|url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/05/tv-season-series-rankings-2013-full-list-2/|teideal= Full 2012–2013 TV Season Series Rankings |dátarochtana=2014-05-22|first=Nellie |last=Andreeva}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 6.11&lt;ref name=&quot;1314season&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 13
| 2014-15
! 94&lt;ref name=&quot;entertainment2015&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín|url=http://deadline.com/2015/05/2014-15-full-tv-season-ratings-shows-rankings-1201431167/|title=Full 2014-15 Series Rankings|obair=Deadline Hollywood|dáta=Bealtaine 22, 2015|dátarochtana=Bealtaine 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 5.86&lt;ref name=&quot;entertainment2015&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 14
| 2015-16
! 111
! 4.28&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2016/05/tv-season-2015-2016-series-rankings-shows-full-list-1201763189/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 15
| 2016-17
! 116
! 3.93&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2017/05/2016-2017-tv-season-ratings-series-rankings-list-1202102340/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 16
| 2017-18
! 136
! 3.52&lt;ref&gt;https://deadline.com/2018/05/2017-2018-tv-series-ratings-rankings-full-list-of-shows-1202395851/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 17
| 2018-19
! 
! 
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist|}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

[[Catagóir:Family Guy]]
[[Catagóir:Liosta eipeasóidí]]</text>
      <sha1>ejtmsw105uy8h0qw7n0z0bfzjkhz23d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sergio Mattarella</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>60001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328612</id>
      <parentid>1311186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T11:52:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1098" sha1="stl12if861oz5qo8k8545wadk14bl84" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

[[Polaitíocht|Polaiteóir]] [[An Iodáil|Iodálach]], [[breitheamh]], agus 12ú h[[Uachtarán]] tofa na h[[An Iodáil|Iodáile]] is ea '''Sergio Mattarella'''. Rugadh é ar an [[23 Iúil]] [[1941]] in [[Palermo]]. 

Bhí Mattarella ina bhall de [[Parlaimint|Pharlaimint]] ó 1983 go 2008, agus ina [[Aire Rialtas|Aire]] [[Oideachas|Oideachais]] ó 1989 go 1990, agus Aire Cosanta ó 1999 go 2001. 

Níos déanaí, in 2011, bhí sé ina [[Breitheamh|bhreitheamh]] ar an gCúirt [[Bunreacht|Bhunreachtúil]].

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

{{Catcómhaoin|Sergio Mattarella}}
* {{it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150216200808/http://politici.openpolis.it/politico/549 Sergio Mattarella in OpenPolis] {{it}}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Síol-beath-it}}
{{Síol-dlí}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mattarella, Sergio}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1941]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Airí rialtais]]
[[Catagóir:Breithiúna Iodálacha]]
[[Catagóir:Caitlicigh]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as an tSicil]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Ridirí]]
[[Catagóir:Uachtaráin na hIodáile]]</text>
      <sha1>stl12if861oz5qo8k8545wadk14bl84</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emotion (albam Carly Rae Jepsen)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>61779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328551</id>
      <parentid>1224530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T04:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328551</origin>
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      <text bytes="4856" sha1="c3xrk72z8ekhqn0k2oi4embcdxqsh0m" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}

Is é '''''E·MO·TION''''' an tríú halbam ó [[Carly Rae Jepsen]]. Bhí sé scaoilte ar an 24 Meitheamh, 2015 sa [[An tSeapáin|tSeapáin]] agus ar fud an domhain ar an 21 Lúnasa, 2015 trí [[604 Records]], [[School Boy Records]], and [[Interscope Records]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/carly-rae-jepsen-releases-brand-new-single-i-really-like-you-today---track-now-available-now-from-all-digital-partners-300042648.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.idolator.com/7590939/carly-rae-jepsen-interview-dev-hynes-sia-new-album-emotion{{Dead link|date=Meitheamh 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2130302/carly-rae-jepsen-album-emotion/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-08-20 |archivedate=2022-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416014921/https://www.mtv.com/news/2130302/carly-rae-jepsen-album-emotion/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan Date&quot;&gt;http://www.universal-music.co.jp/carly-rae-jepsen/news/2015/04/11-2&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cúlra==
Bhí an traicliosta fógartha ar an 2 Meitheamh, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;https://instagram.com/p/3ccVwEqVpt/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bustle.com/articles/87596-carly-rae-jepsens-emotion-track-list-is-here-what-could-the-songs-be-about&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rath Cairt==
Chuaigh an t-albam seo díreach go uimhir a hocht sa [[An tSeapáin|Seapáin]] ag díol 12,189 cóipeanna sa chéad seachtain.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan&lt;/ref&gt;

== Traicliosta ==
# &quot;Run Away With Me&quot; – 4:11
# &quot;E·MO·TION&quot; – 3:17
# &quot;I Really Like You&quot; – 3:24
# &quot;Gimmie Love&quot; – 3:22
# &quot;All That&quot; – 4:38
# &quot;Boy Problems&quot; – 3:42
# &quot;Making the Most of the Night&quot; – 3:58
# &quot;Your Type&quot; – 3:19
# &quot;Let's Get Lost&quot; – 3:13
# &quot;LA Hallucinations&quot; – 3:04
# &quot;Warm Blood&quot; – 3:41
# &quot;When I Needed You&quot; – 3:41

==Singlí==
#&quot;[[I Really Like You]]&quot; - 2 Márta, 2015
#&quot;[[Run Away With Me]]&quot; - 17 Iúil, 2015
#&quot;[[Your Type]]&quot; - 3 Samhain, 2015
#&quot;Boy Problems&quot;

===Singlí bolscaireachta===
#&quot;[[All That]]&quot; - 5 Aibreán, 2015
#&quot;E·MO·TION&quot; - 3 Meitheamh, 2015
#&quot;Warm Blood&quot; - 31 Iúil, 2015
#&quot;Making the Most of the Night&quot; - 7 Lúnasa, 2015
#&quot;Your Type&quot; - 14 Lúnasa, 2015

==Cairteacha==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
===Cairteacha seachtainiúla===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Tír (2015)
! Uimhir
|-
|{{Bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|37
|-
|{{Bratach|Belgium}} [[An Bheilg]] ([[Flóndras]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|59
|-
|{{Bratach|Belgium}} [[An Bheilg]] ([[An Vallúin]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|54
|-
|{{Bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|8
|-
|{{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Éire]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|29
|-
|{{Bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|73
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|68
|-
|{{Bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|35
|-
|{{Bratach|UK}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|21
|-
|{{Bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|8
|-
|{{Bratach|Spain}} [[An Spáinn]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|45
|-
|{{Bratach|USA}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|16
|-
|{{Bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|93
|-
|{{Bratach|Taiwan}} [[An Téalainn]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|}
|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|

===Cairteacha Deireadh na Bliana===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2015)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]
|align=center|55
|}
|}

== Dátaí eisiúna ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Tír
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Dáta
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Formáidí
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Lipéad
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Tag.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{Bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]
| Meitheamh 24, 2015
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[604 Records|604]], [[School Boy Records|School Boy]], [[Interscope]], [[Universal]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan Date&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[An Domhan]]
|rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| Lúnasa 21, 2015
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.jbhifi.com.au/music/browse/pop/e-mo-tion/730669/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/e-mo-tion/id1008774063&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/e-mo-tion-deluxe/id1008305831 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-08-20 |archivedate=2015-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624085941/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/e-mo-tion-deluxe/id1008305831}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/e-mo-tion/id1008774063&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{bratach|Europe}} [[An Eoraip]]
| Meán Fómhair 18, 2015
|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.amazon.de/Emotion-Jepsen-Carly-Rae/dp/B00Y9P33CE/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1435298405&amp;sr=8-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.amazon.de/Emotion-Deluxe-Jepsen-Carly-Rae/dp/B00ZXVNQIY/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1435298405&amp;sr=8-2&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Albaim a eisíodh in 2015]]
[[Catagóir:Carly Rae Jepsen]]</text>
      <sha1>c3xrk72z8ekhqn0k2oi4embcdxqsh0m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Louisa Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65138</id>
    <revision>
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Is amhránaí [[Sasanach]] í '''Louisa Johnson''' (rugadh í ar an 11 Eanáir, 1998). Bhuaigh sí an [[The X Factor (sraith 12 an RA)|dara sraith déag]] ''[[The X Factor (RA)|The X Factor]]'' le 53.9%  de na vótaí sa bhliain 2015 agus is í an buaiteoir is óige.

== Luathshaol ==

== Gairm ==
=== 2015: ''The X Factor'' ===
{{Príomhalt|The X Factor (sraith 12 an RA)}}
Bhuaigh Johnson an [[The X Factor (sraith 12 an RA)|dara sraith déag]] ''[[The X Factor (RA)|The X Factor]]'' le 53.9% na vótaí ar an 13 Nollaig, 2015 agus is í an buaiteoir is óige.

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#BFBFBF;&quot;| Léirithe agus Torthaí ''The X Factor'' (2015)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:centre;&quot;| Seó
! style=&quot;text-align:centre;&quot;| Amhrán
! style=&quot;text-align:centre;&quot;| Téama
! style=&quot;text-align:centre;&quot;| Toradh
|-
! Éisteachtaí
| &quot;Who's Lovin' You&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; {{n/a}}
| Trí go dtí an Campa Tosaithe
|-
! Campa Tosaithe – dúshlán 1
| &quot;Proud Mary&quot;
| Trí go dúchlán 2
|-
! Campa Tosaithe – dúshlán 2
| &quot;Lay Me Down&quot;
| Trí go  six-chair challenge
|-
! Six-chair challenge
| &quot;And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going&quot;
| Trí go Teach na Moltóirí
|-
! Tithe na Moltóirí
| &quot;Respect&quot;
| Trí go Seónna Beo
|-
! Seó Beo 1
| &quot;God Only Knows&quot;
| This Is Me
| Slán 
|-
! Seó Beo 2
| &quot;Billie Jean&quot;
| Reinvention
| Slán 
|-
! Seó Beo 3
| &quot;Everybody's Free (To Feel Good)&quot;
| Movie week
| Slán 
|-
! Seó Beo 4
| &quot;Let It Go&quot;
| Love &amp; Heartbreak
| Slán 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Seó Beo 5
| &quot;Love Yourself&quot;
| Jukebox
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Slán 
|-
| &quot;Jealous&quot;
| Rogha na moltóirí
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Leathcheannais
| &quot;The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)|The Power of Love&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Songs to get me to the final
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Slán 
|-
| &quot;It's a Man's Man's Man's World&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Ceannais
| &quot;I Believe I Can Fly&quot;
| Amhrán nua
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Slán 
|-
| &quot;And I Am Telling You&quot; (le [[Rita Ora]])
| Celebrity duet
|- style=&quot;background:lightgreen;&quot;
| &quot;It's a Man's Man's Man's World&quot;
| Favourite performance
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Buaiteoir''' 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgreen;&quot;
| &quot;Forever Young&quot;
| Winner's single
|}

=== 2016–: Céad albam ===
Beidh amhrán darbh ainm &quot;Ruin It with a Kiss&quot; ar a céad albam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/tbc-album/id1065951629 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2015-12-24 |archivedate=2015-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110711/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/tbc-album/id1065951629}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.digitalspy.com/music/the-x-factor/news/a788665/x-factor-winner-louisa-johnson-has-been-recording-new-music-and-we-have-a-first-song-title/&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Bealtaine 2016, scaoil sí amhrán le [[Clean Bandit]] darbh ainm &quot;Tears&quot;. Scaoileadh a céad singil &quot;So Good&quot; ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2016.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.digitalspy.com/music/the-x-factor/news/a811927/louisa-johnsons-releasing-new-music-very-soon/&lt;/ref&gt; Fuair sé go huimhir 13 sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus go 37 in Éirinn. Scaoileadh a dara singil &quot;Best Behaviour&quot; ar an 3 Márta 2017 agus fuair sé go huimhir 48 sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus go 71 in Éirinn.

Chomhoibrigh sí le [[Olly Murs]] ar shingil darbh ainm &quot;Unpredictable&quot;, ag díol níos mó ná 200,000 cóip sa Ríocht Aontaithe. I mi na Nollaig 2017 d'fhógair sí go mbeadh sí ag scaoileadh sa bhliain 2018. D'uaslódáil sí gearrthóg de í féin ag casadh &quot;Til The Morning Comes&quot;, traic a beidh ar a céad albam.

== Dioscliosta ==
=== Singlí ===
==== Mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí mar ealaíontóir ceoil
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Amhrán
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deimhniúcháin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Albain|ALB]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire]]
|-
|2015
! &quot;Forever Young&quot;
| 9 || 2 || 5
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{n/a|Singil gan albam}}
|-
|2016
! &quot;So Good&quot;
| 13 || 8 || 37
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Ór
|-
|rowspan=2| 2017
! &quot;Best Behaviour&quot;
| 48 || 22 || 71
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Airgead
|-
! &quot;Unpredictable&quot;
| 32 || 20 || 65
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*RA: Airgead
| ''24 Hrs
|-
|rowspan=2| 2018
! &quot;Yes&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(le [[2 Chainz]])}}
| 65 || 27 || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|{{n/a|Singil gan albam}}
|-
! &quot;Between You and Me&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(le One Bit)}}
| — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| 
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==== Mar Gné-Ealaíontóir Ceoil ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí mar gné-ealaíontóir ceoil
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bliain
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Amhrán
! colspan=&quot;7&quot;|Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Albain|ALB]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Bheilg|BEI]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Flóndras|FLÓ]])&lt;/small&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[An Vallóin|VAL]])&lt;/small&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Éire]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An Ísiltír|ÍSI]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[An tSualainn|SUA]]
|-
|2016
! &quot;Tears&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Clean Bandit]] le Louisa Johnson)&lt;/small&gt;
| 5 || 3 || 24 || 32 || 21 || 26 || 45
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
! &quot;Weak (Stay Strong Mix)&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[AJR]] lr Louisa Johnson)&lt;/small&gt;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{n/a|Singil gan albam}}
|-
! &quot;Bridge Over Troubled Water&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(mar chuid Artists for Grenfell)&lt;/small&gt;
| 1 || 1 || 26 || — || 25 || — || —
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==Camchuairteanna==
*The X Factor Live Tour (2016)

;Ag tacú
*[[Olly Murs]] — Summer Tour (2017 – Cuid 2)
*[[Little Mix]] — [[The Glory Days Tour]] (2017)

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| roimh = [[Ben Haenow]] | teideal = Buaiteoir ''[[The X Factor (RA)|The X Factor]]'' | bliain = [[The X Factor (sraith 12 an RA)|2015]]| tar éis = [[Matt Terry]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{The X Factor (RA)}}
{{Iomaitheoirí The X Factor (RA)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Louisa}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1998]]
[[Catagóir:Buaiteoirí X Factor]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Sasanacha|Johnson, Louisa]]
[[Catagóir:Iomaitheoirí X Factor]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caitríona Ní Chonghaile</title>
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Is í '''Caitríona Máirtíona Áine Ní Chonghaile''' nó '''Catherine Martina Ann Connolly''' (a rugadh ar an [[12 Iúil]] [[1957]]) an deichiú [[Uachtarán na hÉireann|Uachtarán ar Éirinn]], ón mbliain [[2025]]. Ghlac sí móid na hoifige ar an 11 Samhain 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.catherineconnollyforpresident.ie/about-catherine|teideal=Faoi Catherine Connolly - Connolly for President|work=www.catherineconnollyforpresident.ie|dátarochtana=2025-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Toghadh í mar [[Teachta Dála|Theachta Dála]] [[Neamhspleách]] sa dáilcheantar [[Gaillimh Thiar (Dáilcheantar)|Gaillimh Thiar]] san [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 2016|Olltoghchán 2016]] agus atoghadh í in 2020 agus 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/election-2020-catherine-connolly-independent-1.4168665|teideal=Election 2020: Catherine Connolly (Independent)|údar=Ronan McGreevy|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tús a saoil ==
[[Íomhá:Catherine Connolly (52440201859) (cropped).jpg|clé|mion|328x328px|2022]]
[[Íomhá:Catherine Connolly - 9 April 2024 76.jpg|clé|mion|330x330px|9 Aibreán 2024 sa Dáil]]
[[Íomhá:Meeting with the Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines, Hon. Yasser Alonto Balindong in Ireland - 10.jpg|clé|mion|330x330px|Sir [[Horace Plunkett]] (le Dermod O'Brien) ag coinneáil súil uirthi, 2024]]

Is as [[Seantalamh, Cathair na Gaillimhe|Seantalamh]] i [[Cathair na Gaillimhe|gCathair na Gaillimhe]] í Connolly, ar an taobh thiar de chathair na Gaillimhe, agus tá sí ina cónaí sa [[An Cladach|Chladach]] ó 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ce-hi-catherine-connolly-an-10u-huachtaran-ar-eirinn/|teideal=Cé hí Catherine Connolly an 10ú huachtarán ar Éirinn?|údar=Maitiú Ó Coimín|dáta=26 Deireadh Fómhair 2025|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Bhí 14 dhuine clainne ina teaghlach, seachtar buachaillí agus seachtar cailíní. Naoi mbliana d’aois a bhí Catherine nuair a bhásaigh a máthair agus gan í ach 43 bliain d’aois. Duine d’iascairí [[An Cladach|an Chladaigh]], de bhunadh [[Inis Bearachain]] i gConamara, a bhí ina seanathair, agus ba shiúinéir agus saor bád a hathair. 

Bhain sí céim sa tsiceolaíocht amach in [[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]] agus céim an mháistir sa tSíceolaíocht Chliniciúil in [[Ollscoil Leiden|Ollscoil Leeds]] sa bhliain 1981. Chaith sí tamall ag staidéar sa Ghearmáin freisin agus d’fhoghlaim sí an Ghearmáinis ansin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

D’fhill sí ar a cathair dhúchais agus chuir fúithi sa [[An Cladach|Chladach]]. D’oibrigh sí mar [[Síceolaí|shíceolaí]] cliniciúil do Bhord Sláinte an Iarthair i m[[Béal Átha na Sluaighe]], i gcathair na Gaillimhe, agus i gConamara idir na blianta 1981 agus 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/profile-catherine-connolly-ind-1.2554202|teideal=Profile: Catherine Connolly (Ind)|údar=Lorna Siggins|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2020-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhain sí céim sa Dlí amach i gColáiste na hOllscoile, Gaillimh in 1989. Ansin rinne sí staidéar in [[Óstaí an Rí]] agus glacadh léi mar abhcóide i 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[Abhcóide]] ab ea Connolly ar feadh roinnt blianta roimh dhul leis an bpolaitíocht.

== Gairmréim ==
Toghadh Connolly mar Chomhairleoir Cathrach i nGaillimh don chéad uair i mí an Mheithimh 1999 agus í ina ball de [[Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)|Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre.]] D'fhan sí sa phost seo ar feadh 17 bhliain, go dtí gur toghadh í mar Theachta Dála i 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://catherineconnolly.com/about/|teideal=About|dáta=2014-02-23|language=en-US|work=Claddagh, Galway|dátarochtana=2020-01-29|archivedate=2020-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130142438/http://catherineconnolly.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ar an gComhairle Cathrach, toghadh í sa cheantar thiar (1999, 2009) agus uair amháin sa cheantar theas (2004).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?id=4630|teideal=ElectionsIreland.org: Catherine Connolly|work=electionsireland.org|dátarochtana=2020-01-29|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922224140/https://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=4630}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Agus í ina comhairleoir cathrach, vótáil sí le hainm [[Dana|Dana Rosmary Scallon]] a chur chun cinn do thoghchán uachtaránachta 2004.

Toghadh a deirfiúr Colette Connolly mar Chomhairleoir Cathrach na Gaillimhe sa bhliain 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=5169|teideal=ElectionsIreland.org: Colette Connolly|work=electionsireland.org|dátarochtana=2020-01-29|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809033624/https://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=5169}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toghadh Catherine Connolly ina Cathaoirleach (&quot;Méara&quot;) ar an gcomhairle cathrach an bhliain chéanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

'''2006'''

D'éirigh Connolly as Páirtí an Lucht Oibre i 2006 nuair a chinn ceann ceathrú an pháirtí nach mbeadh ach iarrthóir amháin ([[Mícheál D. Ó hUiginn]]) ag seasamh sa Dáilcheantar [[Gaillimh Thiar (Dáilcheantar)|Gaillimh Thiar]] in Olltoghchán 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tar éis di an páirtí a fhágáil, sheas Connolly mar iarrthóir Neamhspleách san Olltoghchán 2007. Fuair sí 3.6% de na vótaí céadrogha agus cuireadh as an áireamh í ar an ochtú comhaireamh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fuair Ó hUiginn 11.1% den vóta agus toghadh é ar an deichiú comhaireamh.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Atoghadh ina comhairleoir cathrach ar Chomhairle na Gaillimhe í mar iarrthóir neamhspleách in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

'''2011'''

Sheas Connolly in Olltoghchán 2011 agus fuair sí 7.9% de na vótaí céadrogha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sheas sí arís mar iarrthóir neamhspleách in Olltoghchán 2011, toghchán ina bhfuair comharba Mhichíl D Uí Uigínn i bpáirtí an Lucht Oibre, Derek Nolan, an méid is mó vótaí céadrogha (12.4%). Chaill Connolly amach ar shuíochán le dornán beag vótaí; ní raibh ach 17 vóta idir í féin agus an t-iarrthóir [[Seán Ó Cadhain (polaiteoir)|Seán Ó Cadhain]], ach tar éis athchomhaireamh na vótaí, toghadh Ó Cadhain agus ní bhfuair Connolly an suíochán.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Toghadh den cheathrú huair í mar chomhairleoir cathrach i gcathair na Gaillimhe i dtoghcháin áitiúla na bliana 2014. 

'''2016'''

Toghadh í do Dháil Éireann (an [[An 32ú Dáil|32ú Dáil]]) in [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 2016|Olltoghchán 2016]] le 7.6% de na vótaí céadrogha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Roghnaigh sí [[Richard Boyd Barrett]] i bpróiseas roghnúcháin Taoisigh na 32ú Dála.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.kildarestreet.com/debates/?id=2016-03-10a.60|teideal=Nomination of Taoiseach: 10 Mar 2016: Dáil debates (KildareStreet.com)|work=www.kildarestreet.com|dátarochtana=2020-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Ba í a deirfiúr, Colette Connolly, ball de Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre, a fuair a suíochán ar an gComhairle Cathrach i 2016). 

Ceapadh ina Cathaoirleach í ar Choiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán sa 32ú Dáil i 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/committees/32/irish-language-the-gaeltacht-and-the-islands/membership|teideal=Comhaltas – Coiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán – 32nd Dáil, 25th Seanad – Tithe an Oireachtais|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|dáta=2020-01-17|language=ga|work=www.oireachtas.ie|dátarochtana=2020-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

'''2020'''

Atoghadh Connolly in [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 2020|Olltoghchán 2020]] le 9.0% de na vótaí céadrogha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=General Election 2020 Live Results {{!}} RTÉ News|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2020/results/}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Toghadh í mar Leas-Cheann Comhairle  sa [[An 33ú Dáil|33ú Dáil]] faoi Alt 15.9.1 de Bhunreacht na hÉireann i mí Iúil 2020, ceapachán nach rabhthas ag súil leis ag an am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  Ba í an chéad bhean a bhí sa ról sin ó bunaíodh an chéad Dáil os cionn céad bliain roimhe sin.  Tugadh aitheantas agus urraim di as a cuid neamhchlaontachta agus cothroime sa ról seo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;  

Ceapadh ina cathaoirleach arís í ar Choiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta, agus Phobal Labhartha na Gaeilge.  

Atoghadh Connolly in [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 2024|Olltoghchán 2024]] agus shuigh sí ar An Coiste um Chuntais Phoiblí sa [[An 34ú Dáil|34ú Dáil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/committees/34/committee-of-public-accounts/membership|teideal=Membership – Committee of Public Accounts – 34th Dáil – Houses of the Oireachtas|údar=Houses of the Oireachtas|dáta=2025-06-18|language=en-ie|work=www.oireachtas.ie|dátarochtana=2025-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dúirt sí gurb í fhéin a rinne maoiniú ar a cuid feachtais polaitíochta go dtí 2024 agus nár ghlac sí le síntiúis riamh go dtí sin.

=== Tuairimí ===
Tá Connolly ar an eite chlé ó thaobh na polaitíochta de.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In 2025, dúirt Connolly gurb í an deighilt idir chosmhuintir na hÉireann agus a gcuid rialtas is mó a chuir frustrachas agus fearg uirthi thar na blianta mar ionadaí poiblí, agus gur sheas sí ar son na cosmhuintire ina saol poiblí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Connolly, McGuinness san iomaíocht don Uachtarántacht|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0716/1523744-connolly-mcguinness-san-iomaiocht-don-uachtarantacht/|date=2025-07-16|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thacaigh sí leis an taobh ‘Tá’ sa dá reifreann mhóra a reáchtáladh sna 2010idí – an [[34ú leasú ar Bhunreacht na hÉireann, 2015|Comhionannas Pósta]] in 2015 agus [[Aisghairm an ochtú leasú i bPoblacht na hÉireann|Aisghairm an Ochtú Leasú]] in 2018.

Oibríonn Connolly ar chúrsaí [[Timpeallacht|timpeallachta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tá sí i bhfabhar an córas iompar poiblí a fheabhsú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/public-transport-is-solution-to-galway-traffic-problems-say-critics-to-ring-road-proposal-827998.html|teideal=Public transport is solution to Galway traffic problems, say critics to ring road proposal|údar=Wednesday, February 14, 2018-11:30 Am|dáta=2018-02-14|language=en|work=www.irishexaminer.com|dátarochtana=2020-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bíonn sí sásta seasamh misniúil a thógáil, í in aghaidh Chuarbhóthar na Gaillimhe mar shampla, mar go gcreideann sí go mba cheart córas traenach cathrach cosúil leis an Luas a chur ar fáil i nGaillimh, seachas a bheith ag mealladh níos mó carranna isteach sa chathair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/dfheadfadh-noel-thomas-teacht-aniar-aduaidh-ar-fg-i-ngaillimh-thiar-seans-go-mbeidh-an-la-le-grainne-seoige-do-ff/|teideal=Seans go mbeidh suíochán ag Gráinne Seoige agus gur idir Mairéad Farrell agus Seán Kyne a bheidh an ceann deireanach i nGaillimh Thiar|údar=Donncha Ó hÉallaithe|dáta=20 Samhain 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== An tAontas Eorpach, an Meánoirthear agus neodracht na hEireann ====
Tá seasamh láidir tógtha ag Connolly i gcoinne pholasaithe an AE thar na blianta.  Mar shampla bhí Connolly i gcoinne [[Conradh Nice (2003)|Conradh Nice]] (2002/2003), agus i gcoinne [[Conradh Liospóin]] (2008/2009), mar gheall ar an nualiobrálachas a bhraith sí a bheith follasach sa Chonradh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 
[[Íomhá:President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen Addresses Joint Sitting of the Houses of the Oireachtas - 1 Dec 2022 - 52535683666.jpg|mion|220x220px|Nollaig 2022  chas Connolly le [[Ursula von der Leyen]] agus labhair léi i nGearmáinis nuair a thug von der Leyen cuairt ar Dháil Éireann.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;]]
Chuir sí ina leith go raibh drochthionchar ag an AE ar [[neodracht na hÉireann]]. Tá imní léirithe aici arís is arís eile faoi mhíleatú na hEorpa. Bhí sí  i gcoinne phlean an Rialtais deireadh a chur leis an n[[Neodracht na hÉireann|Glas Triarach]]. Is Pátrún [[Gluaiseacht an Phobail|Ghluaiseacht an Phobail]] í.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.people.ie/english1.html|teideal=People's Movement Home Page|language=en|work=www.people.ie|dátarochtana=2020-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thug Connolly cuairt ar an tSiria in 2018 in éineacht leis na Teachtaí Dála [[Mick Wallace]], [[Clare Daly]], agus [[Maureen O'Sullivan (polaiteoir)|Maureen O’Sullivan]]. Óna póca féin a tháinig an maoiniú don turas sin. “Ar thóir fíricí” a bhí sí, a mhaígh sí. Casadh go leor grúpaí éagsúla uirthi agus í sa tSiria – toscaireacht ó [[UNICEF]] agus bean rialta ina measc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/am-na-cinniuna-e-don-tir-a-feachtas-uachtaranachta-seolta-ag-catherine-connolly/|teideal=‘Am na cinniúna é don tír’ – a feachtas uachtaránachta seolta ag Catherine Connolly|dáta=2025-07-16|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; D’áitigh sí nár chas sí le haon bhall de rialtas [[Bashar al-Assad]] (a ruaigeadh as an tír in 2024) ach níor cháin sí deachtóireacht Assad agus an Rúis.

Cháin Connolly uachtarán Choimisiún na hEorpa, Ursula von der Leyen, le linn 2023-2025 mar gheall ar a seasamh i leith na [[Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza|cogaíochta i nGaza agus Iosrael]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Íomhá:Catherine Connolly campaign logo 2025.png|mion|220x220px]]

== Toghchán Uachtaránachta na hÉireann 2025 ==
Sheas Connolly do thoghchán na h[[Uachtarán na hÉireann|Uachtaránachta]] in 2025, agus tacaíocht faighte aici ar dtús ó na [[Na Daonlathaithe Sóisialta (Éire)|Daonlathaigh Sóisialta]] agus [[Pobal seachas Brabús|Pobal]] [[Pobal seachas Brabús|Seachas Brabús]].  Níos déanaí thug [[Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)|Páirtí an Lucht Oibre]] agus [[Sinn Féin]] tacaíocht di.

Tá taithí mhór aici mar shíceolaí cliniciúil, mar abhcóide agus mar ionadaí poiblí a mhaígh sí, taithí a chuireann cluas le héisteacht don phobal uirthi agus a sheasfaidh léi san fheachtas.  Thuig sí, a dúirt sí, na srianta atá ar an Uachtarán labhairt amach faoi cheisteanna polaitiúla. “Tá mé ag seasamh le go mbeidh na daoine in ann a nguth a aimsiú. Tá ceisteanna móra ag dó na geirbe orainn faoi láthair – an t-athrú aeráide, an tsíocháin, agus caithfear stop a chur le normalú na cogaíochta agus na heaspa dídine. Is fadhbanna iad sin atá cruthaithe ag an duine daonna agus iad á dtiomáint ag polasaithe,” a dúirt sí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  

Bhí geallúint tugtha aici go mbeadh an Ghaeilge agus an Ghaeltacht ar cheann de “théamaí móra” na hoifige dá dtoghfaí í.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ni-fadhb-i-an-ghaeilge-is-cuid-den-reiteach-i-catherine-connolly/|teideal=FÍSEÁN: ‘Ní fadhb í an Ghaeilge, is cuid den réiteach í’ – Catherine Connolly|údar=Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí|dáta=24 Iúil 2025|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhunaigh grúpaí dá lucht tacaíochta grúpaí darb ainm: &quot;Gaeilgeoirí ar son Connolly&quot; toisc gurb í an t-iarrthóir is mó a sheasfadh le cearta teanga sa 21&lt;sup&gt;ú&lt;/sup&gt; haois, dar leo; &quot;Mic Léinn ar son Connolly&quot;; agus &quot;Ealaíontóirí ar son Connolly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/gaeilgeoiri-ar-son-connolly-grupa-nua-bunaithe-le-tacu-le-hiarrthoir-neamhspleach/|teideal=‘Gaeilgeoirí ar son Connolly’ – grúpa nua bunaithe le tacú le hiarrthóir neamhspleách|dáta=11 Meán Fómhair 2025|work=[[Tuairisc.ie]]|dátarochtana=12 Meán Fómhair 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair Catherine Connolly ollbhua sa toghchán.  Seachas [[An Cabhán–Muineachán (Dáilcheantar)|Cabhán-Muineachán]], toghcheantar [[Heather Humphreys]] féin (a céile comhraic), scuab Connolly léi an 42 toghcheantar eile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Catherine Connolly caithréimeach|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/1025/1540553-catherine-connolly-caithreimeach/|date=2025-10-25|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Príomhalt|Toghchán Uachtaránachta na hÉireann 2025}}

== Uachtarán na hÉireann ==
Ba é Oireachtas na Samhna 2025 i mBéal Feirste an chéad mhórócáid phoiblí ar fhreastail Connolly uirthi ó fógraíodh toradh thoghchán na huachtaránachta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/an-tuachtaran-tofa-ag-oireachtas-na-samhna-i-mbeal-feirste/|teideal=An tUachtarán tofa ag Oireachtas na Samhna i mBéal Feirste|údar=Maitiú Ó Coimín|dáta=29 Deireadh Fómhair 2025|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ghlac Catherine Connolly móid na hoifige ar an 11 Samhain 2025.  Ina hóráid insealbhaithe, leag sí níos mó béime ar an teanga ina óráid insealbhaithe ná mar a leag aon uachtarán eile roimpi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/la-stairiuil-i-gcaislean-bhaile-atha-cliath-ag-insealbhu-catherine-connolly/|teideal=Lá stairiúil i gCaisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath ag insealbhú Catherine Connolly|údar=Darren Ó Dubhgáin|dáta=2025-11-11|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Dúirt sí gur “tír gan teanga, tír gan anam” agus nach féidir le haon tír “a mianta, a luachanna agus a spiorad” a chur in iúl nuair a mhúchtar a teanga.  Dúirt sí gur cuireadh “anam agus spiorad” na hÉireann faoi chos nuair a cuireadh an Ghaeilge faoi chos “bíodh sin d’aon ghnó de bharr smacht na dtíoránach nó de bharr “neamhairde, neamhchúraim nó easpa tuisceana”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ligimis-don-ghaeilge-blathu-catherine-connolly-insealbhaithe-mar-an-deichiu-huachtaran-ar-eirinn/|teideal=‘Ligimis don Ghaeilge bláthú’ – Catherine Connolly insealbhaithe mar an deichiú huachtarán ar Éirinn|dáta=2025-11-11|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pearsanta ==
Is Gaillimheach go smior í agus tá sí ina cónaí sa gCladach ó 1988.  Phós Connolly Brian McEnery ​sa bhliain 1992 agus tá beirt mhac acu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gaeilge ===

Tá Gaeilge líofa ag Connolly. Bhí sí ar dhuine de na daoine is mó a labhair Gaeilge i dTithe an Oireachtais ó toghadh í den chéad uair agus ceapadh ina Chathaoirleach í ar Choiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/committees/32/committee-on-public-accounts/membership|teideal=Comhaltas – An Coiste um Chuntais Phoiblí – 32nd Dáil – Tithe an Oireachtais|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|dáta=2020-01-17|language=ga|work=www.oireachtas.ie|dátarochtana=2020-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Ní raibh Gaeilge agamsa ach amháin ón scoil agus, ag pointe áirithe, bhí náire orm mar Mhéara na Gaillimhe nach raibh mo dhóthain Gaeilge agam. Thaistil mé go dtí tíortha eile agus bhí an teanga acu; dúirt mé ‘Sin é! Sin deireadh leis an náire, deireadh leis an easpa Gaeilge’. Dhírigh mé isteach ar an nGaeilge. Is féidir é a dhéanamh. Is féidir an Ghaeilge a fhoghlaim agus, de réir a chéile, d’fhoghlaim mé í agus táim fós i mbun foghlama. Rinne mé dhá chúrsa san ollscoil. Bhí an t-ádh dearg orm go raibh mé i mo chónaí sa Ghaillimh agus go raibh an ollscoil in aice liom. Rinne mé dioplóma agus ansin rinne mé cúrsa aistriúcháin.&quot;

“Is teanga álainn agus ársa í an Ghaeilge. An ceacht is mó atá foghlamtha agam ná go bhfuil an Ghaeilge iomlán difriúil ón mBéarla; sin an botún a dhéanaimid, ceapaimid go bhfuil an dá theanga mar an gcéanna agus níl siad. Is teangacha iad atá iomlán difriúil.”

“Déanaim mo dhícheall an Ghaeilge a úsáid chuile lá sa Dáil agus mo dhícheall an Ghaeilge agus an Béarla a chur ar an leibhéal céanna. Nuair a bhíonn vótaí i gceist, bainim úsáid as an nGaeilge i gcónaí. Déanaim é sin go pearsanta ach, gan dabht, tá rud éigin eile ar leibhéal eile ag teastail ón gcóras.”
... “I dtús báire, caithimid aitheantas a thabhairt don ghéarchéim atá ar siúl sna Gaeltachtaí. Bhí sé mar phribhléid agamsa a bheith i mo chathaoirleach ar an gComhchoiste Gaeilge ó 2016 ar aghaidh, anois táim i mo ghnáthbhall de. Bhí fear againn ina chléireach a raibh croí mór aige do mhuintir na nGaeltachtaí. Thaistil muid timpeall na tíre go dtí gach Gaeltacht agus an téama ceannann céanna ag teacht aníos arís agus arís: níl carthanacht uathu in aon chor, ach tacaíocht do na daoine ar an dtalamh a bhfuil smaointe iontacha acu agus níl a dhóthain tacaíochta ag teacht ón rialtas, is cuma cé acu a bhí sa rialtas. Is dócha go bhfuil cur i gcéill i gceist cuid mhór den am agus meon don charthanacht in ionad an cheist a chur ‘cén chaoi is féidir linn na Gaeltachtaí a neartú mar fhoinse don Ghaeilge?’. Sin foinse na Gaeilge agus tá an líonra cainteoirí ag laghdú an t-am ar fad. Bhí mise ag iarraidh ar Aire éigin, níl mé chun é a ainmniú, aitheantas a thabhairt don ghéarchéim. Ní féidir fadhb a réiteach gan í a aithint. Sin céim a haon. Céim a dó ná obair a dhéanamh leis na daoine ar an dtalamh. Uimhir a trí: níos mó maoinithe a thabhairt d’Údarás na Gaeltachta. Tá Údarás na Gaeltachta cosúil le Enterprise Ireland nó an IDA ach tá níos mó dualgas orthu an Gaelphobal a chothú agus an Ghaeilge a chothú freisin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.eolasmagazine.ie/leas-cheann-comhairle-catherine-connolly-td/|teideal=Leas-Cheann Comhairle Catherine Connolly TD|údar=Eolas (iris)|dáta=2020-11-05|language=ga-IE|work=Eolas Magazine|dátarochtana=2025-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Gaillimh Thiar (Dáilcheantar)]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [http://www.catherineconnolly.com Suíomh Oifigiúil]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* [https://twitter.com/catherinegalway?lang=en Catherine Connolly ar Twitter]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uachtaráin na hÉireann}}
{{Teachtaí Dála an 32ú Dáil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Connolly, Catherine}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1957]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 32ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 33ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Comhairleoirí Áitiúla]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae na Gaillimhe]]
[[Catagóir:Teachtaí Dála mná]]
[[Catagóir:Gaillimh Thiar (Dáilcheantar)]]
[[Catagóir:Teachtaí Dála neamhspleácha]]
[[Catagóir:Gaeilgeoirí]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]]
[[Catagóir:Abhcóidí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Síceolaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Iarrthóirí i dtoghchán uachtaránachta na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Catherine Connolly]]
[[Catagóir:Uachtaráin na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil Leeds]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 34ú Dáil]]</text>
      <sha1>kz34fma6ufejqj6ssec1jxrk79ona52</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Intriachtaí</title>
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        <username>Eomurchadha</username>
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      <text bytes="3842" sha1="11nls97d2ex8dk88lr40k3h7r77l4ir" xml:space="preserve">Sa [[teangeolaíocht]] is é atá i gceist le '''intriacht''', ná focail onamataipéacha (bang, slurp, splash) agus trup ainmhithe (grrrrr, clippity-clop) Tá na foclóirí Béarla–Gaeilge measartha balbh faoin ngné seo den teanga.

* ‘fuist’shush 
* baing - bang i [[Réics Carló]] beaing
* ‘cnag, cnag’  knock knock
* osna
* ‘Plimp’  ‘Crash, bang,’ an míniú atá tugtha in FGB.
* ‘D’imigh sé de phlimp, he went off like a shot.’
* hup scraitheachaí
* clic
* Úps - focloir.ie
* sclog
* whoop - Hórú! EID

Tá na seantéacsanna lán nathanna a chuireann iontas (‘ob abú búna!’) 'ababúna', easaontú (‘preit’, ‘fo, fo, a dhuine!’) nó trua (‘abhó!’) in iúl.
* ouch - aidh
* ahem
* eh
*uh-oh - uth-ó Dog Man, lch 13. Ar Strae Beagán, leabhar do pháistí
beaing - bang
uf
meh

==[[Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostaí]]==
Tá roinnt intriachtaí i nGraiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostaí.

* Ó/Órú (arú ann chomh maith)
* ambaiste
* mo cheol thú!
* mo sheacht mh'anam sibh
* dar Colm Cille na bhfeart
* dar mo bhriathar
* dar flaitheas Uí Néill
* Á - ah
* É - eh or hey
* Há - aha
* Hóra - hi
* Habha - ho
* Ó - oh
* Hois; Huis - shoo
* Hoips - oops

Tá leaganacha eile ann, leis, ‘In ainm Chroim!’

==Leaganacha comhaimseartha ag cainteoirí óga Gaeltachta==

(Sealbhú Neamhiomlán na Gaeilge mar Chéad Teanga sa Dátheangachas Dealaitheach, Ciarán Lenoach, Bealtaine 2014)

* cineál
* cíneáilín
* ar nós
* tá a fhios agat
* sórt

==FGB==
* tiul, s. (In phrases) Chomh tiubh le ~, like a hail of bullets. ~! ~! Bang! Bang!

á2
ababú, ababúna, (ababú » Heavens! )
abhó, 
abú, 
ach2
aidhe, 
aililiú
áiméan
amaí1
ambaiste, 
arú2
bhuel, 
bó3
breast, 
bú2
chugaitín, 
cíoc, 
cois1
cu-cú, 
cuit, 
dhe1
dhera, 
doirse1
é3
éamh2
faraor, 
feo3
fíneach, 
fo1
fobún, 
* fóill, 
* foth1
* fuisc, 
* fuist2
* fuit/fúit =  Tut-tut! / bah 
* furú, 
* futh, 
* gheois, 
gu-gúg, 
habha, 
haidhfear, 
háidí
hé1
héing, 
hí-eip, 
hó, 
ho hó, 
hóigh, 
hoips, 
hoirde, 
hois, 
hóra, 
hú, 
huga, hugaí, 
huit, 
huít, 
hula, 
hulúiste huláiste, 
hup, 
hurá, 
hurais, 
hurú
husá, 
huth, 
leoga, 
leo-leoín, 
mé2
méaram, 
míorc, 
mochean, 
monuar, 
muige, 
muine2
muiricín2
muise, 
ó6
ob2
och, 
óch, 
ochón, 
ora, 
oró, 
órú1
peo, 
pis2
pleoid, 
pop, 
preach, 
preit, 
puis2
saighdéar, 
scuit, 
seabhainín, 
siliúir, 
sist, 
soit1
staití, 
sturr, 
suc, 
teoit, 
tiuc, 
toch, 
tórach, 
tseo, 
uileacán, 
umbó, 
vrác, 
 
EID 

'''Hip! hip! hurrah!''' ''ho rú! rú hé!''
 

==Samplaí ó Litríocht na Gaeilge==

* Íathú - ''yahoo'' [[Duinnín ar an Sceilg]] lch 196
* Yahú, An Phleist Mhór
* svuis - fuaim a dhéantar i linn liathróidí - Dialann Dúradáin An Fhírinne Shearbh le [[Jeff Kinney]] lch 157.
* 'Hu ! Hu!' a deir fathach (cineál fee fi fo fum.) Lch 1 - Iml. 29, 1961, Cnuasach Andeas: Scéalta agus Seanchas Sheáin Í Shé ó Íbh Ráthach

==Samplaí eile==

* yí-há (Ar th-léinte an [[Kerry Cowboy]].

==Uaillbhreasa==

* Aidhe
* Och/uch
* Ar mh'anam
* Á
* Ó
* Ach
* An daighe / don daighe - Indeed! Really!
* Ar neoin
* feo
* obh obh - (iasacht ó Ghaeilge na hAlban?) An Capall agus an Giolla
* Hadh, lch 209 ''An Bheirt Dearbhráthar agus Scéalta Eile'' le [[Máiréad Ní Ghráda]]
* Och óch! Och ochón! Alas! FGB
* ochón FGB
* mo léan FGB

==Gaeilge na hAlban==
Uoa - wow? ACDD


* ugh = ach, soit, feo

==In Úsáid==
Wú Hú. Fógra ó [[Tesco]]


==Liosta==

Tá liosta le fáil anseo https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Irish_interjections

==Féach freisin==

* [[Glaonna ainmhithe feirme]]
* [[Gairmeacha ar ainmhithe]]
* [[Líontóirí (teangeolaíocht)]]
* [[Uaillbhreasa]]

[[catagóir:Gnéithe teanga]] 
[[catagóir:Fuaimeanna]] 

[[catagóir:Teangeolaíocht]]</text>
      <sha1>11nls97d2ex8dk88lr40k3h7r77l4ir</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioscliosta Charlie Puth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328542</id>
      <parentid>1275131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T03:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="16876" sha1="ntv1dy153xgtp1vpibaj9r9pxhta95n" xml:space="preserve">{{glanadh}}
Is éard atá i ndioscliosta an amhránaí agus scríbhneoir amhrán Meiriceánach [[Charlie Puth]] ná dhá halbam stiúideo, trí cheirnín leathfhada, cúig shingil mar ealaíontóir ceoil aonréadach agus ocht bhfíseán ceoil.

==Albaim==
=== Albaim Stiúideo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Liosta albam stiúideo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Eolas
! colspan=10 | Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Deimhniúcháin
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe|SAM]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Flóndras|FLÓ]])&lt;/small&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ceanada|CEAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Danmhairg|DAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Fhrainc|FRA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''''[[Nine Track Mind]]'''''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 29 Eanáír, 2016
* Lipéad: Atlantic
* Formáid: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
| 6 || 8 || 17 || 5 || 6 || 10 || 18 || 5 || 2 || 6
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* SAM: Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;&gt;http://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&amp;se=Charlie+Puth&lt;/ref&gt;
* RA: Ór&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/search.aspx |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2017-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801142929/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/Search.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*DAN: Platanam
* SUA: Ór&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;
* N-S: Ór&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4258 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2016-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821174735/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4258 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FRA: Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=65&amp;awards_artist=Charlie+Puth&amp;awards_title=Nine+Track+Mind&lt;/ref&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''''[[Voicenotes]]'''''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 11 Bealtaine, 2018
* Lipéad: Atlantic
* Formáid: [[Dlúthdhiosca]], [[Íoslódáil]]
| 4 || 7 || 19 || 5 || 14 || 4 || 12 || 3 || 6 || 4
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* SAM: Ór
* CEAN: Ór
* N-S: Ór
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an t-albam sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Ceirníní Leathfhada ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Liosta ceirníní leathfhada
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Eolas
! colspan=2 | Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe|SAM]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Danmhairg|DAN]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''The Otto Tunes''&lt;ref&gt;https://open.spotify.com/album/43TkICa0ghoWf1UFECLCpx&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 10 Nollaig, 2010
* Lipéad: Neamhspleách
* Formáid: [[Íoslódáil]]
| — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''The Otto Tunes''&lt;ref&gt;https://open.spotify.com/album/3tK1UC5h0T1pG4MPV3z8P5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.discogs.com/Charlie-Puth-Ego/release/7993528&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 23 Deireadh Fómhair, 2013
* Lipéad: Neamhspleách
* Formáid: [[Íoslódáil]]
| — || —
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Some Type of Love]]''
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 1 Bealtaine, 2015
* Lipéad: ARP, Atlantic
* Formáid: [[Íoslódáil]]
| 37 || 40
|-
!Colspan=&quot;14&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an t-albam sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Albaim Físeán ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Liosta albaim físeán
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Eolas
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''''Apple Music Festival: London 2015'''''&lt;ref&gt;https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/apple-music-festival-london/id1048221580&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* Scoilte: 15 Deireadh Fómhair, 2015
* Lipéad: ARP
* Formáid: [[Íoslódáil]]
|}

== Singlí ==
=== Mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Deimhniúcháin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe|SAM]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Flóndras|FLÓ]])&lt;/small&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ceanada|CEAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Fhrainc|FRA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ghearmáin|GEA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Marvin Gaye&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(le [[Meghan Trainor]])}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2015
| 21 || 4 || 12 || 31 || 2 || 1 || 16 || 15 || 1 || 1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*SAM: 2× Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
*AST: 2× Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;ARIA-2015-singles&quot;&gt;http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SingleAccreds2015.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
*BEI: Ór&lt;ref name=&quot;BEA&quot;&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2016&lt;/ref&gt;
*RA: Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*IOD: 3× Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;FIMI&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2018-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081416/http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*SUA: 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*CEAN: 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=Marvin+Gaye%20Charlie+Puth&lt;/ref&gt;
*N-S: Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4092 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173755/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4092 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ''Nine Track Mind''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;One Call Away&quot;
| 12 || 3 || 12 || 15 || 10 || 53 || 41 || 30 || 3 || 26
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*SAM: 2× Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
*AST: 3× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/07/chart-watch-375/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2016-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822102419/https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/07/chart-watch-375/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BEI: Ór&lt;ref name=&quot;BEA&quot;/&gt;
*RA: Ór&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*IOD: Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;FIMI&quot;/&gt;
*DAN: Platanam
*SUA: 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*CEAN: 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=One+Call+Away%20Charlie+Puth&lt;/ref&gt;
*N-S: 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/?chart=4207 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2016-03-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313164039/http://nztop40.co.nz/?chart=4207 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;We Don't Talk Anymore&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(le [[Selena Gomez]])}}
| 2016
| 9 || 10 || 18 || 11 || 16 || 11 || 8 || 52 || 8 || 14
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*SAM: 3× Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
*AST: 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart&lt;/ref&gt;
*BEI: Platanam
*RA: Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*IOD: 4× Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;FIMI&quot;/&gt;
*CEAN: Platanam&lt;ref&gt;http://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=We+Don%27t+Talk+Anymore%20Charlie+Puth&lt;/ref&gt;
*N-S: Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4258 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2016-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181940/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4258 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Attention&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2017
| 5 || 10 || 15 || 6 || 6 || 11 || 3 || 9 || 6 || 9
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*SAM: Platanam
*AST: 3× Platanam
*BEI: Platanam
*RA: Platanam
*DAN: Platanam
*FRA: Diamant
*GEA: Platanam
*IOD: 3× Platanam
*N-S: Platanam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| ''Voicenotes''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;How Long&quot;
| 21 || 17 || 19 || 24 || 20 || 18 || 22 || 42 || 17 || 9
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*SAM: Platanam
*AST: 2× Platanam
*CEAN: 2× Platanam
*FRA: Ór
*GEA: Ór
*RA: Ór
*IOD: Platanam
*N-S: Ór
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Done for Me&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2018
| 53 || 97 || 2 || 65 || 55 || 75 || 25 || 100 || — || 45
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*CEAN: Ór
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Change&quot;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;The Way I Am&quot;
| 61 || — || 14 || — || — || — || 175 || — || — || —
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
!Colspan=&quot;16&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

===Mar Gné-Ealaíontóir Ceoil===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí mar gné-ealaíontóir ceoil
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Deimhniúcháín
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe|SAM]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Astráil|AST]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Flóndras|FLÓ]])&lt;/small&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Bheilg|BEI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[An Vallóin|VAL]])&lt;/small&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ceanada|CEAN]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Eilvéis|EIL]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ghearmáin|GEA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Nua-Shéalainn|N-S]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;See You Again&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Wiz Khalifa]] le Charlie Puth)}}
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2015
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
*SAM: 9× Platanam
*AST: 5× Platanam
*RA: 2× Platanam
*GEA: Platanam
*IOD: 5× Platanam
*DAN: 2× Platanam
*SUA: 3× Platanam
*EIL: 2× Platanam
*CEAN: 5× Platanam
*N-S: 3× Platanam
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| ''Fast and Furious 7''
|-
!Colspan=&quot;16&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Singlí bolscaireachta ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|SAM]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Break Again&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(le Emily Luther)}}
| 2011
| —
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{n/a|Singil gan albam}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;L.U.V.&quot;
| 2014
| —
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Nothing but Trouble&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(le [[Lil Wayne]])}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2015
| 86
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;I Won't Tell a Soul&quot;
| —
|  ''Some Type of Love''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Suffer&quot;
| 2016
| —
| ''Nine Track Mind''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;If You Leave Me Now&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(le [[Boyz II Men]])}}
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2018
| —
| ''Voicenotes''
|-
!Colspan=&quot;16&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

===Singlí eile===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta singlí mar Ealaíontóir Ceoil
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Buaicphointí ar an gCairt
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Éire|ÉIRE]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Fhrainc|FRA]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|RA]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Oops&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Little Mix]] le Charlie Puth)}}
| rowspan=2|2016
| 49 || — || 41
| ''[[Glory Days]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Dangerously&quot;
| — || 169 || —
| ''Nine Track Mind''
|-
!Colspan=&quot;16&quot;|&lt;small&gt;&quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an singil sa chairt seo.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==Cumaí eile==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ealaíontóirí eile 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;How Deep Is Your Love&quot;
| 2015
| {{N/A}}
| ''BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bbc-radio-1s-live-lounge-2015/id1047749818 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-06 |archivedate=2015-11-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118015301/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bbc-radio-1s-live-lounge-2015/id1047749818}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Oops&quot;
| 2016
| [[Little Mix]]
| ''[[Glory Days]]''
|-
|}

==Físeáin Cheoil==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Liosta físeán ceoil
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Stiúrthóir(í)
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;These Are My Sexy Shades&quot;
| 2010
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot; {{n/a}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Break Again&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2011
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Swag (Woop!)&quot;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Seventeen&quot;
| 2012
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Lights Go Out&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Look at Me Now&quot;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;L.U.V.&quot;
| 2014
| Andrew Vallentine&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.andrewvallentine.com/filter/Charlie-Puth/LUV |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-06 |archivedate=2016-02-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160209232435/http://www.andrewvallentine.com/filter/Charlie-Puth/LUV }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Dear Future Husband&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| 2015
| [[Fatima Robinson]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.vevo.com/watch/meghan-trainor/dear-future-husband/USSM21500380&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Marvin Gaye&quot;
| [[Marc Klasfeld]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/charlie-puth/1204675/marvin-gaye.jhtml |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-06 |archivedate=2015-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209130442/http://www.mtv.com/videos/charlie-puth/1204675/marvin-gaye.jhtml }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;See You Again&quot;
| Marc Klasfeld&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2134620/wiz-khalifa-paul-walker-see-you-again/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-06 |archivedate=2015-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417203205/http://www.mtv.com/news/2134620/wiz-khalifa-paul-walker-see-you-again/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Nothing But Trouble&quot;
| Ryan Staake&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/charlie-puth/1246998/nothing-but-trouble.jhtml |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-06 |archivedate=2015-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209140915/http://www.mtv.com/videos/charlie-puth/1246998/nothing-but-trouble.jhtml }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;One Call Away&quot;
| Mark Staubach&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/charlie-puth/1240017/one-call-away.jhtml |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-06 |archivedate=2015-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209070754/http://www.mtv.com/videos/charlie-puth/1240017/one-call-away.jhtml }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;One Call Away&quot; {{small|(Coast to Coast Mix)}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Suffer&quot; {{small|(Vince Staples &amp; AndreaLo Remix)}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2016
| Austin Starrett Winchell&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://fmusictv.com/2016/02/charlie-puth-suffer-vince-staples-andrealo-remix.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-11-06 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303124802/http://fmusictv.com/2016/02/charlie-puth-suffer-vince-staples-andrealo-remix.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;We Don't Talk Anymore&quot;
| Phil Pinto
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Dangerously&quot;
| 
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Attention&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2017
| Emil Nava&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://imvdb.com/video/charlie-puth/attention/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-08-20 |archivedate=2017-09-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164401/https://imvdb.com/video/charlie-puth/attention/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;How Long&quot;
| Emil Nava&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3042659/charlie-puth-how-long-video-interview/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-12-21 |archivedate=2021-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621060441/https://www.mtv.com/news/3042659/charlie-puth-how-long-video-interview/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Dioscliostaí|Puth, Charlie]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Family Guy (séasúr 12)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4880" sha1="mwhugvw3g5dkk0aggz1s701r4dvnp6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Bosca sonraí séasúr
|dath                = #594022
|dath2               = #FFFFFF
|ainm_séasúr         = Family Guy (séasúr 12)
|íomhá               = 
|tír_a_dhéanta       = [[Stáit Aontaithe]]
|líonra              = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
|uimh_eipeasóid      = 21
|chéad_chraoladh     = 29 Meán Fómhair, 2013
|craoladh_deireanach = 18 Bealtaine, 2014
|seo_caite           = [[Family Guy (séasúr 11)|Séasúr 11]]
|seo                 = Séasúr 12
|seo_chugainn        = [[Family Guy (séasúr 13)|Séasúr 13]]
}}
Craoladh an '''dara séasúr déag''' ''[[Family Guy]]'' idir Meán Fómhair 29, 2013 agus Bealtaine 18, 2014 ag tosú le &quot;[[Finders Keepers]]&quot;.

Bhí [[Conan O'Brien]], [[Lea Thompson]], [[Jeff Daniels]], [[Michelle Dockery]], [[Tony Sirico]], [[Yvette Nicole Brown]], [[Gary Cole]], [[Lauren Bacall]], [[Liam Neeson]], [[Bryan Cranston]], [[Peter Dinklage]], [[Adam Levine]], agus [[Ariana Grande]] le feiceáil mar aíonna i rith an tséasúir.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/family-guy/listings/ {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.foxflash.com/div.php/main/page?aID=1z2z2z254z7z8&amp;ID=14225 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-08-28 |archivedate=2013-09-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908133513/http://www.foxflash.com/div.php/main/page?aID=1z2z2z254z7z8&amp;ID=14225 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2013/07/20/video-fox-fanfare-2013-family-guy-sneak-peek-at-comic-con-57113/20130720fox02/ {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/10/29/family-guy-maya-rudolph-glenn-howerton/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-08-28 |archivedate=2015-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104210650/http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/10/29/family-guy-maya-rudolph-glenn-howerton/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eipeasóidí==
{{féach freisin|Liosta eipeasóidí Family Guy}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;
|- style=&quot;color:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Uimh
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | #
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Dáta craolta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Cód táirgeachta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#594022;&quot; | Lucht féachana&lt;br&gt;(Milliúin)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 211 || 1 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Finders Keepers]]&quot; || Meán Fómhair 29, 2013 || BACX01 || 5.23
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 212 || 2 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Vestigial Peter]]&quot; || Deireadh Fómhair 6, 2013 || BACX02 || 5.20
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 213 || 3 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Quagmire's Quagmire]]&quot; || Samhain 3, 2013 || BACX03 || 4.87
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 214 || 4 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[A Fistful of Meg]]&quot; || Samhain 10, 2013 || AACX22 || 4.18
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 215 || 5 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Boopa-dee Bappa-dee]]&quot; || Samhain 17, 2013 || BACX04 || 4.46
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 216 || 6 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Life of Brian]]&quot; || Samhain 24, 2013 || BACX05 || 4.58
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 217 || 7 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Into Harmony's Way]]&quot; || Nollaig 8, 2013 || BACX06 || 5.36
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 218 || 8 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Christmas Guy]]&quot; || Nollaig 15, 2013 || BACX07 || 6.37
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 219 || 9 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Peter Problems]]&quot; || Eanáir 5, 2014 || BACX08 || 5.76
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 220 || 10 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Grimm Job]]&quot; || Eanáir 12, 2014 || BACX09 || 5.22
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 221 || 11 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Brian's a Bad Father]]&quot; || Eanáir 26, 2014 || BACX10 || 4.11
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 222 || 12 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Mom's the Word]]&quot; || Márta 9, 2014 || BACX11 || 4.56
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 223 || 13 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[3 Acts of God]]&quot; || Márta 16, 2014 || AACX17 || 4.62
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 224 || 14 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Fresh Heir]]&quot; || Márta 23, 2014 || BACX13 || 4.38
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 225 || 15 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Secondhand Spoke]]&quot; || Márta 30, 2014 || BACX12 || 4.17
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 226 || 16 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Herpe the Love Sore]]&quot; || Aibreán 6, 2014 || BACX16 || 4.77
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 227 || 17 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Most Interesting Man in the World]]&quot; || Aibreán 13, 2014 || BACX14 || 4.39
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 228 || 18 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Baby Got Black]]&quot; || Aibreán 27, 2014 || BACX15 || 4.02
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 229 || 19 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Meg Stinks!]]&quot; || Bealtaine 4, 2014 || BACX17 || 4.40
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 230 || 20 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[He's Bla-ack!]]&quot; || Bealtaine 11, 2014 || BACX19 || 4.16
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 231 || 21 || align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Chap Stewie]]&quot; || Bealtaine 18, 2014 || BACX18 || 3.88
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
{{reflist|20em}}
|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
|}

{{Family Guy}}

[[Catagóir:Family Guy]]</text>
      <sha1>mwhugvw3g5dkk0aggz1s701r4dvnp6c</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edward Snowden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1328548</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T04:27:17Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="9896" sha1="8uh2enzum719zxghhjt1do7x9riw9j1" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
[[Íomhá:Edward Snowden signature.svg|mion|Síniú Edward Snowden]]

Ríomheolaí agus [[sceithire]] [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] is ea '''Edward Joseph Snowden''', a rugadh ar [[21 Meitheamh]] [[1983]] in Elizabeth City, [[Carolina Thuaidh]]. D'oibrigh sé don [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) agus mar chonraitheoir don [[National Security Agency]] (NSA)&lt;ref&gt;Farhad Manjoo, [http://www.slate.fr/monde/73729/prism-snowden-nsa « Prism, Snowden, et les guignols de la NSA »], ''www.[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]].fr'' - 10 juin 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nouvelobs.com/AFP&quot;&gt;Céline Lussato, [http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20130610.OBS2624/surveillance-par-la-nsa-qui-est-edward-snowden.html « Surveillance par la NSA : qui est Edward Snowden ? »], ''[[L'Obs]].com'' avec [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], 10 juin 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 2013, nocht sé sonraí a bhain le roinnt clár faireachais uilíche de chuid Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá agus na [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Ríochta Aontaithe]] gan údarás.&lt;ref name=&quot;monde&quot;&gt;[http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/06/09/un-ancien-employe-de-la-nsa-derriere-les-revelations-sur-les-ecoutes-numeriques_3426888_3222.html « Surveillance d'Internet : un ancien employé de la CIA à l'origine des fuites »], ''[[Le Monde]].fr'' avec [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] et [[Reuters]] - 9 juin 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí na cláir á chur i bhfeidhm le comhoibriú comhlachtaí teileachumarsáidí agus rialtais [[An Eoraip|Eorpacha]], chomh maith le Comhaontas na gCúig Shúil ([[SAM]], [[an Astráil]], [[an Nua-Shéalainn]], [[Ceanada]] agus an Ríocht Aontaithe). 

==A mhuintir, óige agus oideachas==
Rugadh Edward Joseph Snowden ar [[21 Meitheamh]] [[1983]] in Elizabeth City, [[Carolina Thuaidh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BirthDate&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |authorlink=Spencer Ackerman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/10/edward-snowden-army-special-forces |teideal=Edward Snowden was not successful in joining the US Army's elite special forces unit |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=June 10, 2013 |accessdate=April 11, 2015 |quote=The army did confirm Snowden's date of birth: 21 June 1983.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba sheach[[aimiréal]] i nGarda Cósta na [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stát Aontaithe]] agus, níos déanaí, ardoifigeach san [[FBI]] a sheanathair ar thaobh a mháthar, Edward J. Barrett, a bhí i láthair sa [[An Peinteagán|Pheinteagán]] ar [[11 Meán Fómhair]] [[2001]] nuair a d'ionsaigh [[Sceimhlitheoireacht|sceimhlitheoir]]í de chuid al-Qaeda an [[foirgneamh]] úd. Ba oifigeach sa Gharda Cósta a athair freisin. D'oibrigh a mháthair agus an deirfiúr is sine leis sna cúirteanna feidearálacha. Fuair tuismitheoirí Snowden colscaradh sa bhliain 2001, agus phós a athair arís. 

Agus é ar an mbunscoil, chuaigh teaghlach Snowden a chónaigh in Fort Meade, [[Maryland]]. Chaill sé 9 mí den ardscoil de bharr na [[monanúiclé-óis]]e agus ní dheachaigh sé ar ais. Fuair sé GED ina áit sin agus ansin d'fhreastail sé ar chúrsaí ag Anne Arundel Community College i [[Maryland]]. Fuair Snowden scór os cionn 145 faoi dhó ar theisteanna IQ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BamfordWired&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/2014/08/edward-snowden/|teideal=Edward Snowden: The untold story of the most wanted man in the world|last=Bamford|first=James|date=August 13, 2014|work=Wired}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deirtear freisin go raibh sé ag obair ar chéim mháistir ó Ollscoil Learphoill ar líne, cé nach raibh céim bhaitsiléara aige.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |page=3 |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/us-fears-edward-snowden-defect-china-sources/story?id=19389672&amp;page=3 |teideal=U.S. Fears Edward Snowden May Defect to China: Sources |publisher=ABC News |date=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ó bhí sé ina ógfhear, chuir sé suim in Oirthear na h[[An Áise|Áise]]: [[ealaín oscartha]], an t[[Seapáinis]], an t[[Sínis]]. Chuir sé síos air féin mar [[Búdachas|Bhúdaí]] nuair a thosaigh sé ar chúrsa traenála in Arm na Stát Aontaithe agus d'oibrigh sé ar feadh tamaill do chomhlacht [[anime]].
==Luathghairm a bheatha==
Ar [[7 Bealtaine]] [[2004]], chuaigh Snowden isteach i gcúltaca Airm na Stát Aontaithe mar ábhar saighdiúra sna Fórsaí Speisialta, ach theip air an clár traenála a chríochnú mar gheall ar thimpiste inar bhris sé a dhá chois. Ina dhiaidh sin, fostaíodh é ar feadh faoi bhun bliana i 2005 mar &quot;speisialtóir sábháilteachta&quot; i gcampas de chuid [[Ollscoil]] Maryland (Center for Advanced Study of Language). Cé gur áisínteacht neamhaicmithe a bhí ann agus gur post mar gharda sábháilteachta a bhí aige, deir Snowden go raibh imréiteach slándála ardleibhéil riachtanach agus gur éirigh leis i dteist le brathadóir éithigh chomh maith le hiniúchadh dian ar a chúlra.

====A sheal san CIA====
I ndiaidh dul go haonach jabanna a raibh an fheidhm ar ghníomhaireachtaí faisnéise sa bhliain 2006, ghlac Snowden post ón nGníomhaireacht Faisnéise Lárnach (GFL nó CIA) .&lt;ref name=JacobJijo&gt;{{cite web |author1= Jacob Jijo |teideal= Edward Snowden Scandal: CIA Sent Him Home But NSA Hired Him Later |url= http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/edward-snowden-scandal-cia-nsa-hired-warning-513190 |publisher= International Business Times |accessdate= January 30, 2014 |date= October 11, 2013 |dátarochtana= Aibreán 3, 2017 |archivedate= Aibreán 2, 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160402172947/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/edward-snowden-scandal-cia-nsa-hired-warning-513190 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir an Ghníomhaireacht é ag obair sa roinn chumarsáide domhanda sa cheannáras in [[Langley, Virginia]].

I mí Bealtaine na bliana 2006, scríobh Snowden in ''Ars Technica'' nach raibh fadhb aige obair a fháil os cionn eisean a bheith ina &quot;asarlaí ríomhaireachta&quot;. Tar éis clú a bhaint amach dó féin agus é ag obair mar fhostaí sóisearach ar fhoireann ríomhaireachta ardleibhéil, chuir an GFL Snowden chuig scoil rúnda na Gníomhaireachta do shaineolaithe teicneolaíochta. Chaith sé sé mhí ansin ag déanamh staidéir go lánaimseartha agus ag cur faoi in óstán.

I mí Márta, 2007, chuir an GFL Snowden ar stáisiún faoi chlúdach [[Taidhleoir|taidhleora]] sa [[An Ghinéiv|Ghinéiv]], san [[An Eilvéis|Eilvéis]], mar a raibh sé freagrach as sábháilteacht mogalra ríomhairí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/10/190293209/who-is-edward-snowden-the-nsa-leaker |teideal= Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker? |first= Mark |last= Memmott |publisher= [[NPR]] |date= June 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Faisnéis uilíoch a nochtadh==

Tá an mhéid cruinn faisnéise atá nochtaithe ag Snowden anaithnid, ach mheas oifigigh na hAstráile go bhfuil 15,000 nó níos mó comhad faisnéise de chuid na h[[An Astráil|Astráile]] i gceist, agus measann oifigigh na [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Breataine]] go bhfuil ar a laghad 58,000 comhad faisnéise na Breataine i gceist. I dtús báire, mheas Stiúrthóir an USN (An tÚdaras um Shlándáil Náisiúnta) gur chóipeáil Snowden ó 50,000 go 200,000 doiciméad USN. Bhí meastacháin níos déanaí ar fáil ag oifigigh SAM ar an ord 1.7 milliún, méid a tháinig ar dtús ó nochtadh eolais na Roinne Cosanta. I mí Iúil 2014, thuairiscigh an ''Washington Post'' ar thaisce a bhí ar fáil roimhe sin ag Snowden.

I mí an Mhárta 2014, Arm Ginearálta Martin Dempsey, Cathaoirleach an Taoisigh Chomhchoiste na Foirne, dúirt an Coiste Seirbhísí Armtha Teach, &quot;An chuid is mó de na doiciméid a Snowden ... exfiltrated as ár leibhéil is airde slándála ... raibh aon rud a dhéanamh le nochtadh maoirseacht rialtas na gníomhaíochtaí intíre. Bhain formhór na ndaoine go dtí ár gcumais mhíleata, oibríochtaí, tactics, teicnící agus nósanna imeachta. &quot;[80] Nuair a iarradh ar scor NSA stiúrthóir Keith Alexander in agallamh Bealtaine 2014 ar líon na n a chainníochtú doiciméid Snowden ghoid, fhreagair Alexander, &quot;ní dóigh liom go bhfuil duine ar bith a fhios ag ndáiríre cad ghlac sé i ndáiríre leis, mar gheall ar an mbealach a rinne sé é, nach bhfuil againn ar bhealach cruinn chomhaireamh. Céard a dhéanaimid go mbeadh ar bhealach cruinn comhaireamh bhfuil an méid i dteagmháil léi sé, cad is féidir sé a íoslódáil, agus go raibh níos mó ná milliún doiciméid.&quot;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Meta Platforms]]

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

==Scannáin==
* [[Oliver Stone]], ''Snowden'' (Endgame Entertainment, 2015)
* [[Laura Poitras]], ''Citizenfour'' (Participant Media agus HBO Films, 114 nóiméad, 2014)

==Leabharliosta==
* [[Permanent Record]] (2019) ISBN 9781529035650

==Naisc sheachtracha==
* [http://www.edwardsnowden.com Suíomh Edward Snowden.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162758/https://edwardsnowden.com/ |date=2022-01-21 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/fault-lines/FaultLinesBlog/2013/11/1/nsa-leaks-a-timeline.html |teideal=NSA leaks: a timeline |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |accessdate=3 Márta 2015}} November 1, 2013 (Al Jazeera America)
* {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/the-nsa-files |teideal=The NSA Files |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=June 5, 2013 |accessdate=3 Márta 2017}} (Innéacs alt faoi Snowden)
* {{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/nsa-secrets |teideal=NSA Secrets |work=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=June 9, 2013 |accessdate= |first=Ellen |last=Nakashima |dátarochtana=Márta 3, 2017 |archivedate=Aibreán 24, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424002624/http://www.washingtonpost.com/nsa-secrets/}} (Innéacs alt)


{{DEFAULTSORT:Snowden, Edward}}
[[Catagóir:Deoraithe Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Eolaithe ríomhaireachta Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Sceithirí Meiriceánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1983]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
      <sha1>8uh2enzum719zxghhjt1do7x9riw9j1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ed Sheeran</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328546</id>
      <parentid>1328136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T04:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328546</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6309" sha1="ln06778yocup1v5mwdq3rznam6vlgoh" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is [[amhránaí]] agus [[giotáraí]] é '''Edward Christopher''' &quot;'''Ed'''&quot; '''Sheeran''' a rugadh ar [[17 Feabhra]] [[1991]].

[[Íomhá:Ed Sheeran (8507721647).jpg|clé|mion|2013]]

== Oidhreacht ==
[[Íomhá:Ed Sheeran (8508826576).jpg|mion|clé|2013]]Tá oidhreacht [[Éire|Éireannach]] ag Sheeran agus é bródúil as sin&lt;ref&gt;E-leathanach 256, 6 Márta 2017&lt;/ref&gt;.  Mar shampla:
* Rugadh Sheeran i [[Sasana]] ach tá cúlra [[Éireannach]] aige ar thaobh a athar.  Tá a mhamó fós ina cónaí in Éirinn.  
* Tá corp Sheeran clúdaithe le tatúnna. Sa bhliain 2014, fuair sé tatú as [[Gaeilge]] ar a dheasóg a deir ‘Is tú mo réalt eolais’. Tá ceann eile air a deir ‘Galway’. 
* Ar a albam ''DIVIDE'' (2017) tá [[Amhránaíocht|amhrán]] aige darb ainm &quot;Galway Girl&quot;. 
* Sa bhliain 2016, chan Sheeran aistriúchán de ''Thinking Out Loud''' (''Ag Smaoineamh os Ard'') ar [[Dlúthdhiosca|dhlúthcheirnín]]í [[Seachtain na Gaeilge|Sheachtain na Gaeilge]]. 
* Bhí Sheeran  ag [[An Phicnic Leictreach]] sa bhliain 2012.
==Saol ==
Taibheoir ab ea Sheeran ar [[The X Factor (sraith 11 an RA)]] sa bhliain 2014&lt;ref&gt; http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/the-x-factor/news/a604517/x-factor-week-3-is-movie-night-ed-sheeran-and-onerepublic-performing/#~oTaIJ2UixvTMrV Digital Spy &lt;/ref&gt;.

Thit Sheeran den rothar sa bhliain 2017 agus bhris sé a [[Lámh|dheasóg]]. Ní raibh sé in ann an [[giotár]] a sheinm go ceann tamaillín.  Nuair a sheinneann Sheeran ar an ardán, ní bhíonn aon [[Banna ceoil|bhanna ceoil]] in éineacht leis. Mar sin, ní raibh sé in ann dul ar camchuairt go ceann cúpla mí&lt;ref&gt;Eleathanach 274,  21 Deireadh Fómhair 2017&lt;/ref&gt;.   

I mí Eanáir 2018, d’fhógair Ed Sheeran go raibh sé geallta''.'' Chuir sé aithne ar Cherry Seaborn agus iad ar scoil&lt;ref&gt;Eleathanach 282,  22 Eanáir 2018&lt;/ref&gt;.  Thosaigh siad ag siúl amach le chéile sa bhliain 2015. Is duine an-spórtúil í Cherry. Imríonn sí [[haca]] ag leibhéal idirnáisiúnta le Sasana   
[[Íomhá:Ed Sheeran Performs On Walmart Soundcheck Risers - January 2013 (8366036110).jpg|clé|mion|2013]]

== Conspóidí ==
Tá úinéirí an [[Cóipcheart|chóipchirt]] den amhráin de chuid Marvin Gaye an-tugtha don dlí. Ba iad oidhrí Ed Townsend, a chomhscríobh an t-amhrán ‘Let’s Get It On’ le Marvin Gaye, a thug cás in aghaidh Sheeran go dtí an chúirt, ar dtús sa bhliain 2016, agus arís sa bhliain 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/29-aibre%C3%A1n-2023-luimneach/id1525428808?i=1000611123429|teideal=‎Nuacht Mhall:   (Luimneach)|údar=Conradh na Gaeilge, Londain|dáta=29 Aibreán 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Apple Podcasts|dátarochtana=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba chás cúirte é a bhí go mór i mbéal an phobail. Thug Ed Sheeran fianaise gur cumadh a amhrán 'Thinking Out Loud' le linn seisiún comhoibríoch scríbhneoireachta lena chomhscríbhneoir Amy Wadge. Bhí ceoleolaí an ghearánaí ag rá go raibh na cordaí “beagnach inmhalartaithe” agus an ceoleolaí a bhí ag gníomhú do Ed Sheeran ag áitiú gur úsáideadh an seicheamh cordaí céanna i roinnt amhrán eile seachas amhrán Sheeran. Bhuaigh Sheeran na cásanna, an ceann deireanach sa bhliain 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/04/ed-sheeran-verdict-not-liable-copyright-lawsuit-marvin-gaye|teideal=Ed Sheeran cleared of infringing copyright in Marvin Gaye lawsuit|údar=Benjamin Lee|dáta=2023-05-04|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|dátarochtana=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I gcás bradaíola ceoil eile, sa bhliain 2022, bhuaigh Sheeran cás eile maidir lena amhrán 'Shape of You' (in aghaidh Sami Switch, nó Sami Chokri agus cumadóir Ross O’Donoghue).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ed-sheeran-shape-of-you-trial-win-1333494/|teideal=Ed Sheeran Awarded Over $1.1 Million in Legal Fees in 'Shape of You' Copyright Case|údar=Emily Zemler|dáta=2022-06-22|language=en-US|work=Rolling Stone|dátarochtana=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/29-aibre%C3%A1n-2023-luimneach/id1525428808?i=1000611123429|teideal=‎Nuacht Mhall:   (Luimneach)|údar=Conradh na Gaeilge, Londain|dáta=29 Aibreán 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Apple Podcasts|dátarochtana=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gaza ===
Ghlac Macklemore páirt in dhá cheolchoirm sa chamchuairt de chuid Ed Sheeran ar Mheiriceá in 2026. Ach  díbríodh é ansin as an gcuid eile mar gheall ar a ndúirt sé ar an stáitse maidir le Gaza.  Mhaígh Macklemore gur chuir an toicí Robert Kraft, ar leis ceann d'ionaid na camchuairte, gur chuir sé iallach ar Ed Sheeran an rapálaí a dhíbirt. 

Ansin tharraing gach aoicheoltóir eile amach as camchuairt Ed Sheeran mar agóid in aghaidh dhíbirt Macklemore, ceoltóirí as Éirinn ina measc, mar atá, an t-amhránaí Aaron Rowe agus an grúpa [[Beoga]].

D'fhógair an stáisiún raidió in Éirinn [[Classic Hits (Éire)|Classic Hits]] Radio nach gcraolfaí ceol Ed Sheeran ar an stáisiún arís go ceann tamaill nár sonraíodh mar gheall ar an gcinneadh Macklemore a dhíbirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Macklemore le hairgead as camchuairt a bhronnadh ar Phalaistínigh|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0917/1591869-macklemore-le-hairgead-as-camchuairt-a-bhronnadh-ar-phalaistinigh/|date=2026-09-17|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dioscliosta==
* ''[[+ (albam)|+]]'' (2011)
* ''[[× (albam)|×]]'' (2014)
* ''[[÷ (albam)|÷]]'' (2017)
* ''No.6 Collaborations Project'' (2019)
* ''[[= (albam)|=]]'' (2021)
* ''−'' (2023)
* ''Autumn Variations'' (2023)
* ''Play'' (2025)

==Gradaim agus ainmniúcháin==
Tá ceithre Ghradam Grammy buaite aige agus tá trí déag ainmniúchán faighte aige.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ed-sheeran|teideal=Ed Sheeran|dáta=2019-02-15|language=en|work=GRAMMY.com|dátarochtana=2019-03-20|archivedate=2018-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209232618/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ed-sheeran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheeran, Ed}}
[[Catagóir:Popcheoltóirí| ]]
[[Catagóir:Pobal Éireannach na Breataine]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1991]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Ed Sheeran]]</text>
      <sha1>ln06778yocup1v5mwdq3rznam6vlgoh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scannánliosta Matt Damon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328610</id>
      <parentid>1178980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T11:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10361" sha1="fv9undoermjrtnmdms3hz20zkhbzurb" xml:space="preserve">Is aisteoir agus scríbhneoir Meiriceánach é [[Matt Damon]]. Rinne sé a thús ar an scáileán ag aois 18 le mion ról sa scannán 1988 ''Mystic Pizza''.

==Scannán==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#B0C4DE&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! Bliain
! Teideal
! Ról 
! Nótaí
|-  
| 1988
| ''Mystic Pizza''
| Steamer
|
|-
| 1992
| ''School Ties''
| Charlie Dillon
|
|-
| 1993
| ''Geronimo: An American Legend''
| Lt. Britton Davis
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1996
| ''Glory Daze''
| Edgar Pudwhacker
| Caimeo
|-
| ''Courage Under Fire''
| Saineolaí Ilario
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 1997
| ''Good Will Hunting''
| Will Hunting
| 
|-
| ''The Rainmaker''
| Rudy Baylor
|
|-
| ''Chasing Amy''
| Shawn Oran
| Caimeo
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1998
| ''Rounders''
| Mike McDermott
|
|-
| ''Saving Private Ryan''
| Pvt James Francis Ryan
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1999
| ''The Talented Mr. Ripley''
| Tom Ripley
|
|-
| ''Dogma''
| Loki
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2000
| ''Finding Forrester''
| Steven Sanderson
| Caimeo
|-
| ''All the Pretty Horses''
| John Grady Cole
|
|-
| ''The Legend of Bagger Vance''
| Rannulph Junuh
| 
|-
| ''Titan A.E.''
| Cale Tucker
| Guth
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2001
| ''The Majestic''
| Luke Trimble
| Guth
|-
| ''Ocean's Eleven''
| Linus Caldwell
|
|-
| ''Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back''
| Féin
| Caimeo
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2002
| ''Confessions of a Dangerous Mind''
| Matt, fear singil #2
| Caimeo
|-
| ''The Bourne Identity''
| Jason Bourne
|
|-
| ''Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron''
| Spirit
| Guth
|-
| ''Gerry''
| Gerry
|
|-
| 2003
| ''Stuck on You''
| Bob Tenor
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| 2004
| ''Howard Zinn: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train''
| Tráchtaire
| Guth
|-
| ''Ocean's Twelve''
| Linus Caldwell
|
|-
| ''The Bourne Supremacy''
| Jason Bourne
|
|-
| ''Jersey Girl''
| PR Exec #2
| Caimeo
|-
| ''Eurotrip''
| Donny
| Caimeo
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2005
| ''Syriana''
| Bryan Woodman
|
|-
| ''[[The Brothers Grimm (scannán)|The Brothers Grimm]]''
| Will (Wilhelm) Grimm
| 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2006
| ''The Good Shepherd''
| Edward Wilson
|
|-
| ''The Departed''
| Colin Sullivan
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2007
| ''Ocean's Thirteen''
| Linus Caldwell
|
|-
| ''The Bourne Ultimatum''
| Jason Bourne
|
|-
| ''Youth Without Youth''
| Ted Jones
| Caimeo
|-
| ''Arthur''
| Féin
| Guth
|-
| 2008 
| ''Che: Part Two'' 
| Fr. Schwarz 
| Caimeo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2009
| ''Ponyo'' 
| Koichi 
| Guth (leagan Béarla)
|-
| ''The Informant!'' 
| Mark Whitacre 
|
|-
| ''Invictus'' 
| Francois Pienaar 
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2010 
| ''Green Zone'' 
| Chief Warrant Officer Roy Miller 
| 
|-
| ''30 Rock''
| Carol
| Sraith theilifíse (epeasóid: &quot;I Do Do&quot;)
|-
| ''Hereafter'' 
| George 
| 
|-
| ''True Grit'' 
| LeBoeuf 
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| 2011 
| ''The Adjustment Bureau'' 
| David Norris 
| 
|-
| ''Contagion'' 
| Mitch Emhoff
| 
|-
| ''Margaret'' 
| Mr. Aaron 
| 
|-
| ''Happy Feet Two'' 
| Bill the Krill (guth) 
| 
|-
| ''We Bought a Zoo'' 
| Benjamin Mee
| 
|-
| 2012
| ''Promised Land'' 
| Steve Butler 
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2013 
| ''Behind the Candelabra'' 
| Scott Thorson 
| 
|-
| ''Elysium'' 
| Max Da Costa
| 
|-
| ''The Zero Theorem'' 
| Management 
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2014 
| ''The Monuments Men'' 
| James Granger 
| 
|-
| ''The Man Who Saved the World'' 
| Í féin
| 
|-
| ''Interstellar'' 
| Dr. Mann
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''The Martian'' 
| Mark Watney 
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2016
| ''Manchester by the Sea'' 
| 
| Léiritheoir
|-
| ''Jason Bourne'' 
| Jason Bourne/&lt;br&gt;David Webb
| 
|-
| ''The Great Wall'' 
| William Garin
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017 
| ''Bending the Arc'' 
|  
| Fáisnéis
|-
| ''Downsizing'' 
| 
| 
|-
| ''Suburbicon'' 
| 
| 
|-
| 2018
| ''Ocean's Eight'' 
| Linus Caldwell 
| 
|}

==Teilifís==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Teideal
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Bliain
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Ról
!scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Nótaí
!scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Tag.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Rising Son''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 1990
| Charlie Robinson
| Scannán
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1990-07-23/lifestyle/9007220060_1_matt-damon-rising-son-gus-robinson |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-07 |archivedate=2016-06-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602234520/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1990-07-23/lifestyle/9007220060_1_matt-damon-rising-son-gus-robinson }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[The Good Old Boys (scannán)|The Good Old Boys]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 1995
| Cotton Calloway
| Scannán teilifís
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/03/arts/tv-weekend-now-a-cowboy-writer-and-director.html|title=Now a Cowboy, Writer and Director&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Project Greenlight]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2001–05,&lt;br/&gt; 2015
| É féin
| Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2015/tv/reviews/project-greenlight-season-4-review-ben-affleck-matt-damon-series-1201582460/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Push, Nevada]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2002
| —
| Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2002/tv/features/push-nevada-1200546284/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2002
| É féin
| Eipeasóid: &quot;Matt Damon/Bruce Springsteen &amp; The E Street Band&quot;
|align=center|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[The Bernie Mac Show]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2002
| É féin
| Eipeasóid: &quot;Keep It on the Short Grass&quot;
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-bernie-mac-show/episode-1-season-2/keep-it-on-the-short-grass/100449/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822204708/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-bernie-mac-show/episode-1-season-2/keep-it-on-the-short-grass/100449/ |archivedate=2016-08-22 |dátarochtana=2017-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Will &amp; Grace]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2002
| Owen
| Eipeasóid: &quot;[[A Chorus Lie]]&quot;
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/will-grace/episode-16-season-4/a-chorus-lie/100581/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822181734/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/will-grace/episode-16-season-4/a-chorus-lie/100581/ |archivedate=2016-08-22 |dátarochtana=2017-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Journey to Planet Earth''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2003–14
| Reacaire
| Fáisnéis; 9 eipeasóid
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/journey-to-planet-earth/cast/279423/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605032337/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/journey-to-planet-earth/cast/279423/ |archivedate=2016-06-05 |dátarochtana=2017-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2007
| É féin &lt;small&gt;(guth)&lt;/small&gt;
| Eipeasóid: &quot;The Making of Arthur/Dancing Fools&quot;
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/arthur/episode-6940456/194495/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822185953/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/arthur/episode-6940456/194495/ |archivedate=2016-08-22 |dátarochtana=2017-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009
| É féib
| Eipeasóid: &quot;Give a Little Bit&quot;
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/entourage/episode-12367103/191498/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314090657/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/entourage/episode-12367103/191498/ |archivedate=2016-03-14 |dátarochtana=2017-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=row | ''[[The People Speak (scannán)|The People Speak]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2009
| Recaire
| Fáisnéis;&lt;br/&gt;léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/11/AR2009121103855.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Cubed''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010
| É féin
| Eipeasóid: &quot;Welcome Matt Damon&quot;
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/cubed/episode-18498098/393556/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605033012/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/cubed/episode-18498098/393556/ |archivedate=2016-06-05 |dátarochtana=2017-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[30 Rock]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2010–11
| Carol Burnett
| Eipeasóid: &quot;I Do Do&quot;, &quot;The Fabian Strategy&quot;,&lt;br/&gt; &quot;Live Show&quot; agus &quot;Double-Edged Sword&quot;
|align=center|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[House of Lies]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2013
| É féin
| Eipeasóid: &quot;Damonschildren.org&quot;
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/house-of-lies/episode-4-season-2/damonschildren-org/324960/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822200117/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/house-of-lies/episode-4-season-2/damonschildren-org/324960/ |archivedate=2016-08-22 |dátarochtana=2017-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Years of Living Dangerously]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014
| É féin
| Fáisnéis;&lt;br/&gt;eipeasóid: &quot;A Dangerous Future&quot;
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2014/sep/10/in-the-years-of-living-dangerously-part-3&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sort|Leisure|''[[The Leisure Class]]''}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015
| —
| scannán teilifís;&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2015/tv/reviews/the-leisure-class-project-greenlight-movie-review-hbo-jason-mann-1201624083/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Runner (sraith réaltachta)|The Runner]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016
| —
| Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/05/ben-affleck-and-matt-damon-present-the-perfect-summer-reality-tv-show&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Incorporated (sraith theilifíse)|Incorporated]]''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016
| —
| Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|align=center|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/incorporated-syfy-series-matt-damon-ben-affleck-1201696096/|title=Syfy Greenlights Matt Damon &amp; Ben Affleck’s Futuristic Series ‘Incorporated’&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Scannánliostaí|M]]</text>
      <sha1>fv9undoermjrtnmdms3hz20zkhbzurb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scannánliosta Tom Hanks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328611</id>
      <parentid>1312645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T11:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31979" sha1="7zn0wxyo9clfx605ocjo9ckhdw9yk8v" xml:space="preserve">Is aisteoir é '''Tom Hanks'''. Thosaigh sé a ghairm mar Grumio, sa ''Great Lakes Theater'' léiriúchán den  ''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1977). Rinne sé a thús le mionról sa scannán uafáis ''He Knows You're Alone'' (1980).

==Scannán==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Teideal !! width=&quot;4%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Bliain!! colspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Luaite sna creidiúintí mar !! width=&quot;15%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Nótaí !! width=&quot;2%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Tag.
|-
! width=&quot;6%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{small|Aisteoir}}  !! width=&quot;6%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{small|Léiritheoir}} !! width=&quot;6%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{small|Eile}} !! width=&quot;20%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ró(i)l
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[He Knows You're Alone]]''
| 1980
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Elliot
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Splash (scannán)|Splash]]''
| 1984
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Allen Bauer
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Bachelor Party (scannán 1984)|Bachelor Party]]''
| 1984
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Rick Gassko
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9405E2DA1539F933A05755C0A962948260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Man with One Red Shoe]]''
| 1985
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Richard Harlan Drew
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9802E3DF1538F93AA25754C0A963948260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Volunteers (scannán)|Volunteers]]''
| 1985
|{{yes}}
|
|
| Lawrence Whatley Bourne III
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9405E3DC1F38F935A2575BC0A963948260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Money Pit]]''
| 1986
|{{yes}}
|
|
| Walter Fielding, Jr.
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE0DA1F3DF935A15750C0A960948260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Nothing in Common]]''
| 1986
|{{yes}}
|
|
| David Basner
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961919,00.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-09-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905214648/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C961919%2C00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Every Time We Say Goodbye (scannán)|Every Time We Say Goodbye]]''
| 1986
|{{yes}}
|
|
| David Bradley
| 
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE1D8173EF937A25752C1A960948260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Dragnet (scannán 1987)|Dragnet]]''
| 1987
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Det. Pep Streebek
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://articles.latimes.com/1987-06-26/entertainment/ca-6586_1_disaster-movie&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Big (scannán)|Big]]''
| 1988
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Josh Baskin
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/03/movies/review-film-tom-hanks-as-a-13-year-old-in-big.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Punchline (scannán)|Punchline]]''
| 1988
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Steven Gold
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://articles.latimes.com/1988-09-29/entertainment/ca-5977_1_tom-hanks&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The 'Burbs]]''
| 1989
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Ray Peterson
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/mkk7y/the-burbs |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-09-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906020252/http://www.radiotimes.com/film/mkk7y/the-burbs }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Turner &amp; Hooch]]''
| 1989
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Detective Scott Turner
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=950DE7DB143BF93BA15754C0A96F948260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Joe Versus the Volcano]]''
| 1990
|{{yes}}
|
|
| Joe Banks
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/joeversusthevolcanopgkempley_a09ffa.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Bonfire of the Vanities (scannán)|The Bonfire of the Vanities]]''
| 1990
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sherman McCoy
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-bonfire-of-the-vanities-19901221&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Radio Flyer (scannán)|Radio Flyer]]''
| 1992
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Older Mike/Reacaire
|Cameo
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEEDF1E3EF932A15751C0A964958260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[A League of Their Own]]''
| 1992
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Jimmy Dugan
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEED81F3EF932A35754C0A964958260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Sleepless in Seattle]]''
| 1993
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sam Baldwin
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/25/sleepless-in-seattle-anniversary_n_3496495.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Philadelphia (scannán)|Philadelphia]]''
| 1993
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Andrew Beckett
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=PhilNYT&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/22/movies/review-film-philadelphia-tom-hanks-aids-victim-who-fights-establishment.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Forrest Gump]]''
| 1994
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Forrest Gump
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F02EFDB1F3CF935A35754C0A962958260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Apollo 13 (scannán)|Apollo 13]]''
| 1995
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Jim Lovell
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990CE0D7123FF933A05755C0A963958260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Toy Story]]''
| 1995
|{{yes}}
|
|
|[[Sheriff Woody]]
| Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9905EEDA1339F931A15752C1A963958260&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[That Thing You Do!]]''
| 1996
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes|Stiúrthóir agus scríbhneoir scripte}}
|Mr. White
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''
| 1998
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Captain John H. Miller
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/163037/Saving-Private-Ryan/details&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[You've Got Mail]]''
| 1998
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Joe Fox
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/youve-got-mail-1998&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Toy Story 2]]''
| 1999
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Woody
| Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/toy-story-2-1999&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Green Mile (scannán)|The Green Mile]]''
| 1999
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Paul Edgecomb
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://articles.latimes.com/1999/dec/10/entertainment/ca-42354&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Cast Away]]''
| 2000
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Chuck Noland
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/cast-away-20001218&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding]]''
| 2002
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
| 
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mybigfatgreekwedding.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Road to Perdition]]''
| 2002
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Michael Sullivan, Sr.
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/road-to-perdition-2002&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]''
| 2002
|{{yes}}
|
|
|FBI Agent Carl Hanratty
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/catch-me-if-you-can-2002&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Ladykillers (scannán 2004)|The Ladykillers]]''
| 2004
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Professor G.H. Dorr
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9401E2DB1230F935A15750C0A9629C8B63&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Connie and Carla]]''
| 2004
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=connieandcarla.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Terminal]]''
| 2004
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Viktor Navorski
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-terminal-2004&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Elvis Has Left the Building]]''
| 2004
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Mailbox Elvis
|Caimieo
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.reelfilm.com/elvishas.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2005/EHLTB.php |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-09-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913125948/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2005/EHLTB.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Polar Express (scannán)|The Polar Express]]''
| 2004
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|The Conductor/Hero Boy/Father/Scrooge/Santa Claus/Hobo
|Guth&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/286524/The-Polar-Express/details&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D]]''
| 2005
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Scríbhneoir scripte agus reacaire}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|[[IMAX]] only
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/magnificent-desolation-walking-on-the-moon-1200521293/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Da Vinci Code (scannán)|The Da Vinci Code]]''
| 2006
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Professor [[Robert Langdon]]
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/18/movies/18code.html?pagewanted=all&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Cars (scannán)|Cars]]''
| 2006
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Woody Car
| Caimieo&lt;br/&gt;Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1580564,00.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813005925/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0%2C8599%2C1580564%2C00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Ant Bully (scannán)|The Ant Bully]]''
| 2006
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=antbully.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Starter for 10 (scannán)|Starter for 10]]''
| 2006
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=starterforten.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Evan Almighty]]''
| 2007
|
|{{yes}}
| 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Executive producer
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evanalmighty.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Charlie Wilson's War]]''
|2007
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Charlie Wilson
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/nov/18/reel-history-charlie-wilsons-war&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]''
| 2007
|{{yes}}
|
|
| Himself
|Caimieo&lt;br/&gt;Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/27/AR2007072700145.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=row|''[[Mamma Mia! (scannán)|Mamma Mia!]]''
| 2008
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Executive producer
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/385390/Mamma-Mia-/credits&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[City of Ember]]''
| 2008
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/399607/City-of-Ember/details&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Great Buck Howard]]''
| 2009
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Mr. Gable
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/movies/20buck.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[My Life in Ruins]]''
| 2009
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/448813/My-Life-in-Ruins/details&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Angels &amp; Demons (scannán)|Angels &amp; Demons]]''
| 2009
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Professor Robert Langdon
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1897543,00.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-03-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306194532/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0%2C8599%2C1897543%2C00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Where the Wild Things Are (scannán)|Where the Wild Things Are]]''
| 2009
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wherethewildthingsare.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Beyond All Boundaries]]''
| 2009
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Recaire}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Gearrscannán&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nationalww2museum.org/visit/beyond-all-boundaries-cast-and-crew.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Toy Story 3]]''
| 2010
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Woody
| Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/18/entertainment/la-et-toystory-20100618&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Hawaiian Vacation]]''
| 2011
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Woody
| Gearrscannán&lt;br /&gt;Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name= &quot;MSN&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://movies.msn.com/the-rundown/toy-story-4/story_2/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2010-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624230558/http://movies.msn.com/the-rundown/toy-story-4/story_2/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Larry Crowne]]''
|  2011
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Stiúrthóir agus scríbhneoir scripte}}
|Larry Crowne}}
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/01/movies/tom-hanks-and-julia-roberts-in-larry-crowne-review.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Small Fry (scannán)|Small Fry]]''
| 2011
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Woody
| Gearrscannán&lt;br /&gt;Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://collider.com/angus-maclane-small-fry-toy-story-interview/127814/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (scannán)|Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close]]''
| 2011
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Thomas Schell Jr.
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/12/21/brace-yourselves-for-extremely-loud-and-incredibly-close/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-09-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905220904/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/12/21/brace-yourselves-for-extremely-loud-and-incredibly-close/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Cloud Atlas (scannán)|Cloud Atlas]]''
| 2012
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Dr. Henry Goose/Hotel Manager/Isaac Sachs/&lt;br&gt;Dermot Hoggins/Cavendish Look-A-Like Actor/Zachry
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=cloudcast&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/463175/Cloud-Atlas/details&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Partysaurus Rex]]''
| 2012
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Woody
| Gearrscannán&lt;br /&gt;Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=Collider&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://collider.com/toy-story-partysaurus-rex-short/201312/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2012-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011546/http://collider.com/toy-story-partysaurus-rex-short/201312 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Parkland (scannán)|Parkland]]''
| 2013
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2012/film/news/tom-hanks-gary-goetzman-to-produce-jfk-drama-1118057932/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Captain Phillips (scannán)|Captain Phillips]]''
| 2013
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Captain Richard Phillips
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/movies/captain-phillips-stars-tom-hanks-as-a-high-seas-hostage.html?pagewanted=all&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Saving Mr. Banks]]''
| 2013
|{{yes}}
|
|
|[[Walt Disney]]
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/movies/awardsseason/tom-hanks-and-emma-thompson-discuss-saving-mr-banks.html?_r=0&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Bridge of Spies (scannán)|Bridge of Spies]]''
| 2015
|{{yes}}
|
|
|[[James B. Donovan]]
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/bridge-of-spies-film-review-1201609677/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Ithaca (scannán)|Ithaca]]''
| 2015
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Mr. Macauley
|Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-hanks-talks-reunite-meg-715020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/meg-ryan-divorce-dennis-quaid-influenced-movie/story?id=34851298&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2]]''
| 2016
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Producer
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2014/film/news/my-big-fat-greek-wedding-2-universal-1201353051/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[A Hologram for the King (scannán)|A Hologram for the King]]}}''
| 2016
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Alan Clay
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2014/film/news/icon-acquires-u-k-rights-to-tom-hanks-starrer-a-hologram-for-the-king-1201277713/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Sully (scannán)|Sully]]''
| 2016
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|Chesley &quot;Sully&quot; Sullenberger}
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.people.com/article/tom-hanks-plays-heroic-pilot-sully-sullenberger&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Inferno (scannán 2016)|Inferno]]''
| 2016
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Professor Robert Langdon
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/434441-production-begins-on-ron-howards-da-vinci-code-sequel-inferno&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!''[[The Circle (scannán 2017)|The Circle]]''
|2017
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Eamon Bailey
|Iarléiriú&lt;br&gt;Léiritheoir
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2014/12/tom-hanks-eyes-david-eggers-novel-the-circle-with-james-ponsoldt-hot-package-1201325646/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2016/10/tom-hanks-emma-watson-the-circle-april-2017-release-date-1201833008/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!''[[Felt (scannán)|Felt]]''
|2017
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Iarléiriú&lt;br&gt;Léiritheoir
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://deadline.com/2015/11/liam-neeson-felt-movie-watergate-peter-landesman-1201605319/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ''[[Toy Story 4]]''
| 2019
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Woody
|Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2016/film/news/incredibles-2-toy-story-4-pixar-1201901499/&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Teilifís==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! width=&quot;11%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Teideal !! width=&quot;4%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Bliain!! colspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Credited as !! width=&quot;15%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Nótaí !! width=&quot;2%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Tag.
|-
! width=&quot;6%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{small|Aisteoir}}  !! width=&quot;6%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{small|Léiritheoir}} !! width=&quot;6%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{small|Eile}} !! width=&quot;10%&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ró(i)l
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Love Boat]]''
| 1980
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Rick Martin
| Eipeasóid: &quot;Friends and Lovers/Sergeant Bull/Miss Mother&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-love-boat-1980/episode-1-season-4/friends-and-lovers-sergeant-bull-miss-mother/100488 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225030945/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-love-boat-1980/episode-1-season-4/friends-and-lovers-sergeant-bull-miss-mother/100488 |archivedate=2013-12-25 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Bosom Buddies]]''
|  1980–82
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Kip/Buffy Wilson
| 
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.digitalspy.com/celebrity/news/a445089/tom-hanks-reunites-with-bosom-buddies-co-star-peter-scolari-on-stage.html#~oMfUPZmqyDe7Kx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2011/tv/news/bosom-9734/|title=Don’t tar ‘Bosom Buddies’ with ‘Work It’ brush&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Mazes and Monsters]]''
| 1982
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Robbie Wheeling
| Scannán teilifís
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.allmovie.com/movie/mazes-and-monsters-v31949&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/07/tv-time-capsule-mazes-and-monsters&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Taxi (sraith heilifíse)|Taxi]]''
| 1982
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Gordon
| Eipeasóid: &quot;The Road Not Taken: Part 1&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/taxi-1982/episode-23-season-4/the-road-not-taken/100431 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213164150/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/taxi-1982/episode-23-season-4/the-road-not-taken/100431 |archivedate=2014-12-13 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Happy Days]]''
| 1982
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Dr. Dwayne Twitchell
| Eipeasóid: &quot;A Little Case of Revenge&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/happy-days-1982/episode-5-season-10/a-little-case-of-revenge/100197|title=Happy {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Days Episodes&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/tom-hanks-vs-the-fonz-35-plus-oscar-nominees-in-we-92601 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-07-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706093828/http://www.avclub.com/article/tom-hanks-vs-the-fonz-35-plus-oscar-nominees-in-we-92601 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Family Ties]]''
| 1983–84
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Ned Donnelly
| Eipeasóidí: &quot;The Fugitive&quot; Cuid 1 agus 2&lt;br/&gt;Eipeasóid: &quot;Say Uncle&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/family-ties-1984/episode-14-season-2/say-uncle/100151 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810061020/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/family-ties-1984/episode-14-season-2/say-uncle/100151 |archivedate=2014-08-10 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/family-ties-1983/episode-14-season-1/the-fugitive/100151 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810061017/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/family-ties-1983/episode-14-season-1/the-fugitive/100151 |archivedate=2014-08-10 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/family-ties-1983/episode-15-season-1/the-fugitive/100151 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810061104/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/family-ties-1983/episode-15-season-1/the-fugitive/100151 |archivedate=2014-08-10 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| 1985–&lt;br/&gt;2016
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes|Óstach}}
|Carachtair eagsúla
|9 uair mar óstach (1985–2016) &lt;br&gt;8 uair mar aoi/caimieo (2001–15)
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cnn.com/2011/SHOWBIZ/TV/04/21/frequent.snl.hosts/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://snl.jt.org/guest.php-i=815.html|title=SNL{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Archives&amp;nbsp;— Tom Hanks&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/snl-40th-anniversary-steve-martin-773766&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.eonline.com/news/803805/tom-hanks-6-best-snl-sketches-through-the-years&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Tales from the Crypt (sraith theilifíse)|Tales from the Crypt]]''
| 1992
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes|Stiúrthóir}}
| Baxter
| Eipeasóid: &quot;None but the Lonely Heart&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/tales-from-the-crypt-none-but-the-lonely-heart/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2010-07-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729113837/http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/tales-from-the-crypt-none-but-the-lonely-heart/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Fallen Angels (sraith theilifíse)|Fallen Angels]]''
| 1993
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes|Stiúrthóir}}
| Trouble Boy #1
| Eipeasóid: &quot;I'll Be Waiting&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvguide.com/detail/tv-show.aspx?tvobjectid=473354&amp;more=ucepisodelist&amp;episodeid=1085886&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[A League of Their Own (sraith theilifíse)|A League of Their Own]]''
| 1993
|
|
|{{yes|Stiúrthóir}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
| Eipeasóid: &quot;The Monkey's Curse&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvguide.com/detail/tv-show.aspx?tvobjectid=202631&amp;more=ucepisodelist&amp;episodeid=996704&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/93341/Tom-Hanks/filmography&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (gearrsraith)|From the Earth to the Moon]]''
| 1998
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|stiúrthóir agus scríbhneoir scripte}}
|Jean-Luc Despont
| &quot;Le voyage dans la lune&quot; {{small|(aisteoir)}}&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Can We Do This?&quot; {{small|(stiúrthóir)}}&lt;br/&gt; 4 eipeasóid {{small|(scríbhneoir)}}&lt;br/&gt;léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/from-the-earth-to-the-moon/cast/201523 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810184150/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/from-the-earth-to-the-moon/cast/201523 |archivedate=2014-08-10 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/from-the-earth-to-the-moon-1998/episode-1-season-1/can-we-do-this/201523 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810181605/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/from-the-earth-to-the-moon-1998/episode-1-season-1/can-we-do-this/201523 |archivedate=2014-08-10 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/from-the-earth-to-the-moon-1998/episode-1-season-1/can-we-do-this/201523 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810181605/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/from-the-earth-to-the-moon-1998/episode-1-season-1/can-we-do-this/201523 |archivedate=2014-08-10 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Shooting War''
|2000
|
|
|{{yes|Reacaire}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Fáisnéis
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,46456,00.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2016-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195620/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C46456%2C00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Band of Brothers (gearrsraith)|Band of Brothers]]''
| 2001
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Stiúrthóir agus scríbhneoir scripte}}
| British Officer
| Gearrsraith&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Crossroads&quot; {{small|(stiúrthóir)}}&lt;br/&gt;&quot;Currahee&quot; {{small|(scríbhneoir scripte)}}&lt;br/&gt;Caimieo
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/bandofbrothers/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hbo.com/#/band-of-brothers/episodes/0/05-crossroads/synopsis.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hbo.com/band-of-brothers/episodes/0/01-currahee#/band-of-brothers/episodes/0/01-currahee/synopsis.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1581400.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/may/14/features.stevenspielberg&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''We Stand Alone Together: The Men of Easy Company''
|2001
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Fáisnéis&lt;br&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/we-stand-alone-together-the-men-of-easy-company/497518/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128201355/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/we-stand-alone-together-the-men-of-easy-company/497518/ |archivedate=2016-11-28 |dátarochtana=2017-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Freedom: A History of US''
| 2003
| {{yes}}
|
|
|[[Abraham Lincoln]]/[[Charles Erskine Scott Wood|Charles E. Wood]]/[[Daniel Boone]]
| 7 eipeasóid
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/about/credits_tv.html |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2015-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715043915/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/about/credits_tv.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Big Love]]''
| 2006–11
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.emmys.com/shows/big-love&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Pacific (gearrsraith)|The Pacific]]''
| 2010
|
| {{yes}}
|{{yes|Reacaire}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
| Gearrsraith; 6 eipeasóid&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/hbo-developing-third-wwii-miniseries-413632&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://nypost.com/2010/04/30/where-pacific-went-wrong/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[30 Rock]]''
| 2011
|{{yes}}
| 
|
| É féin
| Caimieo
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/s115/30-rock/news/a311224/tom-hanks-to-guest-star-on-30-rock.html#~oMfz3H5n0hML3q&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Killing Lincoln (scannán)|Killing Lincoln]]''
| 2013
|
|
|{{yes|Reacaire}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Scannán teilifís
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/tv-ratings-killing-lincoln-pulls-422168&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Toy Story of Terror!]]''
| 2013
| {{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Woody
| Speisialta Oíche Samhna&lt;br/&gt;Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10058177/Toy-Story-to-return-in-TV-special-this-year.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Assassination of President Kennedy]]''
| 2013
|
| {{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
| Fáisnéis&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.deadline.com/2013/11/cnns-the-sixties-the-assassination-of-president-kennedy-wins-slot-in-news-demo/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Sixties (gearrsraith)|The Sixties]]''
| 2014
|
| {{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
| sraith fásnéise&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-tom-hanks-playtone-producing-630454&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Olive Kitteridge (gearrsraith)|Olive Kitteridge]]''
| 2014
|
| {{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
| Gearrsraith&lt;br/&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.deadline.com/2013/05/hbo-sets-olive-kitteridge-miniseries-with-lisa-cholodenko-helming-frances-mcdormand-and-richard-jenkins/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/07/10/hbo-miniseries-olive-kitteridge-starring-frances-mcdormand-richard-jenkins-to-premiere-this-winter/281640/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-07-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161637/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/07/10/hbo-miniseries-olive-kitteridge-starring-frances-mcdormand-richard-jenkins-to-premiere-this-winter/281640/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Greatest Event in Television History]]''
| 2014
| {{yes}}
|
|
|É féin
| Caimieo
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/greatest-event-television-history-adam-673694|title='Greatest Event in Television History': Adam Scott, Paul Rudd Do 'Bosom Buddies'&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Toy Story That Time Forgot]]''
| 2014
| {{yes}}
|
|
|Sheriff Wood
| Guth
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/news/a586580/toy-story-that-time-forgot-holiday-special-gets-air-date-from-abc.html#~oPPvF3DgA4WS4g |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-04-08 |archivedate=2014-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929152823/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/news/a586580/toy-story-that-time-forgot-holiday-special-gets-air-date-from-abc.html#~oPPvF3DgA4WS4g }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Seventies (gearrsraith)|The Seventies]]''
| 2015
| 
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Sraith faisnéise&lt;br&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2015/tv/columns/the-seventies-cnn-documentary-series-tom-hanks-1201516507/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{sort|Eighties|[[The Eighties (gearrsraith)|The Eighties]]}}''
|2016
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|—
|Sraith faisnéise&lt;br&gt;Léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://variety.com/2016/tv/columns/the-eighties-cnn-tom-hanks-most-influential-tv-decade-1201738331/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Maya &amp; Marty]]''
|2016
|{{yes}}
|
|
| Gene the Astronaut
|eipeasóid amháin
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bustle.com/articles/164152-the-astronaut-sketch-from-maya-marty-features-tom-hanks-trying-to-get-some-space&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Scannánliostaí|T]]</text>
      <sha1>7zn0wxyo9clfx605ocjo9ckhdw9yk8v</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liosta ceimiceán a bhíonn ar fáil go coitianta</title>
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      <id>1328585</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="54456" sha1="g9wudlutc4ctyxw3ao3trm6yebzr2j8" xml:space="preserve">{{glanadh-mar|aistriúchán de dhíth, agus athshórtáil de réir ainmneacha Gaeilge}}
Bíonn a lán ceimiceán ar fáil go coitianta i bhfoirm íon. Bíonn cinn eile ar fáil mar imoibrithe - neamhchostasach, foinsí áisiúla ceimiceán  a theastaíonn beagán phróiseáil. Tá sé seo áisiúil le haghaidh an cheimiceora amaitéarach agus ghairmiúil araon. San áireamh, bíonn na himoibrithe coitianta seo a leanas;
* O[[Ocsaíd|csaídí]] miotail agus [[Carbónáit|carbónáití]] (a úsáidtear go forleathan sa [[Potaireacht|photaireacht]])
* Aigéid orgánacha (a úsáidtear le haghaidh na grúdaireachta baile)
* [[Tuaslagóir|Tuaslagóirí]] agus [[Aigéad|aigéid]] (a úsáidtear i nglantachán ábhar agus i bhfeidhmeanna crua-earraí eile)
* Ceimiceán[[Próiseáil (grianghrafadóireacht)| grianghrafadóireachta]], mar shampla níotráit airgid 
* L[[Leasú (talmhaíocht)|easacháin]] ceimiceacha-aonair, cosúil le níotráit photaisiam (a úsáidtear i soláthar talmhaíochta)
* Gníomhaithe clóiríniúcháin, a macasamhail agus hipeaclóirít chailciam (a úsáidtear i linn snámha agus íonú uisce)
* Buanaitheoirí, mar shampla déchrómáit potaisiam (a úsáidtear sna [[Lámhcheird|healaíona agus sa cheardaíocht]])
Is féidir sonraí faoi na comh-ceimiceáin éagsúla i dtáirgí tí, a fháil ar an  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Household Products Index.&lt;ref&gt;[http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/ Táirgí Tí Innéacs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628042922/https://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/ |date=2017-06-28 }}, NIH.gov&lt;/ref&gt;


==Innéacs imoibrí==


{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos
|-
| [[Aigéad aicéiteach]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COOH + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| Tuaslagán 5%: Fínéagar bán
| Siopa grósaera; &quot;Fínéagar Bán&quot; -5% nó &quot;Fínéagar glantacháin&quot; -10%

Siopa soláthair grianghrafadóireachta; &quot;Indicator Stop Bath&quot; -89% (le ruaim chorcora bhrómaicréasóil) nó &quot;Aigéad aicéiteach oighreach&quot; 99.5-100%
|-
|-
| [[Aicéatón]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Aicéatón]]
| Go ginearálta; &quot;vearnaisdíobhach ingne&quot;

Siopa lascaine; Oinisc, Cutex.
Soláthar bádóireachta; &quot;Glantóir snáithínghloine&quot;
Siopa crua-earraí, &quot;Aicéatón&quot;

Cé go n-athraíonn comhdhéanamh ó tháirge go táirge, bíonn níos mó aicéatóin de réir toirte ag péintdíobhaigh ná ag gnáth vearnaisdíobhach ingne, agus fiú fós, bíonn níos mó acéatóin sa ghráid tionsclaíoch péintdíobhaigh (in áit grád tomhaltóirí) a úsáideann lucht gairme + díola ar an mórchóir. Díolann roinnt siopaí aicéatón íon chomh maith.
&lt;ref&gt;http://www.walmart.com/catalog/product.do?product_id=11047134&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Aicéitilín]] (gás)
| C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| Eitín
| Siopa crua-earraí nó soláthar táthúcháin; &quot;Aicéitiléine&quot;
Tré imoibriúcháin idir chairbíd chailciam agus uisce.
|-
| [[Aspairín|Aigéad aicéatalsailicileach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Aspairín]]
| Cógaslann; &quot;Aspairín&quot;
|-
| [[Alúmanam]]
| Al
| [[Alúmanam]]
| Go ginearálta; &quot;scragall alúmanaim&quot;

Siopa mínealaíne; &quot; Lí miotalach&quot; alúmanaim púdrach 

Siopa soláthair snáithínghloine; alúmanaim púdrach mar mar ábhar líonaigh.

Scagtha as mian alúmanaim, nó Báicsít.
'' Is minic go mbíonn sé brataithe le céir chun  inadhainteachta a laghdú. 
|-
|[[Hiodrocsaíd alúmanam]]
| Al(OH)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[hiodráit alúmana]]
| Go ginearálta; &quot;Táibléid frithaigéadacha&quot;—cumaiscthe le [[hiodrocsaíd mhaignéisiam]]

Táibléid frithaigéadacha; Alu-cap, Amphojel, Dialume—100%

Siopa mínealaíne: &quot;tiúsóir&quot;
|-
|[[Ocsaíd alúmanaim]]
| Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[alumina]]
| Soláthraí tionsclaíocha/táthúcháin: &quot;gaineamhroiseadh&quot;—méideanna grádaithe de criostail. Cumasc le haghaidh snasaireachta miotail.

Soláthraí teileascóip; oibreáin líofa le haghaidh comhpháirteanna optúla.

Lapidary supply; cumasc le haghaidh snasaithe carraigeacha. 
|-
|[[Sulfáit alúmanaim amóiniam]]
| AlNH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[ammonium alum]]
| General; &quot;styptic pencils&quot; for shaving

Fine art supply; mordant for dying and painting

Organic/health/Bulk Foods; by name

Photography supply store; darkroom chemical
|-
| [[Sulfáit photaisiam alúmanaim]]
| KAl(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 12H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[Alum]], [[sulfáit photaisiam alúmanaim]]
|  Go coitinne; ceangailteach le haghaidh seicní múcasacha a crapadh

Go ginearálta; &quot;styptic pencil&quot;

Go ginearálta; buanaitheoir le haghaidh ruaimnithe éadaí (RIT brand and others)

Siopa sláinte nádúrtha; &quot;maidín díbholaithe&quot;
|-
| [[Sulfáit alúmanaim]]
| Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[púdar flocasúcháin]]
| soláthraí púil; de réir ainm

Go coitinne; frithallasán (ní díbholaíoch) ''ainm branda &quot;Sparkling Clear&quot;''
|-
| [[Amóinia]]
| NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(aq); NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;OH
| [[Amóinia]], [[Hiodrocsaíd Amóiniam]]
| Siopa grósaera; &quot;Amóinia teaghlaigh&quot;—Hiodrocsaíd Amóiniam—tuaslagán-10%. 
Bí cinnte go bhfuil sé marcáilte &quot;trédhearcach&quot; nó &quot;Clear&quot;. Má thagann sobal air nuair a critear é, tá gallúnach ann.

Siopa poitigéara; &quot;Amóinia láidir&quot;, tuaslagán 27% 

Siopa táthúcháin; &quot;Amóinia&quot;—Amóinia ainhidriúil i sorcóirí
|-
| [[Décharbónáit amóiniam]]
| (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Salann de Hartshorn]], [[Amóinia Baker]]
| Comhábhar bácála Lochlannach

''Ní mór a choinneáil séalaithe le haghaidh cobhsaíochta.''
|-
| [[Amóiniam bifluoride]]
| NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;HF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| Ammonium hydrogen fluoride
| Siopa Crua-earraí; &quot;glantóir babhla leithris&quot;, &quot;smálghlantóir meirge&quot;

Soláthar feithicleach; &quot;glantóir cabhail gluaisteáin&quot;

Go ginearálta; eitseáil ghloine (Armour Etch brand)
|-
| [[Bróimíd amóiniam]]
| NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Br
| —
|Siopa fótagrafaíochta / seomra dorcha; &quot;folcadán tuartha&quot; chun grianghraf a réaladh
|-grianghraf 
| [[Amóiniam carbónáit]]
| (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Cumharshalann]], [[Salann Hartshorn]], [[Amóinia Baker]]
| Siopa grósaera/Cógaslann; &quot;cumharshalann&quot; (Rannóg gharchabhrach)

Comhábhar bácála Lochlannach 

'''Ní mór a choinneáil séalaithe le haghaidh cobhsaíochta.''
|-
| [[Clóiríd amóiniam]]
| NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
| [[Flosc (miotalóireacht)|Flosc sádrála]]
| Siopa crua-earraí (pluiméireacht); &quot;Salt of Ammon&quot;, &quot;Sal Ammoniac&quot; (flosc sádrála)


38/5000
Soláthraí grianghrafadóireachta; ceimiceán an tseomra dorcha;
|-
| [[Níotráit amóiniam]]
| NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Ammonium Nitrate]]
| Garden supply; &quot;Nitrate of Ammonia&quot; (fertilizer)

Grocery/Pharmacy; single-use cold packs
|-
| [[Amóinia sárshulfáite]]
| (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Etching Solution]], [[Ammonium Peroxodisulphate]]
| Electronics supply; &quot;circuit board etching solution&quot;
|-
| [[Ammonium phosphate]]
| (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Fertilizer]]
| Garden/Agricultural supply; by name
|-
| [[Sulfáit amóiniam]]
| (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Garden/Agricultural supply; fertilizer or pH adjuster for soil
|-
| [[Amalós]]
| (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Cornstarch]]
| Grocery store; &quot;corn starch&quot;
|-
| [[Antóiciain]]
| —
| —
| Extraction from Red Cabbage: Cut, boil, then filter
|-
| [[Argón]] (gás)
| Ar
| —
| Welding supply; by name

General; inert filler gas inside incandescent light bulbs
|-
| [[Aigéad ascorbach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Vitimín C]]
| Go ginearálta; &quot;Vitamin C tablets&quot;
|}

===B–C===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos! Chemical name
|-
| [[Carbónáit bhairiam]]
| BaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Difficult to find. Sometimes available from pottery and ceramic supply stores.
|-
| [[Sulfáit bhairiam]]
| BaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Lithopone]]
| Available from fine art supply houses in a compound with zinc oxide. This compound is known as &quot;Lithipone&quot; pigment. Also available in very pure form from radiology labs and medical supply as a radio contrast agent for x-rays and CAT scans—here it may be scented or even flavoured. May be available from a well-stocked pottery and ceramics supply store.
|-
| [[sárocsaíd bheansóile]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[sárocsaíd aigéid bheansóigh]]
| Tá comhchruinnithe chomh hard le 10% ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe ag siopaí drugaí i bhfoirm ungtha le haghaidh cóireála aicne. A greamaigh ina bhfuil sárocsaíd benzoyl 50%, ar fáil ó roinnt siopaí crua-earraí faoin ainm branda &quot;Minwax Ardfheidhmíochta Wood Filler&quot;
Tá taos, ina mbíonn 50% sárocsaíd bheansóile ann, ar fáil i roinnt siopaí crua-earraí faoin ainm branda &quot;Minwax High Performance Wood Filler&quot;.
|-
| [[Biosmat]]
| Bi
| Lead-free shot/sinkers
| Available as a non-toxic lead replacement for bullets, shot, and fishing sinkers. Unfortunately, not as inexpensive as lead. Also, when sold as a lead replacement it is generally alloyed with tin. Note that to make bismuth crystals you will need very pure bismuth metal.
|-
| [[bismuth subsalicylate]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;BiO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Pepto-Bismol]]
| The active ingredient in Pepto-bismol and Kaopectate.
|-
| [[Aigéad bórachoric]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| Ant/Roach Killer, [[boracic acid]]
| Grocery, drug store, hardware stores; pest control section.
|-
| [[Brómaitíomól gorm]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;27&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;S
| pH Test
| Aquarium pH test kits often employ bromthymol blue because it changes color in the 6.0–7.6 range.
|-
| [[bútán]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Butane]]
| The lighter fluid in hand-held fire starters or cigarette lighters is usually liquid butane. Also available in sporting goods &amp; camping stores as a stove fuel. Many similar fuels use propane, so be sure to read the labeling.
|-
| [[caiféin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[No-Doz]]
| Grocery or drug store. Often in formulation with corn starch as a binder.
|-
| [[suilfíd chaidmiam]]
| CdS
| [[buí caidmiam]]
| Fine art supply house. Available as a yellow powder. Sometimes pure, sometimes blended with zinc sulfide to create alternative hues.
|-
| [[cairbíd chailciam]]
| CaC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Still used by cavers and spelunkers to generate acetylene gas for miner's lamps. May be found through a local caver organization (grotto) or at some non-chain camping/outdoor supply stores.
|-
| [[Carbónáit chailciam]]
| CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Limestone]], [[Carbonate of Lime]]
| Chunks: Marble, limestone. Powder: Precipitated chalk.

Builders supply; Chalk, limestone and marble chips.

Drugstore; some antacids are largely calcium carbonate.

Fine art stores; Available as a fine powder used as an extender in paint-making. May be called &quot;Marble Dust&quot; or &quot;Precipitated Chalk&quot;.

''NBL Blackboard chalk is calcium sulphate, '''not''' calcium carbonate.''
|-
| [[Clóiríd chailciam]]
| CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| Laundry Aid/Road Salt/De-Icer
| Supermarket, Hardware store; much road salt (de-icer) used to de-ice roads in cold climates.
Also available as a laundry aid; or as a room moisture reducer (desiccant), e.g. &quot;DampRid&quot; and &quot;Dri-Z-Air&quot;

Pool supply; sometimes available as a water hardening agent.
|-
| [[Hiodrocsaíd chailciam]]
| Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Slaked Lime]], [[garden lime]]
| Gardening department; used to reduce acidity in soil.

Also used in lime-softening water treatment and in plastering. Can be made from lime or quicklime by adding water to create slaked lime.
Can be made by dissolving calcium chloride with sodium hydroxide in water.
|-
| [[Hipeaclóirít chailciam]]
| Ca(ClO)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Bleaching powder and some swimming pool disinfectants contain calcium hypochlorite. Available from cleaning or swimming pool supply companies. Keep in mind that some formulations contain cyanuric acid as a stabilizer against UV light.
|-
| [[calcium nitrate]]
| Ca(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;·4H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[Norwegian saltpeter]]
| Available from garden supply and [[agricultural supply store]]s as a fertilizer.
|-
| [[ocsaíd chailciam]]
| CaO
| [[Lime (mineral)|Lime]], [[Quicklime]]
| Builder's supply; used to make plaster. Now difficult to obtain from hardware stores. Can be made by heating calcium carbonate at very high temperatures (&gt; 900&amp;nbsp;°C). Found in certain [[Self-heating can]]s separated from a water compartment, extraction may be inconvenient and is converted to calcium hydroxide after activation.
|-
| [[calcium phosphate, monobasic]]
| Ca(H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[superphosphate]]
| Available as a fertilizer from garden supply stores. Also sometimes available as a nutritional supplement at health food stores.
|-
| [[sulfáit chailciam ainhidriúil]]
| CaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Can be made from commonly available [[plaster of paris]] by additional heating to above 180C. Also available at fine art supply stores as [[Terra Alba]].
|-
| [[Sulfáit chailciam]], [[heimihiodráit]]
| CaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;·1/2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;0
| [[Plaster of Paris]]
| Hardware stores, arts and craft stores, and hobby shops.
|-
| [[sulfate dihydrate]]
| CaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;·2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;0
| [[Gypsum]]
| Can be made from the reaction of [[Plaster of Paris]] with Water.
|-
| [[Camphor]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;O
| —
| Can be found as a flavor additive at some Chinese grocery stores. Sometimes found in the drugstore as a cream or oral remedy. It feels cool like menthol on the skin.
|-
| [[Carbón]]
| C
| [[Súiche]], [[Graifít]], [[Graiféin]], [[Nana-fheadáin carbóin]], [[Fullairéiní]], [[Diamant]], [[Gualach]]
| [[Gualach]] briquettes used in cooking are available at the grocery store but contain a variety of additives. [[Activated charcoal]] used in fish tank filters and [[graphite]] used in pencil leads are good sources of carbon. [[Lamp Black]] artists pigment is pure carbon in a fine powder and is available from fine art supply stores. The anodes in carbon-zinc (heavy-duty) batteries are pure carbon. Coal is not a good source for carbon due to a wide number of impurities and varying grades. Brazing or Gouging rods are available from welding supply stores and are composed of graphite. Graphite is also available as a common lubricant from hardware stores. Other forms of carbon are occasionally available through online retailers selling to [[element collectors]], [[eBay]], engineering suppliers and industrial suppliers. Pure or near-pure carbon can be produced at home through the reaction of [[Sucrose]] with [[Sulfuric Acid]] or the [[thermal decomposition]] of [[sugars]]. Diamonds, although prohibitively expensive (except [[bort]] or [[artificial diamonds]]), can also act as a source of [[Carbon]], such as [[Redox|reducing]] [[ocsaídí]].
|-
| [[Dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
| CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| [[Oighear tirim]] is available from party stores, supermarkets, refrigeration supply companies and ice cream companies. Nationally distributed by Airgas through &quot;Penguin Brand Dry Ice&quot;. Gaseous form available in small canisters at sporting goods stores. Used in air guns and in paintball.
|-
| [[Aigéad carbónach]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Soda water is simply carbonated water, a dilute solution of carbonic acid. A &quot;Soda Club&quot; home soda maker is a good way to make your own carbonic acid in varying strengths.
|-
| [[Carraigínin]]
| —
| —
| Available in some health food stores as a food additive. Used in many commercial food preparations as a thickener and gelling agent. Available at fine art supply stores for use in molding and marbling.
|-
| [[Ceallalós]]
| (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Processed cotton fiber is almost pure cellulose making many undyed clothing articles an excellent source of cellulose. 100% cotton paper is also a good source of this material.
|-
| [[Crómocsaíd]]
| Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Crómghlas]]
| Used as a green pigment for fine art paints. It is available as a powder from most fine art supply stores.

Sold as 'Green Rouge' for polishing metal. Often mixed with paraffin to ease handling. Cheaper grades can contain filler materials. 
|-
| [[Aigéad citreach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;
| Sour Salt
| Available at the grocery store as &quot;Sour Salt&quot;. Also used for home soap making and also in photographic development.
|-
| [[Copar]]
| Cu
| —
| Electrical wire, copper pipe, and copper sheeting are available at hardware stores and are almost 100% pure copper. American pennies (minted 1944–1946, 1962–1982) are 95% copper and 5% zinc. Pennies minted after 1982 are only copper clad.
|-
| [[Naiftéináit chopair]]
| Cu(C&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Naiftéináit choprach]]
| Úsáidtear í mar leasaitheach le haghaidh chrainn leagtha a chosaint ó [[teirmít|theirmítí]], [[seangáin|sheangáin]], agus [[feithidí|fheithidí]] uachasacha eile. Bíonn suas le 25% Naiftéináit choprach sna brandaí Wolman agus Jasco, agus sna cuid eile bíonn siad comhdhéanta de ola rois agus tuaslagóirí driogáitpheitriliam-bhunaithe.

|-
| [[Sulfáit chopair]] (ainhidriúil)
| CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[cupric sulfate]] (anhydrous)
| Available from garden supply or pond supply stores as an algaecide and rootkiller.

''NB: blue vitriol is copper sulfate pentahydrate. It can be converted into unhydrated copper sulfate by heating to 150C until it turns pure white.''
|-
| [[peintihiodráit sulfáit chopair]]
| CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[Sulfáit choprach]], vitrial gorm, cloch ghorm
| Siopa crua-earraí; fréamh-scriostóir (Zep Root Kill, Rooto Root Kill)

Gardening, agricultural supply; active ingredient in many algaecides, available for pest control
|-
| [[aigéad cianúrach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[aigéad isicianúrach]]
| Ar fáil ó shiopaí a sholáthraíonn linn snámha agus plásóga, mar cobhsaitheoir clóirín. Díoltar táibléad íonach faoin ainm branda &quot;Kem Tek&quot;.

|}

===D–G===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos! Chemical name
|-
| [[Deastrós]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Glúcós]], [[síoróip arbhair]]
| Grocery; corn syrup, some throat lozenges are pure dextrose.

Dextrose is right-handed (dextrorotatory) glucose. [[Levulose]] is left-handed (levorotatory) glucose. Most products are a half-and-half mix.
|-
| [[Déchlóraimeatán]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[déchlóirmeatáin]]
| Used as a solvent, degreaser and adhesive remover, it is available from hardware, automotive, and sometimes craft stores. Purity of commercial products can approach 90% with the remainder being composed of alcohols and petroleum distillates. Common brands include &quot;Champion Paint Off&quot;, many choke and valve cleaners, and Klean Strip Graffiti Remover.
|-
| [[Sulf-ocsaid démheitile]]
| (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO
| DMSO
| Available from health food and naturopathic supply stores for treating injuries. Warning: DMSO will allow anything it has dissolved to pass directly through your skin into your bloodstream. Use gloves and skin protection when working with this chemical.
|-
| [[Eatánól]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OH
| [[Everclear (alcohol)|Everclear]]
| Available as 95% pure ethanol and 5% water from liquor stores in most states. Also available in [[Denatured alcohol|denatured]] form from hardware stores. Grocery and drug stores may carry it as ethyl rubbing alcohol.
|-
| [[Éitear]]
| (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[diethyl ether]], [[ethoxyethane]]
| Sold at auto supply stores in aerosol cans as &quot;Starter Fluid&quot; or &quot;Cold Start Spray&quot;. Used to help start damp or inefficient old engines.
|-
| [[Gliocól eitiléin]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OHCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH
| [[1,2-ethanediol]]
| Some engine antifreezes are primarily ethylene glycol and can be obtained at an automotive supply store.
|-
| [[Eoigeanól]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(OCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)OH
| [[oil of clove]], [[2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol]]
| Available at most health food and natural healing stores as clove oil. Note that organically derived oil of clove will have numerous impurities from the distillation process. Synthetic oil of clove is generally pure but more difficult to find.
|-
| [[Aigéad formach]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| methanoic acid
| Available in some stain removers at the hardware store. A fairly pure 5% concentration can be obtained from the blue chamber of &quot;Clorox Dual Action Toilet Bowl Cleanser&quot;.
|-
| [[Fruchtós]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
| Fruit Sugar
| Easily available from most grocery stores.
|-
| [[Glúcós]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Dextrose]], [[corn syrup]]
| Grocery; corn syrup. Some throat lozenges are pure dextrose.

Dextrose is right-handed (dextrorotatory) glucose. Levulose is left-handed (levorotatory) glucose. Most products are a half-and-half mix.
|-
| [[Glicrin]], [[Gliocaról]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[1,2,3-propanetriol]]
| Glycerin is an emollient used to soften skin by delaying the evaporation of water. It is available at most drug stores.
|-
| [[Ór]]
| Au
| —
| Gold jewelry is generally not pure gold. Gold is generally alloyed with other metals to increase strength. Gold coins are often .999 fine gold and many may be obtained at &quot;bullion value&quot; from local coin shops. Pure gold dust and gold foils are available from fine art supply stores.
|-
| [[Guma arabach]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;S
| guma acáise
| Ar fáil ag siopaí ealaíona agus ceardaíochta agus ag siopaí mínealaíne mar cheanglóir i gcomhair do líocha a chasadh ina phéinteanna. 
|}

===H–K===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos! Chemical name
|-
| [[Héiliam]]
| He
| —
| Helium can be obtained from party stores or wherever helium balloons are available. Small disposable containers are available for long-term storage. Containers made by Worthington Industries are 99% pure helium. Note that &quot;balloon gas&quot; is a mixture of helium and normal air.
|-
| [[hexamine]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Hexamethylenetetramine]]
| Sold as solid fuel tablets in camping and outdoor stores, in combination with 1,3,5-trioxane.
|-
| [[Gás hidrigine]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Hidrigin]]
| Can be generated and captured from electrolysis of water and a wide variety of inorganic chemical reactions. Adding aluminium foil to a solution of Sodium Hydroxide will generate hydrogen gas. Highly flammable and explosive under pressure or in quantity.
|-
| [[Aigéad hidreaclórach]]
| HCl
| [[Masonry Cleaner]], [[Muriatic acid]]
| Hardware store; used in swimming pool maintenance, as masonry cleaner and in silverware cleaner.

Percentages vary but concentrations as high as 35% can be found. Sometimes sold as &quot;Bleaching Water&quot; and many other alternative names.

It can be made by performing electrolysis on salt water with platinum anodes and cathodes, and combining the gases away from sunlight. (Doing this in sunlight is '''dangerous''', as an explosive reaction will occur.)
|-
| [[Aigéad hidreafluarach]]
| HF
| [[Glass Etching]] Solution
| Hardware store; Aluminum brightener &amp; tire cleaner

Fine art supply; for etching glass.

Grocery; under various brand names as a rust remover.

Car dealership; professional grade tire cleaning solutions are typically more concentrated.

''Must be stored in polyethylene or Teflon containers. Recommended to keep [[Calcium gluconate]] gel on hand in case of an accidental spill. '''Highly toxic and dangerous''' ''
|-
| [[Aigéad hipeaclórúil]]
| HClO
| Laundry [[Bleach]]
| Grocery store.
|-
| [[Hidreacuineon]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Photography store catering to the at-home darkroom crowd.
|-
| [[Sárocsaíd hidrigine]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Sárocsaíd]]
| Hydrogen peroxide antiseptic (3%)or even (6%) is available from the drug store. Clairoxide hair bleach by Clairol is much more concentrated (12%) and is available from beauty supply stores. Concentrations as high as 35% may be available at health food stores and natural medicine stores as a source of &quot;natural oxygen&quot;. Swimming pool and spa suppliers often carry concentrations as high as 27% but these usually contain preservatives/stabilizers. Note: Do not heat. Do not store in metal containers.
|-
| [[Iaidín]]
| I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Iaidín]]
| Tincture of iodine, a topical antiseptic used for treating wounds, is a solution of iodine dissolved in ethyl alcohol. It is available at most drug stores. Available from camping stores as crystals for sterilizing water. Crystal Iodine can also be synthesized from Potassium Iodide as radiation pills, utilizing laboratory methods. Certain laboratory methods can be considerably hazardous. Iodine is illicitly used in the production of methamphetamine, making iodine somewhat difficult to obtain. In the United States, it is illegal to sell, purchase, transport, or possess iodine with the knowledge or intention of its use for producing methamphetamine. Small quantities, such as those used in chemistry experiments such as the [[Briggs–Rauscher reaction]], are legal to obtain and require no permits nor record-keeping.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs1/1467/index.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Iarann]]
| Fe
| —
| [[Steel wool]], iron nails, iron bolts, nuts, screws are good sources of iron. &lt;!-- You can get iron filings by dragging a strong magnet through sand or iron-fortified breakfast cereals. * really? btw the black magnetic stuff in &quot;sand&quot; or soil is magnetite not iron * --&gt;
|-
| [[Clóiríd fheireach]]
| FeCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| Etching Solution
| Available in solution from [[Radio Shack]] and other electronics suppliers as an etching solution for circuit boards. Also available in solution from fine art supply stores.
|-
| [[Ocsaíd fheireach]] ([[Iron III Oxide]])
| Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Rust]]
| Common rust. Reddish in color. Can be scraped off of rusted iron objects or purchased in a purified form as the artists pigment &quot;Red Iron Oxide&quot; from fine art supply stores.
|-
| [[ferrous ferric oxide]] ([[Iron II III Oxide]])
| Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Magnetite]]
| Used as the artists pigment &quot;Mars Black&quot; and can be purchased from fine art supply stores.
|-
| [[sulfáit iarainn (II)]]
| FeSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Sulfáit fheiriúil]], [[Sulfáit iarainn]], [[Copperas]]
| Available from garden supply stores as a nutrient. Also available as a mordant for pigments from stores that carry dyeing and textile supplies.
|-
| [[Ceirisín]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+1&lt;/sub&gt; (n=12–16)
| Breosla eitlíochta
| Lamp oil or kerosene is sold in the paint departments of most hardware stores. Also available in larger quantities from gas stations in many parts of the country.
|}

===L–N===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos! Chemical name
|-
| [[Aigéad lachtach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| Aigéad bainne
| Available from grocery stores and health food stores.
|-
| [[Laitéis]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| Liquid Latex Body Paint
| Available from adult toy stores as a novelty item and from select hobby shops. Compositions vary in the amount of ammonia and fillers they contain. Also costume/magic shops, as liquid skin/liquid latex.
|-
| [[Luaidhe]]
| Pb
| —
| Lead shot and lead sinkers are used by fishermen and are available at sporting goods stores, Lead shot is often sold in 25&amp;nbsp;lb(11.34&amp;nbsp;kg) bags. They may be alloyed with [[tin]] and [[antimony]]. Also lead is used for wheel balancing weights at auto garages. Lead sheeting may be obtained from stores that carry roofing supplies.
|-
| [[Ola rois]]
| —
| —
| Used as a binder in paints and as a finish for wood. Available at hardware stores and fine art supply stores. &quot;Boiled linseed oil&quot; contains Lead Oxide (boiled with PbO), which speeds hardening (oxidizing) on contact with oxygen.
|-
| [[Litiam]]
| Li
| —
| Lithium can be obtained from Lithium batteries.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynJrU2sVedQ&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Maignéisiam]]
| Mg
| tosaitheoir tine
| Sold in solid blocks as a fire starter in many camping and outdoor stores. Also used in the construction of metal bodied pencil sharpeners made by the company &quot;KUM&quot; of Germany.
|-
| [[Carbónáit mhaignéisiam]]
| MgCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Athlete's chalk]]
| Often sold as a powder in sporting goods stores for gymnastics, weightlifting, and climbing to help keep hands dry. Sometimes it is combined with calcium carbonate in this use. Available in tablet form as an antacid. Some antacids are pure while others are blended with calcium carbonate.
|-
| [[Hiodrocsaíd mhaignéisiam]]
| Mg(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Milk of Magnesia]]
| Milk of Magnesia is an antacid used to settle sour (acidic) stomachs. Some antacid tablets also contain magnesium hydroxide.
|-
| [[Sileacáit mhaignéisiam]]
| Mg&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Si&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Talc]]
| [[Talcum powder]] comes from talc, the softest of all minerals, and is used as a dusting powder for babies. It is available in the body care section of the drug store.
|-
| [[Sulfáit mhaignéisiam]]
| MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[Salann Epsom]]
| Drug store; epsom salt is sold as a laxative or as an anti-inflammatory soak. Also available as a chemical for photographic development.
|-
| [[Clóiríd mhaignéisiam]]
| MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Nigari]] or [[Lushui]]
| Asian markets; Nigari, as it's called in Japan, or Lushui, as it's called in China. Used to make tofu from soy milk.
|-
| [[Dé-ocsaíd mhangainéise]]
| MnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Pirealúisít]]
| Hardware store; available as the black powder in unused alkaline or carbon-zinc batteries. By extensively washing this powder in distilled water you can remove the embedded Zinc Chloride solution.

|-
| [[Mearcair (dúil)|mearcair]]
| Hg
| airgead beo
| Becoming difficult to find due to fears of toxicity and environmental contamination. Old mercury switches can be found in many thermostats. Old-style thermometers contain mercury. Fluorescent light tubes contain a small amount of mercury though it can be difficult to extract. Specialty occult stores may carry it as quicksilver. &quot;Ben-Wha&quot; balls at sex toy shops.
|-
| [[Meatán]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Gás nádúrtha]]
| Gas line in many homes.
|-
| [[Meatánól]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OH
| [[Alcól meitile]]
| Methanol is sold as a solvent in paint supply stores under the names &quot;wood alcohol&quot; or &quot;methyl alcohol&quot;. Available from automotive supply as a gasoline line anti-freeze.
|-
| [[Céatón meitile eitile]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
| MEK
| Available from most hardware stores as a solvent.
|-
| [[methyl ethyl ketone peroxide]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| MEKP
| Available in dilute solution from hardware and boating supply stores as a catalyst for the polymerization of polyester resins.
|-
| [[Éatón iseabúitile meitile]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| MIBK
| Available from many hardware stores as a solvent.
|-
| [[Gorm meitiléine]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;ClN&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;S
| [[Methidote]]
| Methylene blue (Methidote antiseptic) is used to treat small injured fish and is available at pet stores.
|-
| [[Clóiríd meitiléine]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[déchlóraimeatán]]
| Used as a solvent, degreaser and adhesive remover, it is available from hardware, automotive, and sometimes craft stores. Purity of commercial products can approach 90% with the remainder being composed of alcohols and petroleum distillates. Common brands include &quot;Champion Paint Off&quot;, many choke and valve cleaners, and Klean Strip Graffiti Remover.
|-
| [[Salaicioláit mheitile]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)COOCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| Oil of Wintergreen
| Drug store
|-
| [[Ola mhianrach]]
| complex mixture of hydrocarbons
| —
| Mineral oil is sold in drug stores as an emollient. Some baby oils are essentially mineral oil and fragrance.
|-
| [[Glútamáit mhonasóidiam]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Na
| &quot;味精, MSG&quot;
| Widely used as a condiment in many parts of Asia. Can be purchased from Chinese or Japanese grocery stores. Also easily acquired in many supermarkets as a &quot;flavor enhancer&quot;.
|-
| [[Naftailéin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[moth balls]]
| Hardware store, grocery store.

''NB: Mothballs may also be made of (para)dichlorobenzene (1,4-dichlorobenzene)''
|-
| [[Nicil]]
| Ni
| —
| Pre-1985 Canadian nickels are made of nickel. Note: American &quot;nickels&quot; are composed of 25% nickel and 75% copper. Nickel is often used as a welding filler material, and 1/16–1/8&quot; Ni wire is often available at welding supply stores. &quot;Silver&quot; center of Euro coins is pure Nickel.
|-
| [[Nítrigin]]
| N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Nítrigin leachtach]]
| Hospital, laboratory, university, welding supply house, and industrial gas supplier can all provide liquid or gaseous nitrogen.
|-
| [[Ocsaíd nítriúil]]
| N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[gás inchoipthe]], [[gás gáire]]
| Whipped cream canisters from the grocery store. Or in larger canisters from commercial restaurant supply houses. When packaged for automotive use it is usually contaminated with hydrogen sulfide to discourage inhalation. Industrial (welding supply) Nitrous Oxide contains NO and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (can be removed with moist steel wool)which makes Nitric acid in your lungs so use with good ventilation. (Heating Ammonium Nitrate generates an industrial grade of Nitrous Oxide at the risk of explosion.)
|}

===O–P===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos! Chemical name
|-
| [[Aigéad ocsalach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|easbhainteoir meirge, púdar tuartha neamhchlóiríneach
| Siopaí grósaera, drugaí, crua-earraí. &quot;Bar Keeper's Friend&quot;

&quot;Prestone Heavy Duty Cooling System Cleaner&quot; may contain up to 98% oxalic acid with handful of trace impurities.
|-
| [[ocsaigin]]
| O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Portable welding oxygen tanks are available at welding shops and some hardware stores. Can be generated in small quantities from the [[electrolysis]] of water.
|-
| [[parai-déchlóraibeinséin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[calóga leamhan]], [[criostail leamhan]]
| Siopa Crua-earraí nó grósaera.
|-
| [[Céir phairifín|pairifín]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt; (n&gt;19)
| —
| Unless otherwise labeled, candle wax is made of paraffin. Some grocery stores sell paraffin as a sealant for home canning. Many arts and crafts stores sell paraffin for at-home candle makers. &quot;Vaseline&quot; brand is also paraffin, albeit with molecules that are slightly shorter.
|-
| [[Feanól]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OH
| —
| Phenol can be found in small amounts (~1–2%) in analgesic sore throat spray.
|-
| [[Feanóltailéin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;20&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Magic shops might carry it as a pinkish disappearing ink. Blue disappearing ink is not phenolphthalein but [[thymolphthalein]]. Difficult to find outside of chemical supply.
|-
| [[dearg feanóil]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;19&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;19&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[phenolsulfonephthalein]]
| Used as a pH tester for swimming pools. Available at swimming pool supply stores.
|-
| [[Aigéad fosfarach]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| pH Down
| Some pH reducers (available at pet stores) used in fish tanks are simply dilute solutions (up to 30%) of phosphoric acid. Also available in gel form at hardware stores as a rust remover. &quot;Naval Jelly&quot; in a spray bottle at hardware stores. Also used as a [[solder flux]].
|-
| [[Polaistiréin]]
| —
| roisín teilge (''casting resin'')
| Hobby shop
|-
| [[cúr polaistiréin]]
| —
| Mountains in Minutes
| Hobby shop, hardware, or building supply store.
|-
| [[Sulfáit photaisiam alúmanaim]]
| KAl(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;·12H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[Alúm]], [[Sulfáit alúmanaim photaisiam]]
| It is used as an [[astringent]] to shrink [[mucous membrane]]s. Some [[styptic pencil]]s use it in their formulation. Often sold as a [[deodorant]] stone at natural health stores. Also available as a [[mordant]] for clothing dyes (RIT brand and others).
|-
| [[Bróimíd photaisiam]]
| KHC&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Gealtartar]] 
| Cream of Tartar is available at the grocery store and is used to stabilize delicate foods like [[meringue]] toppings and other baked egg-white products.
|-
| [[Carbónáit photaisiam]]
| K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Potais]]
| Available at some garden supply and agricultural stores.
|-
| [[Bróimíd photaisiam]]
| KBr
| —
| Siopa grianghrafadóireachta ag freastal ar an slua an tseomra dhorcha bhaile.
|-
| [[clóiríd photaisiam]]
| KCl
| [[Leasshalann]] (''Salt substitute'')
| Available as a salt substitute by people who must limit their sodium intake, and is available at most supermarkets. Also available in larger, though slightly less pure, quantities as a road salt de-icer.
|-
| [[Sulfáit photaisiam chróimiam]]
| KCr(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;·12H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;0
| [[Alúm photaisiam chróimiam]]
| Photography store catering to the at-home darkroom crowd.
|-
| [[Déchrómáit photaisiam]]
| K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Photography store catering to the at-home darkroom crowd. Also used as a mordant (&quot;Chrome Mordant&quot;) for textiles and may be available at a dyeing and fabric store.
|-
| [[Iarann potaisiam]] (ii) heicsicianaifearáit(iii)
| KFe[Fe(CN)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]
| [[potassium iron ferricyanide]], [[potassium ferroferricyanide]]
| Mrs. Stewart's liquid [[laundry bluing]] is used to whiten clothes and may be found in the [[detergent]]s section of the supermarket.
|-
| [[Hiodrocsaíd photaisiam]]
| KOH
| [[Potais loiscneach]]
| Available at some ceramic supply houses and from arts and crafts stores for soap making. Difficult to find. May be the active ingredient in some drain cleaning solutions. Kodak SII Activator is 10% Potassium Hydroxide with various [[sulfite]]s and bromides in the mixture. Veterinary supply houses may carry it for dissolving hair and horns in animals.
|-
| [[Iaidíd photaisiam]]
| KI
| [[Piollairí radaíochta]]
| Available sometimes as a photographic development chemical. Also from outdoor/survivalist stores in pill form to avoid the uptake of radioactive iodine during a nuclear accident.
|-
| [[Meiti-dhéshuilfít photaisiam]]
| K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Táibléid Champden]]
| Used as a sterilizing agent in winemaking and brewing processes. Sold as tablets which may be pure, blended with sodium metabisulfite, or contain only sodium metabisulfite.
|-
| [[Níotráit photaisiam]]
| KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Níotráit photaisiam|Sailpítear]], sailpítear 
| Supermarket; saltpeter or [[quick salt]] is used to cure home-made [[sausage]]s and [[corned beef]]. May be available at independent butcher shops.

Agriculture and gardening stores; fertilizer, tree stump remover and root killer.
|-
| [[Sármhanganáit photaisiam]]
| KMnO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Sármhanganáit photaisiam|Clearwater]]
| Clearwater is a solution of approximately 50% potassium permanganate and is used to remove odors and cloudiness from water to be used in aquariums and garden ponds. Also used to treat diseases in fish. Used as ~98% pure powder for treatment of hard well water in [[water softeners]]. Potassium Permanganate in a dilute solution form can also be found in certain fish water additive sometimes labelled as &quot;Gill, Fungus, Parasite's Special&quot;, One sure way to test is to put some onto your skin and leave it there for a while, then see if there's a brownish coloration/stain. The color of the solution is colored as normal permanganate in solution.
|-
| [[tartráit sóidiam potaisiam]]
| NaKC&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; * 4H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| Rochelle salt
| Drug store
|-
| [[Própán]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Gas barbecue fuel is generally made of propane and is available at many gasoline stations or picnic supply stores.
|-
| [[2-própánól]]
| CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHOHCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Alcól cuimilte]] (''alcól cuimilte'') 
| Tuaslagán tiubhaithe de 2-própánól agus féadfar is ea alcól cuimilte ([[alcól iseapróipileach]]) ar féidir a bheith ar fáil sa chuid is mó de na siopa poitigéara. Coimeádann an tOllmhargadh Safeway an cineál atá 99% íon.
|}

===S===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos! Chemical name
|-
| [[Cairbíd sileacain]]
| SiC
| Carbaram
| This hard, abrasive powder is often found sorted by particle size for use in sandblasting and industrial supply houses.
|-
| [[dé-ocsaíd sileacain]]
| SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Gaineamh]], [[Silice]]
| Quartz sand is relatively pure silicon dioxide and is available at many building supply stores and also aquarium shops. Often found sorted by particle size for use in sandblasting. Micrometre sized particles are used as a filler in rubbers, plastics, and mold making materials and may be available in hobby shops as Min-u-Sil brand.

Available in a porous, amorphous form as the silica desiccant packets found in many sealed food envelopes, electronics boxes, and other packaging. New desiccant packets are often available from local photography stores which cater to the at-home darkroom crowd.

Non-porous amorphous silica is industrially known as Cab-o-Sil. Fairly pure quartz (silica) crystal can be found as one of the rock varieties in many &quot;fill your bag with treasure&quot; stands at tourist-oriented gift shops.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
|-
| [[Airgead (dúil)|Airgead]]
| Ag
| —
| Older non-clad American dimes, quarters, half dollars and silver dollars are 90% silver and 10% copper. Pure silver coins and bullion can be obtained from local coin shops, often at bullion value.
|-
| [[Aicéatáit shóidiam]]
| NaC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| Téitheoir láimhe
| Main ingredient in hand-warmers that are available at sporting goods stores. Can also be made through the reaction of baking soda and vinegar.
|-
| [[Bóráit sóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;10H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| —
| The water can be driven off of grocery store Borax by heating to 200C to create pure sodium borate (although it will begin absorbing atmospheric moisture again when cooled and left in the open).
|-
| [[Décharbónáit sóidiam]]
| NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| Sóid aráin, (Bicarbonate of Soda)
| Grocery baking section; &quot;single action baking soda&quot;

''NB: Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate, but baking powder has other ingredients, such as potassium tartrate and sodium monophosphate.
Double action baking powder contains single action baking powder, a 'high temperature acid', and corn starch.''
|-
| [[fosfáit déshóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| pH Down
| Found at pet stores and used to lower the pH of aquarium water.
|-
| [[Déshulfáit sóidiam]]
| NaHSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| pH Down
| Pool supply store. Crystal Vanish drain cleaner.
|-
| [[Bróimíd sóidiam]]
| NaBr
| Hot Tub Salt
| Pool supply store
|-
| [[Carbónáit sóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Washing soda]], [[soda ash]]
| Grocery; &quot;Arm &amp; Hammer&quot;

Cloth, art stores; Washing soda is used to treat wool fibers.

Pool supply; used to raise pH (increasing alkalinity) under brand names such as PH Up and PH Plus.
Can easily be made by baking [[Sodium Bicarbonate]] ([[baking soda]]) at 350 degrees.
|-
| [[Clóráit sóidiam]]
| NaClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Available from gardening and agricultural stores. This herbicide is toxic to all green plants and, as such, is becoming less available as more selective herbicides some onto the market. Some brand names are Atlacide, Defol, Drop-Leaf, and Tumbleaf. Read product labeling to deduce the particular purity of any of these brands.
|-
| [[Clóiríd sóidiam]]
| NaCl
| Salann
| Grocery; Table salt used in cooking is sodium chloride, usually with anti-caking agents such as magnesium carbonate. &quot;Iodized salt&quot; contains traces of sodium iodide. 
Uniodized salt is available and is often explicitly labeled as such. Kosher salt, canning or pickling salt, or other large crystal salt is generally more pure.

Water supply; For large quantities, uniodized sodium chloride can be obtained inexpensively from water softener suppliers.
|-
| [[Fluairíd sóidiam]]
| NaF
| —
| Used in toothpastes and mouthwashes to prevent cavities. Difficult to obtain in pure form. Most dental solutions contain a laundry list of inert ingredients to provide coloring, flavor, foaming, and other aesthetic properties.
|-
| [[sodium hexametaphosphate]]
| (NaPO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Sodium polymetaphosphate]], [[Calgon water softener]]
| This water softener, surfactant and detergent is the primary ingredient in Calgon water softener. It is available at the grocery and hardware store. It is also known by other names including: [[glassy sodium]], [[Graham's Salt]], and [[hexasodium salt]].
|-
| [[Hiodrocsaíd sóidiam]]
| NaOH
| [[Buac]], [[Sóid loiscneach]]
| Grocery, hardware; Known also as caustic soda and lye, sodium hydroxide is used in many commercial drain cleaners/openers.

Ex: Rooto Drain Opener (100% Pure), [[Drano]] (not 100% pure), Roebic Crystal Drain Opener

''NB: Keep out of eyes''
|-
| [[Hipeaclóirít sóidiam]]
| NaClO
| [[Tuar]]
| Household bleach is generally a 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite.
|-
| [[Níotráit sóidiam]]
| NaNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Sailpítear Sileach]]
| Garden supply store
|-
| [[Sóidiam mheiti-dhéshuilfíte]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Campden tablets]]
| Used as a sterilizing agent in winemaking and brewing processes. Sold as tablets which may be pure, blended with [[potassium metabisulfite]], or contain only [[potassium metabisulfite]].
|-
| [[Sárcharbónáit sóidiam]]
| 2Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;·3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[carbónáit sóidiam]]
| A combination of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide in solution, this is often sold as a wood bleach for use on decks and outdoor wood furniture. Available at many hardware and home improvement stores. Sometimes referred to as &quot;oxygenated bleach&quot;.
|-
| [[Fosfáit sóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Fosfáit tríshóidiam]]
| Fosfáit tríshóidiam, commonly known as TSP, is available at hardware stores and is used to clean walls prior to painting.
|-
| [[Sileacáit sóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Si&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[uisceghloine]], egg preserver, [[magic rocks]]
| Can be found at some hardware stores and drug stores. Available from ceramic suppliers as a flocculent in clay slip casting. Non-phosphate TSP substitute. Liquid sold with &quot;muffler bandage&quot; at auto stores.
|-
| [[Suilfít sóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Photography store catering to the at-home darkroom crowd.
|-
| [[Suilfáit sóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| —
| Photography store catering to the at-home darkroom crowd.
|-
| [[Teitreabóráit sóidiam deacaihiodráite]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;10H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| [[Bórás]]
| Market, drug store; Borax, such as [[Twenty-Mule-Team Borax]] Laundry Booster.
|-
| [[Tiasulfáit sóidiam]]
| Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Hipeasuilfít sóidiam|Hypo]]
| Photographer's hypo is used in photograph development and is available at photography supply stores. Also available from pet shops as a de-chlorination additive to fish water.
|-
| [[Aigéad stéarach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;35&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H
| cruaiteoir coinnle
| Some arts and crafts stores will carry this item. It is used by do-it-yourself candle makers.
|-
| [[Cruach]]
| [[Iarann (dúil)|Fe]] alloyed with C and depending on type, possibly also Ni, B, V, Cr among others
| [[Sreang ghalbhánaithe]], [[nail (fastener)|nail (fasteners)]], [[stainless steel]], [[ball bearings]], [[steel wool]]
| Steel, although commonly used in industry and construction, is often unavailable in pure form (other than a few types such of mild steel, galvanised steel, stainless steel and carbon steel that are used for amateur metalworking) to [[amateur scientists]]. Otherwise, they will have to make do with galvanised or stainless steel materials such as nails, screws, tools, cutlery, steel wool, ball bearings, steel girders and steel wire. Due to the variety of steel types, [[carbon]] content will widely vary and can contain many other elements such as [[Nickel]], [[Vanadium]], [[Chromium]], [[Silicon]], [[Boron]], [[Zinc]], [[Aluminium]], [[Titanium]], [[Manganese]], [[Tungsten]]; these alloys all have different names and are sporadically available in different areas and retailers. Steel of various types can also be plated with [[Zinc]] or [[Tin]] to prevent corrosion or [[Gold]] to make it look precious
|-
| [[Siúcrós]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Siúcra]]
| Grocery; Table sugar is available in large or small bags and in a variety of particle sizes.
It is made from sugar beets and sugarcane.
|-
| [[sulfar]]
| S
| —
| Flowers of sulfur are sold at some garden stores to treat certain plant diseases. Found at most Home Depot stores as &quot;Organic Garden sulfur&quot;. Also available at many drug stores.
|-
| [[Aigéad sulfarach]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| vitrial, [[ola vitril]]
| Hardware store; battery acid. May also be obtained at some auto supply stores.

Plumbing supply; buffered solutions available: &quot;Pro Liquid Drain Cleaner&quot;

Pet supply; dilute aqueous solution is used to lower the pH in aquariums.

|}

===T–Z===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ainm ceimiceach
! Foirmle cheimiceach
! Ainm coitianta
! Foinse agus cur síos! Chemical name
|-
| [[aigéad tainneach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;76&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;52&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;46&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[tainnin]]
| Arts and crafts store in the dyes and fabric section. Some photography stores and drug stores may carry it.
|-
| [[Aigéad tartarach]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
| wine preservative
| Sold in wine-making supply stores and sometimes in the grocery store.
|-
| [[Teitreaclóireitéin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Teitreaclóireitéin]]
| The most common solvent for dry cleaning, it is available in aerosol form from hardware, auto supply, and home improvement stores. Brands like &quot;Lectra Motive Auto Care&quot; and &quot;Gummout Professional Brake Parts Cleaner&quot; contain as much as 99% with [[methylene chloride]] as the only major contaminant.
|-
| [[Tíomóltailéin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;30&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[disappearing ink]]
| It is the blue disappearing ink available at magic supply stores.
|-
| [[dé-ocsaíd tiotáiniam]]
| TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Bán tíotáiniam]]
| Available as a fine powder for use as a pure white pigment from fine art supply stores.
|-
| 1,1,1 [[tríchlóireatán]]
| CCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| sreabhán glantacháin, díbhealaitheoir
| siopa crua-earraí
|-
| 1,1,1,2 [[teitreafluaireatán]]
| CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
| —
| Most &quot;canned air&quot; products contain this gas under pressure. Read the labels as some contain other solvents.
|-
| [[Tia-úiré]]
| CS(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Tiacarbaimíd]]
| Many silver cleaning products including Hagerty and Tarn-X contain thiourea as the only active ingredient. Other brands may use other active compounds in combination.
|-
| [Tolúéin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Meitilbeinséin]], [[caolaitheoir ceallalósach]]
| Available from most hardware stores as a solvent.
|-liteafón
| [[Tríchlóireitiléin]]
| CHClCCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Tríchlóireitiléin]]
| Available as a fairly pure aerosol from hardware and auto supply stores. Brand names include &quot;Lectra Clean&quot; and &quot;Trouble Free Rust Buster&quot;.
|-
| [[Tungsten]]
| W
| —
| The filament in incandescent light bulbs is made of tungsten. Also, small tungsten rods are available at welding supply stores. They are sold as TIG electrodes, and they commonly come in 1/16, 3/32, and 1/8&quot; diameters. Request pure tungsten, as they also come alloyed with 2% [[Thorium]], [[Lanthanum]] and other elements. Lead free fishing sinkers are sometimes tungsten.
|-
| [[Tuirpintín]]
| —
| —
| Available at hardware stores and fine art supply stores.
|-
| [[Úiré]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCONH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[ice melter]], [[fertilizer]], [[carbamide]]
| Available at some hardware stores and at garden supply stores. &quot;Bonide Azalea&quot; fertilizer is 99% urea.
|-
| [[airíonna an uisce | uisce]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| —
| Distilled (pure) water, is available in most grocery stores. This and &quot;deionized&quot; water are sufficient for most chemical reactions. &quot;Spring water&quot; or &quot;tap water&quot; have numerous minerals in solution. For certain, extremely sensitive experiments, contamination from plasticizers in the bottle may affect your reactions.
|-
| [[Xiléin]]
| C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Démheitilbeinséin]]
| Available at hardware stores, paint stores, and fine art supply stores.
|-
| [[Sinc]]
| Zn
| [[Sinc]]
| Recent American pennies are 95% zinc with a 5% copper coating [[Cent (United States coin)]]. Galvanized coating on steel. Inside of carbon-zinc batteries. Found in some hardware stores as &quot;moss strip&quot; for rooftop. The case of carbon-zinc batteries is zinc. &quot;Galvanizing paint&quot; contains powdered Zinc in paint, separate with paint thinner.  Pure zinc sacrificial electrodes are available at marine supply stores.
|-
| [[Clóiríd since]]
| ZnCl&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt; + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
| Tinner's Fluid, &quot;killed acid&quot;
| Hardware store; used for cleaning copper.

Can be created by dissolving a small amount of zinc in hydrochloric acid.
|-
| [[Ocsaíd since]]
| ZnO
| [[pompholyx]]
| Found in opaque sunscreens for its UV opacity. &quot;[[Chinese White]]&quot; fine arts pigment is very pure.
|-
| [[Sulfáit since]]
| ZnSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
| [[Sulfáit since]]
| “Nimh chaonaigh&quot; le húsáid ar dhíonta agus ar choincréit. (Bainterar leas as sulfáit amóiniam fheiriúi ar thalamh féaraigh le haghaidh caonaigh a mharú.)
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>g9wudlutc4ctyxw3ao3trm6yebzr2j8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foley, Alabama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328559</id>
      <parentid>1169931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T05:18:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328559</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2078" sha1="94gmcvxycuboskekbrvmda35hz2fb13" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is cathair i gContae [[Contae Baldwin, Alabama|Baldwin]], [[Alabama]], [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] é '''Foley'''. Bhí 17,607 duine a bheith ina gcónaí sa chathair sa bhliain [[2016]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml?src=bkmk |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-07-11 |archivedate=2020-02-10 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200210222212/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml?src=bkmk }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Stair==
Bunaíodh an chathair, agus baisteadh é, as [[John B. Foley]] ó [[Chicago]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=11935 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-07-11 |archivedate=2017-09-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905051806/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=11935 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tíreolaíocht==

== Déimeagrafaic==

==Páirceanna agus Caitheamh Aimsire==
Tá níos mó ná 500 cineál rósanna cumhra sa '''City of Foley Antique Rose Trail'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.alabama.travel/things-to-do/attractions/city_of_fley_antique_rose_trail |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-07-11 |archivedate=2021-05-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515045456/https://www.alabama.travel/things-to-do/attractions/city_of_fley_antique_rose_trail}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Oideachas==

==Iompar==

==Cúram Sláinte==

==Daoine Iomráiteacha==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

==Naisc sheachtracha==

{{síol-tír-us}}
{{Alabama}}

[[Catagóir:Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Foley, Alabama|*]]
[[Catagóir:Contae Baldwin, Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Athar cathrach Daphne-Fairhope-Foley]]
[[Catagóir:Cathracha in Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Cathracha cois farraige in Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Cathracha i gContae Baldwin, Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Cathracha agus Bailte i gContae Baldwin, Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Lárionaid daonra i gContae Baldwin, Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Lárionaid daonra in Alabama]]
[[Catagóir:Lárionaid daonra sna Stáit Mheiriceá]]</text>
      <sha1>94gmcvxycuboskekbrvmda35hz2fb13</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Despacito</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328541</id>
      <parentid>1218210</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T03:46:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328541</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10576" sha1="akjo19qwmuaui4jaztetq3d6idzddlg" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Amhrán}}

[[Íomhá:Nobel Peace Price Concert 2009 Luis Fonsi3.jpg|mion|200px|deas|An t-amhránaí Pórtó Ríceach Luis Fonsi]]
‎Is é &quot;'''Despacito'''&quot; ([[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]]: ''go mall'') an chéad singil ón albam atá le teacht ón amhránaí [[Pórtó Ríce|Pórtó Ríceach]] [[Luis Fonsi]], arna scaoileadh don phobal don chéad uair ar 12 eanáir 2017, tríd an lipéad [[Universal Music Latino]].&lt;ref name=&quot;itunes&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/despacito-feat.-daddy-yankee/id1192561029 |teideal=«Despacito (feat. |dátarochtana=2017-08-05 |archivedate=2017-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004145341/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/despacito-feat.-daddy-yankee/id1192561029}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scríofa ag an t-amhránaí [[Panama|Panamach]] [[Erika Ender]], ag an t-amhránaí Pórtó Ríceach Luis Fonsi agus ag an t-amhránaí aithnidiúilt de cheol uirbeach [[Daddy Yankee]], Andres Torres agus [[Cali y El Dandee|Mauricio Rengifo (Dandee)]].&lt;ref&gt;González Cueto, Irene (2 de mayo de 2017). &lt;/ref&gt;

==Físeán ceoil==
Bhí an físeán uaslódáilte chuig an ardán digiteach [[YouTube]] ar an 12 Eanáir 2017, agus bhain sé níos mó ná 3 billiún amharc amach beagnach seacht mí tar éis é a bheith scaoilte, agus is é an físeán a bhfuil an méid is mó tóir air i stair [[YouTube|Youtube]], agus is tapúla chun é sin a dhéanamh.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/musica/nota/despacitoarrasaenyoutubetienemasde2000000000dereproducciones-1230854/ «Despacito arrasa en YouTube: tiene más de 3,000,000,000 de reproducciones»]. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.la-razon.com/la_revista/espectaculos/Despacito-Luis-Fonsi-billones-YouTube_0_2729727034.html «‘Despacito’ de Luis Fonsi supera los 2 billones de visitas en YouTube - La Razón»]. ''www.la-razon.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Thug an mórghníomhach chun bheith rathúil go raibh sé éasca dó uimhir&amp;#x20;amháin a bhaint amach ar na
hardáin cheoil, mar shampla [[Spotify]] agus [[iTune]]s; ina theannta chun a bheith luaite mar 'amhrán uimhir amháin' i níos mó ná 45&amp;#x20;tír.

Bhain an físeán 3 bhilliún amharc amach ar an 4 Lúnasa, 2017, 4 bhilliún amharc amach ar an 11 Deireadh Fómhair, 2017 agus 5 bhilliún amharc amach ar an 5 Aibreán, 2018. Ba é an chéad fhíseán chun na hamharcanna seo a bhaint amach.

==Cairteacha==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
===Cairteacha seachtainiúla===
;Céad leagan
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2017)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Argentina}} [[An Airgintín]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Scotland|Albain}} 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Australia|An Astráil}} 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|26
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[An Vallúin]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Bolivia}} [[An Bholaiv]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]
|align=center|56
|-
|{{bratach|Colombia}} [[An Cholóim]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Costa Rica}} [[Cósta Ríce]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Croatia}} [[An Chróit]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Denmark}} [[An Danmhairg]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Ecuador}} [[Eacuadór]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Ireland}} [[Eire]]
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Finland}} [[An Fhionlainn]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|20
|-
|{{bratach|France}} [[An Fhrainc]]
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Guatemala}} [[Guatamala]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]
| align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Iceland}} [[An Íoslainn]]
|align=center|9
|-
|{{bratach|Israel}} [[Iosrael]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Norway}} [[An Iorua]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|22
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Latvia}} [[An Laitvia]]
|align=center|4
|-
|{{bratach|Lebanon}} [[An Liobáin]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Luxembourg}} [[Lucsamburg]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|Malaysia}} [[An Mhalaeisia]]
|align=center|7
|-
|{{bratach|Mexico}} [[Meicsiceo]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Austria|An Ostair}} 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Panama}} [[Panama]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Paraguay}} [[Paragua]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Peru}} [[Peiriú]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Dominican Republic}} [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{Bratach|Czech Republic}} [[Poblacht na Seice]]
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Poland}} [[An Pholainn]]
| align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Portugal}} [[An Phortaingéil]]
| align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|align=center|4
|-
|{{Bratach|Romania}} [[An Rómáin]]
| align=center|3
|-
|{{bratach|Russia}} [[An Rúis]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|El Salvador}} [[An tSalvadóir]]
|align=center|7
|-
|{{bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]
|align=center|48
|-
|{{bratach|Chile}} [[An tSile]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Slovakia}} [[An tSlóvaic]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Slovenia}} [[An tSlóivéin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Spain}} [[An Spáinn]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|USA}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
|align=center|44
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]
|align=center|23
|-
|{{Bratach|Ukraine}} [[An Úcráin]]
| align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|Hungary}} [[An Ungáir]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Venezuela}} [[Veiniséala]]
|align=center|44
|}

;Céad leagan agus athmheasc le chéile
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2017)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Scotland|Albain}} 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Australia|An Astráil}} 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Luxembourg}} [[Lucsamburg]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Philippines}} [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|USA}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]
|align=center|1
|}

;Athmheasc Justin Bieber amháin
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2017)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Brazil}} [[An Bhrasaíl]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Finland}} [[An Fhionlainn]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Norway}} [[An Iorua]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Malaysia}} [[An Mhalaeisia]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Mexico}} [[Meicsiceo]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Poland}} [[An Pholainn]]
| align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Japan}} [[An tSeapáin]]
|align=center|28
|-
|{{bratach|Spain}} [[An Spáinn]]
|align=center|3
|}

|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|

===Cairteacha míosúila===
;Céad leagan
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2017)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Argentina}} [[An Airgintín]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{Bratach|Slovenia}} [[An tSlóivéin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Venezuela}} [[Veiniséala]]
|align=center|1
|}

;Athmheasc Justin Bieber amháin
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2017)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Argentina}} [[An Airgintín]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|}

===Cairteacha Deireadh na Bliana===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2017)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Argentina}} [[An Airgintín]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Australia}} [[An Astráil]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[Flóndras]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|Belgium|An Bheilg}} ([[An Vallúin]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|Bolivia}} [[An Bholaiv]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Brazil}} [[An Bhrasaíl]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|23
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|Colombia}} [[An Cholóim]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Denmark}} [[An Danmhairg]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|Ecuador}} [[Eacuadór]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|Guatemala}} [[Guatamala]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Honduras}} [[Hondúras]]
|align=center|31
|-
|{{bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Israel}} [[Iosrael]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{Bratach|Netherlands}} [[An Ísiltír]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|Mexico}} [[Meicsiceo]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Nicaragua}} [[Nicearagua]]
|align=center|30
|-
|{{bratach|New Zealand}} [[An Nua-Shéalainn]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|Austria}} [[An Ostair]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|-
|{{bratach|Panama}} [[Panama]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Paraguay}} [[Paragua]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Peru}} [[Peiriú]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Dominican Republic}} [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|UK}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|-
|{{bratach|El Salvador}} [[An tSalvadóir]]
|align=center|11
|-
|{{bratach|Chile}} [[An tSile]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Slovenia}} [[An tSlóivéin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|10
|-
|{{bratach|USA}} [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
|align=center|2
|-
|{{bratach|Uruguay}} [[Uragua]]
|align=center|1
|-
|{{bratach|Venezuela}} [[Veiniséala]]
|align=center|1
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! scope=col | Tír (2018)
! scope=col | Uimhir
|-
|{{bratach|Argentina}} [[An Airgintín]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|56
|-
|{{bratach|Bolivia}} [[An Bholaiv]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|30
|-
|{{bratach|Canada}} [[Ceanada]]
|align=center|25
|-
|{{bratach|Denmark}} [[An Danmhairg]]
|align=center|34
|-
|{{bratach|Ecuador}} [[Eacuadór]]
|align=center|77
|-
|{{bratach|Switzerland}} [[An Eilvéis]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|25
|-
|{{bratach|Germany}} [[An Ghearmáin]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|47
|-
|{{bratach|Guatemala}} [[Guatamala]]
|align=center|44
|-
|{{bratach|Honduras}} [[Hondúras]]
|align=center|84
|-
|{{bratach|Nicaragua}} [[Nicearagua]]
|align=center|88
|-
|{{bratach|Panama}} [[Panama]]
|align=center|17
|-
|{{bratach|UK}} [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|61
|-
|{{bratach|El Salvador}} [[An tSalvadóir]]
|align=center|42
|-
|{{bratach|Chile}} [[An tSile]]
|align=center|18
|-
|{{bratach|Sweden}} [[An tSualainn]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|41
|-
|{{bratach|Uruguay}} [[Uragua]]
|align=center|36
|}
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Amhráin]]
[[Catagóir:Singlí 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>akjo19qwmuaui4jaztetq3d6idzddlg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Bryan French</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1328590</id>
      <parentid>1072497</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T08:58:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328590</origin>
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{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is [[aisteoir]] [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] é '''Michael Bryan French'''. Rugadh i [[Lackawanna, Nua-Eabhrac|Lackawanna]], [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát|Nua-Eabhrac]] é, ach tógadh é in [[Elmira, Nua-Eabhrac|Elmira]], [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát|Nua-Eabhrac]]. 

Ghlac sé páirteanna i sraitheanna teilifíse amhail [[Orange is the New Black]], [[Prison Break]], [[Madoff (miniseries)|Madoff]], [[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]], agus [[As the World Turns]], agus bhí páirteanna mar aoi-réalta sa sraitheanna teilifíse [[L.A. Law]], [[Quantum Leap]], [[Matlock (sraith teilifíse)|Matlock]], [[Roseanne]], [[The X-Files]], [[Step by Step (sraith teilifíse)|Step by Step]], [[Cybill]], [[ER (sraith teilifíse)|ER]], [[The Drew Carrey Show]], [[Sliders]], [[Diagnosis Murder]], agus [[The Pretender (sraith teilifíse)|The Pretender]] freisin.

==Scannánliosta atá roghnaithe==
===Scannáin===
*2014 ''[[This Is Where I Leave You]]'' - mar Dr. Rausch
*2013 ''[[The Wolf of Wall Street]]'' 
*2013 ''[[Frank the Bastard]]'' – mar eerwaarde Beal
*2009 ''[[Political Disasters]]'' – mar Michael
*2008 ''[[Recount]]'' – mar David Souter
*2008 ''[[Keith]]''
*2004 ''[[Myron's Movie]]'' – mar Alex
*2003 ''[[Scorched]]'' – mar begeleider
*2002 ''[[Big Fat Liar]]'' – mar Harry Shepherd
*1999 ''[[How to Get Laid at the End of the World]]'' – mar Franklin
*1999 ''[[Pirates of Silicon Valley]]'' 
*1999 ''[[Dill Scallion]]'' – mar athair Patrick
*1998 ''[[I Still Know What You Did Last Summer]]'' – mar dochtúir
*1996 ''[[The Glimmer Man]]'' – mar taighdeoir Rúiseach
*1993 ''[[Country Estates (scannán)|Country Estates]]'' – mar Claude Prine
*1993 ''[[Darkness Before Dawn]]'' – mar Jack

===Teilifís===
*2015-2017 ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' - mar Jack Pearson - 11 eipeasóidí 
*2016 ''[[Madoff (sraith teilifíse)|Madoff]]'' - mar Blake North - 4 eipeasóidí 
*2004-2012 ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (sraith teilifíse)| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'' – mar Dr. Franks – 7 eipeasóidí
*2008 ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' – mar Bob – 2 eipeasóidí
*2008 ''[[Prison Break]]'' – mar Gregory White – 6 eipeasóidí
*1995-1996 ''[[ER (sraith teilifíse)|ER]]'' – mar Dr. MacGruder – 2 eipeasóidí
*1990 ''[[As the World Turns]]'' – mar Sam 

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

==Naisc sheachtracha==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0294153/ Próifíl] ar [[IMDb]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510120505/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/343145%7C0/Michael-Bryan-French/filmography-with-synopsis.html Próifíl] ar tcm.com


{{síol}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:French, Michael Bryan}}

[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Meiriceánacha|French, Michael Bryan]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Lackawanna, Nua-Eabhrac|French, Michael Bryan]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo|French, Michael Bryan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rosalind Franklin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T11:04:50Z</timestamp>
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        <id>47196</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="3126" sha1="4w0g8ppvnvuplvstsisxcxbycnshoet" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

&lt;span&gt;[[Ceimiceoir|Ceimceoir]] agus [[criostalagrafadóir|criostalagrafaí x]]-ghathach▼ [[Sasana]]ch ab ea &lt;/span&gt;'''Rosalind Elsie Franklin''' ([[25 Iúil]] [[1920]] - [[16 Aibreán]] [[1958]])&lt;ref name=&quot;nlm-bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/183|teideal=The Rosalind Franklin Papers, Biographical Information|work=profiles.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=13 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303014135/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/183|archivedate=3 Márta 2017|dátarochtana=26 Samhain 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  a chuir le tuiscint struchtúir mhóilíneacha [[Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach|ADN]], [[Aigéad ribeanúicléasach|ARN]] , [[Víreas|víris]], [[gual]], agus [[graifít|graifít.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nlm-coal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/186|teideal=The Rosalind Franklin Papers, The Holes in Coal: Research at BCURA and in Paris, 1942–1951|work=profiles.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=13 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025092929/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/186|archivedate=25 Deireadh Fómhair 2011|dátarochtana=26 Samhain 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cé go raibh meas ar a cuid oibre ar ghual agus ar víris i rith a saoil, is beag an aitheantais a fuair a cuid oibre ar struchtúr ADN go dtí tar éis a báis. ní bhfuair an obair a rinne sí ar struchtúr ADN mórán aitheantais go dtí tar éis a báis. 

Tá cáil ar Franklin de bharr a cuid oibre  i King's College Londain ar na híomhánna díraonta X-ghathacha d' ADN, go háirithe Grianghraf 51. Bhí Grianghraf 51 mar chuid den fhianaise i moladh héilics dúbailte ADN  le [[James Watson]] agus [[Francis Crick]]. Roinn James Watson, Francis Crick agus [[Maurice Wilkins]] Duais Nobel san Fhiseolaíocht nó Leigheas i 1962. Mhol Watson go mbronnfaí Duais Nobel sa Cheimic ar Franklin go hidéalach, in éineacht le Wilkins ach, cé nach raibh riail ann fós i gcoinne gradaim i ndiaidh a báis, go ginearálta ní dhearna an Coiste Nobel ainmniúcháin iarbháis.&lt;ref name=&quot;nobelprize_posthumous&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Official Website of the Nobel Prizes|teideal=Nobel Prize Facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/|accessdate=24 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tar éis di críoch a chur lena cuid oibre ar ADN, rinne Franklin obair cheannródaíoch ag Birkbeck ar struchtúir mhóilíneacha na víreas. Lean a comhghleacaí Aaron Klug lena chuid taighde agus bhuaigh sé Duais Nobel na Ceimice i 1982.

[[Íomhá:ROSALIND FRANKLIN 1920-1958 Pioneer of the study of molecular structures including DNA lived here 1951-1958.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Grianghraf de plaic chuimhneacháin ina onóir i Sasana|mion|Rosalind Franklin - ceannródaí de struchtúir móilíneach de [[Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach|ADN]]]]

== Fonótaí ==
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Franklin, Rosalind}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1920]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1958]]
[[Catagóir:Ceimiceoirí Meiriceánacha‎]]
[[Catagóir:Eolaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Eolaithe Sasanacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ribóisíd nicitíonaimíde</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2782" sha1="s8thy57b5w3ti9m5j2p1sd2c26mwt0u" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Comhdhúil Cheimiceach}}
Foirm núicléisíde piridín de vitimín B&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is ea an chomhdhúil cheimiceach '''ribóisíd nicitíonaimíde (RN)''' a fheidhmeanna mar réamhtheachtaí do dénúicléitíd adainín nicitíonaimíde nó DAN+.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bogan, K.L., Brenner, C.|last=Bogan, K.L., Brenner, C.|year=2008|teidealNicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside: a molecular evaluation of NAD+ precursor vitamins in human nutrition|journal=Annu. Rev. Nutr.|volume=28|pages=115&amp;ndash;130|doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155443}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24071780&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 2013|teideal=Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotection|journal=Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care|volume=16|issue=6|pages=657–61|doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e32836510c0|pmid=24071780}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tocsaineacht ==
Sa bhliain 2016, dheonaigh an Riarachán Bia is Drugaí  (RB&amp;D) ([[An Béarla|Béarla]]:''Food and Drug Administration''(''FDA'') an stádas (GRAS) do ribóisíd nicitíonaimíde, sé go 'measfar sábháilte de ghnáth' í  mar chomhábhar bia i dtáirgín uisce feabhsaithe, i gcreatháin phróitéineacha, i mbarraí cothaithe, i nguma agus i milseáin choganta ag uimh níos lú ná 0.027% de RN de réir meáchain. An dáileog gan aon éifeacht tocsaineach inbhraite (DGETI), agus dáileog íosta le héifeacht dhíobhálach inbhraite (DíLEDI) i gcreimirí is ea 300 agus 1000&amp;#x20;mg/kg/lá faoi seach.{{rp|2–3}}

== Ceimic ==
Cé gurb é an meáchan móilíneach a bhaineann le ribóisíd nicitíonaimíde ná 255.25 g / mol,&lt;ref name=cid439924&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439924 |title=Nicotinamide Riboside}}&lt;/ref&gt; that of its chloride salt is 290.70 g/mol.&lt;ref name=grn635&gt;{{cite web|teideal=Spherix/Chromadex GRAS submission|url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm505226.pdf|date=March 8, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035454/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm505226.pdf|archivedate=Márta 4, 2017|dátarochtana=Márta 30, 2018}}  See FDA GRAS index page: 
{{cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=GRASNotices&amp;id=635 |teideal=GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 635 |dátarochtana=2018-03-30 |archivedate=2017-02-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211044823/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=GRASNotices }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7}} is é meáchan móilíneach a shalann chlóiríde ná 290.70 g / mol. Dá bhrí sin, soláthraíonn 100 mg de chlóiríd ribóisíd nicitíonaimíde 88 mg de ribóisíd nicitíonaimíde.
== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edith Stein</title>
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      <text bytes="6746" sha1="9h5744bt6s2zn82o56awnh4h1ui7ej0" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Bhí '''Edith Stein''' (12 Deireadh Fómhair 1891 – 9 Lúnasa 1942) ina fealsamh Gearmánach de shliocht Giúdach. D’iompaigh sí ina Caitliceach agus rinneadh Cairmeileach Díbhrógach di faoin ainm religiúnach '''Teresa Benedicta a Cruce'''. Mharaigh na Naitsithe í agus naomhainmníodh mar mhairtíreach í.

==Beatha agus saothar==
Rugadh í in Breslau (Wrocław na Polainne anois) sa tSiléis Íochtarach. Ba chailín meabhrach í. D’iompaigh sí ina haindiachaí agus í ina déagóir, cé gur tógadh i dteaghlach cráifeach Giúdach í. Fuair a hathair bás nuair a bhí sí óg, ach bhí a máthair leagtha amach ar oideachas maith a thabhairt dá clann, agus chuir sí Edith chun Ollscoil Breslau (&quot;Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität&quot;).

In Mí Aibreáin 1913 tháinig sí chun [[Göttingen]] chun staidéar a dhéanamh sa seimeastar samhraidh le [[Edmund Husserl]]. Thosaigh an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda i Mí Iúil 1914, agus sa bhliain 1915 chuaigh sí ag obair mar bhanaltra deonach de chuid na Croise Deirge in ospidéal galracha tógálacha in Märisch-Weisskirchen. Sa bhliain 1916 chuaigh sí go dtí Freiburg chun a tráchtas ar an Ionbhá a chríochnú: ''Zum Problem der Einfühlung''. Rinneadh dochtúir fealsúnachta (''summa cum laude'') di ar 3 Lúnasa 1916.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DURuCQAAQBAJ |title=Body, Text, and Science: The Literacy of Investigative Practices and the Phenomenology of Edith Stein |author=M. Sawicki |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2013 |isbn=9401139792 |page=187}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thosaigh sí ag obair mar chúntóir Husserl, agus áitíonn an scoláire John C. Wilhelmsson go raibh tionchar mór aici ar shaothar Husserl ag an am.&lt;ref&gt;Wilhelmsson, John Christopher, &quot;The philosophical contributions of Edith Stein.&quot; (2007). Master's Theses. 4017. http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4017&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh ball den dámh in Ollscoil Freiburg di agus í ina chúntóir teagaisc ag Husserl, a bhí tar éis aistriú go dtí an ollscoil. Ní chuideodh Husserl léi cur isteach ar chathaoir toisc gur bhean í, agus diúltaíodh dá tráchtas eile, ''Psychische Kausalität'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eprints.nuim.ie/393/1/Edith_Stein.pdf |first1=Mette |last=1Lebech |teideal=Study Guide to Edith Stein's Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities |work=Faculty of Philosophy, NUIM, Maynooth}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Ollscoil Göttingen sa bhliain 1919.

D’iompaigh Stein ina Caitliceach tar éis di dírbheathaisnéis Naomh Treasa d’Avila a léamh sa bhliain 1921. Baisteadh í ar 1 Eanáir 1922, agus bhí sí ina múinteoir i scoil na siúracha Doiminiceacha in Speyer idir na blianta 1923 agus 1931. Chuir sí Gearmáinis ar ''De Veritate'' [[Tomás Acain|Thomáis Acain]]. Chuir sí eolas ar fealsúnacht na hEaglaise agus rinne iarracht ar [[feiniméaneolaíocht|fheiniméaneolaíocht]] Husserl a chur in oiriúint don [[Tómachas]].   

Sa bhliain 1932 rinneadh léachtóir di in Institiúid an Teagaisc Eolaíoch (foras a bhain leis an Eaglais) in Münster, ach bhí uirthi éirí as a post sa bhliain 1933 de dheasca na reachtaíochta frith-Ghiúdaí a rith an rialtas Naitsíoch. Scríobh sí chun an Phápa Pius XI ag cáineadh na Naitsithe agus ag iarraidh air iad a dhamnú os comhair an phobail.

Ní bhfuair sí freagra agus ní fios ar léigh an Pápa a litir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/this-europe-letters-reveal-auschwitz-victims-plea-to-pope-pius-xi-598301.html |teideal=This Europe: Letters reveal Auschwitz victim's plea to Pope Pius XI |publisher=The Independent |accessdate=2003-02-21 |location=London |first=Peter |last=Popham |date=February 21, 2003}} {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ach sa bhliain 1937 chuir an Pápa imlitir amach i nGearmáinis (''Mit brennender Sorge'') ina ndearna sé an Naistsíochas a lochtú, na bealaí ar sáraíodh Concordáid 1933 idir an Ghearmáin agus an Eaglais a liostáil agus an frith-Ghiúdachas a cháineadh. 

Chuaigh Stein sna Cairmeiligh Dhíbhrógacha i mainistir S. Maria vom Frieden in Cologne sa bhliain 1933 agus tharraing Teresa Benedicta na Croise uirthi féin mar ainm reiligiúnach. San áit sin a scríobh sí a leabhar meitifisiceach ''Endliches und ewiges Sein'' (''Beith Fhinideach agus Shíoraí'') inar fhéach sí le fealsúnachtaí Thomáis Acain, [[Duns Scotus]] agus Husserl a chur in oiriúint dá chéile.  
  
Chuir an tOrd Stein agus a deirfiúr Rosa, a bhí ina ball de na Cairmeiligh freisin, chun mainistir in Echt san Ísiltír chun na Naitsithe a sheachaint. Tar éis go ndearna an Ghearmáin ionradh ar an Ísiltír, chuir Comhdháil na nEaspag Caitliceach Ollannach ráiteas á léamh sna heaglaisí ag cáineadh an chiníochais Naitsíoch ar 20 Iúil 1942. Mar dhíoltas, d’ordaigh Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reichskommissar na hÍsiltíre, ar 26 Iúil 1942, go ngabhfaí gach iompaitheach Giúdach nár gabhadh go dtí sin. Gabhadh Stein ar 2 Lúnasa 1942, agus cuireadh í féin agus a deirfiúr chun Auschwitz. Chuaigh a hiompar chomh mór sin i gcion ar fheidhmeanach Ollannach a ghabh leis na Naitsithe gur thairg sé cuidiú léi éalú, ach dhiúltaigh sí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |teideal=Edith Stein Convert, Nun, Martyr |last1=Garcia |first1=Laura |date=June 6, 1997 |publisher=Catholic Education Resource Center |accessdate=December 3, 2014 |url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/edith-stein-convert-nun-martyr.html |dátarochtana=Iúil 7, 2018 |archivedate=Márta 12, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312145518/http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/edith-stein-convert-nun-martyr.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Is dócha gur maraíodh Stein agus a deirfiúr i seomra gáis ar 9 Lúnasa 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=María Ruiz |last=Scaperlanda |title=Edith Stein: St. Teresia Benedicta of the Cross |place=Huntington, Indiana |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Press |year=2001 |page=154}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bheannaigh an Pápa Eoin Pól II Stein mar mhairtíreach ar 1 Bealtaine 1987 in Cologne agus naomhainmnigh ar 11 Deireadh Fómhair 1998 í. Tá sí ar dhuine de shé éarlamh na hEorpa, in éineacht le Beinidict ó Nursia, Ciril agus Meiteoidias, Bríd na Sualainne agus Caitríona Siena. 

==Nótaí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Edith}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1891]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1942]]
[[Catagóir:Campa Géibhinn Auschwitz]]
[[Catagóir:Fealsúna Gearmánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Giúdaigh Ghearmánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Mairtírigh]]
[[Catagóir:Mná rialta]]
[[Catagóir:Naoimh Gearmánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí neamhfhicsin Gearmánacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>LOL (albam Basshunter)</title>
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{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}

Is é '''''LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt;''''' an dara halbam ó [[Basshunter]]. Scaoileadh é ar an 28 Lúnasa 2006.

== Traicliosta ==
:'''''LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt;'''''
# &quot;[[Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA]]&quot; – 3:22
# &quot;[[Boten Anna]]&quot; – 3:29
# &quot;Strand Tylösand&quot; – 3:17
# &quot;Sverige&quot; – 2:58
# &quot;Hallå där&quot; – 2:38
# &quot;Mellan oss två&quot; – 3:58
# &quot;Var är jag&quot; – 4:01
# &quot;Utan stjärnorna&quot; – 3:51
# &quot;Festfolk&quot; &lt;small&gt;(2006 Remix)&lt;/small&gt; – 4:01
# &quot;[[Vifta med händerna]]&quot; &lt;small&gt;(Basshunter Remix) (Patrik och Lillen)&lt;/small&gt; – 3:11
# &quot;Professional Party People&quot; – 3:09
# &quot;I'm Your Basscreator&quot; – 5:25
:'''Bonus tracks'''
# &quot;Boten Anna&quot; (Instrumental) – 3:20
# &quot;Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA&quot; (Extended Version) – 7:45

== Cairteacha ==
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===Cairteacha seachtainiúla===
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! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Tír (2006-2008)
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Uimhir
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Danmhairg ([[Album Top-40]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Lol+%26lt%3B%28^^%2C%29%26gt%3B&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt; (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 3
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Fhionlainn ([[Musiikkituottajat]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Lol+%26lt%3B%28^^%2C%29%26gt%3B&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt; (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 4
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An tSualainn ([[Sverigetopplistan]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Lol+%26lt%3B%28^^%2C%29%26gt%3B&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt; (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 5
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ostair ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Lol+%26lt%3B%28^^%2C%29%26gt%3B&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt; | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 12
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! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Iorua ([[VG-lista]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Lol+%26lt%3B%28^^%2C%29%26gt%3B&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt; (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 19
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá ([[Dance/Electronic Albums]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.billboard.com/artist/280774/basshunter/chart?f=322 |teideal= Basshunter |accessdate= 31 Iúil 2018 |dátarochtana= 31 Iúil 2018 |archivedate= 23 Iúil 2018 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180723124127/https://www.billboard.com/artist/280774/basshunter/chart?f=322}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 24
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Fhrainc ([[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique|SNEP]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Lol+%26lt%3B%28^^%2C%29%26gt%3B&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt; (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 51
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ísiltír ([[MegaCharts]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Lol+%26lt%3B%28^^%2C%29%26gt%3B&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt; | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 66
|-
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|valign=&quot;top&quot;|

===Cairteacha Deireadh na Bliana===
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Tír (2006)
! Uimhir
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Danmhairg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://pladebranchen.nu/publikationer/Pladebranchen06.pdf |teideal= Pladebranchen.06 |accessdate= 31 Iúil 2018 |dátarochtana= 31 Iúil 2018 |archivedate= 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008144958/http://pladebranchen.nu/publikationer/Pladebranchen06.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 26
|}
|}

== Deimhniúcháin ==
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Tír
! Deimhniúchán
! Díolacháin
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Danmhairg ([[IFPI Denmark]])
| 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content/basshunter-lol | teideal = BASSHUNTER &quot;LOL &lt;(^^,)&gt;&quot; | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 40,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=node/11 | teideal = GULD OG PLATIN | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Fhionlainn ([[Musiikkituottajat]])
| Platanam&lt;ref name=&quot;An Fhionlainn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/artistit/basshunter |teideal= TILASTOT |accessdate= 31 Iúil 2018 |dátarochtana= 31 Iúil 2018 |archivedate= 26 Meán Fómhair 2012 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120926225740/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/artistit/basshunter }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 33,365&lt;ref name=&quot;An Fhionlainn&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|4}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://basshunter.se Suíomh oifigiúil]

{{Basshunter}}

[[Catagóir:Albaim a eisíodh in 2006]]
[[Catagóir:Basshunter]]</text>
      <sha1>ji5g1b8f23422mt63cu4vya5cnlswv5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Now You're Gone - The Album</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>85125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328595</id>
      <parentid>1295011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T09:46:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8201" sha1="7am0r5e6uzcqpalahfy3tz3bbs2b3oy" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}

Is é '''''Now You're Gone - The Album''''' an halbam ó [[Basshunter]]. Scaoileadh é ar an 14 Lúil 2008.

== Traicliosta ==
:'''''Now You're Gone - The Album'''''
# &quot;[[Now You're Gone]]&quot; &lt;small&gt;(feat. [[Mental Theo|DJ Mental Theo's Bazzheadz]])&lt;/small&gt; – 2:30
# &quot;[[All I Ever Wanted]]&quot; – 2:58
# &quot;[[Please Don't Go]]&quot; – 2:50
# &quot;[[I Miss You]]&quot; – 3:47
# &quot;[[Angel in the Night]]&quot; – 3:23
# &quot;In Her Eyes&quot; – 3:14
# &quot;Love You More&quot; – 3:52
# &quot;Camilla&quot; – 3:16
# &quot;Dream Girl&quot; – 4:28
# &quot;[[Walk on Water|I Can Walk on Water]]&quot; – 3:46
# &quot;Bass Creator&quot; – 5:02
# &quot;Russia Privjet&quot; – 4:05
:'''Bonus tracks'''
# &quot;[[Boten Anna]]&quot; – 3:29
# &quot;[[Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA|DotA]]&quot; – 3:22
# &quot;Now You're Gone&quot; – 3:15
# &quot;All I Ever Wanted&quot; – 2:34

== Cairteacha ==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
===Cairteacha seachtainiúla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Tír (2008-2009)
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Uimhir
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ríocht Aontaithe ([[UK Albums Chart]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3667/basshunter/ | teideal = BASSHUNTER – ALBUMS | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Nua-Shéalainn ([[Recorded Music NZ]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Now+You%27re+Gone+-+The+Album&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER - NOW YOU'RE GONE - THE ALBUM (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| Éire ([[Irish Albums Chart]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter |teideal= BASSHUNTER – DISCOGRAPHY BASSHUNTER |accessdate= 31 Iúil 2018 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191009173627/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter |archivedate= 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2019 |dátarochtana= 31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 2
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Eoraip ([[European Albums]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/03/chart-enw-euro-albums-idUSN0251384320081103 |teideal= EUROPEAN TOP ALBUMS |accessdate= 31 Iúil 2018 |dátarochtana= 31 Iúil 2018 |archivedate= 24 Meán Fómhair 2015 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135817/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/03/chart-enw-euro-albums-idUSN0251384320081103 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 6
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá ([[Dance/Electronic Albums]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Billboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.billboard.com/album/basshunter/now-you-re-gone/1163035 |teideal= Now You’re Gone: The Album -... |accessdate= 31 Iúil 2018 |dátarochtana= 31 Iúil 2018 |archivedate= 29 Lúnasa 2010 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100829080504/http://www.billboard.com/album/basshunter/now-you-re-gone/1163035 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 14
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ostair ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Now+You%27re+Gone+-+The+Album&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – NOW YOU'RE GONE - THE ALBUM | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 17
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Bheilg (An Vallúin, [[Ultratop]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Now+You%27re+Gone+-+The+Album&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – NOW YOU'RE GONE - THE ALBUM | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 31
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Eilvéis ([[Alben Top 100]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Now+You%27re+Gone+-+The+Album&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – NOW YOU'RE GONE - THE ALBUM | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 32
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Fhionlainn ([[Musiikkituottajat]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Now+You%27re+Gone+-+The+Album&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – NOW YOU'RE GONE - THE ALBUM (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 35
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Fhrainc ([[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique|SNEP]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Now+You%27re+Gone+-+The+Album&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – NOW YOU'RE GONE - THE ALBUM (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 36
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An tSualainn ([[Sverigetopplistan]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Now+You%27re+Gone+-+The+Album&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – NOW YOU'RE GONE - THE ALBUM (ALBUM) | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 38
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Pholainn ([[OLiS]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=467&amp;lang= | teideal = OLiS – OFICJALNA LISTA SPRZEDAŻY | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 38
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá ([[Heatseekers Albums]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Billboard&quot; /&gt;
| align=center| 45
|-
|}

|width=&quot;250&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|

===Cairteacha Deireadh na Bliana===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Tír (2008)
! Uimhir
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ríocht Aontaithe ([[Official Charts Company]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20080106/37502/ | teideal = End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 2008 | accessdate=31 Iúil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 45
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Tír (2009)
! Uimhir
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Nua-Shéalainn ([[Recorded Music NZ]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=2090 |teideal= End of Year Charts 2009 |accessdate= 31 Iúil 2018 |dátarochtana= 31 Iúil 2018 |archivedate= 5 Márta 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000636/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=2090 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 14
|}
|}

==Deimhniúcháin==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Tír
! Deimhniúchán
! Díolacháin
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Danmhairg ([[IFPI Danmark]])
| Ór&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín | url = http://ifpi.dk/node/10604 | teideal = Basshunter &quot;Now You’re Gone - The Album&quot; | work = [[IFPI Danmark]] | dátarochtana = 20 Eanáir 2026 | language = da}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 10,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Nua-Shéalainn ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])
| 2× Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín | url = https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/00/00/album-cert-search | teideal = Album Certification Search | work = RadioScope | dátarochtana = 20 Eanáir 2026 | language = en | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20241216171356/https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/00/00/album-cert-search | archivedate = 16 Nollaig 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 30,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ríocht Aontaithe ([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]])
| Platanam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url= https://certified-awards.bpi.co.uk/format/3/artist/2205/title/20940 | teideal = Basshunter - Now You're Gone - The Album | work = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2018 | language = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 376,017&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url= https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/25-years-of-mos-in-numbers-what-is-sony-actually-getting-for-its-money/065643 | teideal = 25 years of MoS in numbers: What is Sony actually getting for its money? | údar = Daniel Gumble | work = [[Music Week]] | dáta = 11 Lúnasa 2016 | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2018 | language = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|4}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://basshunter.se Suíomh oifigiúil]

{{Basshunter}}

[[Catagóir:Albaim a eisíodh in 2008]]
[[Catagóir:Basshunter]]</text>
      <sha1>7am0r5e6uzcqpalahfy3tz3bbs2b3oy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bass Generation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>85132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328511</id>
      <parentid>1295010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T23:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4509" sha1="ba2tx3bzr4msy30rrw2c19flfmdqqb9" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Albam}}

Is é '''''Bass Generation''''' an 4ú halbam ó [[Basshunter]]. Scaoileadh é ar an 25 Meán Fómhair 2009.

== Traicliosta ==
# &quot;[[Every Morning]]&quot; – 3:19
# &quot;[[I Promised Myself]]&quot; – 2:38
# &quot;Why&quot; – 3:12
# &quot;I Can't Deny&quot; &lt;small&gt;(feat. Lauren)&lt;/small&gt; – 4:00
# &quot;Don't Walk Away&quot; – 3:02
# &quot;I Still Love&quot; – 3:33
# &quot;Day &amp; Night&quot; – 2:55
# &quot;I Will Learn to Love Again&quot; &lt;small&gt;(feat. [[Stunt]])&lt;/small&gt; – 3:08
# &quot;Far from Home&quot; – 4:11
# &quot;I Know U Know&quot; – 2:46
# &quot;On Our Side&quot; – 3:55
# &quot;Can You&quot; – 2:25
# &quot;Plane to Spain&quot; – 3:43
# &quot;Every Morning&quot; &lt;small&gt;(Michael Mind Edit)&lt;/small&gt;
# &quot;Numbers&quot; – 3:20

== Cairteacha ==
=== Cairteacha seachtainiúla ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Tír (2009-2010)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Uimhir
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Nua-Shéalainn ([[Recorded Music NZ]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Bass+Generation&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER - BASS GENERATION (ALBUM) | accessdate=1 Lúnasa 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 2
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Afraic Theas ([[RSG|SA Top 20]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.rsg.co.za/musiek_top20.asp |teideal= Snuffel rond op RSG.co.za |accessdate= 1 Lúnasa 2018 |dátarochtana= 1 Lúnasa 2018 |archivedate= 19 Samhain 2009 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091119004826/http://www.rsg.co.za/musiek_top20.asp }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 14
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá ([[Dance/Electronic Albums]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Billboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.billboard.com/album/basshunter/bass-generation/1292663 |teideal= Bass Generation – Basshunter (2009) |accessdate= 1 Lúnasa 2018 |dátarochtana= 1 Lúnasa 2018 |archivedate= 22 Nollaig 2009 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091222145257/http://www.billboard.com/album/basshunter/bass-generation/1292663 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 15
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| Éire ([[Irish Albums Chart]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter |teideal= BASSHUNTER – DISCOGRAPHY BASSHUNTER |accessdate= 1 Lúnasa 2018 |dátarochtana= 1 Lúnasa 2018 |archivedate= 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191009173627/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 16
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ríocht Aontaithe ([[UK Albums Chart]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3667/basshunter/ | teideal = BASSHUNTER – ALBUMS | accessdate=1 Lúnasa 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 16
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá ([[Heatseekers Albums]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Billboard&quot; /&gt;
| align=center| 34
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Danmhairg ([[Album Top-40]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Bass+Generation&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – BASS GENERATION (ALBUM) | accessdate=1 Lúnasa 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 39
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Fhrainc ([[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique|SNEP]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_ChartRuns.php | teideal = BASSHUNTER | accessdate=1 Lúnasa 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 41
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Eilvéis ([[Alben Top 100]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&amp;titel=Bass+Generation&amp;cat=a | teideal = BASSHUNTER – BASS GENERATION | accessdate=1 Lúnasa 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center| 73
|-
|}

=== Deimhniúcháin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Tír
! Deimhniúchán
! Díolacháin
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-weight:normal&quot;| An Ríocht Aontaithe ([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]])
| Ór&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín | url = https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9360-2716-2 | teideal = Basshunter – Bass Generation | dátarochtana = 24 Iúil 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 100,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín | url = https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/award-levels | teideal = Certification Levels | dátarochtana = 1 Lúnasa 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|4}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://basshunter.se Suíomh oifigiúil]

{{Basshunter}}

[[Catagóir:Albaim a eisíodh in 2009]]
[[Catagóir:Basshunter]]</text>
      <sha1>ba2tx3bzr4msy30rrw2c19flfmdqqb9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SOAK</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>88962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328609</id>
      <parentid>1311430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T11:26:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>47196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>1328609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4963" sha1="fwpaxsjah07ixw9kr4698otdrj4oqel" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is amhránaí agus cumadóir amhrán as [[Doire]] í '''Bridie Monds-Watson''', nó '''SOAK,''' a hainm stáitse mar is fearr aithne uirthi, a rugadh sa bhliain 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsfilmtv/music/not-so-wet-behind-the-ears-223248.html|teideal=Not so wet behind the ears|údar=Thursday, February 21, 2013|dáta=2013-02-21|work=www.irishexaminer.com|dátarochtana=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh [[The Guardian]] cur síos ar cheol SOAK mar 'a vivid portrait of teenage deep-thinking'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|teideal=One to watch: SOAK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jan/27/soak-bridie-monds-watson-sea-creatures|work=The Guardian|dáta=2013-01-27|dátarochtana=2019-03-14|language=en-GB|údar=Kate Mossman}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'eisigh sí a céad albam [[Before We Forgot to Dream]] i mí Bealtaine 2015. Is [[portmanta]] foghraíochta é &quot;SOAK&quot; de na focail Béarla &quot;Soul&quot; ([[anamcheol]]) agus &quot;Folk&quot; ([[Ceol Tíre|ceol tíre]]).

== A gairm proifisiúnta ==
I Mí na Samhna 2014 bhí sí ainmnithe mar cheann de na ceoltóirí ar liosta fada BBC Sound of 2015 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=SOAK makes BBC Sound Of 2015 longlist|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2014/1201/663879-soak-makes-bbc-sound-of-2015-longlist/|date=2014-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar 20 Eanáir 2015 chuir sí a céad singil amach, darb ainm &quot;Sea Creatures&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sea-creatures-single/id958957748 |teideal=iTunes - Ceol - Créatúir Farraige - Aonair ag SOAK |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032107/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sea-creatures-single/id958957748 |archivedate=2016-03-08 |dátarochtana=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'eisigh sí a céad albam ''[[Before We Forgot How to Dream]]'' ar an 29 Bealtaine 2015 agus bhuaigh sí an [[Choice Music Prize]] 'Albam na Bliana 2015' ar 3 Márta, 2016 ag searmanas bronnta bliantúil a bhí ar siúl i Vicar Street i mBaile Átha Cliath.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/ceol/ce-aige-a-mbeidh-an-choice/|teideal=Cé aige a mbeidh an ‘Choice’? Réamhaisnéis na nduaiseanna le Barbara Nic D.|language=en-US|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2026-04-30}}{{Dead link|date=Bealtaine 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dioscliosta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Teideal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sonraí
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Buaic chairt poist
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |IRE&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Soak|teideal=irishcharts.com - Discography Soak|work=irish-charts.com|dátarochtana=2019-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031092132/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Soak|archivedate=2016-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |Ríocht Aontaithe&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/45708/soak/|teideal=SOAK {{!}} full Official Chart History {{!}} Official Charts Company|work=www.officialcharts.com|dátarochtana=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Before We Forgot How to Dream''
|
* Scaoileadh é: 29 Bealtaine 2015
* Lipéad: Rough Trade Records
* Formáid: íoslódáil dhigiteach, [[Dlúthdhiosca|CD]], ceirnín vinile
|19
|37
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Grim Town''
|
* Scaoileadh é: 26 Aibreán 2019
* Lipéad: Rough Trade Records
* Formáid: íoslódáil dhigiteach, CD, ceirnín vinile
|66
|—
|-
|'''''If I Never Know You Like This Again'''''
|
* Scaoileadh é: 20 Bealtaine 2022
* Lipéad: Rough Trade Records
* Formáid: íoslódáil dhigiteach, CD, ceirnín vinile
|—
|—
|}

=== Singlí ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Albam
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Blud&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Before We Forgot How to Dream''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;B a noBody&quot;
|-
|2015
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Sea Creatures&quot;
|-
|2016
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;I Can't Make You Love Me/Immigrant Song&quot;
| {{n/a|Singil gan albam}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Everybody Loves You&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Grim Town''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Knock Me Off My Feet&quot;
|-
|}

=== Láithreas mar aoi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bliain
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Teideal
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ceoltóir(í) eile
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Albam
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Country Air&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=‎MOOMINVALLEY (Official Soundtrack) by Various Artists|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/moominvalley-official-soundtrack/1453752386|language=en-au}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2019
| {{n/a|Duine ar bith}}
|''MOOMINVALLEY (Official Soundtrack)''
|}

== Tagairtí ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1996]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí as Tuaisceart Éireann]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Éireannacha]]</text>
      <sha1>fwpaxsjah07ixw9kr4698otdrj4oqel</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>An Urdúis</title>
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      <text bytes="2570" sha1="axndywathxh2hi2jg7ggzfgprgx8x89" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}}

[[File:Lashkari Zaban in Nastaliq script.png|mion|clé|Teideal '' Lashkari Zabān '' (&quot;teanga champa mhíleata&quot; nó &quot;mhíleata teanga&quot;) i script Nastaʿlīq]]
Is [[Teanga (cumarsáid)|teanga]] atá á labhairt sa [[An Phacastáin|Phacastáin]] agus i dTuaisceart na h[[An India|India]] é an '''Urdúis '''nó '''Urdu '''i m[[An Béarla|Béarla]] (freisin ar a dtugtar '''Lashkari''' go háitiúil&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scribd.com/doc/273226768/URDU-LASHKARI-ZUBAN-pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayres2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Alyssa Ayres|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&amp;pg=PA19|date=23 July 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51931-1|pages=19–}}&lt;/ref&gt; litrithe '''لشکری'''). Go deimhin, is iad Urdúis agus [[An Hiondúis|Hiondúis]] iad, ach amháin go bhfuil na hIndiaigh  ag labhairt Hiondúis, agus an Urdúis ag na [[Moslamaigh]] [[An India|Indiach]] agus Pacastáine. 

Scríobhann Urdúis leis na [[Litir (aibítir)|litreacha]] [[Arabaigh|Arabacha]]. Ina theannta sin, úsáidtear go leor focail Araibis agus [[An Pheirsis|Peirsis]] sa leagan scríofa Urdúis. Ar an taobh eile, tá na hIndiaigh  ag iarraidh a dteanga féin a shaibhriú le focail [[An tSanscrait|Sanscrait]].

Tá an Urdúis ag seasca-seachtó milliún [[duine]] ó dhúchas, ach thairis sin, mar theanga oifigiúil sa Phacastáin, caithfidh muintir na tíre sin í a fhoghlaim mar dhara teanga, agus mar sin, is féidir a rá go bhfuil sí go líofa ag oiread eile de dhaoine. Ceann de theangacha oifigiúla na hIndia í freisin, chomh maith leis an Hiondúis agus le teangacha na réigiún.
[[Íomhá:Idioma urdu.png|clé|mion]]
Tá [[litríocht]] shaibhir ag an Urdúis. Faoi thionchar na Peirsise, tháinig sraith de chineálacha éagsúla filíochta ar an bhfód le fada, ach ar na saolta seo, scríobhtar go leor [[úrscéal]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ta agus saothar próis eile freisin. Is follasach go raibh an [[litríocht]] Bhéarla ina réamhshampla agus ina spreagadh mór ag na húrscéalaithe.

Mar sin féin, is iad na [[Gearrscéal|gearrscéalta]] an seánra is tábhachtaí i bprós na hUrdúise, cosúil leis an [[An Ghaeilge|nGaeilge]]. Gearrscéalaithe tábhachtacha Urdúise iad Saadat Hasan Manto, Qurat-ul-Ain Haider, Munshi Premchand, Ismat Chughtai, Krishan Chander, Ghulam Abbas, Banu Qudsia agus Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdúis, An}}
[[Catagóir:Teangacha na hÁise]]
[[Catagóir:An India]]
[[Catagóir:An Phacastáin]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2454" sha1="i766484n6v282cwfvld3afpxxilugpf" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}}

[[File:Lashkari Zaban in Nastaliq script.png|mion|clé|Teideal '' Lashkari Zabān '' (&quot;teanga champa mhíleata&quot; nó &quot;mhíleata teanga&quot;) i script Nastaʿlīq]]
Is [[Teanga (cumarsáid)|teanga]] atá á labhairt sa [[An Phacastáin|Phacastáin]] agus i dTuaisceart na h[[An India|India]] é an '''Urdúis '''nó '''Urdu '''i m[[An Béarla|Béarla]] (freisin ar a dtugtar '''Lashkari''' go háitiúil&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scribd.com/doc/273226768/URDU-LASHKARI-ZUBAN-pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayres2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Alyssa Ayres|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&amp;pg=PA19|date=23 July 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51931-1|pages=19–}}&lt;/ref&gt; litrithe '''لشکری'''). Go deimhin, is iad Urdúis agus [[An Hiondúis|Hiondúis]] iad, ach amháin go bhfuil na hIndiaigh  ag labhairt Hiondúis, agus an Urdúis ag na [[Moslamaigh]] [[An India|Indiach]] agus Pacastáine. Scríobhann Urdúis leis na [[Litir (aibítir)|litreacha]] [[Arabaigh|Arabacha]]. Ina theannta sin, úsáidtear go leor focail Araibis agus [[An Pheirsis|Peirsis]] sa leagan scríofa Urdúis.  

Tá an Urdúis ag seasca-seachtó milliún [[duine]] ó dhúchas, ach thairis sin, mar theanga oifigiúil sa Phacastáin, caithfidh muintir na tíre sin í a fhoghlaim mar dhara teanga, agus mar sin, is féidir a rá go bhfuil sí go líofa ag oiread eile de dhaoine. Ceann de theangacha oifigiúla na hIndia í freisin, chomh maith leis an Hiondúis agus le teangacha na réigiún.
[[Íomhá:Idioma urdu.png|clé|mion]]
Tá [[litríocht]] shaibhir ag an Urdúis. Faoi thionchar na Peirsise, tháinig sraith de chineálacha éagsúla filíochta ar an bhfód le fada, ach ar na saolta seo, scríobhtar go leor [[úrscéal]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ta agus saothar próis eile freisin. Is follasach go raibh an [[litríocht]] Bhéarla ina réamhshampla agus ina spreagadh mór ag na húrscéalaithe.

Mar sin féin, is iad na [[Gearrscéal|gearrscéalta]] an seánra is tábhachtaí i bprós na hUrdúise, cosúil leis an [[An Ghaeilge|nGaeilge]]. Gearrscéalaithe tábhachtacha Urdúise iad Saadat Hasan Manto, Qurat-ul-Ain Haider, Munshi Premchand, Ismat Chughtai, Krishan Chander, Ghulam Abbas, Banu Qudsia agus Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdúis, An}}
[[Catagóir:Teangacha na hÁise]]
[[Catagóir:An India]]
[[Catagóir:An Phacastáin]]</text>
      <sha1>i766484n6v282cwfvld3afpxxilugpf</sha1>
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      <text bytes="2173" sha1="gu32exj3ogbxk3rmmo783avxj2s4pn4" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}}

[[File:Lashkari Zaban in Nastaliq script.png|mion|clé|Teideal '' Lashkari Zabān '' (&quot;teanga champa mhíleata&quot; nó &quot;mhíleata teanga&quot;) i script Nastaʿlīq]]
Is [[Teanga (cumarsáid)|teanga]] atá á labhairt sa [[An Phacastáin|Phacastáin]] agus i dTuaisceart na h[[An India|India]] é an '''Urdúis '''nó '''Urdu '''i m[[An Béarla|Béarla]] (freisin ar a dtugtar '''Lashkari''' go háitiúil&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scribd.com/doc/273226768/URDU-LASHKARI-ZUBAN-pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayres2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Alyssa Ayres|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&amp;pg=PA19|date=23 July 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51931-1|pages=19–}}&lt;/ref&gt; litrithe '''لشکری'''). Ina theannta sin, úsáidtear go leor focail Araibis agus [[An Pheirsis|Peirsis]] sa leagan scríofa Urdúis.  

Tá an Urdúis ag seasca-seachtó milliún [[duine]] ó dhúchas, ach thairis sin, mar theanga oifigiúil sa Phacastáin, caithfidh muintir na tíre sin í a fhoghlaim mar dhara teanga, agus mar sin, is féidir a rá go bhfuil sí go líofa ag oiread eile de dhaoine. Ceann de theangacha oifigiúla na hIndia í freisin, chomh maith leis an Hiondúis agus le teangacha na réigiún.
[[Íomhá:Idioma urdu.png|clé|mion]]
Tá [[litríocht]] shaibhir ag an Urdúis. Faoi thionchar na Peirsise, tháinig sraith de chineálacha éagsúla filíochta ar an bhfód le fada, ach ar na saolta seo, scríobhtar go leor [[úrscéal]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ta agus saothar próis eile freisin. Is follasach go raibh an [[litríocht]] Bhéarla ina réamhshampla agus ina spreagadh mór ag na húrscéalaithe.

Mar sin féin, is iad na [[Gearrscéal|gearrscéalta]] an seánra is tábhachtaí i bprós na hUrdúise, cosúil leis an [[An Ghaeilge|nGaeilge]]. Gearrscéalaithe tábhachtacha Urdúise iad Saadat Hasan Manto, Qurat-ul-Ain Haider, Munshi Premchand, Ismat Chughtai, Krishan Chander, Ghulam Abbas, Banu Qudsia agus Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdúis, An}}
[[Catagóir:Teangacha na hÁise]]
[[Catagóir:An India]]
[[Catagóir:An Phacastáin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christine Primrose</title>
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      <text bytes="6229" sha1="7rxgvosaqvj3y9tfz8zrjlfxed3nrqm" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Is amhránaí, cumadóir amhrán Gaelach agus múinteoir ceoil í '''Christine Primrose'''  (17 Feabhra 1950 - beo fós). Rugadh i [[Cárlabhagh|  gCàrlabhaigh]] í, san [[Leòdhas|Eilean Leòdhais]], ach tá cónaí uirthi anois san [[An t-Eilean Sgitheanach|Eilean Sgitheanach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.folkmusic.net/htmfiles/inart663.htm|teideal=The Compelling Gift - feature article in the Living Tradition magazine|údar=Urpeth, Peter|dáta=|work=www.folkmusic.net|dátarochtana=2020-06-14|archivedate=2022-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082302/https://www.folkmusic.net/htmfiles/inart663.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá sí ag canadh ó bhí sí ina cailín óg, agus mar a dúirt sí féin in agallamh, nach raibh ann ach rud nádúrtha dá teaghlach. Bhuaigh sí 'Bonn Óir an t-Sean Nòis' an Chomuinn Ghaidhealaich, ag  an Mhòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail sa bhliain 1974, agus duais ag an bhFéile Pan Cheilteach sa bhliain 1978, agus cé nach raibh sé comónta ag an am sin, rinne sí céim sa cheol Gaelach, agus bíonn sí ag casadh amhráin fud fad an domhain, go háirithe i [[Meiriceá Thuaidh]], san [[An Astráil|Astráil]], sa [[An Nua-Shéalainn|Nua-Shéalainn]]] agus san [[An Eoraip|Eoraip]]. Mar shampla, bhí sí ag an ''Smithsonian Folklife Music Festival'' in [[Washington]], D.C. le hAlison Kinnaird.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.templerecords.co.uk/pages/christine-primrose|teideal=Christine Primrose MBE - Temple Records|language=en|work=www.templerecords.co.uk|dátarochtana=2020-06-14|archivedate=2020-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929085145/https://www.templerecords.co.uk/pages/christine-primrose}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá sí ina ball den bhanna MacTalla freisin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.templerecords.co.uk/products/mac-talla-mairidh-gaol-is-ceol|teideal=Mac-talla - Mairidh Gaol Is Ceol|language=en|work=www.templerecords.co.uk|dátarochtana=2020-06-14|archivedate=2020-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615025847/https://www.templerecords.co.uk/products/mac-talla-mairidh-gaol-is-ceol}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus bhí sí ina láithreoir ar chláir theilifíse agus raidió.  

Faoi láthair, tá sí ar cheann de na hamhránaithe is cáiliúla i saol na [[Gaeilge na hAlban|Gaeilge]] agus tá sí fós le feiceáil i gceolchoirmeacha ó am go ham. Seachas sin, tá sí ag obair ag [[Sabhal Mòr Ostaig]] ó 1982, an bhliain ar thosaigh an cholaiste ag tairiscint cúrsaí lánaimseartha. Ar dtús bhí sí ina rúnaí, agus ó 1993 i leith bhí sí ag teagasc Gaeilge agus Ceol Traidisiúnta (BA) agus cúrsaí gearra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gd/cursaichean/cursaichean-goirid/rain-ghaidhlig-17-07-2018|teideal=Òrain Ghàidhlig le Cairistìona Primrose|údar=|dáta=|language=gd|work=www.smo.uhi.ac.uk|dátarochtana=2020-06-14|archivedate=2019-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507202222/http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gd/cursaichean/cursaichean-goirid/rain-ghaidhlig-17-07-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duaiseanna ==

** [[1974]] [[Bonn Òir an t-Seann Nòis aig a' Mhòd Nàiseanta|Bonn Òir an t-Seann Nòis]] aig a’ [[Am Mòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail|Mhòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail]]
** [[1978]] An Fhéile Idirnáisiúnta Pan Cheilteach
** [[2009]] ‘[https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/scotstradmusicawards/mg-alba-scots-trad-music-awards-2009/ Seinneadair Gàidhlig na Bliadhna]’ ag gradaim Cheoil Thraidisiúnta na hAlban
** [[2017]] [https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/hall-of-fame/christine-primrose/ Talla Deagh-chliù Ceòl Traidiseanta na h-Alba]
** [[2018]] [http://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/44446738 MBE]

== Taifid ==
Bhuaigh sí bonn óir ar an [[Sean-nós (amhránaíocht)|sean-nós]] ag [[An Mód Náisiúnta Ríoga|mBinse Náisiúnta Ríoga]] sa bhliain 1974 agus gradam ag an [[Féile Pan Cheilteach|bhFéile Pan Cheilteach]] sa bhliain 1978 &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/christine-primrose-mn0000104369/biography|teideal=Christine Primrose {{!}} Biography &amp; History|language=en-us|work=AllMusic|dátarochtana=2020-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus, rud nach raibh coitianta ag an am, thóg sí céim i gceol traidisiúnta na Gaeilge, agus ag feidhmiú ar fud an domhain, go háirithe i [[Meiriceá Thuaidh]], [[An Astráil|san Astráil]], sa [[An Nua-Shéalainn|Nua-Shéalainn]] agus san [[An Eoraip|Eoraip]]. Mar shampla, bhí sí ag an bhFéile Cheoil Shaol na Tuaithe Smithsonian in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] le Alison Kinnaird. Ina theannta sin, bhí sí ina ball de Mac-Talla,  agus chuir sí cláir theilifíse agus raidió i láthair. 
* ''Àite Mo Ghaoil'' (1982)
* ''Quiet Tradition'' (with [[Alison Kinnaird]]) (1990)
* ''Mairidh Gaol is Ceòl'', (as part of [[Mac-Talla (band)|Mac-Talla]]) (1994)
* '''S Tu Nam Chuimhne'' (1987)
* ''Gun Sireadh, Gun Iarraidh'' (2001)
* ''Gràdh is Gonadh'' (2017)
==Naisc sheachtracha==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/44446738 BBC Naidheachdan 2018-06-11: Seinneadairean Gàidhlig a' faighinn MBE] ''(bhideo: 2:33)
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/37702111 BBC Naidheachdan 2016-10-19: Nòs?]
* [https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/person/2660?l=gd Tobar an Dualchais: Christine Primrose] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127095441/https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/person/2660?l=gd |date=2024-11-27 }}
* [https://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/staff-member/cairistiona-primrose/ Sabhal Mòr Ostaig: Christine Primrose]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1qqD1XrjXzXH8ZGXy9JRGtG/seinneadair-na-seachdain-christine-primrose BBC: Beag air Bheag: Seinneadair na Seachdain: Christine Primrose]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://www.folkmusic.net/htmfiles/inart663.htm An Bronntanas Diongbháilte - gné den iris Living Tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082302/https://www.folkmusic.net/htmfiles/inart663.htm |date=2022-05-16 }} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191023201736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/53400803-6b77-494f-8711-f9612a1a37a1 Leathanach ealaíontóra an BBC le hamhráin shamplacha] 

{{Rialú údaráis}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Primrose, Christine}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1950]]</text>
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    <title>Angelique Rockas</title>
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{{glanadh-mar|Gramadach}}
Is aisteoir amharclainne, scannáin agus teilifíse i [[Londain]] í '''Angelique Rockas''', atá ina cheannródaí san amharclann ilnáisiúnta.&lt;ref&gt;http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nb2017020404.html&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é ainm an chomhlachta amharclainne an '''Internationalist Theatre'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://viaf.org/viaf/16151110597337061662/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/angelique-rockas-bold-theatre-pioneer/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2016-06-06 |archivedate=2016-06-06 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160606160808/http://www.thesouthafrican.com/angelique-rockas-bold-theatre-pioneer/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; https://theatricalia.com/company/2fr/internationalist-theatre&lt;/ref&gt;


==A luathshaol==

Rugadh Rockas s[[an Afraic Theas]] agus is de shliocht na Gréige í. Bhain sí onóracha amach in Ollscoil Witwatersrand le Litríocht an Bhéarla agus le mór-Fhealsúnacht, agus fuair sí oiliúint mar aisteoir i scoil amharclainne Ollscoil Cape Town.&lt;ref&gt;https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Angelique_Rockas&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gairm ==
Thosaigh Rosaas ar a gairm bheatha amharclainne ag Theatro Technis London le George Eugeniou (vide English Wikipedia), áit ar ghlac sí ról Medea (Euripides) aistrithe ag Philip Vellacott,&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/ScreengrabNedChailletMedeaTheTimesReview21Jan1982Pg13&lt;/ref&gt; agus IO in Prometheus faoi chathaoirleacht Aeschylus&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.apgrd.ox.ac.uk/productions/people/3272 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2019-10-28 |archivedate=2017-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021005515/http://www.apgrd.ox.ac.uk/productions/people/3272 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Faoi ainm Angeliki (a hainm Gréige) Rockas, rinne sí léirithe i dteanga dhúbailte (Gréigis / Béarla) bunaithe ar thobchumadh ar thopaicí a raibh tionchar acu ar phobal na Cipire Gréigise.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/InterviewAngeliqueRockasParakiakiHaravgi&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angelique Rockas as Carmen in &amp;#039;The Balcony&amp;#039; by Jean Genet, presented by Internationalist Theatre.jpg|thumb|Angelique Rockas as Carmen in &amp;#039;The Balcony&amp;#039; by Jean Genet, presented by Internationalist Theatre]]
I measc an Internationalist Theatre, seachas róil Emma i &quot;El Campo&quot; le Griselda Gambaro,&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/BBCLatinAmericanReview2&lt;/ref&gt; agus Miss Julie faoi Lúnasa Strindberg ta ,&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/MorningStarProfoundConflictArticle&lt;/ref&gt; Carmen (i El Balcón de réir Géinéid),&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/TheBalconyReviewJohnLeachWhereToGo&lt;/ref&gt; Yvette (i El Misneach na Máthar le haghaidh Brecht),&lt;ref&gt; https://archive.org/details/CitylimitsMotherCourageJuliaPascal &lt;/ref&gt;Miriam (i mBarra Óstán Tóiceo),&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/The_Star_SA_review_In_the_Bar_of_a_Tokyo_Hotel ,(The Star) &lt;/ref&gt; agus Tatiana (ag Naxmies ag Máximo Gorki) .&lt;ref&gt; https://ia800703.us.archive.org/21/items/PaulLewenste &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://theatricalia.com/person/200e/angelique-rockas&lt;/ref&gt;

I measc na gcodanna scannán tá Henrietta i 'The Witches', Nereida i 'Oh Babylon', teicneoir cothabhála in 'Outland'.

Maidir le Teilifís na Gréige, d’imir sí Ms Ortiki i 'Emmones Idees' stiúrtha ag Thodoros Maragos

==Cartlanna==
*[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F276022 Angelique Rockas ] Cartlann Náisiúnta na Ríochta Aontaithe

==Naisc sheachtracha==
{{Commonscat}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0734214/ ] Angelique Rockas IMDB
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160616171528/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb0051629 Angelique Rockas]    Institiúid Scannán na Breataine
* [http://www.hellenism.net/greece/famous-greeks/interviews/angelique-rockas.html Angelique Rockas ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526122049/http://www.hellenism.net/greece/famous-greeks/interviews/angelique-rockas.html |date=2018-05-26 }} Hellenism.net  
* [https://archive.org/details/VogueMexcoCoverJuly1992 Angelique Rockas ] Vogue Mexico &amp; Latin America   Angelique Rockas : Una Actirz Multiplicada
* [https://www.pinterest.co.uk/angeliquerockas/?eq=an&amp;etslf=8510 Angelique Rockas] Pinterest

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rockas, Angelique}}
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
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    <title>Laughton, Sussex Thoir</title>
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Is sráidbhaile agus paróiste sibhialta é '''Laughton''' i gCeantar Wealden in Sussex Thoir, Sasana. Tá an tsráidbhaile suite ocht&amp;nbsp;gciliméadar soir ó Lewes, ag acomhal ar an mbóthar beag go Hailsham (B2124). Tá trácht ar san ''Liber de Wintonia''i (Béarla: Domesday Book) , agus tá iarsmaí [[An tSean-Róimh|Rómhánacha]] in aice láimhe. 

Cuirtear oideachas ar fáil i Laughton Community Primary School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://apps.eastsussex.gov.uk/educationandlearning/schools/schoolsearch/8452071.aspx |teideal=Laughton Primary School website |dátarochtana=2019-12-22 |archivedate=2019-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222161243/https://apps.eastsussex.gov.uk/educationandlearning/schools/schoolsearch/8452071.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá eaglais an pharóiste tiomnaithe do na Naomh Uile.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.roughwood.net/ChurchAlbum/EastSussex/Laughton/LaughtonAllSaints2004.htm Laughton church]&lt;/ref&gt; Soláthraíonn an Roebuck Inn, ar Bhóthar Lewes, cóiríocht agus bia  

== Sainchomharthaí tíre ==
Tá [[:en:Park_Corner_Heath|Park Corner Heath,]] Láithreán Sainspéis Eolaíochta sa pharóiste. Suíomh 8.7 acra de spéis  bhitheolaíoch is ea é ina bhfuil fraochmhá fhéarmhar, scrobarnach agus coillearnach. Soláthraíonn sé gnáthóg do go leor speiceas leamhan agus féileacán.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1003074}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Henry Pelham|Cuireadh Henry Pelham]] agus [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ú Diúc an Chaisleáin Nua]], Príomh-Airí den Ríocht Aontaithe ón 18ú hAois, le chéile ag Eaglais na Naomh Uile i Laughton. Bhí a dteaghlach ina n-úinéirí talún áitiúla ó thús na séú haoise déag. 

'''Tógadh Laughton Manor idir na blianta 1760-1780'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/periodproperty/9819049/Properties-perfect-for-a-Jane-Austen-heroine.html?frame=2458991|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2019-12-22|archivedate=2013-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127143423/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/periodproperty/9819049/Properties-perfect-for-a-Jane-Austen-heroine.html?frame=2458991}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus is teach mainéir liostaithe Grás II é. 

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Laughton, East Sussex|Laughton}}

{{Síol-tír-en}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laughton, Sussex Thoir}}
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    <title>An Ghaeilge ar na Meáin Shóisialta</title>
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      <text bytes="20687" sha1="n6zibh2n442anw15v8ekzaxzeler7wl" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Social Media Marketing Strategy.jpg|mion|294x294px|Na Meáin Shóisialta]]
Tá [[An Ghaeilge|an Ghaeilge]] ar cheann de na teangacha labhartha is sine ar domhan ach an bhfuil an [[teanga]] ag maireachtáil ar líne nó an bhfuil ár dteanga dhúchais choilíneach ag teacht i gceannas. Is iad [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]], [[Snapchat]] agus WhatsApp na meáin shóisialta is mó atá úsáidte inniu&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://ourworldindata.org/rise-of-social-media|teideal=The rise of social media|work=Our World in Data|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ach cén áit ina bhfuil an Ghaeilge ag aois na meán shóisialta?

Tá na meáin shóisialta mar chuid mhór de shaol daoine óga sa lá atá inniu ann. Bíonn an chuid is mó de dhaoine óga dátheangach agus mar sin d’fhéadfadh go bhfuil ról tábhachtach ag suíomh meáin ar úsáid na mionteangacha agus ag dul i bhfeidhm ar tuiscintí ar an teanga sin. Dar le John Caulfield, is uirlis luachmhar iad na meáin shóisialta don athbheochan sa Ghaeilge mar gheall go bhfuil sé an cineál cumarsáide is mó atá ann faoi láthair, mar sin is féidir leis an Ghaelphobal nasc a dhéanamh le lucht féachana níos mó&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=A social network analysis of Irish language use in social media|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/53228/|publisher=Cardiff University|date=2013|language=en|author=John Caulfield}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tá ról iontach mór ag na meáin shóisialta in ag iompú teanga agus tá an Ghaeilge ag fás ar na meáin shóisialta sa lá atá inniu ann. Má thugtar tacaíocht don líonrú sóisialta d’fhéadfadh a bheith in ann líofacht a choinneáil sa teanga agus an teanga a chur ar aghaidh do chainteoirí sa teanga sin&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=The Role of Social Networks in Endangered Language Maintenance and Revitalization: The Case of Guernesiais in the Channel Islands|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/anthropological_linguistics/v052/52.2.sallabank.html|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|date=2010|issn=1944-6527|pages=184–205|volume=52|issue=2|doi=10.1353/anl.2010.0011|language=en|author=Julia Sallabank}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Dar le staidéar [[UNESCO]], tá timpeall 3,000 [[teanga]] atá i mbaol agus is í Gaeilge ceann amháin acu. Moltar sa staidéar go gcabhraíonn na meáin shóisialta le cumhacht na teanga ceannasaí a leathnú ar chostas na teanga atá i mbaol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Young Bilinguals' Language Behaviour in Social Networking Sites: The Use of Welsh on Facebook|url=https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/18/3/339/4067536|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|date=2013-04-01|pages=339–361|volume=18|issue=3|doi=10.1111/jcc4.12010|language=en|author=Daniel Cunliffe, Delyth Morris, Cynog Prys}}&lt;/ref&gt; Luaigh David Crystal go bhfuil sé chúinsí suntasacha le haghaidh athbheochan teanga, ceann amháin ná: “An endangered language will progress if its speakers can make use of electronic technology”&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=David Crystal|date=2000|url=http://textos.pucp.edu.pe/pdf/287.pdf|title=Language Death|journal=Language Death|volume=|issue=CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS|pages=141}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dar le hÉadaoin Nic Mhuiris, is [[réabhlóid]] nó gluaiseacht atá ag tarlú ar na meáin shóisialta sa Ghaeilge faoi láthair ach nach a fhios ag a lán daoine faoi&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Gaeilge ar Líne: A TV Documentary about the benefits of social media for the promotion and revival of the Irish language.|url=https://go.griffith.ie/165/|publisher=Griffith College|date=2017|language=en|author=Éadaoin Fitzmaurice|archive-date=2020-02-13|access-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113729/https://go.griffith.ie/165/|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113729/https://go.griffith.ie/165/ |date=2020-02-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tá pobal de chainteoirí atá paiseanta faoin nGaeilge ar na meáin shóisialta sa lá atá inniu ann agus bíonn siad ag giolcaireacht agus ag cur stádas suas sa teanga. Cabhraítear seo leis an teanga a chur chun cinn agus chun daoine a spreagadh chun an teanga a fhoghlaim agus a fheabhsú.

== Twitter ==

[[Íomhá:Hashtag Icon.png|mion|Haischlib]]
Tá Twitter ceann amháin de na hardáin mheáin shóisialta is mó sa domhan faoi láthair, le timpeall trí chéad milliún úsáideoir gníomhach. Is áit iontach maith chun do thuairimí féin a roinnt le daoine eile ar fud an domhain. Soláthraíonn cumarsáid aonair sna meáin shóisialta, cosúil le Twitter, deiseanna chun cuir le mionteanga&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Social Media-Innovation: The Case of Indigenous Tweets|url=https://journals.uio.no/TJMI/article/view/974|journal=The Journal of Media Innovations|date=2015-03-09|issn=1894-5562|pages=89–106|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.5617/jmi.v2i1.974|language=en|author=Niamh Ní Bhroin}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tá tríocha is a ceathair teanga faoi thacaíocht ag Twitter agus níl Gaeilge san áireamh sa liosta sin&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites/twitter-for-websites-supported-languages/overview|teideal=Twitter for Websites Supported Languages|language=en|work=developer.twitter.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; ach tá tú in ann haischlib Ghaeilge a cuardaigh agus beidh tú in ann go leor giolc a fháil sa teanga agus roinnt leathanaigh a fháil atá bunaithe don Ghaeilge amháin.

Tá an Gaelphobal Twitter ollmhór ar líne faoi láthair agus bíonn siad ar fad ag iarraidh an teanga a chur chun cinn ar an aip. Tá timpeall ceithre chéad cuntas Ghaeilge ar fáil ar Twitter agus bíonn siad ar fad ag baint úsáid as an teanga an t-am ar fad. Is iad tuairisceoirí, iriseoirí agus láithreoirí cosúil le @maitiuocoimin agus @siomhanir, grupaí, fiontair agus eagraíochtaí Gaeilge cosúil le @CnaG, @[[Gael Linn|GaelLinn]] agus @[[Gaelchultúr|gaelchultur]] agus stáisiúin raidió agus teilifís cosúil le @TG4TV, @raidionalife agus @[[Raidió Rí-Rá|RaidioRiRa]] na cuntais is mó a bhíonn ag baint úsáid as an Ghaeilge ar Twitter an t-am ar fad. 

Chomh maith le sin, bíonn cuntais Twitter ag daoine, cosúil le tionchairí, atá ag iarraidh an teanga a scaipeadh go spraíúil agus go heolach. Mar shampla, tá cuntas @coistenabhfocal agus bíonn siad ag giolcaireacht faoi nuafhocail agus Béarlagair i nGaeilge. Chruthaigh Kevin Scannell suíomh gréasáin darbh ainm ‘Indigenous Tweets’ agus an spreagadh a bhí aige ná a spéis phearsanta sa teanga Ghaeilge agus cé chomh minic atá sé úsáidte ar líne. 

Dar le suíomh gréasáin Scannell, is é @aonghusoha an cuntas is mó a bhaineann úsáid as an Ghaeilge ar Twitter faoi láthair agus go bhfuil timpeall 14,000 úsáideoirí Twitter ag giolcaireacht go gníomhach as Gaeilge ([[Feabhra]], 2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://indigenoustweets.com/ga/|teideal=Indigenous Tweets: Gaeilge|work=indigenoustweets.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.De réir an taighde is déanaí ag Kevin Scannell, cuirtear timpeall ocht míle cúig chéad giolc Gaeilge, ar an mheán, amach gach seachtain.

Baineann daoine úsáid as an haischlib Ghaeilge chun nasc fíorúil a bheith acu le daoine eile ina bhfuil an dearcadh céanna agaibh leis an teanga a úsáid ar líne&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Twitter and the Irish language, #Gaeilge – agents and activities: exploring a data set with micro-implementers in social media|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1450414|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|date=2018-11-26|issn=0143-4632|pages=868–881|volume=39|issue=10|doi=10.1080/01434632.2018.1450414|author=Mairéad Nic Giolla Mhichíl, Theo Lynn, Pierangelo Rosati}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tugann Twitter spás cumarsáideach do dhaoine a ábhar féin a chruthú agus a roinnt le daoine eile agus tugann seo saoirse cainte agus smaointe agus bíonn tionchar ar chultúr agus ar shochaí dá bharr. Is iad [[An Ghaeilge|#Gaeilge]], #Gaelic, #SnaG ([[Seachtain na Gaeilge]]), #[[TG4]], #LaGaeilge agus #[[Cumann Lúthchleas Gael|CLG]] na haischlib is mó úsáidte nuair a bhí duine ag giolcaireacht i nGaeilge&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

Baineann úsáideoirí ar líne úsáid den haischlib Ghaeilge agus mar sin bíonn ceangal eatarthu leis an teanga, chomh maith le téamaí, imeachtaí agus topaicí comhroinnte leis an Ghaeilge. De réir an taighde ag John Caulfield, léiríonn an úsáid de haischlib coitianta atá bainte le hábhar teilifíse, nuachta agus raidió Gaeilge an chaoi gur féidir le Twitter nasc a chruthú idir na daoine a mbíonn suim acu san ábhar agus in ann tuairimí agus taithí a roinnt ar líne&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; .Is sampla é An Dream Dearg&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://twitter.com/dreamdearg?lang=en|teideal=An Dream Dearg 🅾️🦸🏽‍♀️🦸🏻‍♂️ (@dreamdearg) {{!}} Twitter|language=en|work=twitter.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; ar an chaoi ina bhfuil siad ag cur chun cinn an Ghaeilge ar líne le haghaidh gluaiseachta polaitíochta agus go bhfuil sé cruthaithe acu gur féidir leis na meáin shóisialta an teanga a athspreagadh agus bíonn siad ag baint úsáid as an haischlib [[#DeargleFearg]] chun pobal a bhailiú ar líne don gluaiseacht s’acu&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.smaoineamhosard.com/post/2017/01/09/who-are-an-dream-dearg|teideal=Post|language=en|work=smaoineamhosard|dátarochtana=2020-02-13|archivedate=2020-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213145224/https://www.smaoineamhosard.com/post/2017/01/09/who-are-an-dream-dearg}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Instagram ==
[[Íomhá:Instagram icon.png|mion|82x82px|Deilbhín Instagram]]Cuireann Instagram ardán nua ar fáil do dhaoine atá ag iarraidh a gcuid buanna, scileanna agus earraí a thaispeáint, ach chomh maith le sin, is spás é do dhaoine atá ag iarraidh foghlaim de réir mar a theagascann daoine eile iad. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá go leor cuntais ar fáil ar Instagram agus faightear cúrsaí gramadach, bia, taistil, bia, spóirt agus cúrsaí reatha ach as Gaeilge amháin&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.dailyedge.ie/seachtain-na-gaeilge-4530249-Mar2019/|teideal=These are the gaeilgeoirí you should be following on Insta this Seachtain na Gaeilge|údar=Fionnuala Jones|language=en|work=The Daily Edge|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
Megan O’Connor is ainm do bhean óg atá ag dul i bhfeidhm ar fhoghlaimeoirí na Gaeilge agus ar [[Gaeilgeoir|Ghaeilgeoirí]] ar Instagram. Is múinteoir Gaeilge agus [[Stair]] í. Tá sí aithne mar @muinteoirmeg ar Instagram&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/muinteoirmeg/|teideal=Múinteoir Meg (@muinteoirmeg) • Instagram photos and videos|language=en|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus tá timpeall 16,000 leantóirí aici. Tá gach uile rud go hiomlán as Gaeilge ar cuntas Instagram s’aici agus faightear cúrsaí bia, faisin, agus taistil chomh maith le cúrsaí gramadach agus focal an lae&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=What's the Gaeilge for 'influencer'?|url=https://www.rte.ie/gaeilge/2019/0711/1061497-whats-the-gaeilge-for-influencer/|date=2019-07-11|language=ga|author=Ciara O' Connor}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dar le Meg is bealach iontach iad na meáin shóisialta chun daoine sa tír seo a spreagadh an Ghaeilge a fhoghlaim nó a labhairt go rialta. Bíonn stór focal ar fáil sna postálacha ar fad a chuireann Meg suas ar Instagram agus roinneann sí na focail sin toisc go mbeidh daoine in ann teacht ar stór focal nua-aimseartha agus ionas go mbeidh foghlaimeoirí in ann focail nua a fhoghlaim. Dar léi, tá sé níos cruinne na nathanna nó na focail a thabhairt go daoine in ionad na bpostálacha a aistriú go hiomlán go Béarla mar ansin beidh daoine in ann a n-abairtí féin a chruthú leo.

Bean óg eile atá ag dul i bhfeidhm ar fhoghlaimeoirí na Gaeilge ar Instagram ná Múinteoir Murphy agus is múinteoir Gaeilge agus [[An Fhraincis|Fraincise]]. Tá cuntas Instagram aici darbh ainm @muinteoirmurphy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/muinteoirmurphy/|teideal=Múinteoir Murphy (@muinteoirmurphy) • Instagram photos and videos|language=en|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; chomh maith le cainéal YouTube agus blag. Foilsítear ábhar bunaithe ar gnáthshaol s’aici, chomh maith le cúrsaí gramadach agus ábhar d'fhoghlaimeoirí na Gaeilge ar na hardáin seo go rialta. 

Is é @cuplafocal_ cuntas eile ar Instagram&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/cuplafocal_/|teideal=Cúpla Focal as Gaeilge (@cuplafocal_) • Instagram photos and videos|language=en|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus bíonn sí ag iarraidh an Ghaeilge a chur chun cinn le cúpla focal as Gaeilge a chur suas ar an aip gach lá. Is scoláire í sa chúigiú bliain agus bíonn sí ag iarraidh a cuid Gaeilge féin a fheabhsú chomh maith. Tá timpeall 15,000 leantóirí acu.

== Snapchat ==
Dar le Ipsos MRBI, tá cuntas Snapchat ag 29% den tír agus bíonn 57% acu ag baint úsáid as an aip go laethúil&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-ie/social-networking-and-messaging-trackers-december-2019|teideal=Social Networking and Messaging Trackers December 2019|language=en-ie|work=Ipsos|dátarochtana=2020-02-13|archivedate=2020-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213212234/https://www.ipsos.com/en-ie/social-networking-and-messaging-trackers-december-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Is ardán é ina roinntear an saol laethúil le daoine eile i mbealach éasca ach le cúpla bliain anuas tá an aip tar éis áit a fháil don Ghaeilge. Tá go leor Gaeilgeoirí ag baint úsáid as an aip sa lá atá inniu ann cosúil le Siún Ní Dhúinn (@siunie), Éadaoin Nic Mhuiris (@BandEadd), Caoimhe Ní Chathail (@caoimhechats) agus blagálaí Gaeilge, Gaeilge Le Glam (@gaeilgeleglam). Bíonn na daoine seo agus gach Gaeilgeoir eile a mbíonn ag baint úsáid as an aip ag caint, ag teagasc agus ag roinnt an teanga lena lucht leanúna. Tá an aidhm den chineál céanna acu go léir agus is é sin ná an teanga a chur chun cinn agus normalú a dhéanamh ar an teanga freisin. 

Dar le Siún Ní Dhúinn, taispeánann Snapchat an taobh nuálach den Ghaeilge agus a cainteoirí. Is maith le Caoimhe Ní Chathail focail nua sa Ghaeilge a chur in aithne ar Snapchat dá lucht leanúna s’aici. Chomh maith le sin, tógann sí a lucht leanúna ar an bhóthar léi nuair a bhíonn sí ag tuairisciú do RTÉ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.dailyedge.ie/snapchat-as-gaeilge-2-3139399-Dec2016/|teideal=How the Irish language lives on Snapchat: 5 Gaeilgeoirí leading the way|údar=Valerie Loftus|language=en|work=The Daily Edge|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Is blag áilleacht agus nós maireachtála é Gaeilge le Glam&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://gaeilgeleglam.blogspot.com/|teideal=Gaeilge le Glam|work=gaeilgeleglam.blogspot.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus tá ceathrar múinteoir meánscoile ó Ghaillimh i mbun air. Bíonn siad ag baint úsáid as Snapchat freisin agus bíonn siad ag caint faoi ghnéithe pearsanta a saoil chomh maith le cócaireacht, corpacmhainn agus faisean.Dar leo, léiríonn na tuairimí maith a bhfuair siad ó Snapchat go bhfuil an-aird ag daoine ar an Ghaeilge agus tá siad ag súil go bhfásann an teanga.

Chomh maith le sin, sa bhliain 2016, thosaigh [[Conradh na Gaeilge]] feachtas chun geo-scagaire Gaeilge a fháil do gach contae in [[Éire|Éirinn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/gailearai-gach-geo-scagaire-gaeilge-snapchat-do-chontaetha-na-heireann/|teideal=GAILEARAÍ: Gach Geo-Scagaire Gaeilge Snapchat do chontaetha na hÉireann|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tá 32 scagaire ar fáil anois ar Snapchat agus is iad [[Contae Chiarraí|Ciarraí]], [[Corcaigh]], [[Dún na nGall]] agus [[Gaillimh]] na contaetha is mó a baineadh úsáid as na scagairí nua. Tá timpeall 152 milliún ‘amharc’ faighte ar na geo-scagairí ag úsáideoirí Snapchat ar fud an domhain&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/10-milliun-filter-gaeilge-seolta-ar-snapchat-in-imeacht-miosa/|teideal=10 milliún ‘filter’ Gaeilge seolta ar Snapchat in imeacht míosa|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Facebook ==
[[Íomhá:Facebook William Aditya Sarana.png|mion|112x112px|Deilbhín Facebook]]
Is é [[Facebook]] ceann amháin de na mórchomhlachtaí teicniúil a chur Gaeilge ar fáil mar Rogha Teanga ar an suíomh gréasáin. Chruthaigh foireann Mark Zuckerberg socruithe teanga ar Facebook ionas go mbeidh úsáideoirí ar fud an domhain in ann a dteanga féin a úsáid ar an aip&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.newstalk.com/business/teicneolaocht-tr-mhean-na-gaeilge-578519|teideal=Teicneolaíocht trí mhean na Gaeilge|údar=Newstalk|work=Newstalk|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Is féidir le húsáideoirí [[Éireannach]] a gcuid próifil a aistriú go Gaeilge&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://aoisnuanagaeilge.wordpress.com/an-ghaeilge-sa-mheain-shoisialta/amline-na-hidirline/|teideal=Gaeilge ar an Idirlíon|dáta=2012-04-03|language=ga|work=aoisnuanagaeilge|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dar le Niamh Sweeney, ceann polasaí poiblí de Facebook Ireland, bíonn siad ag iarraidh cultúir difriúil a chur chun cinn ar Facebook agus is í an Ghaeilge páirt thábhachtach dár gcultúr agus ár bhféiniúlacht. Chomh maith le sin, go bhfuil an comhlacht paiseanta d'fheidhm a bhaint as an Ghaeilge&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/life/seachtain-na-gaeilge-2017-facebook|teideal=Facebook encourages users to go ‘as Gaeilge’ for SnaG|údar=silicon|dáta=2017-03-03|language=en|work=Silicon Republic|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Léiríonn Facebook comharthaí go bhfuil Gaelphobal beo ar líne faoi láthair&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Tá grúpa ar fáil ar Facebook darbh ainm Gaeilge Amháin&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/166677873392308/|teideal=Gaeilge Amháin|language=ga|work=www.facebook.com|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus bíonn Gaeilgeoirí ag scríobh i nGaeilge amháin agus ag cur suas naisc agus físeáin i nGaeilge freisin. Tá timpeall 12,000 baill den ghrúpa Facebook seo.
[[Íomhá:YouTube social white circle (pink).svg|mion|104x104px|Deilbhín YouTube]]

== YouTube ==
Tá an Ghaeilge feicthe ar an ardán comhroinnte físeáin fosta. Tá cainéal [[YouTube]] ag &quot;tionchairí&quot; ar líne cosúil le hÉadaoin Nic Mhuiris (BandEadd)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo_Nvhryy0CSC1DRJjMRiAw|teideal=BandEadd|language=en|work=YouTube|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Múinteoir Murphy&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCagn9QvDrRCbRkae-f9fVtg|teideal=Múinteoir Murphy|language=en|work=YouTube|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus Caoimhe Ní Chathail (caoimhe chats)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4Zh4J8-lNQOC3TjGo4R7DQ|teideal=Caoimhe Chats|language=en|work=YouTube|dátarochtana=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bíonn siad ag cur vlaganna suas bunaithe ar an saol laethúil as Gaeilge agus físeáin eile ar 'haul' éadaí agus dul siar ar cúrsaí scoile.  

Rinne Éadaoin Nic Mhuiris clár faisnéise beag darbh ainm ‘Gaeilge Ar Líne’ agus tá sé faoi conas atá beocht nua tagtha ar an Ghaeilge ó na meáin shóisialta&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Gaeilge Ar Líne le Éadaoin Nic Mhuiris|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQsm9JPe794|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dar léi, tá [[Athbheochan na Gaeilge|athbheochan]] don Ghaeilge ag tarlú ar líne. Chuir sí cúigear faoi agallamh: Caoimhe Ní Chathail, Siún Ní Dhuinn, [[Micheál Ó Ciaraidh]], [[Peadar Ó Caomhánaigh]] agus [[Osgur Ó Ciardha]]. Thug siad a dtuairimí féin ar an Ghaeilge ar na meáin shóisialta agus bhí réimse leathan de thuairimí le feiceáil.   

Dar le Peadar Ó Caomhánaigh agus Osgur Ó Ciardha, tá Gaeilgeoirí “ ag glacadh páirt i sórt gluaiseacht shóisialta ar líne ag déanamh simpliú ar an Ghaeilge..nach rud sórt draíochta agus deacair í an Ghaeilge ach gur teanga í” agus dar le Caoimhe Ní Chathail, “tugann na meáin shóisialta deiseanna agus cumhacht don Ghaeilge”. Ina iomláine, ceapann siad ar fad go bhfuil na meáin shóisialta ag cabhrú le fás an teanga agus go bhfuil níos mó daoine ag iarraidh an teanga a fhoghlaim.  

== Féach freisin ==
* [[GaelGoer]]
* [[CibearGhaeltacht]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaeilge ar na Meáin Shóisialta, An}}
[[Catagóir:Meáin shóisialta|*]]
[[Catagóir:Meáin na Gaeilge]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rhys Ifans</title>
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      <text bytes="7279" sha1="5hlc89aj5hohriu8a8k43wc3g7aw1hh" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is aisteoir agus amhránaí Breatnach é Rhys Ifans (rugadh Rhys Owain Evans: 22 Iúil 1967 &lt;ref name=birth&gt;''Births, Marriages &amp; Deaths Index of England &amp; Wales, 1916–2005.''; at ancestry.com&lt;/ref&gt;). Rugadh é in [[Hwlffordd]], [[Sir Benfro]], bhog an teaghlach go [[Rhuthun]] i [[Sir Ddinbych]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.moono.com/html/rhys-ifans/rhys-ifans-pictures.cfm| teideal=Rhys Ifans| publisher= moono.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  áit a bhfuair sé a bhunoideachas i [[Ysgol Pentrecelyn|Ysgol (''Scoil'') Pentrecelyn]] agus a chuid meánscolaíochta i [[Ysgol Maes Garmon]], yr Wyddgrug. Bhí a mháthair, Beti Wyn, ina múinteoir naíscoile i nDinbych go dtí go ndeachaigh sí ar scor ag deireadh na 90idí agus bhí a athair Eurwyn ina  bhunmhúinteoir i mBwcle.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Biog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |teideal=Rhys Ifans biography |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/arts/sites/rhys-ifans/pages/biography.shtml |website=Wales Arts |publisher=BBC |accessdate=31 January 2020 |date=7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2008/03/17/rhys_ifans_parental_pride/ |teideal=Rhys Ifans' parental pride |work=Boston Globe |date=17 March 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024195700/http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2008/03/17/rhys_ifans_parental_pride/ |archivedate=24 Deireadh Fómhair 2012 |dátarochtana=19 Lúnasa 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí a athair ina bhall de Chuideachta Drámaíochta John Owen i Rhuthun agus bhí Rhys mar phrintíseach ar a athair. Bhí an deis aige freisin ag aois óg gníomhú ag [[Clwyd Theatr Cymru|Theatr Clwyd]], [[Yr Wyddgrug]]. Tá a dheartháir níos sine [[Llŷr Ifans]] ina aisteoir freisin.

Is [[An Bhreatnais|Breatnaiseoir]] ó dhúchas é, bhí sé le feiceáil i réimse clár teilifíse Breatnaise, mar shampla Swig o ..., ''Sdwnsh, Mwy Na Phapur Newydd'' agus ''Pobl y Chyff'' de chuid [[S4C]] sular thug sé faoi ghairm bheatha i dtionscal na scannán idirnáisiúnta. 

I Meán Fómhair 2012 ceapadh é mar Uachtarán Oinigh (patrún) ar '[[Cymdeithas Wici Cymru]]'  (''Cumann Vici na Breataine Bige'').
==Gairmréim==
Sheinn sé san 'Theatr Frenhinol Genedlaethol, Llundain (''Amharclann Náisiúnta Ríoga, Londain'') agus in 'Theatr Frenhinol y Gyfnewidfa, Manceinion' (''Amharclann an Royal Exchange, Manchain''). Bhí sé mar phríomhamhránaí ar na '[[Super Furry Animals]]' ag aon am amháin, sular tháinig siad chun suntais. I mí an Mheithimh 2008 bhunaigh sé banna nua darb ainm ''The Peth''; is é príomhamhránaí an ghrúpa é. Tagraíonn ceann dá gcuid amhrán do sheanchara dá chuid, [[Sienna Miller]], a chonacthas le Rhys i Rhuthun, Nollaig 2007.

Fuair ​​sé Céim Onóracha ó '[[Prifysgol Bangor]]' (Ollscoil Bhangor) i mí Iúil 2007 as a chuid oibre scannánaíochta.

I measc a chuid drámaí stáitse tá: 'Accidental Death Of An Anarchist', a léiríodh in Amharclann Donmar, Londain, 2003, '[[Hamlet]]' in Amharclann Clwyd, 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' ag Regent's Park Theatre agus 'Under Milk Wood' agus 'Volpone’san  Royal National Theatre (''Amharclann Náisiúnta Ríoga'', Londain.
==Scannánliosta==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Bliain
! Teideal
! Ról
! Nótaí
|-
|1995
|''Streetlife''
|Kevin
|
|-
|1996
|''August''
|Griffiths
|
|-
| 1997
|''[[Twin Town]]''
|Jeremy Lewis
|
|-
| 1997
|''Trial &amp; Retribution''
|Michael Dunn
| Cyfres deledu
|-
|1998
|''Dancing at Lughnasa''
|Gerry Evans
|
|-
| 1999
|''Heart''
|Alex Madden
|
|-
| 1999
|''You're Dead''
|Eddie
|
|-
| 1999
|''[[Notting Hill (ffilm)|Notting Hill]]''
|Spike
| 
|-
|1999
|''Janice Beard 45 WPM''
|Sean
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Hooves of Fire''
|Head Elf
|Llais
|-
| 2000
|''[[Rancid Aluminium]]''
|Pete Thompson
|
|-
| 2000
|''Love, Honour and Obey''
|Matthew
|
|-
| 2000
|''Kevin &amp; Perry Go Large''
|Eyeball Paul
|-
| 2000
|''[[Sali Mali]]''
|Adroddwr
|
|-
| 2000
|''The Replacements''
|Nigel Gruff
|
|-
| 2000
|''Little Nicky''
|Adrian
|
|-
| 2001
|''Hotel
|Trent Stoken
|
|-
| 2001
|''Christmas Carol: The Movie''
|Bob Cratchit
|Llais
|-
| 2001
|''[[The Shipping News (ffilm)|The Shipping News]]''
|Beaufield Nutbeem
|
|-
| 2001
|''Human Nature''
|Puff
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|-
| 2001
|''The 51st State''
|Iki
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|-
|2002
|''Once Upon a Time in the Midlands''
|Dek
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|-
|2003
|''Danny Deckchair''
|Danny Morgan
|
|-
| 2004
|''Vanity Fair''
|William Dobbin
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|-
| 2004
|''Enduring Love''
|Jed
| 
|-
| 2004
|''Not Only But Always''
| [[Peter Cook]]
| Ffilm deledu
|-
| 2005
|''Midsummer Dream''
|Lysander
|Llais: Fersiwn Saesneg
|-
| 2005
|''Chromophobia''
|Colin
|
|-
|2005
|''The Importance of Being Idle''
|Lazy Man
|Fideo cerddoriaeth
|-
|2006
|''Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties''
|McBunny
|Llais
|-
| 2007
|''Four Last Songs''
|Dickie
|
|-
| 2007
|''Hannibal Rising''
|Grutas
|
|-
| 2007
|''Elizabeth: The Golden Age''
|Robert Reston
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|-
| 2008
|''Come Here Today''
|Alex
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|-
| 2008
|''A Number''
|Benard (B2)
|
|-
| 2009
|''The Informers''
|Roger
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|-
| 2009
|''The Boat That Rocked''
|Gavin Kavanagh
|
|-
| 2009
|''Mr. Nobody''
|Nemo's Father
|
|-
| 2010
|''Mr. Nice''
|[[Howard Marks]]
|
|-
| 2010
|''Greenberg''
|Ivan Schrank
|
|-
| 2010
|''Passion Play''
|Sam Adamo
|
|-
| 2010
|''Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang''
|Uncle Phil
|
|-
| 2010
|''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]''
|Xenophilius Lovegood
|
|-
| 2010
|''Exit Through the Gift Shop''
|Adroddwr
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Anonymous''
| Edward de Vere
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Neverland''
| James Hook
| Ffilm deledu
|-
| 2012
| ''The Corrections''
| -
| Peilot heb ei ddarlledu
|-
| 2012
| ''The Five-Year Engagement''
| Winton Childs
|
|-
| 2012
| ''The Amazing Spider-Man''
| Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard
|Enwebwyd — Gwobr Teen Choice Award ar gyfer Movie Villain]]
|-
| 2013
| ''Another Me''
| Don
| 
|-
| 2013
| ''Playhouse Presents - &quot;Gifted&quot;''
| Chris
|
|-
| 2013
|''Elementary''
|Mycroft Holmes
|7 pennod
|-
| 2014
|''Serena''
| Galloway
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Madame Bovary''
| Monsieur Lheureux
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Dominion''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|teideal=Saint John movie shoot attracts 250 actors from region|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-movie-shoot-attracts-250-actors-from-region-1.2685649|accessdate=1 November 2014|work=CBC News New Brunswick|agency=CBC News|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=24 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Dylan Thomas]]
| 
|-
| 2015
|''She's Funny That Way''
| Seth Gilbert
| 
|-
| 2015 
| ''Len and Company''
| Len Black
| 
|-
| 2015
|''[[Dan y Wenallt (ffilm 2015)|Dan y Wenallt]]''
| Captain Cat
| Hefyd yn gynhyrchydd
|-
| 2016
|''Berlin Station''
| Hector DeJean
| Cyfres deledu; adnewyddwyd gan [[Epix]] ar gyfer Cyfres 2 yn 2017
|-
| 2016
|''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (scannán 2016)|Alice Through the Looking Glass]]''
| Zanik Hightopp
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Snowden''
| Corbin O'Brian
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Official Secrets''
| Ed Vulliamy
| ôl-gynhyrchu
|-
| TBA
| ''Misbehaviour''
| Eric Morley
| Yn ffilmio
|}

==Naisc sheachtracha==

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[[Catagóir: Daoine a rugadh i 1967]]
[[Catagóir: Aisteoirí Teilifíse na Breataine Bige]]
[[Catagóir: Aisteoirí scannáin na Breataine Bige]]
[[Catagóir: Aisteoirí amharclainne Breatnaise]]
[[Catagóir: Daoine as an Bhreatain Bheag]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hakainde Hichilema</title>
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      <text bytes="32264" sha1="cu783joq3qrxy71i86b0tc9oskggkuf" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is fear gnó agus polaiteoir [[An tSaimbia|Saimbiach]] é '''Hakainde Hichilema''' (a rugadh ar [[4 Meitheamh]] [[1962]]). Toghadh é ina  [[Uachtarán]] ar an t[[An tSaimbia|Saimbia]] i mí Lúnasa 2021 agus insealbhaíodh é ar 24 Lúnasa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://diggers.news/local/2021/08/23/10-heads-of-state-to-witness-ballys-inauguration/|teideal=10 Heads of State to witness Bally's inauguration|dáta=2021-08-23|language=en-GB|work=Zambia: News Diggers!|dátarochtana=2021-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Bhí sé ina Uachtarán ar an [[ An Páirtí Aontaithe um Fhorbairt Náisiúnta |Pháirtí Aontaithe um Fhorbairt Náisiúnta (UPND)]] ó 2006 ar aghaidh. Cúig huaire a sheas i dtoghchán uachtaránachta, in [[Olltoghchán na Saimbia 2006|2006]], [[Toghchán uachtaránachta na Saimbia 2008|2008]], [[Olltoghchán na Saimbia 2011|2011]], [[Toghchán uachtaránachta na Saimbia 2015|2015]] agus [[Olltoghchán na Saimbia 2016|2016]], agus níor éirigh leis in aon cheann acu. Toghadh ina uachtarán é ar 12 Lúnasa 2021. 


== Tús a shaoil ==
Rugadh Hichilema i sráidbhaile i g[[Ceantar Monze]] san áit ina bhfuil an tSaimbia sa lá atá inniu ann. Fuair sé [[scoláireacht]] le staidéar a dhéanamh in [[Ollscoil na Saimbia]] agus bhain sé céim bhaitsiléara amach san eacnamaíocht agus riarachán gnó i 1986. Ina dhiaidh sin, rinne sé [[ MBA |Máistreacht Riarachán Gnó]] san [[Airgeadas]] agus Straitéis Gnó in [[Ollscoil Birmingham]] i Sasana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://hh-zambia.com/about/|teideal=Biography: Hakainde Hichilema|údar=|dáta=|work=www.hh-zambia.com|dátarochtana=|archivedate=2015-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123050341/http://hh-zambia.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhí sé ina [[Príomhoifigeach feidhmiúcháin|phríomhoifigeach feidhmiúcháin]] ar [[Coopers agus Lybrand|Coopers agus Lybrand Zambia]] ó 1994 go 1998 agus ar [[Grant Thornton Idirnáisiúnta|Grant Thornton Zambia]] ó 1998 go 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/|teideal=HH’s curriculum vitae|údar=|dáta=|dátarochtana=|last=|first=|date=19 Meán Fómhair 2008|title=HH's curriculum vitae|newspaper=Lusaka Times|location=|accessdate=23 Eanáir 2015|archivedate=16 Nollaig 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216013909/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Gairm pholaitiúil ==
Tá sé ina bhall de pháirtí an fhreasúra, an Páirtí Aontaithe um Fhorbairt Náisiúnta, páirtí polaitíochta liobrálach. I ndiaidh bhás [[Anderson Mazoka]] in 2006, toghadh mar Uachtarán nua an pháirtí é. Chomh maith leis sin, tá sé ina cheannaire ar an [[Comhghuaillíocht Dhaonlathach Aontaithe (An tSaimbia)|Chomhghuaillíocht Dhaonlathach Aontaithe]] (UDA), comhghuaillíocht de thrí pháirtí pholaitiúla freasúra. 

I [[Toghchán uachtaránachta na Saimbia 2006|dtoghchán 2006]], b'é Hichilema iarrthóir an UDA agus sheas sé in éadan an uachtaráin a bhí in oifig ag an am, [[Levy Mwanawasa]] ón Ghluaiseacht don Daonlathas Ilphairtí (MMD) agus iarrthóir an Fhronta Tírghrách (PF), [[Michael Sata]]. Fuair sé faomhadh an iar-Uachtaráin [[Kenneth Kaunda]]. Thit an toghchán amach ar an 28 Meán Fómhair 2006 agus bhí Hichilema sa tríú háit le thart fá 25% den vóta. 

Rith Hichilema mar iarrthóir an UPND i [[Toghchán uachtaránachta na Saimbia 2008|dtoghchán 2008]], a gairmeadh i ndiaidh bhás an Uachtaráin Levy Mwanawasa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm &quot;Zambia to hold presidential by-election on Oct.30&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013184327/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm |date=2008-10-13 }}, Xinhua, 10 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Tháinig sé sa 3ú háit le 19.7% den vóta. I mí an Mheithimh 2009, bhunaigh páirtí Hichilema, an UPND, comhaontú leis an bhFronta Tírghrách (PF) agus Michael Sata le dul san iomaíocht i [[Olltoghchán na Saimbia 2011|dtoghchán 2011]] le chéile. Áfach, mar thoradh ar easaontas maidir le hiarrthóir an chomhaontaithe, drochmhuinín domhain idir an dá pháirtí agus cúisimh treibheachais ón dá thaobh, thit an comhaontú as a chéile i mí an Mhárta 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/17459 &quot;Opposition alliance in Zambia collapse as UPND pulls out&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118072941/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/17459 |date=2011-11-18 }}, Newstime Africa, 11 Márta 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhí sé mar cheann den dá phríomhiarrthóir i [[Toghchán uachtaránachta na Saimbia 2015|dtoghchán uachtaránachta mhí Eanáir 2015]], a chaill sé le farasbarr beag de díreach 27,757 vóta (1.66%) in éadan iarrthóir an pháirtí i gcumhacht, an Fronta Tírghrách (PF), [[Edgar Lungu]]. Cháin Hichilema an toghchán mar bhréagthoghchán agus mhol sé dá lucht tacaíochta fanacht socair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11367373/Zambia-opposition-cries-foul-as-Lungu-wins-presidential-election.html|teideal=Zambia opposition cries foul as Lungu wins presidential election|údar=|dáta=|work=The Daily Telegraph|dátarochtana=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://hh-zambia.com/blog/edgar-lungu-steals-election/|teideal=Edgar Lungu steals election|údar=Hakainde Hichelma|dáta=27 Eanáir 2015|work=hh-zambia.com|dátarochtana=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127081738/http://hh-zambia.com/blog/edgar-lungu-steals-election/|archivedate=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuaigh sé san iomaíocht in éadan Lungu arís mar phríomhiarrthóir an fhreasúra i [[ Olltoghchán na Saimbia 2016 |dtoghchán uachtaránachta mhí Lúnasa 2016]], agus chaill sé le farasbarr beag arís.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|teideal=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|údar=|dáta=|work=BBC News|dátarochtana=|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|accessdate=29 September 2016|date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

I mí Aibreáin 2017, gabhadh é ar amhras go ndearna sé [[tréas]] agus cúisíodh é as iarracht a dhéanamh an rialtas a chur as cumhacht.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0|teideal=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government|údar=|dáta=|dátarochtana=|title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government|last=Mfula|first=Chris|date=18 Aibreán 2017|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=19 Aibreán 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí sé sa phríosún ar feadh 4 mhí sular tugadh [[Nolle prosequi]] dó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/16/hh-walks-freedom-state-enters-nolle-prosequi-treason-case/|teideal=HH walks to freedom as state enters nolle prosequi in the treason case|údar=|dáta=16 Lúnasa 2017|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2020|archivedate=16 Lúnasa 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816195621/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/16/hh-walks-freedom-state-enters-nolle-prosequi-treason-case/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/dpp-drops-hh-case/|teideal=DPP drops HH case|údar=|dáta=17 Lúnasa 2017|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{Glanadh}}

== Gabháil &amp; Cúiseamh Tréasa ==
Gabhadh Hichilema ar an 11 Aibreán 2017. Ar oíche an 11 Aibreán 2017 bhris [[ Seirbhís Póilíneachta na Saimbia |Póilíní na Saimbia]] isteach i gcompún Hichilema lena ghabháil faoi ordaithe rialtas an Uachtaráin [[Edgar Lungu]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/ Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship]{{Dead link|date=Samhain 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Lusaka Times&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;news24.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 Malema compares Zambia leader to apartheid rulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 |date=2018-08-15 }} News24&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 Zambia opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema released] BBC News&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ina leith gur chuir sé saol an uachtaráin [[ Contúirt |i gcontúirt]] nuair nár lig sé do chonbhua an uachtaráin dul thart air, rud a bheadh ina[[ Sárú ag gluaiseacht |mhionchion tráchta]] de ghnáth agus chan rud a bheadh ionann agus tréas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40020950|teideal=Hakainde Hichilema's treason trial puts Zambia at crossroads.|údar=|dáta=24 Bealtaine 2017|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-zambia-opposition-treason-2017-htmlstory.html The day road rage led to a treason charge in Zambia, as democracy falters in Africa.] LA Times&lt;/ref&gt;  agus cúisíodh é as [[tréas]] a dhéanamh.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 Mr Hichilema was arrested in April, accused of endangering the president's life after his motorcade allegedly refused to give way to the one transporting Mr Lungu.] BBC News. 16 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Shéan Hichilema an cúiseamh, a théann uas-phionós de [[Pionós an bháis|phionóis an bháis]] leis, go láidir.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 He and his aides &quot;strongly&quot; denied the charge, which carries a sentence of at least 15 years. Those found guilty can also be sentenced to death.] BBC News. 16 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Mí-iompar na bPóilíní le linn an ghabháil ===
D'úsáid na póilíní an-iomarca fórsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/02/27/police-used-excessive-force-arrest-hh-five-others-amnesty-international/|teideal=Police used excessive force to arrest HH and five others-Amnesty International|údar=|dáta=27 Feabhra 2018|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2020|archivedate=20 Aibreán 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420114234/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/02/27/police-used-excessive-force-arrest-hh-five-others-amnesty-international/}}&lt;/ref&gt; le dul isteach in áit chónaithe Hichilema ag déanamh dochair dá theach agus dá mhaoin, thuig siad greasáil dá oibrithe uilig, ghoid siad suimeanna ollmhóra airgid, seodra, chomh maith le fo-éadaí, bróga, callairí, pluideanna, brait urláir agus bia ón chistin agus rinne siad các ar leaba Hichilema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/|teideal=Cops Rob Millions Of Kwacha From Hichilema's Residence In Midnight Raid|dáta=2017-04-12|language=en-US|work=Zambia Reports|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2021-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026162137/https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambianobserver.com/police-steal-food-from-hichilemas-house/ POLICE STEAL FOOD FROM HICHILEMA'S HOUSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104546/http://www.zambianobserver.com/police-steal-food-from-hichilemas-house/ |date=2018-03-14 }} Zambian Observer&lt;/ref&gt; Caitheadh [[ Lámhaigh Canister |ceanastair deorgháis]] i dteach Hichilema &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-39568881 Mr Hichilema was detained after armed police raided his family home, during which teargas canisters were thrown inside]&lt;/ref&gt; a ghásail amach in éineacht lena bhean chéile, atá asma uirthi, agus a pháistí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/|teideal=Cops Rob Millions Of Kwacha From Hichilema's Residence In Midnight Raid|dáta=2017-04-12|language=en-US|work=Zambia Reports|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2021-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026162137/https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thit a bhean chéile agus a pháistí as a seasamh roinnt uaireanta cionn is gur ionanálaigh siad [[ Ag cuimilt gáis |Deorghás]]. 

=== Cáineadh a ghabháil ===
Cáineadh gabháil Hichilema go forleathan. Cháinna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ USA denounces brutal arrest of Hichilema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063555/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ |date=2020-10-27 }} Zambian Watchdog&lt;/ref&gt; an [[An tAontas Eorpach|tAontas Eorpach]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/14/us-eu-condemn-hichilema-arrest-treason-charge/|teideal=US, EU Condemn Hichilema Arrest, Treason Charge|dáta=2017-04-14|language=en-US|work=Zambia Reports|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816195625/https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/14/us-eu-condemn-hichilema-arrest-treason-charge/}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20170509IPR73947/human-rights-h-hichilema-in-zambia-dr-gudina-in-ethiopia-south-sudan|teideal=Human rights: H. Hichilema in Zambia, Dr Gudina in Ethiopia, South Sudan {{!}} News {{!}} European Parliament|dáta=2017-05-18|language=en|work=www.europarl.europa.eu|dátarochtana=2020-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ghabháil. Cháin [[ Líonra Liobrálach na hAfraice |Líonra Liobrálach na hAfraice]] an ghabháil mar iarracht ón Uachtarán Lungu easaontú agus freasúra sa tSaimbia a chur ina thost.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/18/hhs-arrest-unacceptable-africa-liberal-network/ Zambia : HH's arrest is unacceptable- Africa Liberal Network]&lt;/ref&gt; Cháin na heaspaig Chaitliceacha an ghabháil go láidir agus dúirt siad go raibh an tSaimbia anois ina deachtóireacht faoin Uachtarán, Edgar Lungu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/|teideal=Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship|dáta=2017-04-23|language=en-GB|work=LusakaTimes.com|dátarochtana=2020-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=Samhain 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir [[Julius Malema]], ceannaire pháirtí Trodaithe ar son Saorsa Eacnamaíoch (EEF) na hAfraice Theas, i leith Uachtarán na Saimbia Edgar Lungu go raibh sé ag déanamh cos ar bholg den chineál céanna le [[Apairtéid|cinedheighilt na hAfraice Theas]] cionn is gur gabhadh  Hichilema ar chúiseamh tréasa &lt;ref name=&quot;news24.com&quot;/&gt; agus chuir sé “Cladhaire” ar an uachtarán Lungu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 &quot;Lungu, you are a coward. Allow the opposition to oppose you. If you are a true leader, you will defeat them properly not through arrest,&quot; Malema said] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 |date=2018-08-15 }} News24&lt;/ref&gt; Cháin [[Mmusi Maimane]], ceannaire pháirtí an Chomhghuaillíocht Daonlathach (DA) san Afraic Theas ar diúltaíodh cead isteach sa tSaimbia dó le cuairt a thabhairt ar Hichilema sa bPríosún &lt;ref name=&quot;enca.com&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia|teideal=Maimane prevented from entering Zambia|language=en|work=eNCA|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2023-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184524/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt; nuair nár ligeadh dó eitleán a fhágáiil ag [[ Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Kenneth Kaunda |Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Kenneth Kaunda]] i [[Lusaka]], go láidir na cúisimh bréige in éadan Hichilema.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia Maimane had strongly denounced the trumped up charges against Hichilema, and had condemned the African National Congress government for not yet taking a stand against his treason charges.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184524/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia |date=2023-06-02 }} eNCA&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Am i bpríosún ===
Dúirt Hichilema in agallamh ar HARDtalk gur coinníodh i [[ Coinneáil aonair |ngaibhniú aonair]] ar feadh ocht lá é gan bia, uisce, solas nó cuairteanna le linn a chuid ama i bpríosún agus céasadh é nuair a spraeáladh sprae piobar ar a bhaill ghiniúna. Chuir sé i leith uachtarán Lungu go ndearna sé iarracht é a mharú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n3ct2km6|work=www.bbc.co.uk|dátarochtana=2020-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Thug oifigigh an phríosúin bata agus bóthar dá bhean Mutinta nuair a ghlac sí bia dó. 

Bhí gabháil Hichilema mar ábhar d'eagrán den chlár teilifíse [[The Stream]] ar [[Al Jazeera]] dar teideal ''An bhfuil daonlathas na Saimbia i gcontúirt?''&lt;ref&gt;[stream.aljazeera.com/story/201705301734-0025446]&lt;/ref&gt; a craoladh ar an 30 Bealtaine 2017. 

=== Cuairteanna mór le rá air sa phríosúin ===
Tugadh bata agus bóthar do chéad uachtarán na Saimbia, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], nuair a bhain sé triail cuairt a thabhairt ar Hichilema sa Príosún.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.zambianobserver.com/kk-turned-away-from-visiting-hichilema-in-prison-treason-case-now-underway/ |teideal=Kenneth Kaunda Turned Away From Visiting Hichilema In Prison |dátarochtana=2020-08-30 |archivedate=2018-06-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614125433/http://www.zambianobserver.com/kk-turned-away-from-visiting-hichilema-in-prison-treason-case-now-underway/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tugadh bata agus bóthar do [[Mmusi Maimane]], ceannaire an [[ Comhghuaillíocht Dhaonlathach (an Afraic Theas) |Chomhghuallaíocht Daonlathach]] san Afraic Theas, nuair a chuaigh sé chuig an tSaimbia le bheith i láthair nuair a chuaigh Hichilema as comhair na cúirte. Char ligeadh den eitleán é agus glacadh seilbh ar a ghuthán.&lt;ref name=&quot;enca.com&quot;/&gt; Spreag seo Aireacht Gnóthaí Eachtracha na hAfraice Theas Ambasadóir na Saimbia chun na hAfraice Theas, Emmanuel Mwamba, a ghaireadh le gníomhartha rialtas na Saimbia a mhíniú. 

Thug iar-Uachtarán na [[An Nigéir|Nigéire]], [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], cuairt ar Hichilema i bPríosún.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/13366/|teideal=Former Nigerian President Obasanjo goes to visit HH in prison|údar=Mwebantu Editor|dáta=2017-08-05|language=en-US|work=Mwebantu|dátarochtana=2020-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Thug Ard-Rúnaí an [[comhlathas|Chomhlathas Briotanach]], an Banbharún [[ Patricia Albain |Patricia Scotland]], cuairt ar Hichilema sa Phríosún faoi dhó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader|teideal=Secretary-General meets Zambian president and opposition leader|údar=|dáta=7 Lúnasa 2017|dátarochtana=30 Lúnasa 2020|archivedate=18 Lúnasa 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818175409/https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Staid éigeandála ===
Agus Hichilema sa Phríosún, chuir an tUachtarán Lungu [[ Staid éigeandála |staid éigeandála]] i bhfeidhm.&lt;ref&gt;[https://qz.com/1022493/zambias-president-declares-state-of-emergency-and-sparked-authoritarian-rule-concerns/ Zambia's president declares state of emergency and sparked authoritarian rule concerns — Quartz]&lt;/ref&gt; Chreid lucht cáinte an rialtais gur iarracht a ghreim ar chumhacht a dhéanamh níos doichte &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 Zambian President Edgar Lungu this month imposed a state of emergency, a move critics see as an effort to tighten his grip on power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 |date=2018-08-15 }} News24&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Agóidí ===
Thosaigh agóidí sa tSaimbia, san Afraic Theas &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/05/04/pockets-protesters-send-release-hh-message-global-event-durban/|teideal=Pockets Of Protesters Send &quot;Release HH&quot; Message At Global Event In Durban|dáta=2017-05-04|language=en-US|work=Zambia Reports|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816195628/https://zambiareports.com/2017/05/04/pockets-protesters-send-release-hh-message-global-event-durban/}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus sa [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Ríocht Aontaithe]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/zambians-in-uk-protest-hh-persecution/|teideal=Zambians in UK protest HH persecution|dáta=2017-05-12|language=en-GB|work=Zambian Watchdog|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030222533/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/zambians-in-uk-protest-hh-persecution/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ag éileamh go saoradh Hichilema agus ag cáineadh riail [[ Údarántacht |údarásach]] Edgar Lungu agus dul in olcas cearta daonna sa tSaimbia. 

===  Saoradh ón phríosún ===
Thosaigh ceiliúradh lúcháireacha fud fad na Saimbia nuair a saoradh Hichilema ón phríosún ar an 16 Lúnasa 2017 agus sheas na scórtha duine cois sráide i Lusaka le spléachadh de Hichilema a fheiceáil agus a chonbhua ag fágáil an phríosúin le Hichilema ag seasamh ina dhíon gréine lena lámha a chroitheadh leis na sluaite gárthach.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-08-17-zambia-hakainde-hichilema-released-from-jail-to-jubilant-reception-more-popular-than-ever/ Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema released from jail to jubilant reception, more popular than ever] Daily Maverick&lt;/ref&gt; 

Rinne iar-Ard-Rúnaí na Náisiún Aontaithe, [[Kofi Annan]], comhghairdeas le húdaráis na Saimbia as na cúisimh tréasa in éadan Hichilema a tharraingt saor agus é a shaoradh ón phríosún.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/795970/statement-by-kofi-annan-following-the-release-of.html|teideal=Statement By Kofi Annan Following The Release Of Hakainde Hichilema|language=en|work=Modern Ghana|dátarochtana=2020-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tionóladh paidreacha buíochais le ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar shaoradh Hichilema ón phríosún ag Ardeaglais na Croise Naofa i Lusaka ar an 29 Lúnasa 2017 agus bhí Hichilema i láthair ag an ócáid a tharraing sluaite móra agus a craoladh beo ar an teilifís. Bhí sé beartaithe an ócáid a reáchtáil an tseachtain roimhe ar an 24 Lúnasa ach chuir póilíní armtha a dhruid an láthair bac air. 

Bhí an-tóir ar Hichilema i ndiaidh a shaoradh agus bronnadh Gradam Saoirse na hAfraice air in Johannesburg, an Afraic Theas. Tugadh cuireadh dó labhairt ag Teach Chatham i Londain agus thug Feisirí Parlaiminte na [[ Comhghuaillíocht Dhaonlathach (an Afraic Theas) |Comhghuaillíochta Daonlathaí]] cuireadh dó labhairt san Afraic Theas&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.muvitv.com/2017/08/hh-addresses-lawmakers-in-south-africa/|teideal=HH Addresses Lawmakers in South Africa|údar=Editor|dáta=2017-08-31|language=en-US|work=MUVI Television {{!}} First in News and Entertainment|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816195622/http://www.muvitv.com/2017/08/hh-addresses-lawmakers-in-south-africa/}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus bhí sé le feiceáil ar an gclár [[HARDtalk]] ar an BBC. 

Scaol an t-iriseoir Fredrick Misebezi leabhar fá thréimhse Hichilema i bpríosún darb ainm ''Dialann Príosúin Hakainde Hichilema'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/1980573638/|teideal=Hakainde Hichilema's Prison Diary: Events of the day in and outside Prison|údar=|dáta=|work=www.amazon.com|dátarochtana=2020-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; ar an 29 Meán Fómhair 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/hakainde-hichilemas-prison-diary-book-released-on-the-market-and-selling-at-a-very-fast-rate/|teideal=Hakainde Hichilema's Prison Diary (Book) Released On The Market And Selling At A Very Fast Rate!!!|údar=zamobserver|dáta=2017-09-29|language=en-US|work=The Zambian Observer|dátarochtana=2020-08-30|archivedate=2018-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815232804/http://www.zambianobserver.com/hakainde-hichilemas-prison-diary-book-released-on-the-market-and-selling-at-a-very-fast-rate/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thacaigh Hichilema leis an leabhar agus d’iarr sé ar an phobal é a léamh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/10/01/book-hhs-127-day-stay-jail/|teideal=Zambia : Book on HH's 127 day stay in jail out|dáta=2017-10-01|language=en-GB|work=LusakaTimes.com|dátarochtana=2020-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Gradaim ==
Bhronn [[ Fondúireacht Saoirse Friedrich Naumann |Fondúireacht Friedrich Naumann]] Gradam Saoirse na hAfraice ar Hichilema ar an 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2017 ag ócáid in Johannesburg san Afraic Theas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://zambia24.com/news/2017/10/29/hh-conferred-with-africa-freedom-award/|teideal=&quot;HH conferred with Africa Freedom Award&quot;.|údar=|dáta=|language=en-US|work=zambia24.com|dátarochtana=|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200424/https://zambia24.com/news/2017/10/29/hh-conferred-with-africa-freedom-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Agallaimh ==
Bhí Hichilema mar chuid den chlár teilifíse [[BBC]] mór le rá [[HARDtalk]] ar an 1 Samhain 2017 nuair a chuir [[ Stephen Sackur |Stephen Sackur]] faoi agallamh é.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n3ct2km6|teideal=Hakainde Hichilema|údar=|dáta=|work=BBC|dátarochtana=}}&lt;/ref&gt; B'é an chéad cheannaire de chuid an fhreasúra sa tSaimbia a bhí ar HARDtalk agus an dara polaiteoir Saimbiach a bhí mar chuid den chlár i ndiaidh an iar-Uachtaráin [[Levy Mwanawasa]] . 

Ar an 17 Nollaig 2017 bhí Hichilema le feiceáil ar [[ Agallamh Dé Domhnaigh |Agallamh Dé Domhnaigh]] ar [[ ZNBC |ZNBC]]. Is é an chéad cheannaire ón fhreasúra a cuireadh agallamh orthu ar an chlár sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.zambianobserver.com/sunday-interview/|teideal=Sunday interview: it was a very bad night for Grevazio|údar=|dáta=|work=zambianobserver.com|dátarochtana=|archivedate=2019-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910195336/http://www.zambianobserver.com/sunday-interview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tharla sé seo i ndiaidh dona urlabhraí, [[ Charles Kakoma |Charles Kakoma]], scríobh chuig Ard-Stiúrthóir an ZNBC [[Richard Mwanza]] ag iarraidh go mbeadh an tUasal Hichilema le feiceáil ar an chlár ar an an 17 Nollaig.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mast&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.themastonline.com/2017/12/13/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-slot/|teideal=ZNBC grants HH Sunday Interview slot|údar=|dáta=|work=themastonline.com|dátarochtana=|archivedate=2018-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183650/https://www.themastonline.com/2017/12/13/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-slot/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/12/11/hh-writes-znbc-feature-sunday-interview/|teideal=HH writes ZNBC to feature on Sunday Interview|údar=|dáta=|work=lusakatimes.com|dátarochtana=}}{{Dead link|date=Aibreán 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh réamhchlárú ar an chlár ar an Déardaoin roimhe ag 10: 30rn agus craoladh tráthnóna Dé Domhnaigh é.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/12/14/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-request/|teideal=ZNBC grants HH Sunday Interview request|údar=|dáta=|work=lusakatimes.com|dátarochtana=|archivedate=2018-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221214601/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/12/14/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-request/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Óráidí ==
Tugadh cuireadh do Hichilema óráid a thabhairt ag [[ An Institiúid Ríoga Gnóthaí Idirnáisiúnta |an Institiúid Ríoga um Gnóthaí Idirnáisiúnta]], ar a dtugtar Teach Chatham go coitianta ar, ar an 31 Samhain 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/event/political-opposition-and-policy-alternatives-zambia|teideal=Political Opposition and Policy Alternatives in Zambia|údar=Chatham House|dáta=|language=en|work=Chatham House|dátarochtana=|title=Political Opposition and Policy Alternatives in Zambia|access-date=16 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; B'é an chéad Saimbiach le óráid a thabhairt i dTeach Chatham. 

== Saol pearsanta ==
Tá Hichilema pósta ar Mutinta agus tá triúr clainne acu.  Tá sé ina bhall d'[[Eaglais Ateachtaigh an tSeachtú Lá]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/24/not-masonist-christian-church-elder-sda-hh/|teideal=HH: I am not a Masonist, I am Christian and a church elder at SDA|údar=|dáta=|dátarochtana=|last=|first=|date=24 December 2014|title=HH: I am not a Masonist, I am Christian and a church elder at SDA|newspaper=[[Lusaka Times]]|location=|accessdate=23 January 2015|archivedate=30 Nollaig 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230051245/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/24/not-masonist-christian-church-elder-sda-hh/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá Hichilema ina [[ Milliúnóir |mhilliúnaí]] agus tá sé ar an dara [[Rainse|rainseoir]] eallach is mó sa tSaimbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11354142/Africa-needs-leaders-to-run-countries-like-CEOs-Zambias-opposition-leader-says.html|teideal=Africa needs leaders to run countries like CEOs, Zambia's opposition leader says|údar=Aislinn Laing|ainm=Aislinn Lain|dáta=|foilsitheoir=The Telegraph|dátarochtana=|last=Laing|first=Aislinn|date=19 January 2015|title=Africa needs leaders to run countries like CEOs, Zambia's opposition leader says|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=[[Ndola]]|accessdate=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

I mí na Nollag 2014, shéan sé gur [[Máisiúnachas|Máisiún]] a bhí ann agus chuir sé síos orthu siúd a chuir sin ina leith mar dhaoine mailíseacha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/19/adventist-christian-dont-know-freemasonry-hh/|teideal=HH: I am an Adventist, I am a Christian, I don’t know what Freemasonry is.|údar=|dáta=|foilsitheoir=[[Lusaka Times]]|dátarochtana=|last=|first=|date=19 December 2014|title=|newspaper=[[Lusaka Times]]|location=|accessdate=23 January 2015|archivedate=22 Márta 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322035030/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/19/adventist-christian-dont-know-freemasonry-hh/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rinne sé agra in éadan an t-Easpag Edward Chomba ón [[Ceartchreidmheachas|Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach]] as a [[ Clúmhilleadh |chlú a mhilleadh]] i ndiaidh don Easpag [[ Satanist |Sátanach]] agus Máisiún a thabhairt air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/25/hh-sues-bishop-chomba-calling-satanist-freemason/|teideal=HH sues Bishop Chomba for calling him a Satanist and Freemason|údar=|dáta=|dátarochtana=|last=|first=|date=25 December 2015|title=HH sues Bishop Chomba for calling him a Satanist and Freemason|newspaper=Lusaka Times|location=|accessdate=23 January 2015|archivedate=1 Eanáir 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101003628/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/25/hh-sues-bishop-chomba-calling-satanist-freemason/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Féach freisin ==

* [[United Party for National Development]]
* [[Levy Mwanawasa (Uachtarán ar an tSaimbia)]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/hakainde.hichilema/ Hakainde Hichilema] ar Facebook 
* [https://twitter.com/HHichilema Hakainde Hichilema] ar [[Twitter]] 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOpCra6NkQs A New Journey for Zambia]  ar [[YouTube]] 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hichilema, Hakainde}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1962]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí Saimbiacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Palermo Football Club</title>
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      <text bytes="3097" sha1="j5l7myuy1s9umnomk16yqfjf691y4ki" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}
{{Club peile bosca eolais 2
| ainm an chlub = Palermo F.C.
| ainmsuaitheantas =
| leasainm = ''Panormiti'', ''Le Aquile'' &lt;br /&gt;''I Rosanero''
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| tír = {{bratach|Italy}} [[An Iodáil]]
| cónaidhm = [[UEFA]]
| sraith   = [[Serie C]]
| bunaithe = 1900
| uachtarán = {{bratach|Italy}} Dario Mirri
| traenálaí = {{bratach|Italy}} ?
| staid = [[Stadio Renzo Barbera (Palermo)]]
| acmhainn = 37 994
| suíomh = www.Palermofc.com
}}

Is club peile Iodálach é '''Palermo Football Club''', ar a dtugtar Palermo níos simplí, atá lonnaithe i gcathair Palermo. Milita i Serie C.
Maidir le láithrithe i [[Cupaí Peile na hEorpa | Cupaí na hEorpa]], tá cúig lá ag an gclub i [[UEFA Europa League | Corn UEFA / Europa League]]. I rangú suthain an chomórtais dheireanaigh seo, tá Palermo sa 221ú háit, an 11ú háit i measc fhoirne na hIodáile dá bharr.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/Publications/02/28/56/91/2285691_DOWNLOAD.pdf |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106130326/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/Publications/02/28/56/91/2285691_DOWNLOAD.pdf |archivedate=2015-11-06 |dátarochtana=2020-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sa bhliain 2007 bhí an 51ú háit aige freisin sa [[comhéifeacht UEFA | rangú UEFA]]. ​​&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method3/trank2007. html Rangú Foirne UEFA 2007]{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl&lt;/ref&gt; De réir an rangú a dhréachtaítear go míosúil ag an [[Cónaidhm Idirnáisiúnta Stair agus Staitisticí Peile | IFFHS]], áfach, ba é an 19ú rangú is airde a baineadh amach riamh áit, sroichte araon i mí Feabhra &lt;ref&gt;[https://palermocalcio.it/it/0506/news/scheda.php?id=5429 IFFHS, titeann Palermo go dtí an fichiú háit sna standings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130205034/https://palermocalcio.it/it/0506/news/scheda.php?id=5429 |date=2018-01-30 }} Palermocalcio.it&lt;/ref&gt;  de réir rangú eile den chomhlacht céanna, tá an club rosanero sa 121ú háit ar na foirne is fearr ar domhan ag smaoineamh ar an tréimhse ón 1 Eanáir 1991 go 31 Nollaig 2009. 
== Liosta trófaí ==
=== Comórtais náisiúnta ===
Corn Bua na Sciathán. Craobh Serie B na hIodáile: 5
1931-1932, 1947-1948, 1967-1968, 2003-2004, 2013-2014
Serie Chorn na hIodáile C: 1
1992-1993

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.Palermo.com/ Suíomh oifigiúil an chlub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924115720/http://palermo.com/ |date=2020-09-24 }}

[[Catagóir:Clubanna sacair na hIodáile|Palermo F.C.]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rún 68/262 ó Chomhthionól Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe</title>
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{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Ritheadh an '''Rún 68/262 ó Chomhthionól Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe''', dar teideal &quot;'''Sláine críche na hÚcráine'''&quot;, an 27 Márta 2014, ag an 68ú de Chomhthionól Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe. Chuaigh sé i ngleic ar [[:en:en:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|iarscríbhinn]] na [[:en:en:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Rúise sa Chrimé]]. 

Dhearbhaigh an rún neamhcheangailteach, le tacaíocht ón 100 baill de na Náisiún Aontaithe, tiomantas an Chomhthionóil Ghinearálta sláine críce na [[An Úcráin|hÚcráine]] taobh istigh dá theorainneacha a aithnítear go hidirnáisiúnta agus chuir sé béim ar an neamhdhlisteanacht [[:en:en:2014 Crimean referendum|reifreann na Crimé 2014]]. Vótáil aon cheann déag (11) náisiún i gcoinne an rúin, staon 58, agus bhí 24 stát eile as láthair.

Thug Ceanada, Cósta Ríce, an Ghearmáin, an Liotuáin, an Pholainn agus an Úcráin an rún isteach.&lt;ref name=&quot;xinhua&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity&quot;.|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-03/28/c_126325576.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422172321/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-03/28/c_126325576.htm|archivedate=2014-04-22|dátarochtana=2020-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roimh ghlac an Chomhthionól Ginearálta an rúin, bhí iarrachtaí gan rath ag an Chomhairle Slándála na Náisiún Aontaithe, a thionóil seacht seisiún chun dul i ngleic ar an ghéarchéim na Crimé, a chuir [[an Rúis]] bac orthu lena cros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47443&amp;Cr=ukraine&amp;Cr1=#.UzgPNqLRUdw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Na Náisiúin Aontaithe]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/262 Téacs iomlán Rún 68/262]

[[Catagóir:Náisiúin Aontaithe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar</title>
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Giúróir Indiach, [[eacnamaí]], [[Polaitíocht|polaiteoir]] agus leasaitheoir sóisialta ab ea '''Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar''' [[14 Aibreán|(14 Aibreán]] [[1891]] - [[6 Nollaig]] [[1956]]). Spreag sé gluaiseacht [[An Búdachas|Búdaíoch]] Dalit agus chuaigh sé i mbun feachtais i gcoinne idirdhealú sóisialta i dtreo na ndaoine nach féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh leo (Dalits). Thacaigh sé freisin le cearta na mban agus na saothair. Bhí sé ina chéad [[Aire Rialtais|Aire]] Dlí agus Cirt neamhspleách san India, ailtire [[Bunreacht|Bhunreacht]] na hIndia, agus athair bunaithe Phoblacht na hIndia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html|teideal=Bhimrao Ambedkar|work=c250.columbia.edu|dátarochtana=2020-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/learning/ambedkar-jayanti-2019-facts-babasaheb-for-kids-5672744/|teideal=Ambedkar Jayanti 2019: Facts on Babasaheb to share with kids|dáta=2019-04-14|language=en|work=The Indian Express|dátarochtana=2020-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues|teideal=How India’s Most Downtrodden Embraced the Power of Statues|language=en|work=BloombergQuint|dátarochtana=2020-12-05|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026043029/https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhimrao-Ramji-Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | Biography, Books, &amp; Facts | Britannica]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-br-ambedkar-on-his-129th-birth-anniversary-2211747 All You Need To Know About BR Ambedkar On His 129th Birth Anniversary]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863 |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691157863 |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert Jr |editor=Robert Buswell Jr. |location=Princeton, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863/page/34 34] |ref=harv |editor-last2=Lopez |editor-first2=Donald S. Jr. |editor=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I 1956, chuir sé tús le mór-chomhshó Dalits, ag tiontú go Búdachas le 600,000 lucht tacaíochta. Rinne sé athbheochan ar an mBúdachas san India. Meastar Ambedkar mar bodhisattva, agus an Maitreya, i measc na Búdaithe Navayana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-ambedkar-chose-buddhism-over-hinduism-islam-christianity/237599/|teideal=Why Ambedkar chose Buddhism over Hinduism, Islam, Christianity|údar=Siddharth|dáta=2019-05-20|language=en-US|work=ThePrint|dátarochtana=2020-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/buddha-purnima-special-why-ambedkar-coverted-to-buddhism-6397742/|teideal=Buddha Purnima: Why Ambedkar converted to Buddhism|dáta=2020-05-08|language=en|work=The Indian Express|dátarochtana=2020-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/br-ambedkar-conversion-to-buddhism|teideal=Decoding Dr BR Ambedkar’s Conversion to Buddhism|údar=Malavika Balasubramanian,Vishnu Gopinath|dáta=2018-10-13|language=en|work=TheQuint|dátarochtana=2020-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Christopher Queen|editor=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|pages=529–531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1990, bronnadh Ambedkar ar Bharat Ratna, an gradam sibhialta is airde san India. Cuimsíonn oidhreacht Ambedkar go leor cuimhneachán agus léiriú i gcultúr an phobail. Bhí tionchar domhain ag oidhreacht Ambedkar mar leasaitheoir soch-pholaitiúil ar an India nua-aimseartha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Barbara R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&amp;pg=PA13 |title=Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement |publisher=Zed Books |year=1986 |isbn=9780862324605 |pages=11–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072018/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&amp;pg=PA13 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&amp;pg=PA61 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=9788171542376 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730015400/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&amp;pg=PA61 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vótáladh Ambedkar &quot;an Indiach is Mó&quot; (The Greatest Indian) in 2012 le pobalbhreith a d'eagraigh History TV18 agus CNN IBN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|teideal=A Measure of the Man|údar=outlookindia.com|dáta=|dátarochtana=2020|archivedate=2016-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100039/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Is féile bhliantúil í Ambedkar Jayanti (lá breithe Ambedkar) a cheiliúrtar an 14 Aibreán, a cheiliúrtar ní amháin san India ach ar fud an domhain. Déantar Ambedkar Jayanti a cheiliúradh mar shaoire phoiblí oifigiúil ar fud na hIndia.&lt;ref&gt;http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405042913/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }} Ambedkar Jayanti from ccis.nic.in on 19 March 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://persmin.gov.in/ Webpage of Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievance &amp; Pension&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://mea.gov.in/ambedkar-final/mcelebration.htm 125th Dr. Ambedkar Birthday Celebrations Around the World.] mea.gov.in&lt;/ref&gt; Rinne na Náisiúin Aontaithe ceiliúradh ar Ambedkar Jayanti in 2016, 2017 agus 2018.

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambedkar, Bhimrao}}
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí na hIndia]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hIndia]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1891]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1956]]

[[Catagóir:Dlíodóirí Indiacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Clubanna seaimpíní an domhain peile</title>
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      <text bytes="9455" sha1="2vytgb41ypu2c7vflmc59wml5qwjsg4" xml:space="preserve">Cuimsíonn an liosta seo seaimpíní oifigiúla an chlub ([[De facto|de jure]]) do [[FIFA]].

== Comórtais ==
[[Íomhá:Roy Keane signing autographs.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Roy Keane]], Buaiteoir an Chorn Idir-rannach le [[Manchester United]]]]

* [[Corn idir ilchríocha|Corn Idir-rannach]]:

Comórtas idir 1960 agus 2004 a bhí sa '''Chorn''' Idir-rannach idir foirne ó Chónaidhm [[UEFA]] agus Cónaidhm [[Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol|CONMEBOL]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf|teideal=Legend – UEFA club competition|year=2009|format=PDF|work=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|dátarochtana=2021-01-01|archivedate=2012-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011029/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.conmebol.com/books/Repasando%20la%20Historia/Repasando%20la%20Historia.html|teideal= Competencias oficiales de la CONMEBOL|year=2011|language=Spanish|work=Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol|pages=99; 107}}&lt;/ref&gt;. D'imir clubanna ionadaíocha ón mór-roinn is forbartha sa pheil an trófaí (go háirithe sna blianta sin); níos minice ná a mhalairt, thabharfadh seaimpíní [[UEFA Champions League|Chorn Seaimpíní Chorn na hEorpa / UEFA]] agus na Copa Libertadores dúshlán dá chéile. Ar 27 Deireadh Fómhair, 2017, d’fhógair FIFA gurbh é an trófaí seo teideal oifigiúil an domhain (arb ionann é agus Corn Domhanda FIFA Chorn an Domhain) ''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=10/news=fifa-council-approves-key-organisational-elements-of-the-fifa-world-cu-2917722.html FIFA Council approves key organisational elements of the FIFA World Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027142732/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=10/news=fifa-council-approves-key-organisational-elements-of-the-fifa-world-cu-2917722.html |date=2017-10-27 }} - Recognition of all European and South American teams that won the Intercontinental Cup – played between 1960 and 2004 – as club world champions./ www.fifa.com&lt;/ref&gt;'' Ó 2005, tá Corn Domhanda FIFA curtha in ionad mar phríomhchomórtas na gclubanna peile ar domhan. agus cuireadh deireadh leis an gCorn Idir-rannach &lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=December 2017|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2017 - History|journal=FIFA Report 2017, pages 15, 40, 41, 42|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|format=PDF|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|archive-date=2017-12-30|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230452/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230452/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf |date=2017-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* Corn Club Domhanda FIFA:

Is comórtas [[Sacar|peile]] é '''Corn Club Domhanda FIFA a''' eagraíonn Cumann ''Fédération Internationale de Football'' ([[FIFA]]). Reáchtáladh an chéad chomórtas sa [[2000|bhliain 2000]] sa [[An Bhrasaíl|Bhrasaíl]] agus cé nach raibh aon chomórtas ann idir 2001 agus 2004, tá an comórtas ar siúl gach bliain ó 2005. Tá seacht gclub san iomaíocht, seaimpíní gach ceann de Chónaidhm FIFA: an Afraic ([[Confédération Africaine de Football|CAF]]), an Áise ([[AFC]]), Meiriceá Theas ([[Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol|CONMEBOL]]), an Eoraip ([[UEFA]]), Meiriceá Thuaidh, Meiriceá Láir agus an Mhuir Chairib ([[CONCACAF]]), an Aigéine ([[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]]) agus seaimpíní na tíre a óstáil an comórtas&lt;ref name=&quot;Formats&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/95/45/34/regulationsfcwc2012_e.pdf|teideal=FIFA Club World Cup 2017 - History|format=PDF|work=FIFA.com|dátarochtana=2021-01-01|archivedate=2013-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328220018/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/95/45/34/regulationsfcwc2012%5fe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ó 2025 ar aghaidh beidh an comórtas ar siúl gach 4 bliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0512&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/intercontinentalcup/2024/articles/information-tournament-details|editor=FIFA.com|date=20 September 2024|title=FIFA Intercontinental Cup™: Key information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513125221/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/intercontinentalcup/2024/articles/information-tournament-details|archive-date=13 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tugann an trófaí teideal an domhain.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA Report 2005&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=December 2005|title=FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup 2005|journal=FIFA Report 2005|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|format=PDF|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/04/37/cwc_05_japan_tr_148.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-08|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808140128/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/04/37/cwc%5f05%5fjapan%5ftr%5f148.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA Report 2017&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=December 2017|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2017|journal=FIFA Report 2017|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|format=PDF|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|archive-date=2017-12-30|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230452/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230452/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf |date=2017-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA Regulation CWC 2017&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=December 2017|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2017|journal=FIFA Regulation CWC 2017 page 37|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|format=PDF|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/91/82/38/fcwc2017uaeregulations_en_neutral.pdf|archive-date=2017-12-15|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215054516/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/91/82/38/fcwc2017uaeregulations_en_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215054516/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/91/82/38/fcwc2017uaeregulations_en_neutral.pdf |date=2017-12-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Corn Idir-rannach FIFA: 

Sa chomórtas tá seaimpíní clubanna na sé chónaidhm FIFA, agus imrítear é mar chomórtas buaite le foireann na hEorpa ag fáil slán leis an gcluiche ceannais. Bronntar an teideal bliantúil Seaimpíní an Domhain ar na buaiteoirí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0512&quot; /&gt;

== Staitisticí ==
[[Íomhá:Taça_do_Mundial_2012,_nos_jardins_do_Parque_São_Jorge.jpg|mion|351x351px| Corn Club Domhanda FIFA]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Club
!Náisiún
!Seodra
!Corn Idir-rannach
!Corn Club Domhanda 
!Corn Idir-rannach FIFA
|-
|Real Madrid
|[[An Spáinn]]
|'''9'''
|3 (1960, 1998, 2002)
|5 (2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022)
|1 (2024)
|-
|A.C. Milan
|[[An Iodáil]]
|'''4'''
|3 (1969, 1989, 1990)
|1 (2007)
|
|-
|Bayern München
|[[An Ghearmáin]]
|'''4'''
|2 (1976, 2001)
|2 (2013, 2020)
|
|-
|Penarol
|[[Uragua|Urugua]]
|'''3'''
|3 (1961, 1966, 1982)
|
|
|-
|Nacional Montevideo
|[[Uragua|Urugua]]
|'''3'''
|3 (1971, 1980, 1988)
|
|
|-
|Boca Juniors
|[[An Airgintín]]
|'''3'''
|3 (1977, 2000, 2003)
|
|
|-
|São Paulo
|[[An Bhrasaíl]]
|'''3'''
|2 (1992, 1993)
|1 (2005)
|
|-
|Inter Milan
|[[An Iodáil]]
|'''3'''
|2 (1964, 1965)
|1 (2010)
|
|-
|F.C. Barcelona
|[[An Spáinn]]
|'''3'''
|
|3 (2009, 2011, 2015)
|
|-
|Santos
|[[An Bhrasaíl]]
|'''2'''
|2 (1962, 1963)
|
|
|-
|Independiente
|[[An Airgintín]]
|'''2'''
|2 (1973, 1984)
|
|
|-
|Ajax
|[[An Ísiltír]]
|'''2'''
|2 (1972, 1995)
|
|
|-
|Juventus
|[[An Iodáil]]
|'''2'''
|2 (1985, 1996)
|
|
|-
|Porto
|[[An Phortaingéil]]
|'''2'''
|2 (1987, 2004)
|
|
|-
|Manchester United
|[[Sasana]]
|'''2'''
|1 (1999)
|1 (2008)
|
|-
|Corinthians
|[[An Bhrasaíl]]
|'''2'''
|
|2 (2000, 2012)
|
|-
|Racing Avellaneda
|[[An Airgintín]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1967)
|
|
|-
|Estudiantes
|[[An Airgintín]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1968)
|
|
|-
|Feyenoord
|[[An Ísiltír]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1970)
|
|
|-
|Atletico Madrid
|[[An Spáinn]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1974)
|
|
|-
|Olimpia
|[[Paragua]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1979)
|
|
|-
|Flamengo
|[[An Bhrasaíl]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1981)
|
|
|-
|Grêmio
|[[An Bhrasaíl]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1983)
|
|
|-
|River Plate
|[[An Airgintín]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1986)
|
|
|-
|Crvena zvezda
|[[An Iúgslaiv]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1991)
|
|
|-
|Vélez
|[[An Airgintín]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1994)
|
|
|-
|Borussia Dortmund
|[[An Ghearmáin]]
|'''1'''
|1 (1997)
|
|
|-
|Internacional
|[[An Bhrasaíl]]
|'''1'''
|
|1 (2006)
|
|-
|Liverpool
|[[Sasana]]
|'''1'''
|
|1 (2019)
|
|-
|Manchester City
|[[Sasana]]
|'''1'''
|
|1 (2023)
|
|}

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Corn idir ilchríocha|Corn Idir-rannach]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Sacar]]</text>
      <sha1>2vytgb41ypu2c7vflmc59wml5qwjsg4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jack Grealish</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T06:46:19Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="46045" sha1="0xb0psatmiisd274c72y9vp1988osgy" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
{{Glanadh}}
Peileadóir proifisiúnta [[Sasana|Sasanach]] é '''Jack Peter Grealish''' (a rugadh ar an 10 Meán Fómhair 1995) a imríonn i [[imreoir lár páirce|lár páirce]] do chlub [[Premier League]] [[Manchester City Football Club|Manchester City]] agus d’fhoireann náisiúnta Shasana.

Chuaigh Grealish le Aston Villa ag sé bliana d’aois, agus rinne sé a chéad chluiche don chlub i mBealtaine 2014. Incháilithe chun ionadaíocht a dhéanamh ar Shasana nó ar [[Foireann péil naísiunta Poblacht na hÉireann|Phoblacht na hÉireann]] go hidirnáisiúnta, chuir Poblacht na hÉireann teorainn le Grealish suas go leibhéal faoi-21 sular dhearbhaigh sé a chinneadh imirt do Shasana in Aibreán 2016. D'imir sé do Shasana faoi-21 na bliana den chéad uair i mBealtaine 2016, agus bhuaigh sé [[Toulon Tournament|Comórtas Toulon]] in 2016.

In 2021, shínigh Grealish do Manchester City i mbeart dar luach £100 milliún (€117 milliún), rud a fhágann gurb é an t-imreoir Sasanach is costasaí riamh go dtí an t-am ain.

== Saol go luath ==
Rugadh Grealish in [[Birmingham]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/26152|teideal=Barry Hugman's Footballers - Jack Grealish|work=barryhugmansfootballers.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-16|archivedate=2021-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425230911/http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/26152}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus tógadh é i [[Solihull]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/11550090/Aston-Villas-Jack-Grealish-could-spark-international-tug-of-war-between-Ireland-and-England.html|teideal=Aston Villa's Jack Grealish could spark international tug-of-war between Ireland and England|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; in aice láimhe. D’fhreastail sé ar Bhunscoil Chaitliceach ''Our Lady of Compassion'' agus ar Mheánscoil Chaitliceach Naomh Peadar i Solihull&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-playing-callum-reilly-8138398|teideal=Aston Villa: Playing with Callum Reilly made me competitive, says Jack Grealish|údar=Gregg Evans|dáta=2014-11-20|language=en|work=BirminghamLive|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Is de shliocht na h[[Poblacht na hÉireann|Éireann]] é, trína sheanathair as [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]], a sheanathair eile as [[Gort Inse Guaire|Gort]], [[Contae na Gaillimhe]], agus a sheanmháthair as [[An tSnaidhm|Snaidhm]], [[Contae Chiarraí]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/jack-grealish-poised-to-commit-to-ireland-senior-squad-1.1966879|teideal=Jack Grealish poised to commit to Ireland senior squad|údar=John Fallon|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/12/jack-grealish-real-deal-aston-villa|teideal=Jack Grealish turning into the real deal as he keeps his options open|dáta=2014-09-12|language=en|work=the Guardian|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://talksport.com/football/264949/exclusive-jack-grealish-faces-tough-decision-about-england-future-claims-father/|teideal=Exclusive - Aston Villa youngster faces tough decision about England future, claims father|údar=161385360554578|dáta=2015-04-21|language=en-US|work=talkSPORT|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

D’imir Grealish peil gaelach do CLG Warwickshire John Mitchel idir 10 agus 14 bliana d’aois&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~2848775,00.html|teideal=Mannion: Mixed gaelic football games toughened me up {{!}} Latest News {{!}} Aston Villa|dáta=2015-05-31|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2021-02-16|archivedate=2015-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531021226/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~2848775,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An 4 Lúnasa 2009, scóráil Grealish pointe lé CLG Warwickshire i b[[Páirc an Chrócaigh]] le linn leath-ama de chluiche ceathrú ceannais [[Craobhchomórtas Sinsear na hÉireann sa Pheil|Chraobh Peile na hÉireann]] 2009 idir Baile Átha Cliath agus Ciarraí&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/international-soccer/five-reasons-why-jack-grealish-will-choose-ireland-31159660.html|teideal=Five reasons why Jack Grealish will choose Ireland|language=en|work=independent|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Gairm club ==

=== Aston Villa ===

==== Acadamh ====
Chuaigh Grealish le Aston Villa nuair a bhí 16 d’aois in 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/12/jack-grealish-real-deal-aston-villa|teideal=Jack Grealish turning into the real deal as he keeps his options open|dáta=2014-09-12|language=en|work=the Guardian|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://talksport.com/football/264949/exclusive-jack-grealish-faces-tough-decision-about-england-future-claims-father/|teideal=Exclusive - Aston Villa youngster faces tough decision about England future, claims father|údar=161385360554578|dáta=2015-04-21|language=en-US|work=talkSPORT|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/exclusive-jack-grealish-offered-new-7744403|teideal=Exclusive: Jack Grealish offered a new four-year contract by Aston Villa|údar=Mat Kendrick|dáta=2014-09-09|language=en|work=BirminghamLive|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/AcademyProfile/0,,10265~2810726,00.html|teideal=Aston Villa {{!}} Squads {{!}} Academy {{!}} Academy Profile {{!}} Jack Grealish|dáta=2014-06-19|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2021-02-17|archivedate=2014-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619044827/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/AcademyProfile/0,,10265~2810726,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bhí Grealish mar chuid d’fhoireann faoi-19 an chlub a bhuaigh [[Sraith NextGen 2012-13]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/9965508/NextGen-Series-Final-Chelsea-U19-0-Aston-Villa-U19-2.html|teideal=NextGen Series Final: Chelsea U19 0 Aston Villa U19 2|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2013-2014: Iasacht go Notts County ====
Ar 13 Meán Fómhair 2013, chuaigh Grealish le Notts County, ar iasacht go dtí an 13 Eanáir 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24080568|teideal=Haber &amp; Grealish join Notts on loan|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/23999353|teideal=MK Dons 3-1 Notts County|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~3459591,00.html|teideal=Loan watch: Carruthers earns bragging rights over Grealish {{!}} Latest News {{!}} Aston Villa|dáta=2013-10-21|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2021-02-17|archivedate=2013-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021002852/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~3459591,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ar an 7 Nollaig, scóráil sé a chéad cúl gairme, ag shleamhnaigh thar trí chosantóir chun an sprioc dheireanach a scóráil i mbua 3-1 thar [[Gillingham F.C|Gillingham]] ag [[Meadow Lane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25163990|teideal=Notts County 3-1 Gillingham|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Seachtain ina dhiaidh sin, scórail sé an chéad cúl í mbúa 4-0 í gcoinne [[Colchester United]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25275349|teideal=Colchester United 0-4 Notts County|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nottscountyfc.co.uk/news/2014/january/grealish-signs-new-notts-loan-deal/|teideal=Grealish Signs New Notts Loan Deal|language=en-gb|work=www.nottscountyfc.co.uk|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. San iomlán, scóráil Grealish 5 cúl i rith a iasacht leis na Carruthers&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

==== 2014-2015 ====
D'fhill Grealish go Aston Villa. Rinne sé a cead cluiche air ais mar ionadaí 88 nóiméad do [[Ryan Bertrand]] i caill 4–0 as baile go [[Manchester City Football Club|Manchester City]] sa Premier League ar 7 Meitheamh 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26396253|teideal=Manchester City 4-0 Aston Villa|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

I mí na Bealtaine 2014, d’imir Grealish i [[Hong Kong Soccer Sevens]], chríochnaigh sé mar an phríomhscórálaí le sé chúilín mar bhuaigh Villa an teideal Sciath&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://wildeastfootball.net/2014/05/manchester-city-win-hong-kong-soccer-sevens-cup/|teideal=Manchester City Win Hong Kong Soccer Sevens Cup|údar=Christopher Lau|dáta=2014-05-26|language=en-GB|work=Wild East Football|dátarochtana=2021-02-17|archivedate=2021-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115212059/https://wildeastfootball.net/2014/05/manchester-city-win-hong-kong-soccer-sevens-cup/}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Thairg Aston Villa conradh nua 4 bliana do Grealish i Meán Fómhair 2014, toisc go rachadh a sheanchonradh in éag i Samhradh 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/exclusive-jack-grealish-offered-new-7744403|teideal=Exclusive: Jack Grealish offered a new four-year contract by Aston Villa|údar=Mat Kendrick|dáta=2014-09-09|language=en|work=BirminghamLive|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Shínigh sé an conradh an 14 Deireadh Fómhair, ag leathnú a thionachta go 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29619527|teideal=Grealish signs new deal with Villa|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Chuir Grealish a chéad tús i gcluiche tríú babhta [[Corn FA|Chorn an FA]] an 4 Eanáir 2015 i gcoinne [[Blackpool F.C|Blackpool]] ag [[Villa Park]], a bhuaigh a fhoireann 1–0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30614386|teideal=Aston Villa 1-0 Blackpool|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ar an 7 Márta, sa séú babhta, bua 2–0 sa bhaile ar [[West Bromwich Albion Football Club|West Bromwich Albion]], tháinig sé in áit [[Charles N’Zogbia]] tar éis 74 nóiméad, agus cuireadh as tar éis dara áirithint é tar éis ag titm go bhreagach in am breise&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31669806|teideal=Aston Villa 2-0 West Bromwich Albion|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An 7 Aibreán, chuir Grealish tús lena chéad chluiche d’Aston Villa sa Premier League, tarraingt baile 3–3 i gcoinne [[Queens Park Rangers F.C|Queens Park Rangers]] inar moladh go mór a fheidhmíocht&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32126419|teideal=Aston Villa 3-3 Queens Park Rangers|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I mbabhta leathcheannais Chorn an FA i gcoinne [[Liverpool Football Club|Learpholl]] i [[Staidiam Wembley]], bhí páirt ag Grealish sa dá sprioc le Villa lena n-áirítear cúnamh a thabhairt do an cúl bhuaiteoir [[Fabian Delph]], agus iad ag teacht ón gcúl chun dul ar aghaidh go dtí an cluiche ceannais&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32273487|teideal=Aston Villa 2-1 Liverpool|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An 30 Bealtaine, d’imir Grealish Cluiche Ceannais Chorn an FA 2015 ar fad i Staidiam Wembley, mar chaill Villa 4–0 in aghaidh [[Arsenal Football Club|Arsenal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32856754|teideal=Arsenal 4-0 Aston Villa|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

I mí Aibreáin 2015, thug bainisteoir Aston Villa, [[Tim Sherwood]], rabhadh do Grealish tar éis do ''[[The Sun]]'' íomhánna a fhoilsiú a thaispeánann go líomhnaítear go raibh sé ag ionanálú [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] chun críocha áineasa. Dúirt Sherwood “Ní féidir linn géilleadh don iompar sin. Tá sé anois i riocht freagrach mar pheileadóir gairmiúil, caithfidh sé a chinntiú nach dtarlóidh sé arís, tá sé cinnte dom nach ndéanfaidh. Ach, mar a dúirt mé faoi [[Raheem Sterling|Raheem]] an tseachtain seo caite, is fear óg é, bhí sé níos óige bliain roimhe sin nuair a tógadh an pictiúr.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32436515|teideal=Sherwood issues warning to Grealish|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Jack Grealish aug 2014.jpg|clé|mion|278x278px|Grealish le [[Aston Villa Football Club|Aston Villa]] í 2014]]
Scóráil Grealish a chéad sprioc do Villa an 13 Meán Fómhair 2015, lámhaigh 20 slat chun an scóráil a oscailt ar shiúl go [[Leicester City F.C|Leicester City;]] chaill a fhoireann 3–2, áfach&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34166753|teideal=Leicester City 3-2 Aston Villa|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

I mí na Samhna, roghnaigh sé fanacht in [[Iarthuaisceart Shasana]] agus dul ag clubáil tar éis do Villa 4-0 a chaill [[Everton Football Club|Everton]]. Phionós an bainisteoir nua [[Rémi Garde]] é as an gcinneadh seo trí Grealish a sheoladh chun traenáil leis an bhfoireann faoi-21, agus dúirt sé “Caithfidh tú tú féin a iompar mar ghairmí agus ní raibh sé an cás a bhí an uair seo do Jack”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34930220|teideal=Garde drops Grealish from first team|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. D'fhill sé go traenáil sínsear ar 8 Nollaig&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35038482|teideal=Grealish back with Villa first team|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

==== 2016-2019: bhliantá Championship, conspóide agus ardú céime ====
An 7 Eanáir 2016, dúirt príomhchóitseálaí [[Leeds United Football Club|Leeds United]], [[Steve Evans (péileadoir, rugadh 1962)|Steve Evans]], gur dhiúltaigh Aston Villa d’fhiosrúchán chun Grealish a thabhairt ar iasacht&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.leedsunited.com/news/team-news/423/evans-provides-latest-transfer-news|teideal=EVANS PROVIDES LATEST TRANSFER NEWS|dáta=2016-01-07|language=en|work=www.leedsunited.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-18|archivedate=2017-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730105117/https://www.leedsunited.com/news/team-news/423/evans-provides-latest-transfer-news}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chríochnaigh Villa an séasúr san áit dheireanach, ag cur deireadh lena rith 29 blianta sa Premier League. D’imir Grealish 16 chluiche, gach caillteanais, ag briseadh taifead don séasúr is measa a bhí ag [[Sean Thornton]] ó [[Sunderland Association Football Club|Sunderland]] roimhe seo, a chaill i ngach ceann de na 11 láithrithe a bhí aige i 2002–03&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1862/premier-league/2016/05/18/23687422/aston-villas-jack-grealish-sets-unwanted-premier-league|teideal=Aston Villa's Jack Grealish sets unwanted Premier League record {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

I mí Mheán Fómhair 2016, d’oscail Aston Villa imscrúdú araíonachta inmheánach tar éis tuairiscí go raibh Grealish ag cóisir in óstán in [[Birmingham]] a raibh ar na póilíní é a dhúnadh go luath ar maidin. Mar fhreagra air sin, scríobh an t-úinéir Tony Xia ar [[Twitter]] go raibh ar Grealish díriú ar an bpáirc agus amach de, agus comhlachú leis na daoine cearta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37438851|teideal=Villa investigate Grealish hotel party|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair, cuireadh Grealish ar fionraí ar feadh trí chluiche tar éis dó glacadh le cúiseamh as iompar foréigneach tar éis stampa ar [[Conor Coady]] i dtarraingt 1-1 le [[Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club|Wolverhampton Wanderers]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/aston-villa/story/2975354/aston-villa-midfielder-jack-grealish-banned-for-three-games-over-stamp|teideal=Villa's Grealish banned for three games|dáta=2016-10-18|language=en|work=ESPN.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 10 Márta 2019, rinne ionróir páirce ionsaí ar Grealish le linn an chluiche [[Dearbaí Second City|dearbaí]] ar shiúl go Birmingham City. Níos déanaí sa dara leath, scóráil Grealish chun bua 1–0 a thabhairt do Aston Villa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47431193|teideal=Grealish gives Villa win at Birmingham|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An lá céanna, gabhadh fear 27 bliain d'aois as [[Rubery]]. Láithrigh sé an 11 Márta i g[[Cúirt Ghiúistís Birmingham]] agus é cúisithe as cúngú ar an bpáirc agus as ionsaí&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47515993|teideal=Grealish attacked on pitch by spectator|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Phléadáil sé ciontach sna cionta agus cuireadh go príosún é ar feadh 14 seachtaine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-47523268|teideal=Jack Grealish: Birmingham City fan jailed for pitch attack|dáta=2019-03-11|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

I mí an Mhárta, ainmníodh Grealish mar chaptaen agus threoraigh sé Villa go 10 mbúacluiche as chéile, curriacht club. Bhronn an fhoirm seo áit ar Villa sna cluichí cáilithe mar bhua thar [[West Bromwich Albion]] agus ghnóthaigh [[Derby County F.C|Derby County]] ardú céime dóibh sa Premier League tar éis trí bliana a bheith as láthair&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/05/27/aston-villa-vs-derby-championship-play-off-final-2019-live-score/|teideal=Aston Villa end three-year Premier League exile with deserved play-off final victory over Derby at Wembley|údar=Jason Burt, Alan Tyers|dáta=2019-05-27|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tháinig an chéad cúl ag Grealish de shéasúr 2019–20 sa dara babhta de Chorn EFL 2019–20 i gcoinne [[Crewe Alexandra]] an 27 Lúnasa 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49403071|teideal=Villa thrash Crewe to reach third round|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ar an 5 Deireadh Fómhair, scóráil Grealish a chéad sprioc Premier League den séasúr, an tríú sprioc do Villa i mbua 5-1 thar [[Norwich City F.C|Norwich City]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Leis an mbua, bheag Villa amach as an barr an mbord sraith.

==== 2020-láithair: Covid-19 agus rath sa Premier League ====
I mí an Mhárta 2020, cuireadh an Premier League ar fionraí leath bealaigh trí shéasúr fillte Aston Villa, mar gheall ar an bpaindéim [[COVID-19 sa Ríocht Aontaithe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/mar/13/premier-league-and-football-league-suspended-until-4-april-coronavirus|teideal=Premier League, Football League and WSL suspended until April|dáta=2020-03-13|language=en|work=the Guardian|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I rith an briseadh forfheidhmithe, tugadh le fios gur sháraigh Grealish treoir an rialtais chun fanacht sa bhaile. Ghlac Grealish freagracht iomlán as an cion, ag rá go raibh a ghníomhartha “mícheart agus go hiomlán gan ghá&quot;. Chuir an club fíneáil air mar phionós&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/|teideal=Aston Villa Football Club {{!}} The official club website {{!}} AVFC|údar=Aston Villa Football Club|work=Aston Villa Football Club|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le linn shéasúr [[Premier League 2019-2020]], rinneash 167 feall ar Grealish, ag briseadh an curiarracht roimhe seo Premier League le 8 gcluiche fós le himirt sa séasúr&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Jack Grealish|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Grealish&amp;oldid=1007423966|journal=Wikipedia|date=2021-02-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Scórail Grealish ar an lá deireadh í cómhscór 1-1 í gcoinne [[West Ham United Football Club|West Ham United]]. De bharr an toradh, d'fhan Villa sa Premier League mar chaill a n-iomaitheoirí dícháiliú [[Watford F.C|Watford]] 3-2 do [[Arsenal Football Club|Arsenal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53460591|teideal=Villa avoid relegation with draw at West Ham|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ag Gradaim Deireadh Séasúir an chlub, vótáil an lucht tacaíochta agus a chomh-imreoirí araon ar Grealish mar Imreoir Séasúir Aston Villa&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/|teideal=Aston Villa Football Club {{!}} The official club website {{!}} AVFC|údar=Aston Villa Football Club|work=Aston Villa Football Club|dátarochtana=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Scóráil sé 10 gcúl san iomlán (8 sraith, 2 [[Corn EFL|Chorn EFL]]) i rith an tséasúir, rud a fhágann gurb é príomhchúlaí an chlub é.

=== Manchester City ===
Ar 5 Lúnasa 2021, d’fhógair [[Manchester City Football Club|Manchester City]] go raibh Grealish sínithe acu ar chonradh sé bliana go dtí 2027&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/manchester-city-sign-jack-grealish-63763786|teideal=City seal Grealish deal|údar=Rob Pollard|language=en|work=www.mancity.com|dátarochtana=2021-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ag £100 milliún (€117 milliún), rinne aistriú Grealish ó Aston Villa go City an t-imreoir Béarla is costasaí riamh, chomh maith leis an imreoir is costasaí a cheannaigh club Sasanach riamh&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12372309/jack-grealish-manchester-city-sign-aston-villa-captain-for-100m|teideal=Jack Grealish: Manchester City sign Aston Villa captain for £100m|language=en|work=Sky Sports|dátarochtana=2021-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Thug an fhoireann an léine uimhir 10 do Grealish a chaith an finscéal club [[Sergio Agüero]] roimhe seo, a d’imigh City an mhí roimh tar éis deich séasúr leis an bhfoireann&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/jack-grealish-man-city-squad-number-63763785|teideal=Grealish squad number revealed|údar=Rob Pollard|language=en|work=www.mancity.com|dátarochtana=2021-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deich lá ina dhiaidh sin, rinne Grealish a chéad chluiche do City ar chailliúint 1–0 i gcoinne [[Tottenham Hotspur Football Club|Tottenham Hotspur]] ar an gcéad lá de séasúr Premier League 2021–22&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|work=www.eurosport.com|dátarochtana=2021-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 21 Lúnasa, scóráil Grealish a chéad sprioc don chlub i mbua 5–0 ar [[Norwich City F.C|Norwich City]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58193429|teideal=Man City score five to thrash Norwich|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Gairm idírnaisiunta ==

=== Poblacht na hÉireann ===
Chuir Grealish tús lena shlí bheatha idirnáisiúnta i bhfoirne óige na hÉireann, ach ba é Sasana a shaothraigh i gcónaí. Ainmníodh é ar fhoireann [[Foreann sacair naisiunta Shasana Faoi-17|Shasana Faoi-17]] i 2011, ag 15 bliana d’aois, agus dhiúltaigh sé&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/grealish-pledges-his-future-to-boys-in-green-29455715.html|teideal=Grealish pledges his future to Boys in Green|language=en|work=independent|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tar éis dó a bheith fágtha amach as [[Foireann sacair naisiuntá Poblacht na hÉireann faoi-21|foireann faoi-21]] Phoblacht na hÉireann ar feadh trí cháilitheoir i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2012, rinne FA Shasana iarracht a chur ina luí air athrú. Dúirt bainisteoir faoi-21 Phoblacht na hÉireann, [[Noel King]], i mBealtaine 2013 go raibh an fear 17 mbliana d’aois ag smaoineamh ar athrú go Sasana mar sin níor measadh go raibh sé cairdiúil i gcoinne na Danmhairge. 

Rinne Grealish a chéad tús faoi-21 do Phoblacht na hÉireann mar ionadach déanach i gcoinne [[Foreann sacair nasiúnta faoi-21 Oileáin Fharó|Oileáin Fharó]] i mí Lúnasa 2013. In 2013, d’athdhearbhaigh Grealish a mhian leanúint ag déanamh ionadaíochta ar Éirinn&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/grealish-happy-to-stay-in-green-for-nights-like-these-1.1520997|teideal=Grealish happy to stay in green for nights like these|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

I mí Lúnasa 2014, ainmníodh Grealish arís ar scuad faoi-21 Phoblacht na hÉireann. Tuairiscíodh i dtosach go ndiúltódh sé an glao go dtí daoine faoi 21 mar gheall ar a bheith neamhchinnte faoina thodhchaí idirnáisiúnta&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9441441/aston-villa-boss-paul-lambert-insists-jack-grealish-will-decide-his-own-international-future|teideal=Aston Villa will let Jack Grealish decide international future|language=en|work=Sky Sports|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ach bhí Grealish i láthair do Phoblacht na hÉireann i gcaillteanas 2–0 in aghaidh na [[Foreann sacair náisiúnta faoi-21 Gearmáine|Gearmáine]].

Tháinig sé chun solais ina dhiaidh sin gur dhiúltaigh Grealish glao ar f[[Foreann sacair nasiunta na hÉireann|hoireann shinsearach na hÉireann]] tar éis cainteanna le [[Martin O'Neill|Martin O’Neil]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;l&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/12/jack-grealish-real-deal-aston-villa|teideal=Jack Grealish turning into the real deal as he keeps his options open|dáta=2014-09-12|language=en|work=the Guardian|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2014, tharraing Grealish amach as scuad faoi-21 Phoblacht na hÉireann le haghaidh cluiche i gcoinne na hIorua le himirt i gcúl doirse dúnta a bhí cairdiúil dá chlub Aston Villa agus dhearbhaigh bainisteoir faoi-21 Shasana [[Gareth Southgate]] go raibh an Cumann Peile ag déanamh monatóireachta ar an staid an imreora&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/oct/06/gareth-southgate-england-under-21s-jack-grealish-republic-of-ireland-under-21s|teideal=Gareth Southgate hopes Jack Grealish decides to play for England|dáta=2014-10-06|language=en|work=the Guardian|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/international-soccer/jack-grealish-withdraws-from-ireland-under-21-squad-and-noel-king-accepts-his-reasons-30643308.html|teideal=Jack Grealish withdraws from Ireland under-21 squad and Noel King &quot;accepts&quot; his reasons|language=en|work=independent|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Tháinig tuairiscí chun solais an 17 Deireadh Fómhair a dhearbhaigh Grealish d’Éirinn agus go ndéanfadh sé a chéad chluiche sinsearach an mhí dár gcionn ach dhiúltaigh an t-imreoir é seo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29660430|teideal=Grealish expected to choose Republic|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.thescore.ie/jack-grealish-ireland-future-1729749-Oct2014/|teideal=Confusion surrounds Grealish’s international future despite reports|dáta=2014-10-18|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2021-02-19|archivedate=2014-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018111118/http://www.thescore.ie/jack-grealish-ireland-future-1729749-Oct2014/}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bhronn [[Cumann Peile na hÉireann]] imreoir Faoi-21 na bliana ar Grealish i mí an Mhárta 2015 áit ar fhógair sé go raibh sos tógtha aige ó chluichí idirnáisiúnta na n-óg le bliain anuas chun díriú ar bhriseadh isteach sa chéad fhoireann Aston Villa agus go raibh súil aige leis a bheith ar ais ag imirt d’Éirinn go luath&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=VIDEO: Grealish set to return to Ireland set-up|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2015/0322/688974-video-grealish-likely-to-return-to-ireland-set-up/|date=2015-03-22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

I mí na Bealtaine 2015, dhiúltaigh Grealish glao eile ar scuad sinsir na hÉireann, an uair seo do chluiche cairdiúil i gcoinne Shasana agus cáilitheoir do Chraobh na hEorpa i gcoinne na [[Foreann sacair nasiúnta Alban|hAlban]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32703107|teideal=Grealish turns down Republic call-up|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nocht bainisteoir Shasana [[Roy Hodgson]], cé go raibh sé i dteagmháil le Grealish, nár chuir sé san áireamh é ina scuad chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar Éirinn ar eagla go frithradadh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32840053|teideal=Hodgson feared reaction to Grealish|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

I mí Lúnasa 2015, bhuail Hodgson le Grealish chun a thodhchaí a phlé&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-star-jack-grealish-9999788|teideal=Aston Villa star Jack Grealish could get Euros chance|údar=Gregg Evans|dáta=2015-09-06|language=en|work=BirminghamLive|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Sasana ===
An 28 Meán Fómhair 2015, dheimhnigh Grealish go raibh cinneadh déanta aige ionadaíocht a dhéanamh ar Shasana ar leibhéal idirnáisiúnta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34382195|teideal=Grealish picks England over Republic|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Rinne sé a chéad chluiche do Shasana faoi-21 an 19 Bealtaine 2016 mar ionadach 72 nóiméad do [[Ruben Loftus-Cheek]] i mbua 1–0 ar [[Foreann sacair nasiúnta faoi-21 an Pórtaingéil|an bPortaingéil]] ag an [[Toulon Tournament]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12016/10288368/england-u21-1-0-portugal-u21-grealish-plays-in-toulon-win|teideal=England U21 1-0 Portugal U21: Grealish plays in Toulon win|language=en|work=Sky Sports|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Ar a chéad tús ceithre lá ina dhiaidh sin scóráil sé faoi dhó sa chéad leath de bhuachan 7-1 ar Ghuine&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/fb_273328.html|teideal=Result: Debutant Jack Grealish bags brace as England U21s put seven past Guinea U23s|language=en-GB|work=Sports Mole|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chuaigh Sasana ar aghaidh chun an comórtas a bhuachan den chéad uair ó 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36410296|teideal=England Under-21s win Toulon Tournament|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ainmníodh Grealish sa scuad do Shasana faoi-21 ag [[Craobh Faoi-21 Eorpach UEFA 2017]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/2017-european-u21-championships-squads-10627320|teideal=Squads, fixtures, results, stadiums and more for 2017 European U21 Championships|údar=Billy Stephenson|dáta=2017-06-26|language=en|work=mirror|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ó 2016 go 2017, rinne sé seacht láithriú do dhaoine faoi 21, ag scóráil dhá chúilín&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/MatchRsl/MatchRslTmU21pg4.html|teideal=England Matches - Under-21's 2010-20|work=www.englandfootballonline.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

An 8 Meán Fómhair, rinne sé a chéad chluiche sinsir mar ionadach 76 nóiméad i dtarraingt 0-0 in aghaidh na Danmhairge&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53980518|teideal=England draw dull Denmark game|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Ar an 1 Meitheamh 2021, fuair Grealish caipín den scuad 26 fear Shasana don [[UEFA Euro 2020|Euro 2020]] athsceidealaithe&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://footballexpress.co.uk/ben-white-replaces-taa-in-england-squad-ahead-of-euro-2020/|teideal=Ben White Replaces TAA in England squad ahead of Euro 2020|údar=Vishal Bhawani|dáta=2021-06-08|language=en-US|work=Football Express United Kingdom|dátarochtana=2021-07-20|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202800/https://footballexpress.co.uk/ben-white-replaces-taa-in-england-squad-ahead-of-euro-2020/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Stíl imeartha ==
Imríonn Grealish [[imreoir lár páirce]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/12/jack-grealish-real-deal-aston-villa|teideal=Jack Grealish turning into the real deal as he keeps his options open|dáta=2014-09-12|language=en|work=the Guardian|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Cosantóir|.]] Chuir Bryan Jones, iarstiúrthóir acadamh Aston Villa, a stíl imeartha i gcomparáid le stíl réalta [[Nottingham Forest F.C|Nottingham Forest]], [[John Robertson (imreoir sacair, rugadh 1953)|John Robertson]].

Mar thoradh ar a ghluaiseacht lúfar, tá Grealish go háirithe ag deireadh na ndúshlán níos troime agus níos fisiciúla ó imreoirí freasúracha. Chuir [[Shaun Derry]], a bhainisteoir ag Notts County, béim air seo, tar éis cluichí i gcoinne [[Sheffield United F.C|Sheffield United]] agus [[Stevenage F.C|Stevenage]] go luath in 2014 agus d’iarr sé cosaint níos oifigiúla&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/Peterborough-v-Notts-County-Shaun-Derry-eager/story-20470851-detail/story.html|teideal=Peterborough v Notts County: Shaun Derry eager to protect Jack Grealish from rough treatment {{!}} Nottingham Post|dáta=2014-10-22|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2021-02-19|archivedate=2014-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022164727/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Peterborough-v-Notts-County-Shaun-Derry-eager/story-20470851-detail/story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

I gcluiche in 2014 do Aston Villa i gcoinne [[Hull City Association Football Club|Hull City]] ag Villa Park, fuair triúr imreoirí Hull cártaí buí laistigh de thréimhse 15 nóiméad mar thoradh ar roinnt fallaí a rinneadh i gcoinne Grealish&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/big-interview-aston-villas-jack-7748474|teideal=The Big Interview: Aston Villa's Jack Grealish says he is a lifelong fan and wants to stay at Villa Park - Birmingham Mail|dáta=2016-03-04|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2021-02-19|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111534/http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/big-interview-aston-villas-jack-7748474}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Caitheann Grealish loirgneán nuair ag imirt, d’fhonn a chumas an liathróid a rialú go héifeachtach&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/jack-grealish-what-you-aston-7745529|teideal=Jack Grealish: What do you get Aston Villa's wing whizz-kid for his 19th birthday today?|údar=Mat Kendrick|dáta=2014-09-10|language=en|work=BirminghamLive|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Caitheann sé a stocaí peile a rolladh síos mar gheall ar phiseog, rud a thug ar réiteoirí rabhadh a thabhairt dóibh é a tharraingt suas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32218865|teideal=Superstition behind Grealish's socks|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dúirt bainisteoir Aston Villa, [[Tim Sherwood]], i mBealtaine 2015 go raibh Grealish ag foghlaim óna chairdeas lena pháirtí lár páirce, an sean-imreoir [[Joe Cole]]. Mheas Sherwood gur eiseamláir é Cole do shaol príobháideach Grealish, mar “níor léigh sé an iomarca faoi Joe a bheith ar na leathanaigh tosaigh”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32558982|teideal='Grealish should follow Cole advice'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Ar 12 Feabhra 2021, In agallamh le [[Talksport]], chuir [[Emiliano Martínez]], comhghleacaí foirne Aston Villa, síos ar Grealish mar “an t-imreoir is cumasaí [a chonaic sé] riamh” agus chuir sé iontas air nár imir sé níos mó cluichí do Shasana. Lean Martínez ar aghaidh ag rá: &quot;ní thugann sé an liathróid ar shiúl riamh. Nuair a fheicim Grealish ag rith, is lámhaigh i gcónaí é ar sprioc nó cúinne dúinn. Rachaidh sé thart ar bheirt nó triúr imreoirí&quot;. Tharraing Martínez comparáidí idir Grealish agus a chomrádaí foirne san [[Foireann sacair naisiúnta Airgintín|Airgintín]], [[Lionel Messi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://talksport.com/football/833327/aston-villa-jack-grealish-lionel-messi-arsenal-emiliano-martinez-arsenal/|teideal=Grealish is 'Messi with a right foot' and 'most talented star' ex-Arsenal man has seen|údar=161385360554578|dáta=2021-02-12|language=en-US|work=talkSPORT|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ar a chéad tús ceithre lá ina dhiaidh sin scóráil sé faoi dhó sa chéad leath de bhuachan 7-1 ar Ghuine&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/fb_273328.html|teideal=Result: Debutant Jack Grealish bags brace as England U21s put seven past Guinea U23s|language=en-GB|work=Sports Mole|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chuaigh Sasana ar aghaidh chun an comórtas a bhuachan den chéad uair ó 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36410296|teideal=England Under-21s win Toulon Tournament|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ainmníodh Grealish sa scuad do Shasana faoi-21 ag [[Craobh Faoi-21 Eorpach UEFA 2017]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/2017-european-u21-championships-squads-10627320|teideal=Squads, fixtures, results, stadiums and more for 2017 European U21 Championships|údar=Billy Stephenson|dáta=2017-06-26|language=en|work=mirror|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ó 2016 go 2017, rinne sé seacht láithriú do dhaoine faoi 21, ag scóráil dhá chúilín&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/MatchRsl/MatchRslTmU21pg4.html|teideal=England Matches - Under-21's 2010-20|work=www.englandfootballonline.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

An 31 Lúnasa 2020, den chéad uair, glaodh ar Grealish chuig scuad sinsearach [[Foreann sacair náisiúnta Sasana|Shasana]] do chluichí [[Sraith na Náisiún UEFA]] i gcoinne [[Foreann sacair náisiúnta na hÍoslainne|na hÍoslainne]] agus na [[Foreann sacair náisiúnta Danmhairge|Danmhairge]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12016/12060478/jack-grealish-gets-first-england-call-up-from-gareth-southgate|teideal=Jack Grealish gets first England call-up from Gareth Southgate|language=en|work=Sky Sports|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An 8 Meán Fómhair, rinne sé a chéad chluiche sinsir mar ionadach 76 nóiméad i dtarraingt 0-0 in aghaidh na Danmhairge&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/MatchRsl/MatchRslTmU21pg4.html|teideal=England Matches - Under-21's 2010-20|work=www.englandfootballonline.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Staitistic gairm ==

=== Club ===
''Ón 4 Feabhra 2021''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jack-grealish/213954/|teideal=England - J. Grealish - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|work=int.soccerway.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Seásur
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sraith
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Corn FA]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Corn Sraith]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Eile
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iomlan
|-
!Roinn
!Cúmai
!Cúlai
!Cúmai
!Cúlai
!Cúmai
!Cúlai
!Cúmai
!Cúlai
!Cúmai
!Cúlai
|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |[[Aston Villa Football Club|Aston Villa]]
|[[Seasúr Aston Villa 2011-2012|2011–12]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2011|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Premier League]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
|2012–13&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2012|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
|2013–14&lt;ref name=&quot;sb1314&quot;&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2013|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
|2014–15&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2014|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|17
|0
|6
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|24
|0
|-
|2015–16&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2015|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|16
|1
|2
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|1
|-
|2016–17&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2016|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[EFL Championship|Championship]]
|31
|5
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|5
|-
|2017–18&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2017|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Championship
|30
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|3
|0
|33
|3
|-
|2018–19&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2018|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Championship
|31
|6
|0
|0
|1
|0
|3
|0
|35
|6
|-
|2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2019|access-date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|36
|8
|0
|0
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|41
|10
|-
|2020–21&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|64748|2020|access-date=18 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|20
|6
|0
|0
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iomlan
!184
!29
!10
!0
!12
!3
!6
!0
!209
!32
|-
|[[Notts County F.C|Notts County]] (loiasacht)
|2013–14&lt;ref name=&quot;sb1314&quot; /&gt;
|[[EFL League One|League One]]
|37
|5
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|39
|5
|-
|[[Manchester City Football Club|Manchester City]]
|2021-2022
|Premier League
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|3
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Iomlan Gairm
!224
!35
!11
!0
!12
!3
!8
!0
!255
!38
|}

=== Idírnasíunta ===
''Ón 18 Samhain 2020''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54860071|teideal=England fail to qualify for Nations League finals|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Foreann náisiúnta
!bhliain
!Cúmai
!Cúlai
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Foreann sacair náisiúnta Sasana|Sasana]]
|2020
|5
|0
|-
|2021
|7
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iomlan
!12
!0
|}

== Onoracha ==

==== Óige Aston Villa ====
[[:en:NextGen_Series_(2011–13)|NextGen Series]]: [[Sraith NextGen: 2012-2013|2012–13]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/9965508/NextGen-Series-Final-Chelsea-U19-0-Aston-Villa-U19-2.html|teideal=NextGen Series Final: Chelsea U19 0 Aston Villa U19 2|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|dátarochtana=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Aston Villa'''

* EFL Championship play-offs: 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48331145|title=Aston Villa 2–1 Derby County|first=Ian|last=Woodcock|website=BBC Sport|date=27 May 2019|access-date=27 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Corn FA|FA Cup]] runner-up: 2014–15&lt;ref name=&quot;FAC2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32856754|title=Arsenal 4–0 Aston Villa|first=Phil|last=McNulty|website=BBC Sport|date=30 May 2015|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[EFL Cup]] runner-up: 2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51601970|title=Aston Villa 1–2 Manchester City|first=Phil|last=McNulty|website=BBC Sport|date=1 March 2020|access-date=1 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Sasana F21'''

* [[Toulon Tournament]]: 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2016/may/29/france-toulon-final-report-280516|title=England under-21s lift Toulon title after win over France|first=Nicholas|last=Veevers|publisher=The Football Association|date=29 May 2016|access-date=17 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sasana ====

* [[UEFA Euro 2020|Craobh na hEorpa UEFA  2020]]: Dara áit

==== Imreoir ====

* FAI Imreoir Eíreannach idírnasíunta den bhliain faoi-17 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fai.ie/ireland/news/stars-honoured-at-23rd-international-awards|title=Stars honoured at 23rd International Awards|publisher=Football Association of Ireland|date=4 February 2013|access-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FAI Imreoir Eíreannach idírnasíunta den bhliain faoi-21 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;RTE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2015/0322/688974-video-grealish-likely-to-return-to-ireland-set-up/|title=Video: Grealish set to return to Ireland set-up|website=RTÉ Sport|date=22 March 2015|access-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aston Villa Football Club|Aston Villa]] Imreoir den seásur: 2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/08/07/jack-grealish-player-of-the-year|title=Jack Grealish voted Supporters’ and Players’ Player of the Year|publisher=Aston Villa F.C.|date=7 August 2020|access-date=7 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aston Villa Imreoir óg den séasúr: 2014–15
* PFA Foreann den bliain: 2018–19 Championship&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48039297|title=Championship: Norwich and Leeds dominate PFA selection of team of 2018–19|website=BBC Sport|date=24 April 2019|access-date=25 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saol pearsanta ==
Is é Grealish an chéad de bheirt leanaí. Fuair a dheartháir níos óige, Keelan, bás ag 9 mí i mí Aibreáin 2000 mar gheall ar [[Siondróm Bás Tobann Naíonán|shiondróm Bás Tobann Naíonán]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-england-under-21-13226229|teideal=Jack Grealish is motivated by the death of his baby brother|údar=Mat Kendrick|dáta=2018-04-08|language=en|work=BirminghamLive|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Peileadóir freisin ab ea a shinn-sin-seanathair, [[Billy Garraty]], a thuill caipín amháin as Sasana agus a bhuaigh Cluiche Ceannais [[Corn FA|Chorn FA]] 1905 le Aston Villa&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-1905-fa-cup-9067929|teideal=Aston Villa v Arsenal: This 1905 FA Cup winner is related to a current Villa star - find out who|údar=Mat Kendrick|dáta=2015-05-26|language=en|work=BirminghamLive|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.englandstats.com/player.php?pid=285|teideal=englandstats.com {{!}} 285 Billy Garraty (1903)|work=www.englandstats.com|dátarochtana=2021-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grealish, Jack}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>FIFA 21</title>
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Is cluiche físeáin insamhalta [[Sacar|sacair]] é '''FIFA 21''' a d’fhoilsigh [[EA Sports]] mar chuid den tsraith [[FIFA (peil fantaisíochta)|FIFA]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/fifa-21|teideal=FIFA 21 - Football Video Game from EA SPORTS™ - EA Official Site|údar=Electronic Arts|dáta=2020-08-20|language=en|work=www.ea.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Is é an 28ú tráthchuid é sa tsraith FIFA, agus eisíodh é an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2020 do [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 4]] agus [[Xbox One]] le leaganacha feabhsaithe don [[Playstation 5]] agus [[Xbox Series X]] agus Series S á scaoileadh an 3 Nollaig 2020.

== Gnéithe ==

=== Foireann is Fearr ===
Tá 100 seinnteoir deilbhín ar an Foireann is Fearr, lena n-áirítear 11 ainm nua. Is é FIFA 21 an chéad chuma ar [[Éric Cantona|Eric Cantona]], [[Petr Čech]], [[Ashley Cole]], [[Samuel Eto'o]], [[Philipp Lahm]], [[Ferenc Puskás]], [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]], [[Davor Šuker]], [[Fernando Torres]], [[Nemanja Vidić]], agus [[Xavier Hernández|Xavi]] í Foireann is Fearr. Baineadh cúl báire [[Jens Lehmann]] den mhodh ar bhliain.

Feiceann Foireann is Fearr gné gameplay comh-op a chur leis i bhfoirm Iomaitheoirí Rannáin, Cathanna Scuad agus Cairdiulí le cara ar líne chun cuspóirí agus luaíochtaí a dhíghlasáil. 

Is féidir leis na himreoirí a staidiam FFIF féin a shaincheapadh le tifí, piriteicnic, trófaithe, ceol, dealbha agus seastáin de réir mar a fhásann a gclub FFIF. Comhcheanglaíonn cairde beo FFIF rialacha tí le rialacha scuad chun cineálacha éagsúla cluichí a chruthú a athraíonn i rith na bliana. Ligeann biachláir athdheartha rochtain ar a scuad agus a staidiam go díreach ó áit ar bith sa phríomh-roghchlár. In imeachtaí nua FFIF, is féidir leis na himreoirí taobhanna a roghnú agus dul san iomaíocht i gcoinne an phobail FFIF chun pacáistí, boinn, míreanna club nó imreoirí a dhíghlasáil i gCuspóirí Imeachtaí Foirne.

Tá an 100 barr leathnaithe go dtí an 200 is fearr i Seaimpíní FFIF. Cuireann 30 cluiche i gComórtais Rannáin lena rátáil seachtainiúil. Is féidir leo níos mó cluichí a imirt le haghaidh pointí scileanna agus pointí Seaimpíní FFIF ach ní mhéadóidh siad a rangú féin. Is féidir le himreoirí luaíochtaí breise monaí a fháil nuair a fhaigheann siad ardú céime go rannán nua den chéad uair i Rannáin Iomaitheoirí. Is féidir Cathanna Scuad a úsáid chun a rannán iomaitheoirí a chinneadh ag tús FFIF 21.

Baineadh earraí inchaite folláine agus oiliúna den chluiche, agus imreoirí ag filleadh ar aclaíocht iomlán tar éis cluiche a bheith críochnaithe&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://betslive.ru/news/fifa-21-obzor/|work=betslive.ru|dátarochtana=2021-05-09|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027225858/https://betslive.ru/news/fifa-21-obzor/}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Rinneadh earraí cneasaithe a shimpliú go díreach earraí coitianta óir agus neamhchoitianta&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-08-10-ea-has-finally-removed-fitness-items-from-fifa-ultimate-team-for-fifa-21|teideal=EA has finally removed fitness items from Ultimate Team for FIFA 21|údar=Wesley Yin-Poole|dáta=2020-08-10|language=en|work=Eurogamer|dátarochtana=2021-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Is féidir club an imreora a aistriú ó PlayStation 4 go PlayStation 5, agus ó Xbox One go Xbox Series X agus Series S, ach ní ó PlayStation go Xbox nó a mhalairt.

Is é tosaí [[Futbol Club Barcelona|Barcalona]] [[Lionel Messi]] ar an t-imreoir gníomhach is fearr san Fhoireann is Fearr, le rátáil foriomlán 93. Tá tosaí [[Juventus Football Club|Juventus]] [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] sa dara háit, le 92 san iomlán, leis cúl báire [[Club Atlético de Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] [[Jan Oblak]], imreoir lár páirce [[Manchester City Football Club|Manchester City]] [[Kevin de Bruyne]], tosaí [[Paris Saint-Germain]] [[Neymar]] agus tosaí [[Fußball-Club Bayern München|Bayern München]] [[Robert Lewandowski]] ag 91.

=== Mód Gairm ===
Feiceann FIFA 21 athruithe ar mhodh Gairme Bhainisteora&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=FIFA 21 Is Finally Making Career Mode Changes - IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/fifa-21-career-mode-changes-details|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/news-ea-introduce-interactive-match-sim-on-fifa-21-career-mode-20200724|teideal=The 'Interactive Match Sim' On FIFA 21 Career Mode Will Be A Gamechanger|language=en|work=www.sportbible.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-09|archivedate=2020-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007172849/https://www.sportbible.com/football/news-ea-introduce-interactive-match-sim-on-fifa-21-career-mode-20200724}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Córas oiliúna nua agus feabhsaithe lena gceadaítear sceidil oiliúna seachtainiúla agus an cumas imreoirí a oiliúint chun imirt i bpoist éagsúla, staitisticí nua cosúil le folláine agus fás cluiche, córas acadamh óige feabhsaithe, déileáilí iasacht-go-cheannach, F.S freasúra níos fearr agus modh insamhalta cluichí idirghníomhach, a ligeann d’imreoirí léim isteach agus amach as cluichí chomh maith le pleananna cluiche a athrú i bhfíor-am&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

=== VOLTA Football 2021 ===
Tá modh VOLTA [[FIFA 20]] le feiceáil i FIFA 21. Leanann sé mhodh scéal an chluiche roimhe seo. Volta Squads, modh ar líne inar féidir le daoine imirt le cairde agus modh Cathanna le Féiceaill. Tá São Paulo, Páras, Sydney, Dubai agus Milan sa modh don cead t-am&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/pitch-notes/news/pitch-notes-fifa-21-volta-football-deep-dive?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwI2Xzvyn7AIVEsDICh2tiQBBEAAYASACEgIs2PD_BwE&amp;gclsrc=aw.ds|teideal=Pitch Notes - FIFA 21 VOLTA FOOTBALL Deep Dive|údar=Electronic Arts|dáta=2020-08-12|language=en|work=Electronic Arts Inc.|dátarochtana=2021-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://futsalfeed.com/original-content/fifa-volta-21-review--futsal-in-the-most-popular-football-simulation-in-the-world|teideal=FIFA Volta 21 review – futsal in the most popular football simulation in the world!|údar=FutsalFeed|language=en|work=futsalfeed.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Ceadúnais ===
Tá níos mó ná 30 sraithe oifigiúla sa chluiche, os cionn 700 club, agus os cionn 17,000 imreoir&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/fifa-21/leagues-and-clubs-authenticity|teideal=FIFA 21 Exclusive Licenses - All Leagues and Clubs|údar=Electronic Arts|dáta=2020-07-21|language=en|work=Electronic Arts Inc.|dátarochtana=2021-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I mí Lúnasa 2020, d’fhógair EA Sports comhpháirtíocht eisiach ilbhliana le [[Associazione Calcio Milan|AC Milan]] agus [[Football Club Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/fifa-21-milan-inter-ea-sports-partners-new-game/1nfzfaf4vxe8i1oz7hqskdac31|teideal=FIFA 21: AC Milan and Inter revealed as EA Sports partners for new game {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Níl [[Juventus Football Club|Juventus]], [[Associazione Sportiva Roma|Roma]] agus [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] le feiceáil i FIFA 21, tar éis dóibh conradh ceadúnaithe a shíniú le [[Konami]] le feiceáil go heisiach in [[eFootball PES 2021]] (ní raibh Juventus le feiceáil i FIFA 20 freisin). Ar a dtugtar Piemonte Calcio, Roma F.C agus Oceanicó FC faoi seach, tá imreoirí Juventus agus Roma fós ceadúnaithe, ach tá feisteasí agus suaitheantais saincheaptha orthu agus imríonn siad i staidiamaí cineálacha.

Tá cead ag [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] agus [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] láithriú sna [[CONMEBOL Libertadores]] lena bhfíor-ainmneacha, a bhfeisteáin agus a suaitheantais, áfach, feictear iad mar ''Nuñez'' agus ''[[Buenos Aires]]'' faoi seach i [[Liga Proffesional de Futbol]] na hAirgintíne, le feisteáin agus suaitheantais chineálacha. Tá [[Fußball-Club Bayern München|Bayern München]] le feiceáil sa chluiche freisin, áfach, imríonn siad i staidiam cineálach&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-gaming-another-serie-a-giant-will-be-missing-from-fifa-21-20200803|teideal=Another Serie A Team Will Be Missing From FIFA 21 Alongside Juventus|language=en|work=www.sportbible.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-09|archivedate=2020-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805085211/https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-gaming-another-serie-a-giant-will-be-missing-from-fifa-21-20200803}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tá [[Foireann sacair náisiúnta na Fionlainne|foireann peile náisiúnta na Fionlainne]] láncheadúnaithe den chéad uair.

I mí na Samhna 2020, d’fhógair [[Zlatan Ibrahimovic]] nach bhfuil sé sásta leis a íomhá atá ag EA Sports ina chluichí, go háirithe FIFA 21 agus go bhfuil sé ar intinn aige caingean dlí a thionscnamh i gcoinne an fhorbróra&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55059626|teideal=Ibrahimovic and Bale query Fifa rights|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tháinig [[Gareth Bale]] leis agus é ag maíomh nár thug sé cead do EA Sports a n-íomhánna a úsáid i FIFA. Fuair siad tacaíocht ó go leor imreoirí eile a bhí le feiceáil sa chluiche&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/news-football-gaming-300-players-are-ready-to-join-zlatan-ibrahimovic-in-fifa-21-battle-20201126|teideal=Mino Raiola Confirms 300 Players Are Ready To Join Zlatan Ibrahimovic In FIFA 21 Likeness Use Battle|language=en|work=www.sportbible.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-10|archivedate=2023-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125212934/https://www.sportbible.com/football/news-football-gaming-300-players-are-ready-to-join-zlatan-ibrahimovic-in-fifa-21-battle-20201126}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Eisiúin ==
Scaoileadh FIFA 21 ar fud an domhain an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2020 do [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[Xbox One]] agus [[Nintendo Switch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/fifa-21-release-date-confirmed-as-mbappe-stars-in-first-look/f67zg69oqs0y1skiy672oeovj|teideal=FIFA 21 release date confirmed as Mbappe stars in first look {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/fifa-21-release-time-download-7121|teideal=FIFA 21 release time, pre-download time and all release dates for the full game explained|údar=Chris Tapsell|dáta=2020-10-07|language=en|work=Eurogamer|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/be-careful-fifa-21-on-switch-will-be-another-legac/1100-6478747/|teideal=Be Careful: FIFA 21 On Switch Will Be Another Legacy Edition|language=en-US|work=GameSpot|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Is &quot;Eagrán Oidhreacht&quot; an leagan Switch, le feisteas nuashonraithe, uainchláir, agus mion-nuashonruithe, ach ní chuimsíonn sé &quot;modhanna cluiche nua nó nuálaíochtaí imirt&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Tá trí eagrán oifigiúla sa chluiche: Ultimate, Seaimpíní agus Caighdeán. Scaoileadh na heagráin Ultimate and Seaimpíní an 6 Deireadh Fómhair sular eisíodh an t-eagrán caighdeánach an 9 Deireadh Fómhair&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Bhí síntiúsóirí [[EA Play]] in ann triail luath-rochtana 10 uair an chloig de FIFA 21 a fháil an 1 Deireadh Fómhair&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Scaoileadh an cluiche freisin ar [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox Series X/S]], agus [[Google Stadia]] i mí na Nollag&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Réalta clúdaigh agus ambasadóirí ===
I mí Iúil 2020, fógraíodh [[Kylian Mbappé]] de chuid [[Paris Saint-Germain]] mar réalta chlúdaigh na dtrí eagrán ar fad&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/fifa-21-cover-athlete-and-new-box-art-style-reveal/1100-6480007/|teideal=FIFA 21 Cover Athlete And New Box Art Style Revealed|language=en-US|work=GameSpot|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/paris-saint-germain/story/4143837/psgs-kylian-mbappe-is-fifa-21-cover-star|teideal=PSG's Mbappe fronts FIFA 21 cover|dáta=2020-07-22|language=en|work=ESPN.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Fógraíodh [[Erling Haaland]], [[Trent Alexander-Arnold]], [[João Félix]], [[Sam Kerr]], [[Wu Lei]], [[Javier Hernández]], agus [[Carlos Vela]] mar ambasadóirí oifigiúla an chluiche&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2901374-fifa-21-gameplay-new-features-eric-cantona-fut-icon-unveiled-in-reveal-trailer|teideal=FIFA 21 Gameplay, New Features, Eric Cantona FUT Icon Unveiled in Reveal Trailer|údar=Joseph Zucker|language=en|work=Bleacher Report|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/fifa-21/fifa-21-ambassadors|teideal=FIFA 21 Ambassadors - EA SPORTS Official Site|údar=Electronic Arts|dáta=2020-08-06|language=en|work=Electronic Arts Inc.|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Is iad [[Mount Mason]], [[Georgia Stanway]], [[Phil Foden]], [[Mallory Pugh]], [[Steven Bergwijn]], [[Theo Hernandez]], [[Rodrygo]], [[Sergiño Dest]], [[Giovanni Reyna]], [[Bruno Guimarães]], [[Hwang Hee-sang]], agus [[Aaron Connolly]] na ambasadóirí FIFA Next&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2020/08/06/mason-mount-announced-as-fifa-21-next-ambassador|teideal=Mason Mount announced as FIFA 21 Next ambassador {{!}} Official Site {{!}} Chelsea Football Club|work=ChelseaFC|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.soccerbible.com/news/2020/08/ea-sports-reveals-the-roster-of-fifa-21-next-gen-ambassadors/|teideal=EA Sports Reveals The Roster Of FIFA 21 Next-Gen Ambassadors|work=SoccerBible|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fuair cáineadh ealaín an chlúdaigh, le lucht leanúna agus criticeoirí ag glaoch air go raibh sé neamhsheasmhach agus á chur i gcomparáid le [[UFC 4]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://culturedvultures.com/fifa-21s-standard-champions-ultimate-cover-mbappe/|teideal=FIFA 21's Cover Continues EA's New Trend of Hideous Box Art|dáta=2020-07-22|language=en-US|work=Cultured Vultures|dátarochtana=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fáilte ==
De réir [[Metacritic]], fuair  leagan [[Xbox One]] “dearfach go ginearálta” den chluiche ó léirmheastóirí agus fuair na leaganacha PC agus [[Playstation 4|PS4]] athbhreithnithe “measctha nó meánacha”. Fuair leagan [[Nintendo Switch]] léirmheasanna “neamhfhabhrach go ginearálta” ó chriticeoirí.

D’fhoilsigh [[IGN]] a n-athbhreithniú ar [[FIFA 20]] don Nintendo Switch don FIFA 21 ós rud é go raibh na cluichí beagnach mar an gcéanna (agus mar sin, mar an gcéanna le [[FIFA 19]]) ag tabhairt 2/10 dó&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=FIFA 21 Legacy Edition (Switch) Review - IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/fifa-21-legacy-edition-switch-review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ainmníodh é don chatagóir den chluiche Spóirt/Rásaíochta is Fearr ag [[The Game Awards]] 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2020/12/11/heres-the-game-awards-2020-winner-list-with-a-near-total-last-of-us-sweep/|teideal=Here’s The Game Awards 2020 Winners List With A Near-Total ‘Last Of Us’ Sweep|údar=Paul Tassi|language=en|work=Forbes|dátarochtana=2021-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Conspóid ==

=== &quot;EAGate&quot; ===
I lár mhí an Mhárta 2021, fuair imreoirí FIFA 21 amach go raibh fostaí EA ar a laghad ag díol cártaí speisialta “Deilbhín Nóiméad” ón gcuid den Fhoireann is Fearr den chluiche, ar shlí eile cártaí le gnóthú trí mheilt sa chluiche nó trí cheannacháin micridirbheirti le deis ceann a fháil i bpacáistí nua&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2021-03-10-fifa-21-rocked-by-ea-gate-scandal-as-company-employee-alleged-to-have-sold-coveted-ultimate-team-cards-for-thousands-of-pounds|teideal=FIFA 21 rocked by &quot;EAGate&quot; scandal after company employee is alleged to have sold coveted Ultimate Team cards for thousands of pounds|údar=Wesley Yin-Poole|dáta=2021-03-11|language=en|work=Eurogamer|dátarochtana=2021-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sheol EA imscrúdú, ag tuairisciú i dtosach gur cosúil go raibh ilchuntais EA ag díol na Nóiméad Deilbhín seo trí mheicníocht “deonú ábhair” an chluiche, a ligeann do EA míreanna Foirne is Fearr a dheonú d’imreoirí dá rogha féin lasmuigh de ghnáth-chluiche&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/378374/EA_investigating_claims_that_staff_members_have_been_selling_rare_FIFA_21_items.php|teideal=EA investigating claims that staff members have been selling rare FIFA 21 items|údar=Chris Kerr|language=en|work=www.gamasutra.com|dátarochtana=2021-05-14|archivedate=2023-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125213552/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/ea-investigating-claims-that-staff-members-have-been-selling-rare-i-fifa-21-i-items}}&lt;/ref&gt;, agus níos déanaí bhí sé ag cur an chórais &quot;deonú ábhair&quot; ar fionraí ar feadh tréimhse éiginnte go dtí go gcuirfeadh siad a n-imscrúdú i gcrích&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2021-03-13-ea-suspends-all-discretionary-fifa-ultimate-team-content-granting-indefinitely-amid-ea-gate-scandal|teideal=EA suspends all discretionary FIFA Ultimate Team content granting indefinitely amid &quot;EA Gate&quot; scandal|údar=Wesley Yin-Poole|dáta=2021-03-13|language=en|work=Eurogamer|dátarochtana=2021-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

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    <title>Action Bronson</title>
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      <text bytes="23785" sha1="oy6rhglfqm95ijn825hbmbd77199lah" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is rapálaí Meiriceánach agus láithreoir teilifíse é '''Ariyan Arslani''' (rugadh 2 Nollaig, 1983), a bhfuil aithne níos fearr air leis an ainm stáitse '''Action Bronson'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/chef-rap-celebrity-meet-queens-newest-hip-hop-star-article-1.1383382|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shínigh sé le Warner Bros. Taifid i mí Lúnasa 2012, ach aistríodh é go dtí an lipéad arna dháileadh ag Atlantic Records Vice Records níos déanaí.

Reáchtálann Arslani seó cainte/éagsúlachta ''The Untitled Action Bronson Show'', chomh maith lena chlár taistil ''Fuck, That's Delicious'', ar Viceland. Bíonn a chomhoibrithe rialta Meyhem Lauren, The Alchemist, agus Big Body Bes tráth ar an dá shraith teilifíse dá chuid go rialta. Bhí Mario Batali, Andrew Zimmern, Daniel Boulud, Rick Bayless, Grant Achatz, agus daoine eile ina n-aíonna ar a shraith teilifíse. D'fhoilsigh Arslani a chéad leabhar i mí Mheán Fómhair 2017, atá bunaithe ar a sheó taistil, leabhar cócaireachta atá ann, dar teideal ''Fuck, That's Delicious'' freisin.

Tá roinnt mixtapes eisithe ag Arslani freisin, amhail ''Rare Chandeliers'' (2012), leis an léiritheoir hip-hop Meiriceánach The Alchemist agus ''Blue Chips 2'' (2013) leis an sean-léiritheoir Party Supplies, sular eisígh sé a chéad albam ar mhór-lipéad, ceirnín leathfhada (CL) dar teideal ''Saaab Stories'', le comhghleacaí rialta Harry Fraud, in 2013. D’eisigh sé a chéad albam ar lipéad mór, ''Mr. Wonderful'', ar 23 Márta 2015.

== Beathaisnéis ==

=== 1983-2010: An saol luath agus gairm bheatha ===
Rugadh Ariyan Arslani&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://twitter.com/actionbronson/status/349523975329677313?lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; i bhFlushing, Queens, Cathair Nua-Eabhrac, ar an 2 Nollaig, 1983,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.jta.org/2013/06/05/arts-entertainment/musical-jews-action-bronson}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://twitter.com/ActionBronson/status/275105331678412800}}&lt;/ref&gt; d'athair Moslamach [[Albánaigh (grúpa eitneach)|Albánach]] agus máthair Ghiúdach Mheiriceánach.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/03/action-bronson-vice/472995/|work=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tógadh é i dtraidisiún Moslamach a athar agus é ag fás aníos.&lt;ref name=&quot;upbringing&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24359/title.action-bronson-explains-avoiding-n-word-describes-muslim-upbringing|work=HipHop DX|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150916085044/http://hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24359/title.action-bronson-explains-avoiding-n-word-describes-muslim-upbringing|archivedate=September 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; D’fhreastail sé ar Bayside High School, i mBayside, Queens, agus bhain sé céim amach sa bhliain 2002. Ba chócaire gourmet é Bronson i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac sular thosaigh sé amach ar shlí bheatha mar rapálaí, a bhí mar chaitheamh aimsire amháin aige ar dtús, bhí Bronson ina chócaire gourmet i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac. D’óstáil sé a sheó cócaireachta féin ar líne, ''Action in the Kitchen''. Tar éis dó a chos a bhriseadh sa chistin, dhírigh Bronson ar a ghairm bheatha ceoil amháin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/2013-freshmen/action-bronson/|work=XXL Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2011: Dr. ''Lecter'' agus Well Done ===
D'eisigh Fine Fabric Delegates an chéad albam stiúideo de chuid Action Bronson, an ''Dr. Lecter'', ar 15 Márta 2011. Cuireadh an t-albam, arna léiriú go hiomlán ag an léiritheoir ceoil Tommy Mas, atá lonnaithe i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|gCathair Nua-Eabhrac]], ar fáil le híoslódáil go digiteach agus i CD-R, ar a shuíomh gréasáin oifigiúil. I mí na Samhna den bhliain sin, lean Bronson suas le ''Well-Done'', comhiarracht leis an léiritheoir hip hop Meiriceánach Statik Selektah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8APYF0kkas#t=0m48s}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar 12 Márta, 2012, d'eisigh sé a dhara mixtape, dar teideal ''Blue Chips ,'' le Party Supplies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16425-action-bronson-blue-chips/|work=Pitchfork Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2012-2013: Margadh lipéid mhóir agus ''Scéalta Saaab'' ===
[[Íomhá:Action_Bronson.jpg|clé|mion| Action Bronson ag casadh i mí Iúil 2013]]
I mí Lúnasa 2012, fógraíodh gur shínigh Paul Rosenberg Action Bronson le conradh bainistíochta le Goliath Artists, ina bhfuil ainmneacha mar [[Eminem]], The Alchemist, [[Blink-182]] agus Danny Brown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2012/08/action-bronson-signs-deal-with-vicewarner-bros-records/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chomh maith leis sin i mí Lúnasa 2012, bhí Bronson le feiceáil ar albam comhoibríoch ''No Idols'' de chuid rapálaí Odd Future Domo Genesis agus an léiritheoir hip hop Meiriceánach ''The Alchemist'', ar thraiceanna &quot;Elimination Chamber&quot; (a bhí [[Earl Sweatshirt]] agus Vince Staples air freisin) agus &quot;Daily News&quot; (a bhí SpaceGhostPurrp agus Earl Sweatshirt  le feiceáil freisin). Níos déanaí sa bhliain sin chuaigh Action Bronson isteach i Warner Bros.Records, tríd an cuideachta meán VICE, agus an ghníomhaireacht áirithinte ceolchoirmeacha NUE araon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/backbeat/backbeat-of-monsters-and-men-jezabels-play-1007769552.story|work=Billboard|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2012-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017065613/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/backbeat/backbeat-of-monsters-and-men-jezabels-play-1007769552.story}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017065613/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/backbeat/backbeat-of-monsters-and-men-jezabels-play-1007769552.story |date=2012-10-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar an 15 Samhain, 2012, d’eisigh Bronson ''Rare Chandeliers'', mixtape comhoibríoch leis an Alchemist.

I mí an Mhárta 2013, chas Bronson ag [[Féile Coachella Valley|Féile Ceoil agus Ealaíon Coachella Valley]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/check-out-the-2013-coachella-lineup|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2016-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015532/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/check-out-the-2013-coachella-lineup}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus níos déanaí an mhí sin bhí sé le feiceáil ar Rang Núíosach 2013 de chuid XXL Magazine, liosta de na rapálaithe a bhfuil gealladh fúthu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/03/xxl-freshman-class-2013-cover-revealed/2/|work=XXL}}&lt;/ref&gt; I mí na Bealtaine 2013, aistríodh Action Bronson go dtí Atlantic Records, agus ina dhiaidh sin d'eisigh sé ceirnín leathfhada (CL) dar teideal ''Saaab Stories'', ar 11 Meitheamh, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.xclusiveszone.net/2013/05/audio-action-bronson-the-alchemist-dj-whoo-kid-interview/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606235004/http://www.xclusiveszone.net/2013/05/audio-action-bronson-the-alchemist-dj-whoo-kid-interview/|archivedate=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Léiríodh an CL go hiomlán ag an léiritheoir ceoil Meiriceánach Harry Fraud agus tá rapálaithe Meiriceánacha eile le feiceáil ann mar aíonna amhail, Raekwon, Wiz Khalifa, agus Prodigy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.19441/title.action-bronson-harry-fraud-saaab-stories-tracklist-cover-art-release-date/}}{{Dead link|date=Iúil 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eisíodh é mar íoslódáil digiteach amháin agus bhí an singil, &quot;Strictly 4 My Jeeps&quot; roimh an CL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/strictly-4-my-jeeps-single/id644886540}}&lt;/ref&gt; I mí Iúil 2013, thug sé le fios go raibh sé ag iarraidh a chomh-rapálaithe arbh thógadh i Queens iad, [[Nas]] agus Kool G Rap, a fháil ar a chéad albam [[Lipéad ceoil|mór-lipéid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24613/title.action-bronson-hints-at-cooking-show-wants-to-reunite-nas-kool-g-rap|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820090313/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24613/title.action-bronson-hints-at-cooking-show-wants-to-reunite-nas-kool-g-rap|archivedate=August 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; I mí Iúil freisin, d’fhógair Bronson go n-eiseofaí a chéad albam mórlipéid go luath in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24819/title.action-bronson-confirms-blue-chips-2-another-project-with-alchemist|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827232703/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24819/title.action-bronson-confirms-blue-chips-2-another-project-with-alchemist|archivedate=August 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ar an 1 Samhain 2013, d’eisigh Bronson ''Blue Chips 2'', an dara mír dá shraith ''Blue Chips'', chun an albam a chur chun cinn.&lt;ref name=&quot;complex.com&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/10/action-bronson-practice-prod-party-supplies|work=Complex|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2014-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112080322/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/10/action-bronson-practice-prod-party-supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/18727-action-bronson-blue-chips-2/|work=Pitchfork Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.stereogum.com/1554532/mixtape-of-the-week-action-bronson-party-supplies-blue-chips-2/news/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2013/11/01/download-action-bronson-x-party-supplies-blue-chips-2-mixtape/|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2013-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110020515/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2013/11/01/download-action-bronson-x-party-supplies-blue-chips-2-mixtape/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair, 2013, d'fhógair Funkmaster Flex go mbeadh sé ag óstáil mixtape Action Bronson atá le teacht. Tugadh le fios go raibh an léiriúchán ag teacht ó Erick Sermon, Mike Will Made It, DJ Mustard agus Jahlil Beats.&lt;ref name=&quot;complex.com&quot; /&gt; In agallamh a rinne sé i Samhain 2013 le ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', dúirt Bronson go mbeadh Kool G Rap agus Mobb Deep le feiceáil ar a albam atá le teacht.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/action-bronson-on-blue-chips-2-smoking-wax-and-his-perfect-woman-20131101|work=Rolling Stone|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2015-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324080413/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/action-bronson-on-blue-chips-2-smoking-wax-and-his-perfect-woman-20131101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2014–i láthair: ''Mr. Wonderful'' agus ''Only for Dolphins'' ===
[[Íomhá:Action_Bronson_Coachella_2015.jpg|mion| Bronson ag casadh ag [[Féile Coachella Valley|Coachella]] in 2015]]
I mí Feabhra 2014, chuaigh Action Bronson, [[J. Cole]], [[Kendrick Lamar]] agus rapálaí in éineacht le 360 [[Eminem]], ar thuras gairid chun na hAstráile, na hAfraice Theas agus na Nua-Shéalainne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/01/action-bronson-adds-shows-will-tour-with-eminem/|work=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar an 6 Bealtaine, 2014, sheol Action Bronson sraith ghréasáin a bhí dírithe ar bhia, dar teideal ''Fuck, That's Delicious'' . Is éard atá i gceist leis an seó ná sraith mhíosúil gréasáin arna urrú ag Vice Records a dhéanann taifead ar thaiscéalaíocht an rapálaí, atá dúghafa leis an mbia, ar gach rud a bhaineann leis an gcócaireacht.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/55001-action-bronson-announces-fuck-thats-delicious-food-oriented-web-series/|work=Pitchfork Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/55081-action-bronson-shares-first-episode-of-food-focused-web-series-fuck-thats-delicious/|work=Pitchfork Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ar 5 Lúnasa 2014, d'eisigh Bronson an t-amhrán &quot;Easy Rider&quot; mar an chéad singil óna chéad albam &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwyA&quot;&gt;Mr. Wonderful&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Léiríodh an t-amhrán ag an sean-léiritheoir de chuid Bronson, Party Supplies. Ar 20 Lúnasa, 2014, eisíodh an físeán ceoil do &quot;Easy Rider&quot;. Tugann an físeán do &quot;Easy Rider&quot;, a bhí stiúrtha ag Tom Gould, ómós don scannán Peter Fonda agus Dennis Hopper ó 1969 den ainm céanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/56358-action-bronson-pays-homage-to-the-film-easy-rider-in-the-easy-rider-video/|work=Pitchfork Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'eisigh Bronson &quot;Actin Crazy&quot; go hoifigiúil, trí dháileadh digiteach ar 20 Eanáir. D’eisigh sé an t-albam iomlán ar 23 Márta 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.32530/title.action-brosnon-mr-wonderful-release-date-cover-art-tracklist|work=HipHopDX|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403223808/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.32530/title.action-brosnon-mr-wonderful-release-date-cover-art-tracklist|archivedate=April 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2015, cuireadh Bronson san ospidéal in [[Anchorage, Alasca]], le haghaidh obráide éigeandála tar éis ceolchoirm ar 23 Deireadh Fómhair. D’fhan sé san ospidéal ar feadh roinnt laethanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.ktuu.com/news/news/rapper-action-bronson-hospitalized-for-emergency-surgery-in-anchorage/36099902|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029160028/http://www.ktuu.com/news/news/rapper-action-bronson-hospitalized-for-emergency-surgery-in-anchorage/36099902|archivedate=October 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ar an Luan 16 Bealtaine, 2016, chuir sé na Webby Awards i láthair.

Ar 31 Deireadh Fómhair, 2018, d'fhógair Bronson go raibh sé ag fágáil slán ag Vice, an chuideachta meáin a d'fhreastail air mar lipéad agus líonra teilifíse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/action-bronson-says-hes-parting-ways-with-vice/|work=Pitchfork Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí na Samhna 2018, d’fhógair Bronson turas ag tacú lena albam is déanaí, ''White Bronco'' . Bhí an turas ar siúl ó mhí Feabhra 2019 go dtí Márta 2019. Beidh Meyhem Lauren agus Roc Marciano mar thacaíocht aige.

Ar 9 Lúnasa, 2020, nocht Bronson teideal a albaim nua, ''Only for Dolphins'', a eisíodh ar 25 Meán Fómhair, 2020. Phéinteáil Bronson féin ealaín an chlúdaigh. Rinne Bronson cur síos ar an albam mar &quot;SNÁTH GEAL EILE FITE ISTEACH IN UIGEACHT AN CHOSMAIS&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolphins&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/action-bronson-shares-only-for-dolphins-release-date-and-tracklist-news.117498.html|work=HotNewHipHop|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2020-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913062907/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/action-bronson-shares-only-for-dolphins-release-date-and-tracklist-news.117498.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teilifís agus scannán ==
Bhí Action Bronson sa phríomhpháirt in dhá chlár teilifíse a craoladh ar an gcainéal Viceland: an seó taistil bia ''Fuck, That's Delicious'', agus seó cainte bia gach oíche, ''The Untitled Action Bronson Show''. Bhí sé sa phríomhpháirt freisin sa tsraith faisnéise grinn ''Traveling the Stars: Action Bronson and Friends Watch ‘Ancient Aliens’'' atá curtha ar ceal anois.

Bhí róil chaimeo aige sna scannáin ''The Irishman'' (2019), ag cur díoltóir cónra i láthair,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://impactnottingham.com/2019/11/film-review-the-irishman/|work=Impactnottingham.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus ''The King of Staten Island'' (2020).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2549605/judd-apatow-talks-having-rapper-cameos-in-most-of-his-films|work=cinemablend.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conspóid ==
I mí an Mhárta 2016, d'fhógair Bord Clár na hOllscoile George Washington go mbeadh Bronson ina phríomhoirfideach do cheolchoirm bhliantúil earraigh na hollscoile, &quot;Spring Fling&quot;. Phléascadh an chonspóid go luath nuair a tháinig amhrán Bronson “Éigniú Comhthoiliúil” chun solais, chomh maith le ráitis a rinne Bronson a measadh a bhí [[Homafóibe|homafóbach]], trasfóbach, agus [[Fuath ban|frithbhanda]]. D’éirigh le grúpaí gníomhaithe mic léinn brú a chur ar an ollscoil an taibhiú a chur ar ceal. I mí Aibreáin 2016, baineadh cuireadh de Bhronson ar bhealach cosúil ó cheolchoirm Dheireadh Seachtaine Earraigh Choláiste na Tríonóide.

D'fhreagair Bronson i litir oscailte, inar mhaígh sé go &quot;léirítear scéal&quot; ina chuid amhrán agus &quot;nach bhfuil aon rud i gceist leo ach léiriú ealaíonta,&quot; agus inar cháin sé gach cineál d'fhoréigean gnéis, agus ghabh sé leithscéal leo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/64522-action-bronson-apologizes-for-behavior-seen-as-misogynist-and-transphobic-following-removal-from-college-concert/|work=Pitchfork.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stíl ceoil ==

=== Tionchair ===
Luann Bronson a chomh-rapálaithe Meiriceánacha eile Kool G Rap, [[Nas]], Cam'ron, Mobb Deep, UGK agus an [[Wu-Tang Clan]] mar na tionchair is mó a bhí air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.clashmusic.com/features/the-special-ingredient-action-bronson|work=Clash Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17388/title.action-bronson-responds-to-comparisons-with-ghostface-killah-other-white-rappers|work=HipHopDX|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2015-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506110951/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17388/title.action-bronson-responds-to-comparisons-with-ghostface-killah-other-white-rappers}}&lt;/ref&gt; I measc na gceoltóirí eile tá [[Michael Jackson]], Carlos Santana, [[Queen]] mar aon le hamhránaithe bainise Albáinise.

=== Stíl rapála ===
Is minic a rapálann Bronson faoi bhia ina chuid amhrán.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://respect-mag.com/action-bronsons-25-most-luxurious-food-lines/|work=RESPECT.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/pop-culture/article/action-bronson-food-references|work=Bon Appétit}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://firstwefeast.com/eat/action-bronson-blue-chips-2-food-references/|work=First We Feast|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2015-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407022613/http://firstwefeast.com/eat/action-bronson-blue-chips-2-food-references/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá clú agus cáil air freisin as na tagairtí a dhéanann sé go minic, agus is minic a bhíonn siad doiléir, do lúthchleasaithe agus d'fhoirne spóirt. Is minic a dhéanann liricí Bronson tagairt do spóirt i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac ach déanann siad trácht freisin ar ábhair atá níos doiléire amhail iomrascálaithe gairmiúla,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/rzyx96/ranking-every-wrestler-action-bronson-has-ever-mentioned-1|language=en|work=Vice}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Corpfhorbairt|corpfhorbróirí]], scátáil fhíorach agus gealltóireacht spóirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.sbnation.com/2015/5/18/8612889/action-bronson-lyrics-sports-randy-velarde-mary-lou-retton-gerrit-badenhorst}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/action-bronson-gets-extremely-sports-on-espn|work=VICE Sports|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526234635/https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/action-bronson-gets-extremely-sports-on-espn|archivedate=May 26, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go luath ina ghairm bheatha, bhain Bronson aitheantas amach as a bheith cosúil lena chomh-rapálaí Nua-Eabhrac Ghostface Killah de Wu-Tang Clan (lena gcomhoibrigh sé, in éineacht lena chara agus chomh-rapálaí Termanology, ar amhrán ar a dtugtar &quot;Meteor Hammer&quot;, ó albam díolama na bliana 2011 ''Armas Legendary''). D'admhaigh Ghostface Killah é féin go gcuirtear mearbhall air le rapáil de chuid Bronson mar rapáil dá chuid féin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.pigeonsandplanes.com/2015/05/ghostface-killah-admits-he-has-confused-action-bronsons-voice-for-his-own/|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2015-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523142810/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2015/05/ghostface-killah-admits-he-has-confused-action-bronsons-voice-for-his-own/}}&lt;/ref&gt; In agallamh le HipHopDX in 2011, fiafraíodh de Bhronson faoi conas a bhí sé a bheith curtha i gcomparáid leis an rapálaí Wu-Tang, agus d’fhreagair sé le,
&quot;Sea, dairíre ag deireadh an lae, tá gach rud ina cheart toisc go bhfuil Ghostface Killah i measc na rapálaithe is fearr ar domhan, mar sin tá sé ceart go leor má tá fuaim agam atá cosúil lena bhfuil ag an rapálaí is fearr ar domhan. Domsa, níl aon chomparáid ann; is laoch é agus is duine nua mé. Dá mbeinn chun iarracht a dhéanamh aithris a dhéanamh ar aon duine, is Kool G Rap a phiocfainn, is é an té a bhfuil an meas is mó agam air. Nílim trí chéile ach ag deireadh an lae is mo dhuine féin mé agus ní féidir le héinne é sin a bhaint díom.&quot;

== Saol pearsanta ==
Tá beirt pháistí ag Bronson le hiar-chailín.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/action-bronson-announces-girlfriends-pregnancy-with-beautiful-photo-news.94349.html|work=HotNewHipHop|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2021-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121031628/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/action-bronson-announces-girlfriends-pregnancy-with-beautiful-photo-news.94349.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rugadh mac do chailín reatha Bronson i mí na Samhna 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Men's Health&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.menshealth.com/weight-loss/a34863593/action-bronson-weight-loss-125-pound-transformation-workout/|work=Men's Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.sohh.com/action-bronson-clocks-in-workout-goals-w-his-mini-me-my-workout-partner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I lár na bliana 2020, mar gheall ar mheáchan coirp 400 punt (180kg) a bhaint amach, agus an iliomad fadhbanna sláinte a bhaineann leis a bheith aige, chomh maith le saolú a mhic, thosaigh Bronson réim ithe níos sláintiúla chomh maith le [[dornálaíocht]] agus  traenáil eatramhach ard-déine. I mí na Nollag 2020 bhí   127 punt (58 kg) caillte aige.&lt;ref name=&quot;Men's Health&quot;/&gt; Chuaigh sé i mbun [[Jú-Jiotsú Brasaíleach|jiu-jitsu Brasaíleach]] in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://bjjtribes.com/rap-artist-action-bronson-begins-training-bjj-with-ryron-gracie/|language=en-US|work=BjjTribes|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2023-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406192624/https://bjjtribes.com/rap-artist-action-bronson-begins-training-bjj-with-ryron-gracie/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dioscliosta ==
 

* ''Dr. Lecter'' (2011)
* ''Well-Done'' (2011) &lt;small&gt;(le Statik Selektah)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mr. Wonderful'' (2015)
* ''Blue Chips 7000'' (2017)
* ''White Bronco'' (2018)
* ''Only for Dolphins'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Dolphins&quot;/&gt; (2020)

== Gradaim agus ainmniúcháin ==

=== Gradaim Hip Hop BET ===
Bunaíodh na Gradaim Hip Hop BET in 2006 ag an ngréasán chun taibheoirí is léiritheoirí [[Rapcheol|hip-hop]],  agus stiúrthóirí físeán ceoil a cheiliúradh.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Bliain
! Obair ainmnithe
! Gradam
! Toradh
|-
| 2013
| Action Bronson
| Rookie na Bliana &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.bet.com/shows/hip-hop-awards/2013/nominees/who-new-rookie-of-the-year.html|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2022-04-03|archivedate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054652/http://www.bet.com/shows/hip-hop-awards/2013/nominees/who-new-rookie-of-the-year.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|Ainmnithe
|-
| 2014
| Blue Chips
| Mixtape is Fearr
|Ainmnithe
|}

== Féach freisin ==

* Liosta de na ceoltóirí hip hop
* Liosta daoine ó Queens
* Ceol na cathrach nua-Eabhrac

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bronson, Action}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1983]]</text>
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{{WD Bosca Sonraí Anatamaíocht}}

[[Íomhá:Blastulation.png|thumb|300px|Blastúchán; an t-athrú ó 1. mhoral go 3. blastúl ]] Is struchtúr é an '''bhlastaicist a''' cruthaíodh i luathfhorbairt [[mamach]]. Tá suthbhlast aici a chruthaíonn an [[suth]] ina dhiaidh sin. Is éard atá i gciseal seachtrach  na blastaiciste ná cealla ar a dtugtar i dteannta a chéile an trófablast. Timpeallaíonn an ciseal seo mais inmheánach na cille agus cuas sreabhán-líonta  ar a dtugtar  cuas na blastaiciste nó [[:en:Blastocoel|blastocoel]] sa Bhéarla.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10052/Developmental Biology. 6th edition] {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cruthaíonn an trófablast an cóirín agus an t-aimnian timpeall ar an suth. Díorthaíonn an [[Placaint (orgán)|phlacaint]] ón chóirín suthach (an chuid den chóirín a fhorbraíonn villis) agus bunfhíochán útarach na máthar.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/science/trophoblast Encyclopedia Britannica]&lt;/ref&gt;  Eascraíonn an t-ainm &quot;Blastaicist &quot; ón [[An tSean-Ghréigis|nGréigis]] {{Lang|grc|βλαστός}} ''blastos'' (&quot;péacán&quot;) agus {{Lang|grc|κύστις}} ''kystis'' (&quot;lamhnán, cochall&quot;). In ainmhithe eile is struchtúr é seo atá comhdhéanta de liathróid cealla neamhdhifreáilte agus tugtar [[blastúl]]  air.

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-anat}}

[[Catagóir:Sutheolaíocht]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Opisthoproctidae</title>
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      <text bytes="4387" sha1="r9t1e0qphi88p4nayws4awtydk1uzdg" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo| categoria_subdivisio=Géineas|subdivisio=* ''[[Bathylychnops]]''
* ''[[Dolichopteroides]]''
* ''[[Dolichopteryx]]''
* ''[[Ioichthys]]''
* ''[[Macropinna]]''
* ''[[Monacoa]]''
* ''[[Opisthoproctus]]''
* ''[[Rhynchohyalus]]''
* ''[[Winteria]]''
}}

[[Íomhá:Winteria_telescopa.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Winteria_telescopa.png/255px-Winteria_telescopa.png|deas|mion|255x255px| Tá difríocht bheag idir súile ''Winteria telescopa'' agus súile na nOpisthoproctid eile mar gheall ar a radharc níos dírithe chun cinn.]]
[[Fine (bitheolaíocht)|Fine]] d'[[Iasc|éisc]] bheaga Osmeriform is ea na h'''Opisthoproctidae''' a mhaireann san duibheagán, agus a fhaightear in uiscí trópaiceacha agus measartha an [[An tAigéan Atlantach|Atlantaigh]], an [[An tAigéan Ciúin|Aigéin Chiúin]] agus [[Aigéan Indiach|an Aigéin Indiach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book-en|title=Fishes: An introduction to ichthyology|author=Peter B. Moyle and Joseph J. Cech, Jr|year=2004|publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc; Upper Saddle River, NJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Tá  gné aisteach acu, sé sin go bhfuil [[An tsúil|súile]] ollmhóra cruinchruthacha feadánacha acu, suite i lár a gcloigne trédhearcacha agus tugtar taibhsí orthu go coitianta.

==Cur síos==
Athraíonn [[Moirfeolaíocht (bitheolaíocht)|moirfeolaíocht]] na nOpisthoproctidae idir trí phríomhfhoirmeacha: na súile láidre bairilleacha domhaincholainne de na géinis Opisthoproctus agus Macropinna, na púca-éisc, thar a bheith caol agus fadaithe, de na géinis Dolichopteryx agus Bathylychnops, agus púca-éisc fhearsaideacha idirmheánacha de na géinis Rhyncho agus Rhyncho.

Tá súile móra [[Teileascóp|teileascópacha]] ag gach speiceas, a bhfuil an-tionchar acu ar an gceann agus a bhíonn ag gobadh amach as, ach tá siad faoi iamh laistigh de chruinneachán mór trédhearcach d'fhíochán bog.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/02/photogalleries/fish-transparent-head-barreleye-picture/photo2.html Weird Fish With Transparent Head] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227053119/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/02/photogalleries/fish-transparent-head-barreleye-picture/photo2.html |date=2009-02-27 }} National Geographic News. February 26, 2009 Photograph courtesy [[Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute]]&lt;/ref&gt; De ghnáth breathnaíonn na súile seo aníos, ach is féidir iad a threorú chun tosaigh freisin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boingboing.net/2009/02/25/fish-with-transparen.html|teideal=Fish with transparent head|website=Boing Boing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá [[Lionsa (optaic)|lionsa]] mór agus [[reitine]] ag an tsúil ''opisthoproctid'' le líon an-ard de shlatchealla agus dlús ard deródoipsin (an lí &quot;corcra amhairc &quot;);le comhlánú fíor-ard de chealla slat agus ard-dlús de rhodopsin (an lí &quot;purpal amhairc&quot;); níl aon cóncheall i láthair. Chun freastal níos fearr ar a radharc, tá cinn móra, cruinneachán-chruthacha, trédhearcacha ag Opisthoproctidae; is dócha go gceadaíonn sé seo do na súile fiú níos mó solais ionsaithigh a bhailiú agus is dócha go gcosnaíonn sé na súile íogair ó néimiticistí (cealla marfacha) de chuid na Siphonophorae, as a gcreidtear go ghoideann an hOpisthoproctidae bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbari.org/barreleye-fish-with-tubular-eyes-and-transparent-head/|teideal=Researchers solve mystery of deep-sea fish with tubular eyes and transparent head {{!}} MBARI|website=mbari.org|access-date=September 27, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar lionsa cúlpháirtí freisin (modhnaithe ag matáin intreacha nó forimeallach), nó solas a hathraonadh le hinnéacs an-ghar d'uisce na farraige. Is é ''Dolichopteryx longipes'' an t-aon veirteabrach atá ar eolas a úsáideann scáthán (chomh maith le lionsa) ina shúile chun íomhánna a dhíriú.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16341-first-vertebrate-eye-to-use-mirror-instead-of-lens.html First vertebrate eye to use mirror instead of lens]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sanasaíocht==
Tagraíonn an t-ainm fine Opisthoproctidae, a dhíorthaítear ón t[[An tSean-Ghréigis|Sean-Ghréigis]] ὄπισθεν, ''opisthen'', “taobh thiar” agus πρωκτός, ''prôktós'', “anus”, do shinapomorf, nach mbaineann i ndáiríre ach leis  na hOpisthoproctus.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Éisc sháile]]</text>
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Péintéir [[Barócach (ealaín)|Barócach]] Iodálach ab ea '''Artemisia Lomi''' nó '''Artemisia Gentileschi'''&lt;ref&gt;The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins&lt;/ref&gt;, (8 Iúil 1593 – c 1656).  Meastar go bhfuil Gentileschi i measc na n-ealaíontóirí is éirimiúla ón seachtú haois déag, ag obair i dtús báire i stíl [[Caravaggio]]. Faoi 15 bliana d'aois, bhí sí ag táirgeadh saothar gairmiúil.&lt;ref&gt;Garrard, Mary D. (1989). Artemisia Gentileschi: The Image of the Female Hero in Italian Baroque Art. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04050-9.&lt;/ref&gt; I ré nuair nach raibh mórán deiseanna ag mná dul le hoiliúint ealaíonta nó obair mar ealaíontóirí gairmiúla, ba í Gentileschi an chéad bhean í a tháinig chun bheith ina ball den ''Accademia di Arte del Disegno'' i [[Flórans|bhFlórans,]] agus bhí cliant idirnáisiúnta aici. 

Baineann go leor de phictiúir Gentileschi le mná sa [[Miotaseolaíocht|mhiotaseolaíocht]], allagóirí agus an Bíobla, lena n-áirítear íospartaigh, féinmharaithe, agus laochra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/gentileschi-artemisia-judith-and-her-maidservant-16123-6143440.html |teideal=Gentileschi, Artemisia: Judith and Her Maidservant (1612-3) |dátarochtana=2022-11-13 |archivedate=2015-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502234043/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/gentileschi-artemisia-judith-and-her-maidservant-16123-6143440.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is iad ''Susanna e i vecchioni'' ([[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]]:  ''Susanna agus na Seanóirí)'' cuid dá hábhair is cáiliúla (go háirithe leagan 1610 in Pommersfelden), ''Giuditta che decapita Oloferne'' (tá a leagan 1614–1620 i ngailearaí [[Gailearaí Uffizi|Uffizi]]), agus ''Giuditta con la sua ancella'' (tá a leagan de 1625 san Institiúid Ealaíon Detroit).
== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gentileschi, Artemisia}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1593]]
[[Category:Artemisia Gentileschi]]
[[Catagóir:básanna 1650í]]
[[Catagóir:Péinteoirí Iodálacha ón 17ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Mná Iodálach an 17ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Ealaíontóirí mná Iodálacha ón 17ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Péinteoirí ón Róimh]]
[[Catagóir:Péinteoirí cúirte]]
[[Catagóir:Péinteoirí Bharócacha na hIodáile]]
[[Catagóir:Péintéirí mná na hIodáile]]
[[Catagóir:Éigniú san Iodáil]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine ó Stáit an Phápa]]
[[Catagóir:Caravaggisti]]
[[Catagóir:Péinteoirí Caitliceacha]]
[[Catagóir:Ealaíontóirí Mná Caitliceacha]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3412" sha1="akcq8umapjst91yag60lg1w0mjirapp" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}
Tharla [[Falscaí|falscaithe]] ollmhóra i gCeanada le linn samhradh 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-06-11/canada-s-smoke-signals-another-dire-climate-warning-lirdiqc2|teideal=Canada’s Smoke Signals Another Dire Warning|dáta=2023-06-11|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|dátarochtana=2023-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nny360.com/news/publicservicenews/nny-may-be-in-for-a-smoky-summer/article_8a0d3ec7-0cc2-5ce6-9a65-11e0ff032c5f.html|teideal=NNY may be in for a smoky summer|údar=BRIAN K. SULLIVAN  / Bloomberg|dáta=2023-06-10|language=en|work=NNY360|dátarochtana=2023-06-11|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610233449/https://www.nny360.com/news/publicservicenews/nny-may-be-in-for-a-smoky-summer/article_8a0d3ec7-0cc2-5ce6-9a65-11e0ff032c5f.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí na céadta tine ar lasadh mórthimpeall na tíre. Theip ar shéasúr na báistí arís agus bhí na [[foraois]]í chomh tirim le sponc. Loisceadh réimse leathan foraoise ar fud na tíre.

Loisceadh 5 faoin gcéad d’fhoraoiseacha na tíre i dtinte a lean ar feadh an tsamhraidh; b’éigean do dhaonra iomlán sa chathair [[Yellowknife]] í a fhágáil. D’fhéadfaí deatach na dtinte a fheiceáil chomh fada ó dheas agus cathair [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/suil-siar-ar-2023-cogadh-dearg-agus-deargtheas/|teideal=Cogadh dearg agus deargtheas – súil siar ar an domhan in 2023|údar=Alex Hijmans|dáta=28 Nollaig 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:2023-06-07 13 31 00 NOAA Geocolor satellite image loop of smoke plume over the Northeastern United States.gif|clé|mion|toitcheo ar na Stáit Aontaithe]]

=== Iarmhairtí ===
[[Íomhá:Empire State Building on June 7, 2023.jpg|clé|mion|[[Toitcheo]] : [[Empire State Building]], 7 Meitheamh 2023]]
Bhí leibhéil arda [[truailliú]] aeir i [[Meiriceá Thuaidh]] de bharr na bhfalscaithe i gCeanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/10-meitheamh-2023-an-d%C3%BAn/id1525428808?i=1000616390444|teideal=‎Nuacht Mhall: (An Dún)|údar=Conradh na Gaeilge, Londain|dáta=10 Meitheamh 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Apple Podcasts|dátarochtana=2023-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=2023 United States East Coast wildfire smoke|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_United_States_East_Coast_wildfire_smoke&amp;oldid=1159625067|journal=Wikipedia|date=2023-06-11|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí aer tocsaineach le brath trasna na mór-ranna ó [[Filideilfia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] ar an chósta thoir go [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] agus [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] san iarthar láir.  Meastar gurb é seo an [[truailliú aeir]] is measa ar taifead sna Stáit Aontaithe. 

I [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]], chonacthas toit[[Ceo|cheo]] oráiste sa spéir de bharr an [[truailliú]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tugadh amach milliún masc agus moladh do dhaoine fanacht taobh istigh. Cuireadh ceal ar mhórimeachtaí spóirt, cheolchoirmeacha, eitiltí agus mar sin de.

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Toitcheo]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:2023]]
[[Catagóir:Truailliú aeir]]
[[Catagóir:Falscaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Cheanada]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Stát Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Aimsir na bliana 2023]]</text>
      <sha1>akcq8umapjst91yag60lg1w0mjirapp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>An tÚdarás um Fhaisnéis agus Cáilíocht Sláinte</title>
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Is gníomhaireacht reachtúil, arna [[Rialtas na hÉireann|maoiniú ag Rialtas na hÉireann]] é '''An tÚdarás um Fhaisnéis agus Cáilíocht Sláinte''' ('''ÚFCS''')&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''the Health Information and Quality Authority''  nó ''HIQA''

&lt;/ref&gt; a dhéanann monatóireacht ar shábháilteacht agus ar cháilíocht na gcóras [[Seirbhísí Sláinte na hÉireann|cúraim sláinte]] agus cúraim shóisialta..&lt;ref name=&quot;boston.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2007/08/31/calls_for_review_of_cancer_treatment/|teideal=Calls for review of cancer treatment - Boston.com|website=www.boston.com|access-date=20 May 2019|dátarochtana=8 Eanáir 2024|archivedate=24 Meán Fómhair 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154348/http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2007/08/31/calls_for_review_of_cancer_treatment/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/gne-alt-fograiochta-an-chaoi-a-bhfuil-hiqa-ag-obair-chun-torthai-slainte-a-fheabhsu-do-chach/|teideal=GNÉ-ALT FÓGRAÍOCHTA: An chaoi a bhfuil HIQA ag obair chun torthaí sláinte a fheabhsú do chách|dáta=2026-01-26|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Department of Health, Dublin (DSC06401).jpg|mion|220x220px|[[An Roinn  Sláinte]], BÁC]]

== Bunús ==
Moladh go mbunófar an tÚdarás chomh luath le 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/early-death-still-a-major-health-issue-26252024.html|teideal=Early death still 'a major health issue'|website=Independent.ie|access-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Fuair ÚFCS a chumhachtaí agus a shainordú i mBealtaine 2007 faoin Acht Sláinte 2007. Feidhmíonn an tÚdarás feidhmeanna freisin faoin Acht um Chúram Leanaí 1991 agus faoi Acht na Leanaí 2001. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dohc.ie/issues/nursing_home_inspection/|teideal=Registration and Inspection of Nursing Homes|access-date=2011-06-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520160749/http://www.dohc.ie/issues/nursing_home_inspection/|archive-date=2011-05-20|dátarochtana=2024-01-08|archivedate=2011-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520160749/http://www.dohc.ie/issues/nursing_home_inspection/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ní fheidhmíonn ÚFCS i dTuaisceart Éireann, áit a bhfuil an t[[Údarás um Rialáil agus Feabhsú Cáilíochta]] ([[ÚRFC]]) mar chomhlacht coibhéiseach..&lt;ref&gt;The Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority: About RQIA. https://www.rqia.org.uk/who-we-are/about-rqia&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ospidéil==

Tá roinnt tuarascálacha agus moltaí curtha le chéile ag an Údarás maidir le sábháilteacht an chúraim in ospidéil phoiblí agus phríobháideacha araon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/mallow-hospital-inquiry-announced-1.862280|teideal=Mallow hospital inquiry announced|first=Eithne|last=Donnellan|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0409/116151-ennis/|title=Ennis 'not viable' as acute hospital|date=9 April 2009|access-date=20 May 2019|via=www.rte.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá sé de chúram ar ÚFCS freisin caighdeáin sláinteachais in ospidéil phoiblí a iniúchadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/88726.php|teideal=National Hygiene Services Quality Review 2007, Ireland|website=Medical News Today|access-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá sé de chúram ar ÚFCS freisin iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar chaighdeáin sláinteachais in ospidéil phoiblí.

Chomh maith le meastóireachtaí ospidéil a dhéanamh, tá sé de dhualgas ar ÚFCS taifid sláinte leictreonacha ,  agus rialachas faisnéise a chur i bhfeidhm,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=6135|teideal=eHealth records and prescribing pledge|publisher=Irishhealth.com|date=2004-07-21|access-date=2019-05-20|dátarochtana=2024-01-08|archivedate=2011-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928111538/http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=6135}}&lt;/ref&gt; feithimh a imscrúdú, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0622/302695-health/|title=Hospital waiting times 'excessive and unsafe'|date=22 June 2011|access-date=20 May 2019|via=www.rte.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus sceithirí a chosaint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/editorial/better-health-in-new-year-26351096.html|teideal=Better health in new year?|website=Independent.ie|access-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tithe altranais==

Tar éis scannal Leas Cross, bhí éileamh méadaithe ar chigireacht ar thithe altranais príobháideacha agus poiblí araon. Mar thoradh air sin, tugadh cumhachtaí do ÚFCS chun tithe altranais &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.herald.ie/national-news/wholl-bring-up-3-siblings-aged-under-5-2800703.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802090618/http://www.herald.ie/national-news/wholl-bring-up-3-siblings-aged-under-5-2800703.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-08-02|teideal=Who will bring up 3 siblings under the age of 5?|publisher=The Herald|dátarochtana=2024-01-08|archivedate=2012-08-02|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120802090618/http://www.herald.ie/national-news/wholl-bring-up-3-siblings-aged-under-5-2800703.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus seirbhísí cónaithe comhchosúla a sholáthraíonn cúram fochaigh deánach a chlárú, a iniúchadh agus, trí iarratas chuig an gcúirt, a dhúnadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/editorial/better-health-in-new-year-26351096.html|teideal=Better health in new year?|website=Independent.ie|access-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cúram sóisialta==

Tá tuairiscí eisithe ag ÚFCS ar sheirbhísí cúraim altrama, ag cur síos ar easpa measúnaithe ar chúramóirí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.herald.ie/national-news/wholl-bring-up-3-siblings-aged-under-5-2800703.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802090618/http://www.herald.ie/national-news/wholl-bring-up-3-siblings-aged-under-5-2800703.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-08-02|teideal=Who will bring up 3 siblings under the age of 5?|publisher=The Herald|dátarochtana=2024-01-08|archivedate=2012-08-02|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120802090618/http://www.herald.ie/national-news/wholl-bring-up-3-siblings-aged-under-5-2800703.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus ag cáineadh an &quot;teip shuntasach&quot; atá ar [[Feidhmeannacht na Seirbhíse Sláinte|Fheidhmeannacht na Seirbhíse Sláinte]] (FSS) monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar leanaí faoi chúram. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/foster-parents-still-not-fully-vetted-says-watchdog-26741332.html|teideal=Foster parents still not fully vetted, says watchdog|website=Independent.ie|access-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go háirithe, chuir ÚFCS imní in iúl maidir le ceantair [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] agus an Oirthuaiscirt. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/concerns-raised-over-quality-of-foster-care-449100.html|teideal=Concerns raised over quality of foster care|date=8 March 2010|website=www.irishexaminer.com|access-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
*[[An Roinn Sláinte]]
*[[Leigheas ar Bhonn Fianaise]]
*[[Feidhmeannacht na Seirbhíse Sláinte]]

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Údarás um Fhaisnéis agus Cáilíocht Sláinte, An t}}
[[Catagóir:Dearbhú cáilíochta]]
[[Catagóir:Cáilíocht cúraim sláinte]]
[[Catagóir:Sláinte in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Gníomhaireachtaí Rialtas na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Oideachas in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Cáilíochtaí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa</title>
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      <text bytes="7204" sha1="9wte82ptuac2y8te09naigb9gzkzke5" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:20210626 Variwide chart of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by country.svg|mion|astaíochtaí carbóin in aghaidh an duine, de réir tíre&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://globalcarbonatlas.org/emissions/carbon-emissions/|teideal=Carbon Emissions|language=en-US|work=Global Carbon Atlas|dátarochtana=2025-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Íomhá:1850-2019 Cumulative greenhouse gas emissions by region - bar chart - IPCC AR6 WG3 - Fig SPM.2b.svg|mion|astaíochtaí carbóin  de réir tíre]]
[[Íomhá:Ireland v EU-27 v World per capita CO2 emissions.svg|mion|astaíochtaí carbóin in aghaidh an duine, Éire, AE agus an Domhan]]
[[Íomhá:Ireland greenhouse gas emissions by sector.svg|mion|Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa in Éirinn, de réir earnála]]
Is iad astaíochtaí [[Gás|gáis]] nó [[Cáithnín|cáithníní]] a scaoiltear isteach san [[aer]] agus a fhéadfaidh cur le [[téamh domhanda]] nó le [[Truailliú aeir|droch-cháilíocht aeir]].'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://irish.climatejargonbuster.ie/kb/astaiochtai/|teideal=Astaíochtaí|údar=gov.ie|language=ga-IE|work=Treoir ar Bhéarlagair Aeráide|dátarochtana=2024-05-29|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529211630/https://irish.climatejargonbuster.ie/kb/astaiochtai/}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Is éard atá i gceist le  '''astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa'''&lt;ref&gt;Béarla: greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)&lt;/ref&gt; (nó '''astaíochtaí carbóin''' uaireanta) ná gáis a cheapann teas ó [[Dromchla (toipeolaíocht)|dhromchla]] an domhain, rud a chruthaíonn téamh san [[Atmaisféar an Domhain|atmaisféar]] íochtarach agus a chuireann moill ar chailliúint [[Fuinneamh|fuinnimh]] ón domhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://irish.climatejargonbuster.ie/kb/astaiochtai-gas-ceaptha-teasa-ghg/|teideal=Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa / GHG|údar=gov.ie|language=ga-IE|work=Treoir ar Bhéarlagair Aeráide|dátarochtana=2024-05-29|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529211624/https://irish.climatejargonbuster.ie/kb/astaiochtai-gas-ceaptha-teasa-ghg/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is iad [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]] agus [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] na gáis ceaptha teasa is mó is cúis leis an [[athrú aeráide]]. Baintear úsáid as an téarma ‘astaíochtaí carbóin’ uaireanta chun tagairt a dhéanamh do gach gás ceaptha teasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Foinsí ==
Cruthaítear astaíochtaí carbóin nuair a scaoiltear gáis áirithe isteach san aer trí bhíthin gníomhaíochtaí amhail breoslaí iontaise a dhó le haghaidh fuinnimh. Ina measc tá gáis amhail dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus meatán. Is amhlaidh sin mar gheall go bhfuil carbón sa dá ghás sin. Mar shampla, scaoileann carranna gáis chontúirteacha (astaíochtaí) amhail aonocsaíd charbóin isteach san aer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tagann tuairim is 30% de líon iomlán na n-astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa domhanda ó tháirgeadh agus caitheamh bia.   Tá [[meatán]] ó dhíleá na n-ainmhithe san áireamh anseo. Ina theannta sin, nuair a chuirimid [[dramhaíl]] chuig láithreáin líonadh talún, tarlaíonn [[truailliú]], bolaithe agus astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/IthPlean%C3%A1ilMair.pdf|teideal=#ithpleanáilmair Eacnamaíocht Bhaile na Sraithe Sóisearaí|údar=Maria Randles agus Maria Kennelly|dáta=2018|language=ga-IE|dátarochtana=2024|archivedate=2022-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183552/https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/IthPlean%C3%A1ilMair.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Cuireann an cur amú bia le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa chomh maith, ag cruthú 3.3 billiún tonna C02 gach bliain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://stopfoodwaste.ie/resource/why-avoid-food-waste|teideal=Why avoid food waste ?|údar=stopfoodwaste.ie|dáta=2024|dátarochtana=2024}} {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bíonn tionchar níos lú ag bia plandúil ar an g[[comhshaol]] agus [[timpeallacht]] ná mar a bhíonn ag bia ainmhíoch. Cuireann bia ainmhíoch níos mó astaíochtaí ar fáil. Mar sin, má ithimid níos mó glasraí, cnónna agus piseánach agus níos lú den fheoil phróiseáilte agus den fheoil dhearg, beidh níos lú astaíochtaí i gceist.

== In Éirinn ==
Mhaígh an rialtas sna 2020idí go spreagfadh ardú de réir a chéile ar phraghas peitril agus díosail an t-inneall dócháin inmheánaigh a thréigean. Dar leis an nGCC, áfach, ní raibh ann ach caint agus ní raibh polasaí ar bith ag an [[Rialtas na hÉireann|Rialtas]] maidir le praghas peitril agus díosail a ardú go mór.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Astaíochtaí carbóin a laghdú: 'ní bhainfidh Éire sprioc amach'|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0528/1451627-astaiochtai-carboin-a-laghdu-ni-bhainfidh-eire-sprioc-amach/|date=2024-05-28|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí sé dearbhaithe ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil (Éire)|Gníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil]] (GCC) gur sceith Éire 54 milliún tonna de gháis ceaptha teasa sa bhliain 2024.  Is ar éigean a bhí na hastaíochtaí ag titim.  Feirmeacha a sceith 38% den tonnáiste sin; as feithiclí a tháinig 22%; an earnáil fuinnimh a bhí freagrach as 13%; agus as téamh foirgneamh a tháinig an 10% eile. Is ionann 54 milliún tonna agus deich dtonna in aghaidh gach duine sa tír.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Laghdú beag ar astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa in 2024|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0704/1521803-laghdu-beag-ar-astaiochtai-gas-ceaptha-teasa-in-2024/|date=2025-07-04|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mhaígh an GVV nach gcomhlíonfaidh Éire a cuid dualgas dlíthiúil idirnáisiúnta maidir le hathrú aeráide idir 2022 go 2030,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/environment/pollution/irelands-targets-to-reduce-air-pollution/|teideal=Ireland's targets to reduce air pollution, 2022-2030|údar=citizensinformation.ie|dáta=2024-05-29|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2024-05-29|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529210123/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/environment/pollution/irelands-targets-to-reduce-air-pollution/}}&lt;/ref&gt; fiú amháin dá gcuirfí plean gnímh&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/6223e-climate-action-plan-2021/|teideal=Climate Action Plan 2021|údar=gov,ie|dáta=2024-05-11|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2024-05-29|archivedate=2024-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511132120/https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/6223e-climate-action-plan-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt; an Rialtais i bhfeidhm ina iomláine agus in am. Sháraigh beagnach gach earnáil in Éirinn an t-uasmhéid astaíochtaí carbóin a bhí leagtha síos dóibh in 2025 agus in 2030. [[Talmhaíocht]], [[Tionscal|tionsclaíocht]] agus [[leictreachas]] na hearnálacha is mó is ciontach.

== Féach freisin     ==
*[[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide|Athrú aeráide]] [[Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]
*[[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh]]
== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
[[Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]</text>
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    <title>Gás ceaptha teasa</title>
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      <text bytes="13696" sha1="lj9es7azj6hthejhsosm7gywp09jrbs" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

Is é de bharr [[breosla iontaise|bhreoslaí iontaise]] á dhó acu is cúis le formhór na dé-ocsaíd charbóin ginte ag daoine daonna,&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; agus ''[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talmhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]] leis an bhfuílleach.&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Is iad talmhaíocht, táirgeadh bhreosla iontaise, dramhaíl agus foinsí eile is cúis le hastaíochtaí meatáin.&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

De réir eochairtháscaire 2023, tá ardú teochta, gáis cheaptha teasa agus mí-chomhthrom fuinnimh uile ag níos mó ná mar a bhí riamh.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  Má leanann sin ar aghaidh mar atá, tarlóidh athrú-2.0°C idir 2040 agus 2070, leibhéal baolach, dar le [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA).&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <text bytes="13694" sha1="c8r3pg3nwf0pjuivqub94zhysanjte6" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

Is é de bharr [[breosla iontaise|bhreoslaí iontaise]] á dhó acu is cúis le formhór na dé-ocsaíd charbóin ginte ag daoine daonna,&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; agus [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talmhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]] leis an bhfuílleach.&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Is iad talmhaíocht, táirgeadh bhreosla iontaise, dramhaíl agus foinsí eile is cúis le hastaíochtaí meatáin.&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

De réir eochairtháscaire 2023, tá ardú teochta, gáis cheaptha teasa agus mí-chomhthrom fuinnimh uile ag níos mó ná mar a bhí riamh.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  Má leanann sin ar aghaidh mar atá, tarlóidh athrú-2.0°C idir 2040 agus 2070, leibhéal baolach, dar le [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA).&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <text bytes="14181" sha1="83sfpzozlc273e2ebgumg7ben092yw2" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

Is é de bharr [[breosla iontaise|bhreoslaí iontaise]] á dhó acu is cúis le formhór na dé-ocsaíd charbóin ginte ag daoine daonna,&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; agus [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talmhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]] leis an bhfuílleach.&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Is iad talmhaíocht, táirgeadh bhreosla iontaise, dramhaíl agus foinsí eile is cúis le hastaíochtaí meatáin.&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

De réir eochairtháscaire 2023, tá ardú teochta, gáis cheaptha teasa agus mí-chomhthrom fuinnimh uile ag níos mó ná mar a bhí riamh.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  Má leanann sin ar aghaidh mar atá, tarlóidh athrú-2.0°C idir 2040 agus 2070, leibhéal baolach, dar le [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA).&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date = 28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org | archivedate = 28 Iúil 2020 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date = 24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov | archivedate = 2013-06-24 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín |teideal=Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 |dátarochtana=2026-09-24 |archivedate=2005-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdullah al-Hamid</title>
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      <text bytes="2085" sha1="1a1et09sslaulock9sewqri9r8g7hsn" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
File as an [[An Araib Shádach|Araib Shádach]], ollamh Araibise, gníomhaí cearta daonna agus comhbhunaitheoir de chuid Chumann Cearta Sibhialta agus Polaitiúla na hAraibe Sádaí (ACPRAعبد الله حامد علي الحامد) ab ea '''Abdullah Hamid Ali al-Hamid''' (1950 -2020) '''عبد الله حامد علي الحامد''' nó '''Abu Bilal'''. Cuireadh i bpríosún é arís agus arís eile toisc go raibh se ag éileamh go mbunófaí [[monarcacht bhunreachtúil]] san [[An Araib Shádach|Araib Shádach]] . 

I mí na Bealtaine 2005, gearradh pianbhreith seacht mbliana príosúin ar an Dr Abdullah al-Hamid as ''showing dissent and disobeying the ruler''  tar éis dó leasúcháin a iarraidh. Tugadh pardún dó agus scaoileadh saor é ar 8 Lúnasa 2005

Sa bhliain 2008, chaith al-Hamid téarma príosúnachta ceithre mhí as ''incitement to protest'' tar éis dó tacú le léirsiú de mhná a bhí i mbun agóide faoi choinneáil gaolta. Tharla an léirsiú os comhair phríosún Buraidah, i lár na hAraibe Sádaí. In amanna, d'iompaigh léirsithe marfach, i gcúige thoir na hAraibe Sádaí, ag baill de ghrúpa mionlaigh de chuid na [[Siach]], a bhi ag iarraidh go scaoilfí saor príosúnaigh. Sa bhliain 2018, bronnadh an gradam ''Right Livelihood Award''air agus ar Waleed Abulkhair, in éineacht le gníomhaithe eile a bhí i bpríosún, as  &quot;t''heir visionary and courageous efforts, guided by universal human rights principles, to reform the totalitarian political system in Saudi Arabia.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;RLA2018&quot;&gt;[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/09/24/3-saudi-human-rights-activists-awarded-alternative-nobel.html 3 Saudi human rights activists awarded &quot;Alternative Nobel&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925154651/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/09/24/3-saudi-human-rights-activists-awarded-alternative-nobel.html |date=2018-09-25 }}, JAN M. OLSEN, [[Fox News]], 24 September 2018&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tagairtí==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid, Abdullah Al}}
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2020]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1950]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</title>
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      <text bytes="3857" sha1="1wz19yjlc45ec7fgmhx4pjebjj1txg0" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}Duine de chúlaistíní sinsearacha [[Osama bin Laden]] ab ea '''Khalid Sheikh Mohammed'''&lt;ref&gt;ar a dtugtar freisin Ali Salem, ar a dtugtar freisin Bin Khalid Fahd Bin Abdallah, ar a dtugtar freisin Henin Ashraf Refaat Nabith, ar a dtugtar freisin Wadood Khalid Abdul), a rugadh an 14.4.1965 nó an 1.3.1964 sa Phacastáin&lt;/ref&gt; (a rugadh ar an 1 Márta 1964),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Margadh déanta le triúr faoi ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta 2001|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0801/1462967-margadh-deanta-le-triur-faoi-ionsaithe-sceimhlitheoireachta-2001/|date=2024-08-01|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt; de bhunadh [[Cuáit|Chuáit]], agus &quot;an té a phleanáil na h[[Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair|ionsaithe 9/11]] (2001)&quot;, a deirtear sa phreas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://fortune.com/2024/08/01/9-11-mastermind-khalid-sheikh-mohammed-plead-guilty-al-qaida-attack/|teideal=Accused 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed agrees to plead guilty to al-Qaida attack|údar=Ellen Knickmeyer,Larry Neumeister,Michael R. Sisak,The Associated Press|language=en|work=Fortune|dátarochtana=2024-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cinneadh (CBES) 2024/332 ón g[[An Chomhairle Eorpach|Comhairle Eorpach]] an 16 Eanáir 2024 lena nuashonraítear liosta na ndaoine, na ngrúpaí agus na n-eintiteas a chumhdaítear le Comhsheasamh 2001/931/CBES maidir le bearta sonracha a chur i bhfeidhm chun an sceimhlitheoireacht a chomhrac agus lena n-aisghairtear / Cinneadh (CBES) 2023/1514&lt;/ref&gt; Gabhadh é (agus a leathbhadóir Mustafa al-Hawsawi&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Mustafa al-Hawsawi|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_al-Hawsawi&amp;oldid=1237865787|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-07-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) sa Phacastáin ar an 1 Márta 2003. 

Choinnigh na Meiriceánaigh an beirt faoi rún in ionaid éagsúla sular cuireadh iad sa phríosún i m[[bunáit mhíleata Chuan Guantánamo]] in 2006. Céasadh go minic agus go sistéamach iad i gcaitheamh na mblianta sin, tráth a &quot;mhaígh siad&quot; go raibh go leor ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta eile sna Stáit Aontaithe beartaithe acu, nó sin a mhaígh na húdaráis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Faoi dheireadh, ar an 31 Iúil 2024, bhí margadh dlíthiúil&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3857257/plea-agreements-reached-with-911-defendants-khalid-shaikh-mohammad-walid-bin-at/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FReleases%2FRelease%2FArticle%2F3857257%2Fplea-agreements-reached-with-911-defendants-khalid-shaikh-mohammad-walid-bin-at%2F|teideal=Plea Agreements Reached with 9/11 Defendants Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, Walid Bin 'Attash and|language=en-US|work=U.S. Department of Defense|dátarochtana=2024-08-01}} {{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; déanta ag ionchúisitheoirí leis an bheirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/31/politics/us-plea-deal-9-11-mastermind-khalid-sheikh-mohammed/index.html|teideal=US reaches plea deal with alleged 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed {{!}} CNN Politics|údar=Oren Liebermann, Lauren del Valle|dáta=2024-07-31|language=en|work=CNN|dátarochtana=2024-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;  De réir an mhargaidh, pléadálfaidh na fir ciontach i gcomhcheilg mar mhalairt ar phríosún saoil seachas an [[Pionós an bháis|pionós báis]] a bhí os a gcionn. Féachadh roimhe seo le margadh mar é a dhéanamh ach chuir go leor de ghaolta na ndaoine a maraíodh sna hionsaithe ina aghaidh.

== Féach freisin     ==

* [[:Catagóir:Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair|Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair]]
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sheikh Mohammed, Khalid }}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1964]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as an bPacastáin]]
[[Catagóir:Sceimhlitheoirí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Droichead staghcháblaí</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Íomhá:Öresundsbron_och_tanker.jpg|mion| Droichead Øresund ó [[Malmö]] go [[Cóbanhávan]] sa [[An tSualainn|tSualainn]] agus [[An Danmhairg|sa Danmhairg]]]]
Tá ''túr'' (nó ''piolóin'' ) amháin nó níos mó ag '''droichead staghcháblaí''', as a dtacaíonn cáblaí le deic an droichid. Gné shainiúil is ea na cáblaí nó [[wiktionary:stay#Etymology_3|staghanna]], a shíneann go díreach ón túr go dtí an deic, a chruthaíonn patrún cosúil le fean nó sraith línte línte comhthreomhara de ghnáth. Tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht leis an droichead crochta nua-aimseartha, áit a bhfuil na cáblaí a thacaíonn leis an deic ar crochadh go hingearach ón bpríomhchábla, ar ancaire ag an dá cheann den droichead agus ag rith idir na túir. Tá an droichead staghcháblaí optamach le haghaidh raonta níos faide ná droichid starrmhaide agus níos giorra ná droichid chrochta. Is é seo an raon ina bhfásfadh droichid starrmhaide níos troime go tapa, agus ina mbeadh cáblú droichead crochta níos costasaí.

Bhí droichid staghcáblaithe á ndearadh agus á dtógáil faoi dheireadh an 16ú haois, &lt;ref name=&quot;HOB-types&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/types-of-bridges/|teideal=Types of Bridges|work=History of Bridges|access-date=12 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus baineadh úsáid leathan as an bhfoirm  i ndeireadh an 19ú haois. Is minic a chomhcheangail  samplaí luatha, lena n-áirítear [[Droichead Brooklyn]], gnéithe ó dhearaí na n-droichead staghcháblaí agus na n-droichead  crochta. Tháinig laghdú ar dhearaí na ndroichead staghcháblaí go luath sa 20ú haois mar a líonadh bearnaí níos mó ag baint úsáide as dearaí na ndroichead crochta amháin, agus cinn níos giorra ag baint úsáide as córais éagsúla a tógadh as coincréit threisithe . Tháinig sé chun suntais níos déanaí sa 20ú haois nuair a d'íslíodh praghas coibhneasta na ndearaí seo mar gheall ar ábhair nua, innealra tógála níos mó, agus an gá le droichid níos sine a athsholáthar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/popular-cable-stay-bridges-rise-across-u-s-to-replace-crumbling-spans/|language=en|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==
[[Íomhá:Pons_ferrevs_by_Faust_Vrančić.jpg|clé|mion| Droichead den slabhradhéanamh ag [[ileolaí]] [[An Athbheochan|na hAthbheochan]] Fausto Veranzio, ó 1595/1616. Sula ndearnadh rópa sreinge trom (cábla cruach) a mhonarú go tionsclaíoch, tógadh droichid chrochta nó staghcáblaithe ar dtús le slata nasctha (slabhra).]]
==Naisc sheachtracha==
*[http://www.johnweeks.com/cablestay/index.html North American Cable Stayed Bridge Registry]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604115125/http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/?id=1002 Structurae: Cable-stayed Bridges]
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/meetcable.html Cable-Stayed Bridge]

==Tagairtí==
[[Catagóir:Droichid staghcáblaithe | ]]
[[Catagóir:Droichid de réir cineáil struchtúrach]]
[[Catagóir:Aireagáin na Cróite]]</text>
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    <title>Coimhlint Iosrael–Hezbollah, 2020idí</title>
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Bhí coimhlint trasteorann ar siúl idir [[Hezbollah]] agus Iosrael ó thosaigh an [[Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza]] i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2023.  Rinne na míleataigh Ioslamacha [[Hamas]] ionsaí mór, gan choinne, ar [[Iosrael]] ar an [[7 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[2023]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/os-cionn-1100-duine-marbh-sa-choimhlint-idir-hamas-agus-iosrael/|teideal=Os cionn 1,100 duine marbh sa choimhlint idir Hamas agus Iosrael|dáta=2023-10-09|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Léigear iomlán ordaithe ag Aire Cosanta Iosrael ar Stráice Gaza|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2023/1009/1409764-os-cionn-1-100-maraithe-i-gcoimhlint-iosrael-hamas/|date=2023-10-09|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá Hezbollah na [[An Liobáin|Liobáine]] ar son chúis na Palaistíne agus cuireadh tús leis an g'''Coimhlint Iosrael–Hezbollah''' an lá dár gcionn, ar an 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2023, nuair a thosaigh Hezbollah ag scaoileadh roicéad le Tuaisceart Iosrael,  ag ionsaí bailte agus sráidbhailte i ndlúthpháirtíocht leis na Palaistínigh.  

[[Íomhá:SoI-War 23-10-08 IDF 05.webm|clé|mion|Físeán - ceantar Har Dov sa Liobáin, 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 : bhuail Iosrael láthair de chuid Hezbollah ]]
[[Íomhá:SoI-War 24-02-29 IDF 03.webm|clé|mion|29 Feabhra 2024: ionsaí de chuid Iosrael ar na &quot;[[Sceimhlitheoireacht|sceimhlitheoirí]]&quot;]]
[[Íomhá:Clashes Along Israel-Lebanon Border Escalate.webm|clé|mion|Nuacht Voice of America, VoA, 20 Nollaig 2023]]
[[Íomhá:IDF 2024-08-25 01-en.webm|clé|mion|Físeán - Bolscaireacht de chuid Iosrael, 25 Lúnasa 2024 (Daniel Hagari, urlabhraí [[IDF]])]]

== Cúlra ==
Ba é an cogadh i stráice Gaza idir Iosrael agus Hamas a d'fhág Iosrael agus Hezbollah in árthach a chéile le linn. Ach thosaigh na cogaí agus an treallchogaíocht sna 1970idí. I ndiaidh ionradh [[Iosrael]] ar an Liobáin i 1978 a bunaíodh [[UNIFIL]], chun maoirsiú a dhéanamh ar Fhórsaí Iosrael.
{{Main|UNIFIL}}

== 2023 - Lúnasa 2024 ==
Lean an bombardú ar aghaidh ar feadh 2023/2024 agus de réir a chéile thug daoine a bhí ina gcónaí i dTuaisceart Iosrael aghaidh ó theas agus iad ar a dteitheadh ón mbombardú.

Mhaígh Hezbollah ag an am go raibh na hionsaithe dírithe ar bhunáiteanna míleata i dtuaisceart Iosrael agus gur mar fhreagra ar “ionsaithe naimhdeacha” a bhí siad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title='Gairis phléascacha curtha i nglaoirí póca sular ceannaíodh iad'|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0918/1470686-gairis-phleascacha-curtha-i-nglaoiri-poca-sular-ceannaiodh-iad/|date=2024-09-18|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sin ráite,  bhí Hezbollah ag an am dírithe ar ghreim a choimeád ar a gcuid cumhachta, go háirithe i ndeisceart na Liobáine agus ní raibh fonn orthu an chumhacht sin a chur i mbaol ná dul i mbun cogaíochta i gcoinne Iosrael ar son Hamas. Ní raibh fonn ach oiread ar na hIosraelaigh le linn 2023 cogadh dearg a fhógairt i gcoinne Hezbollah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/cuis-na-siochana-curtha-siar-go-ceann-i-bhfad-ag-an-bhfainne-fi/|teideal=Cúis na síochána curtha siar go ceann i bhfad ag an bhfáinne fí|údar=Máirtín Ó Duibhir|dáta=20 Deireadh Fómhair 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le linn 2024, bhain Iosrael úsáid as an aerfhórsa chun armlanna Hezbollah a ionsaí go rialta. D’éirigh le Iosrael roinnt ceannairí Hezbollah a fheallmharú agus chuir sé sin go mór leis an teannas sa réigiún.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/dfheadfadh-an-cogadh-in-gaza-scaipeadh-nios-forleithne-an-easca/|teideal=D’fhéadfadh an cogadh in Gaza scaipeadh níos forleithne an-éasca|údar=Máirtín Ó Duibhir|dáta=15 Eanáir 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tharla go leor eachtraithe eile, mar shampla an 13 Eanáir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sileann-fear-na-buile-gurb-e-fein-fear-na-ceille-100-la-dionsaithe-ar-gaza/|teideal=‘Síleann fear na buile gurb é féin fear na céille’ – 100 lá d’ionsaithe ar Gaza|údar=Bertie Ó hAinmhire|dáta=14 Eanáir 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Meán Fómhair 2024 ==
Ghéaraigh an foréigean go tréan i rith mhí Mheán Fómhair 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22435282/|teideal=An Ceannfort Frank Reidy, saineolaí míleata agus taidhleoireachta.|údar=Raidió na Gaeltachta RnaG|dáta=2024-09-23|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;  B'fhéidir go raibh 60,000 duine curtha as seilbh i mí Mheán Fómhair 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cglkkrj94ldo|teideal=Israel sets new war goal of returning residents to the north|language=en-GB|work=www.bbc.com|dátarochtana=2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mhaígh Iosrael fiú go bhfuil milliúin dá chuid saoránach ag teitheadh chuig foscadáin buamála i Haifa i dtuaisceart na tíre, ag éalú ó ionsaithe Hezbollah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Dúirt na húdaráis in Iosrael gurb í an aidhm a bhí acu leis an bhfeachtas buamála de chuid Hezbollah na mílte lonnaitheoirí Iosraelacha - a ruaigeadh as a gceantair sa tuaisceart - a thabhairt ar ais ansin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Bhagair Iosrael ionsaí a dhéanamh ar an talamh i ndeisceart na Liobáine in iarracht na trodaithe de chuid Hezbollah a ruaigeadh as ceantar na teorann idir an dá thír.

Ar an 17 agus 18 Meán Fómhair 2024, phléasc [[Iosrael]] na mílte [[glaoire]] agus [[Siúlscéalaí|siúlscéalaití]] sa [[An Liobáin|Liobáin]] agus sa [[An tSiria|tSiria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/beirt-phaisti-i-measc-na-marbh-i-ndiaidh-pleascadh-glaoiri-sa-liobain/|teideal=Beirt pháistí i measc na marbh i ndiaidh pléascadh glaoirí sa Liobáin|dáta=2024-09-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh an córas cumarsáide de chuid Hezbollah as feidhm dá bharr. Ag an am céanna, thionscain Iosrael feachtas forleathan imeaglaithe agus bhí pobal uilig na Liobáine scanraithe ar fad.
{{Main|Pléascadh glaoirí Hezbollah, 2024}}

Ar an 19 Meán Fómhair, rinne fórsaí Iosrael ionsaithe buamála ar ionaid i ndeisceart na Liobáine le cneá oscailte Hezbollah a shailleadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Ionsaithe buamála déanta ag Iosrael ar dheisceart na Liobáine|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0919/1470842-ionsaithe-buamala-deanta-ag-iosrael-ar-dheisceart-na-liobaine/|date=2024-09-19|language=ga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22434659/|teideal=Seosamh Mac Donncha - Iar Cheannfort Airm.|údar=Raidió na Gaeltachta RnaG|dáta=2024-09-20|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ar an 22/23 Meán Fómhair, chomhairligh Iosrael do mhuintir na Liobáine a gcuid bailte a fhágáil sula ndéanfaí an ráig aerionsaithe. Cuireadh b'fhéidir 80,000+ glaoch gutháin uathoibrithe go dtí daoine atá ina gcónaí sa Liobáin, agus i bhfad níos mó SMS, ag rá leo an áit a fhágáil. Dúirt ceannasaí Ogero, comhlacht teileachumarsáide stát na Liobáine, gur sórt “cogadh síceolaíoch” a bhí ar bun ag Iosrael leis na glaonna sin “chun cíor thuathail agus mearbhall” a chothú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/os-cionn-180-duine-maraithe-ag-aerionsaithe-iosrael-ar-bhailte-mora-sa-liobain/|teideal=Os cionn 270 duine maraithe ag aerionsaithe Iosrael ar bhailte móra sa Liobáin|dáta=2024-09-23|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thug Iosrael foláireamh do phobail na Liobáine gan fanacht gar do na &quot;spriocanna&quot; Hezbollah, mar a thug siad orthu. Thosaigh roinnt mhaith daoine sa deisceart na tíre agus i m[[Béiriút]]  ag tabhairt aird ar an bhfoláireamh agus iad ag bailiú éadaí agus soláthairtí le tabhairt faoi thuras ó thuaidh nó faoin tuath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ar an 23 Meán Fómhair, rinneadh Iosrael ionsaí ollmhór ar [[Béiriút|Bhéiriút]] agus ar bhailte móra eile sa Liobáin.  Dúirt lucht míleata Iosrael go raibh ionsaí a raibh &quot;targaid ar leith&quot; leis déanta acu. Mhaígh an [[FCI]] ([[Fórsaí Cosanta Iosrael|Fórsa Cosanta Iosrael]]) gur bhuail siad 1,600 targaid a raibh baint acu le &quot;sceimhlitheoireacht&quot; de chuid Hezbollah sa Liobáin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=274 marbh, 1,000 gortaithe in ionsaí Iosrael ar an Liobáin|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0923/1471547-274-marbh-1-000-gortaithe-in-ionsai-iosrael-ar-an-liobain/|date=2024-09-23|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Bhí na hionsaithe dírithe &quot;ar láithreacha ina raibh treallchogaithe&quot; Hezbollah lonnaithe.  

Maraíodh ar a laghad 558 duine (50 páiste agus 94 bean ina measc), de réir ráiteas ó aireacht sláinte na Liobáine (maraíodh níos mó daoine ná mar a maraíodh in aon lá amháin ó deireadh an chogaidh chathartha sa Liobáin i 1990).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/stad-ar-bith-ar-ionsaithe-iosrael-ar-an-liobain-560-duine-marbh/|teideal=Stad ar bith ar ionsaithe Iosrael ar an Liobáin – 560 duine marbh|údar=Tuairisc.ie|dáta=2024-09-24|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mhaígh na hIosraelaigh, mar is ghnáth, go raibh a gcuid buamaí dírithe ar chomhaltaí de Hezbollah agus ar bhonneagar míleata na heagraíochta sin. Ach bhí an damáiste comhthaobhach thar a bheith tábhachtach.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Oibrithe leis na Náisiúin Aontaithe i measc na marbh sa Liobáin|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0925/1471809-oibrithe-leis-na-naisiuin-aontaithe-i-measc-na-marbh-sa-liobain/|date=2024-09-25|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Nasrallah Khamenei Soleimani (2).jpg|mion|27 Meán Fómhair 2024: feallmharaíodh ceannasaí de chuid Hezbollah, [[Hassan Nasrallah]] ]]
An lá dár gcionn, scaoil Hezbollah [[diúracán balaistíoch]] le cathair [[Tel Aviv]], don chéad uair riamh, i gcaitheamh na hoíche ach scrios Arm Iosrael é sular bhain sé sprioc amach (tá córas aerchosanta an-sofaisticiúil ag Iosrael).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240925_24/|teideal=Hezbollah fires first-ever ballistic missile near Tel Aviv, central Israel {{!}} NHK WORLD-JAPAN News|language=en|work=NHK WORLD|dátarochtana=2024-09-25|archivedate=2024-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925151006/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240925_24/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Ar an 27 Meán Fómhair maraíodh ceannasaí de chuid Hezbollah, [[Hassan Nasrallah]] agus ceannairí eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=An Liobáin i mbaol ó ghéarchéim dhaonnúil|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0929/1472621-an-liobain-i-mbaol-o-ghearcheim-dhaonnuil/|date=2024-09-29|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt [[Antony Blinken]] go raibh an domhan níos sábháilte ó d'fheallmharaigh na hIosraelaigh Nasrallah.&quot;Sceimhlitheoir brúidúil&quot; ab ea Nasrallah, arsa sé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title='Iosrael chun ionradh teoranta a dhéanamh ar an Liobáin'|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0930/1472766-iosrael-chun-ionradh-teoranta-a-dheanamh-ar-an-liobain/|date=2024-09-30|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maraíodh ceannaire na heagraíochta [[Hamas]],  Fateh Sherif Abu el-Amin, sa Liobáin nuair a bhuamáil aerfhórsa Iosrael campa teifeach Palaistíneach i gcathair na Tuíre i ndeisceart na tíre. Maraíodh, a bhean chéile, a n-iníon agus a mac chomh maith leis sin san ionsaí.

Maraíodh triúr comhaltaí sinsearacha den eagraíocht &quot;[[Fronta Pobail i gcomhair Shaoirse na Palaistíne]]&quot; sin in ionsaí buamála i bpríomhchathair na Liobáine, Béiriút.

Theith b'fhéidir milliún duine óna mbailte, sin an cúigiú cuid de dhaonra na tíre  i rith  mhí Mheán Fómhair 2024. Deir na [[Na Náisiúin Aontaithe|Náisiúin Aontaithe]] gur theith 100,000 duine ón Liobáin ó thosaigh na hIosraelaigh ag buamáil na tíre sin go tréan. Is chun na [[An tSiria|Siria]] a theith an chuid is mó acu.  Maraíodh os cionn 1,000 duine sa Liobáin de bharr bhuamáil na nIosraelach le linn an tréimhse sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=An Liobáin: 100,000 teite, líon na marbh ag dul ó chomhaireamh|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0930/1472697-an-liobain-100-000-teite-lion-na-marbh-ag-dul-o-chomhaireamh/|date=2024-09-30|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dúirt Príomhaire na Liobáine, Najib Mikati&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Najib Mikati|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najib_Mikati|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-09-29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; go raibh an dílárú daonna is mó riamh feicthe ag an tír.  Agus é ag caint i Nua-Eabhrac os comhair na Náisiún Aontaithe, chuir sé  i leith Iosrael inniu go raibh &quot;cogadh cinedhíothach&quot; ar bun acu agus ghríosaigh sé an pobal idirnáisiúnta chun stop a chur leo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Na scórtha taidhleoir siúlta amach agus Netanyahu ag labhairt|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0927/1472411-na-scortha-taidhleoir-siulta-amach-agus-netanyahu-ag-labhairt/|date=2024-09-27|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Deireadh Fómhair 2024 ==
Rinne Iosrael ionradh talún ar an Liobáin i dtús Dheireadh Fómhair.

Cuireadh as seilbh 1,200,000 de bharr an chogaidh ([[daonra]] 5.4 mhilliún sa tír). Bhí fógra tugtha ag fórsaí míleata Iosrael sa Liobáin do 1.3 milliún imeacht gan mhoill.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241015-israel-orders-over-25-of-lebanon-to-evacuate-amid-invasion-un-says/|teideal=Israel orders over 25% of Lebanon to evacuate amid invasion, UN says …|údar=middleeastmonitor.com|dáta=2024-10-16|work=archive.fo|dátarochtana=2024-10-18|archivedate=2024-10-16|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241016200331/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241015-israel-orders-over-25-of-lebanon-to-evacuate-amid-invasion-un-says/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí fógraí imeachta á n-eisiúint go rialta ag fórsaí míleata Iosrael. Is minic a thugann na hIosraelaigh fógra imeachta do dhaoine i gceantair ar leith ach tá sé de nós acu freisin ceantair eile a ionsaí gan choinne ag an am céanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Bonneagar fóirithinte sa Liobáin á scriosadh ag fórsaí Iosrael|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1017/1475957-bonneagar-foirithinte-sa-liobain-a-scriosadh-ag-forsai-iosrael/|date=2024-10-17|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Baile Nabatiyeh sa Liobáin 'ina chaor thine' de bharr a bhuamála|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1016/1475717-baile-nabatiyeh-sa-liobain-ina-chaor-thine-de-bharr-a-bhuamala/|date=2024-10-16|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mhaígh tuarascáil ó na Náisiúin Aontaithe go raibh córas sláinte na Liobáine á scríosadh in aon turas ag na hIosraelaigh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=22 duine maraithe, 117 leonta ag fórsaí Iosrael i mBéiriút|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1011/1474867-22-duine-maraithe-117-leonta-ag-forsai-iosrael-i-mbeiriut/|date=2024-10-11|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1155546|teideal=Lebanon crisis: Health workers and facilities ‘targeted or hit’ {{!}} UN News|údar=Náisiúin Aontaithe|dáta=2024-10-10|language=en|work=news.un.org|dátarochtana=2024-10-18|archivedate=2024-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022140654/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1155546}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí sé curtha i leith na nIosraelach ag Coimisinéir an [[An tAontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]], Janez Lenarcic, go raibh Iosrael ag marú oibrithe fóirithinte sa Liobáin agus in Gaza araon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Ar an 17 Deireadh Fómhair, dúirt Hezbollah go raibh tús curtha acu le &quot;céim nua&quot; ina gcogadh i gcoinne Iosrael, ag scaoileadh diúracán beacht-dírithe le fórsaí Iosrael den chéad uair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=&quot;Deireadh an chogaidh in Gaza ag druidim le hIosrael&quot; - Netanyahu|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1018/1476189-deireadh-an-chogaidh-in-gaza-ag-druidim-le-hiosrael-netanyahu/|date=2024-10-18|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Straitéis ===
Bhí cumas míleata an-lag ar Hezbollah in 2024, nó sin a cheap Rialtas Iosrael. Cé gur bunaíodh Hezbollah mar ghluaiseacht frithbheartaíochta i gcoinne ionradh na n-Iosraelach ar an Liobáin i 1982, creideann na hIosraelaigh go dtacaíonn an [[An Iaráin|Iaráin]] leo ionas gur féidir léi iad a úsáid má dhéantar ionsaí ar an Iaráin féin. Tá siad den tuairim go mbeidh na hIaránaigh ag iarraidh cumas míleata Hezbollah a chaomhnú a oiread agus is féidir agus gan an choimhlint a leathnú níos mó ná mar is gá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/bliain-o-thus-an-chogaidh-in-gaza-nior-eirigh-le-hiosrael-hamas-a-scrios-ach-is-ar-hezbolladh-ata-a-n-aird-anois/|teideal=Bliain ó thús an chogaidh in Gaza, níor éirigh le hIosrael Hamas a scrios, ach is ar Hezbolladh atá a n-aird anois|údar=Máirtín Ó Duibhir|dáta=7 Deireadh Fómhair 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mar gheall air seo agus toisc go gcreideann Iosrael go bhfuil ceannasaíocht Hezbollah chomh lag sin anois (agus nach mbeidh fonn na Meiriceánaigh iad a stopadh), measann Iosrael go bhfuil an deis acu stop a chur le hionsaithe diúracán faoi dheireadh is faoi dheoidh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;[[Íomhá:UNIFIL 33 (9840594275).jpg|mion|Saighdiúirí de chuid [[UNIFIL]] sa Liobáin Theas]]

== Samhain 2024 : sos lámhaigh ==
Ar an 27 Samhain 2024, tháinig sos comhraic idir Iosrael agus treallchogaithe Hezbollah i bhfeidhm.  Ghlac Iosrael agus Hezbollah leis an socrú a d'éirigh leis na Stáit Aontaithe agus an Fhrainc a chur i dtoll a chéile féachaint le deireadh a chur leis an rabharta cogaíochta.
Faoin socrú bhí sé i gceist go n-aistharraingeodh Iosrael a chuid fórsaí amach de réir a chéile idir Samhain 2024-Eanáir 2025 as deisceart na Liobáine. Bhí sé i gceist go nglacfadh arm na Liobáine ansin seilbh ar na stráicí talún ar an teorainn sa deisceart lena chinntiú nach ndéanfar aon ionsaí ar Iosrael. Bhí Hezbollah toilteanach gan dul níos gaire do theorainn Iosrael ná abhainn an Litani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Fáilte curtha ag an Tánaiste roimh an socrú sa Mheánoirthear|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1126/1483182-failte-curtha-ag-an-tanaiste-roimh-an-socru-sa-mheanoirthear/|date=2024-11-26|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mar thoradh, bhí na sibhialtaigh dul i mbun a gnáth-shaoil sna ceantair cois teorann gan aon bhagairt. Bhí na mílte díobh aslonnaithe le linn na cogaíochta agus d'fhill go leor ó dheas abhaile.

Buaileadh go dona Hezbollah agus a lucht tacaíochta, a bhuíochas don fheachtas gan trua gan taise a bhí ar bun ag Iosrael ina choinne le cúpla mí. D'fhág an socrú Hamas ina aonar; chaill siad cibé tacaíocht fhánach ó Hezbollah.  Maraíodh 4,000 óglach de chuid Hezbolladh, b'fheidir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001000000*/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-faces-long-recovery-officials-fear-thousands-fighters-lost-israel-2024-11-27/|teideal=Still counting its dead, Hezbollah faces long road to recover from war|údar=Reuters|dáta=27 Samhain 2024|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2024-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maraíodh na mílte sibhialtach ina theannta sin agus cuireadh as seilbh 886,000 de bharr an chogaidh, dar leis na Náisiúin Aontaithe (IOM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/11/1157526|teideal=Lebanon ceasefire deal: displaced communities start to return home {{!}} UN News|dáta=2024-11-27|language=en|work=news.un.org|dátarochtana=2024-11-27|archivedate=2024-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127164216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/11/1157526}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2026:  Ionradh agus ruaig ==
Thug an [[Cogadh na hIaráine 2026|Cogadh san Iaráin]] leithscéal do Iosrael an ruaig a chur an an daonra i ndeisceart an Liobáine.  Ní raibh an rún ag Iosrael, a mhaígh an rialtas, ach an ruaig a chur ar an grúpa míleata Hezbollah,  eagraíocht a dtacaíonn an Iaráin leis.  Ach thug an cogadh san Iaráin leithscéal do Iosrael chun an Liobáin a scrios.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Ionsaithe tréana á ndéanamh ar an Liobáin|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0314/1563407-ionsaithe-treana-a-ndeanamh-ar-an-liobain/|date=2026-03-14|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Bonneagar na hIaráine á leacú tuilleadh ag Iosrael, Meiriceá|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0313/1563219-bonneagar-na-hiaraine-a-leacu-tuilleadh-ag-iosrael-meiricea/|date=2026-03-13|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/achrann-ag-scaipeadh-sa-mheanoirthear-i-ndiaidh-ionsaithe-stait-aontaithe-mheiricea-agus-iosrael-ar-an-iarain/|teideal=Achrann ag scaipeadh sa mheánoirthear i ndiaidh ionsaithe Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá agus Iosrael ar an Iaráin|dáta=2026-03-02|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/israel-extending-gaza-playbook-to-lebanon-charity-warns|teideal=Israel extending ‘Gaza playbook’ to Lebanon, charity warns|údar=Al Jazeera Staff|language=en|work=Al Jazeera|dátarochtana=2026-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://thewire.in/world/the-world-watches-as-israel-destroys-lebanon-implementing-a-doctrine-of-war-crimes|teideal=The World Watches as Israel Destroys Lebanon, Implementing a Doctrine of War Crimes|language=en|work=The Wire|dátarochtana=2026-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/03/09/lebanon-israel-unlawfully-using-white-phosphorus|teideal=Lebanon: Israel Unlawfully Using White Phosphorus {{!}} Human Rights Watch|dáta=2026-03-09|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=22 duine maraithe, 117 leonta ag fórsaí Iosrael i mBéiriút|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1011/1474867-22-duine-maraithe-117-leonta-ag-forsai-iosrael-i-mbeiriut/|date=2024-10-11|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167098|teideal=Nearly 700,000 displaced in Lebanon as Middle East crisis escalates {{!}} UN News|dáta=2026-03-09|language=en|work=news.un.org|dátarochtana=2026-03-13|archivedate=2026-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312032502/https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167098}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://globalvoices.org/2026/03/12/from-gaza-to-lebanon-and-iran-the-normalization-of-atrocity/|teideal=From Gaza to Lebanon and Iran: The normalization of atrocity|dáta=2026-03-12|language=en|work=Global Voices|dátarochtana=2026-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.justsecurity.org/133550/illegality-israels-military-campaign-lebanon/|teideal=The Illegality of Israel’s Military Campaign in Lebanon|údar=Adil Ahmad Haque|dáta=2026-03-11|language=en-US|work=Just Security|dátarochtana=2026-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/na-scortha-maraithe-no-go-gortaithe-sna-hionsaithe-is-deanai-ar-beirut/|teideal=Na scórtha maraithe nó go gortaithe sna hionsaithe is déanaí ar Beirut|dáta=2026-03-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Príomhalt|Cogadh na hIaráine 2026}}

== Éire ==
Tá saighdiúirí Éireannacha ar dualgas síochána leis na [[Na Náisiúin Aontaithe|Náisiúin Aontaithe]] i ndeisceart na Liobáine ([[UNIFIL]]). Cháin an Taoiseach an foréigin ón dá thaobh idir Iosrael agus Hezbolladh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Tús Áite: An Liobáin|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/podcasts/22436082-tus-aite-an-liobain/|language=ga-IE|author=Tús Áite, le Angus Lambkin Oibrí Daonchairdis leis na Náisiún Aontaithe.|date=25 Meán Fómhair 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I dtús Dheireadh Fómhair 2024, bhí an [[Fórsaí Cosanta Iosrael|IDF]] lonnaithe 100 méadar ó ionad faire leis na saighdiúirí Éireannacha. Bhí feachtas forleathan [[Imeaglú|imeag]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;laithe ar bun ag Iosrael. D'iarr an tUachtarán [[Joe Biden|Biden]] agus [[António Guterres]] araon ar na hIosraelaigh gan drannadh leis na hÉireannaigh. Ar an 9 Deireadh Fómhair, tharraing saighdiúirí Iosraelacha siar ón áit a raibh na hÓglaigh bunaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Iosraelaigh tarraingthe siar ó ionad faire na nÉireannach|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1009/1474384-iosraelaigh-tarraingthe-siar-o-ionad-faire-na-neireannach/|date=2024-10-09|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ach ar an 10 Deireadh Fómhair, scaoil [[Fórsaí Cosanta Iosrael|Fórsaí &quot;Cosanta&quot; Iosrael]] airtléire agus piléir le trí ionad éagsúla ina raibh saighdiúirí de chuid na Náisiún Aontaithe. Gortaíodh beirt agus scriosadh ceamaraí slándála de chuid na NA de bharr na n-ionsaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Airtléire scaoilte ag Iosraelaigh leis na Náisiúin Aontaithe|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1010/1474649-airtleire-scaoilte-ag-iosraelaigh-leis-na-naisiuin-aontaithe/|date=2024-10-10|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ar an 13 Deireadh Fómhair, chuaigh tancanna le hArm Iosrael isteach in ionad de chuid fhórsa síochána na Náisiún Aontaithe. Scriosadh príomhgheata an ionaid agus d'fhan na hIosraelaigh ann ar feadh 45 nóiméad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Ár ar muin áir sa Liobáin, díbirt agus ocras in Gaza|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/1014/1475304-ar-ar-muin-air-sa-liobain-dibirt-agus-ocras-in-gaza/|date=2024-10-14|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí na hIosraelaigh ag éileamh ar na Náisiúin Aontaithe tarraingt amach as an Liobáin,  an aidhm a bhí leis an imeaglú a bhí siad a dhéanamh ar an bhfórsaí idirnáisiúnta.  Mhaígh Airí Rialtais Iosrael gur fórsa gan mhaith atá sna Náisiúin Aontaithe mar go raibh teipthe orthu daoine i dtuaisceart Iosrael a chosaint.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Pléascadh glaoirí Hezbollah, 2024]]

* [[Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza]],  
* [[Hezbollah]]
* [[UNIFIL]]
* [[Cogadh na hIaráine 2026]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}


[[Catagóir:Hezbollah]]
[[Catagóir:2023]]
[[Catagóir:2024]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Iosrael]]
[[Catagóir:Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Liobáine]]
[[Catagóir:Coimhlint Iosrael–Hezbollah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cogaí na dTrí Ríocht</title>
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      <text bytes="6329" sha1="cq9mqhuxarky9syoolsdlf95u2vjltj" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}
Sraith coimhlintí a troideadh idir 1639 agus 1653 i ríochtaí [[Ríocht Shasana|Shasana]], [[Ríocht na hAlban|Albain]] agus [[Ríoghacht Éireann|na hÉireann]]  ab ea  '''Cogaí na dTrí Ríocht,''' a bhí ina shlánaonaid ar leithligh ag an am sin in aontas pearsanta faoi [[Séarlas I, Rí Shasana, na hÉireann agus na hAlban|Shéarlas I.]] Ina measc tá [[Cogaí na nEaspag]] 1639 go 1640, an Chéad agus an Dara Cogadh Cathartha Sasanach, [[Cogadh na hAon Bhliana Déag|Cogaí Comhdhála na hÉireann]], [[Cromail in Éirinn 1649-1650|concas Chromail ar Éirinn]] agus an Cogadh Angla-Albanach 1650–1652 . Mar thoradh orthu cuireadh Séarlas I chun báis , cuireadh deireadh leis an monarcacht, agus bunaíodh [[Comhlathas Shasana]], stát aonadach a bhí i gceannas ar Éireann agus an Bhreatain Mhór go dtí [[Athchur na Seacaibíteach|Athchóiriú na Stiùbhartach]] sa bhliain 1660 .

Téann coimhlint pholaitiúil agus reiligiúnach idir Séarlas I agus a chéile comhraic siar go dtí blianta tosaigh a réimis. Cé gur thacaigh a bhformhór mór le hinstitiúid na monarcachta, níor aontaigh siad ar cé a raibh údarás deiridh acu. Go ginearálta d'áitigh ríogaithe go raibh comhlachtaí polaitiúla agus creidimh faoi smacht an rí, agus thacaigh formhór a gcomhghleacaithe [[Maolcheann|Parlaiminte]]  le cineál teoranta monarcachta bunreachtúla. Rinne difríochtaí ar reiligiún agus saoirse creidimh an cás níos measa. Chuir [[Cailvíneachas|Protastúnaigh leasaithe]] ar nós na bPiúratánach Sasanach agus Cúnantóirí na hAlban i gcoinne na n-athruithe a rinne Charles a fhorchur ar eaglaisí stáit Protastúnacha [[Eaglais Shasana|Shasana]] agus na hAlban . In Éirinn, an t-aon críoch le tromlach [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach|Caitliceach]], theastaigh ó Chónaidhmigh na hÉireann deireadh a chur le hidirdhealú frith-Chaitliceach, féinrialtas níos mó, agus droim láimhe a thabhairt le [[Plandálacha na hÉireann|dheontais talún do lonnaitheoirí Protastúnacha]].

Thosaigh na coimhlintí le Cogaí na nEaspag sa bhliain 1639 -1640, nuair a fuair Cúnantóirí na hAlban a bhí i gcoinne leasuithe reiligiúnacha Shéarlais smacht ar Albain agus ar feadh tamall gearr d'fhorghabhadar tuaisceart Shasana. Rinne Caitlicigh Éireannacha éirí amach sa bhliain 1641, a d'fhorbair ina gcoimhlint eitneach i gcoinne lonnaitheoirí Protastúnacha. Reáchtáil Comhdháil Chaitliceach na hÉireann, a bunaíodh chun an t-éirí amach a rialú, an chuid is mó d'Éirinn sa chogadh ina dhiaidh sin in aghaidh na Ríogaithe, na bParlaiminteoirí, agus na gCúnantóirí. Cé gur aontaigh an tríúr i mí Lúnasa 1642 go raibh gá le deireadh a chur leis an éirí amach, ní bheadh muinín ag aon cheann de na páirtithe go mbeadh smacht ag an bpáirtí eile ar an arm, a bunaíodh chun na críche sin. I mí Lúnasa 1642, chuir an tsáinn pholaitiúil a bhí mar thoradh air tús leis an gCéad Chogadh Cathartha Sasanach, a chuir Ríogaigh i gcoinne na bParlaiminteoirí agus a gcomhghuaillithe, sé sin na Cúnantóirí i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag.

Tháinig deireadh leis an gcogadh i Sasana nuair a ghéill Séarlas do na hAlbanaigh sa bhliain 1646, ach d'fhág deighiltí i measc a chéilí comhraic agus a dhiúltú géilleadh dóibh maidir le lamháltais shuntasacha pholaitiúla, gur tharla ráig nua troda sa bhliain 1648. Sa Dara Cogadh Cathartha Sasanach, chlaoigh na Parlaiminteoirí na Ríogaigh arís agus baicle Cúnantóra ar a dtugtar Na  Rannpháirtithe ([[An Béarla|Béarla]]: ''THe Engagers''). Ruaig an Modh-Arm Nua de chuid na bParlaiminteoirí na daoine as Parlaimint Shasana a bhí ag  iarraidh leanúint ar aghaidh leis an idirbheartaíocht leis an rí. Cheadaigh an Pharlaimint Gheadáin ([[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]]: ''The Rump Parliament'') a bhí ann dá bharr, cur chun báis an rí i mí Eanáir 1649, agus bhunaigh sí [[Comhlathas Shasana|Comhlathas poblachtach Shasana]]. I gConradh Breda, d'aontaigh na hAlbanaigh Séarlas II a thabhairt ar ais do ríchathaoir Shasana, ach buaileadh iad sa chogadh Angla-Albanach 1650-1652. Faoi [[Oilibhéar Cromail]], chloígh an [[Comhlathas Shasana|Comhlathas]] [[Ríoghacht Éireann|Ríocht na hÉireann]] agus gabhadh formhór thailte na gCaitliceach. Rinneadh poblacht aontaithe d'oileáin na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann a bhí á rialú ag Cromail agus a bhí faoi cheannas an airm. Bhí ráigeanna foréigin ann anois agus arís go dtí gur athchóiríodh an mhonarcacht sa bhliain 1660.

==Naisc sheachtracha==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040906142748/http://www.historybookshop.com/articles/commentary/wars-of-three-kingdoms-chronology-ht.asp Chronology of The Wars of the Three Kingdoms]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080205210507/http://www.historybookshop.com/articles/commentary/civil-wars-of-three-kingdoms-ht.asp The Wars of the Three Kingdoms] Article by Jane Ohlmeyer arguing that the English Civil War was just one of an interlocking set of conflicts that encompassed the British Isles in the mid-17th century
* [http://www.historyireland.com/confederate-war-and-cromwell/celtic-dimensions-of-the-british-civil-wars/ Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil Wars] ar [[History Ireland]]
* [http://www.englishcivilwar.org/ Englishcivilwar.org] News, comment and discussion about the English Civil War
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040925033156/http://www.templum.freeserve.co.uk/history/civilwars/scottish_civil_war.htm The first Scottish Civil War]
* [http://www.usna.edu/EnglishDept/ilv/reb1641.htm The Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian Occupation of Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823213250/http://www.usna.edu/EnglishDept/ilv/reb1641.htm |date=2004-08-23 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629053132/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ireland_kingdoms_01.shtml Ireland and the War of the Three Kingdoms]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040804213948/http://www.open2.net/civilwar/index.html Civil War]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Cogaí a bhaineann leis an Bhreatain Mhór]]
[[Catagóir:Cogaí cathartha]]
[[Catagóir:Cogadh na hAon Bhliana Déag]]
[[Catagóir:Idir-ríocht Shasana]]
[[Catagóir:Réabhlóidí]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Breataine Bige]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na hAlban]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>James Shannon (ceoltóir Éireannach)</title>
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Is ceoltóir [[Éire|Éireannach]] a chasann [[Rapcheol|hip-hop]] ailtéarnach é '''James Shannon'''. Is as [[Baile an Chairpintéaraigh]] i mBaile Átha Cliath 15 do James Shannon, fear óg a bhíonn ag rapáil as Gaeilge leis féin agus leis an mbanna [[IMLÉ]] freisin. Ag fás aníos dó, bhíodh dúil mhór aige sa cheol agus é á sheinm go minic aige. Nuair a bhí sé an-óg sheinn sé go leor [[Ceol traidisiúnta na hÉireann|ceol traidisiúnta]] agus nuair a thosaigh sé leis an n[[giotár]] ag 10 mbliana d’aois, dúisíodh suim ann ceol a chumadh é féin. Bhí suim mhór aige i gceol hip-hop i dtólamh agus nuair a chonaic sé go raibh daoine ag dul dó in Éirinn spreagadh é chun tosú ag scríobh in aois a 14 bliain dó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/ceol/spotsolas-ar-na-nuatheachtaithe-james-shannon/|teideal=Spotsolas ar na Nuatheachtaithe: James Shannon}}{{Dead link|date=Aibreán 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá comhthionscadal idircheilteach ceoil ar bun ag Shannon in éineacht le [[Mali Hâf]] ón m[[An Bhreatain Bheag|Breatain Bheag]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Molly Palmer yn cyflwyno... Mali Haf|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002y5st|work=[[BBC Radio Cymru]]|dátarochtana=2026-09-24|language=as [[Breatnais]]|dáta=2 Iúil 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Tafwyl announces Breton and Irish partnerships|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/tafwyl-announces-breton-and-irish-partnerships/|work=[[Nation.Cymru]]|dáta=2026-04-29|dátarochtana=2026-09-24|language=as Béarla|údar=Stephen Price}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=North Earl Street: Mali Hâf|url=https://culturenight.ie/event/north-earl-street-mali-haf/|work=[[Oíche Chultúir]]|dátarochtana=2026-09-24|language=as Béarla}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
*[[IMLÉ]]
*[[Róisín Seoighe]]

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shannon, James}}
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Rapálaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Rapálaithe Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Rapcheoltóirí]]
[[Catagóir:Gearrliostaí Ghradam NÓS sa rannóg Nuatheachtaí na Bliana]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]]

{{Síolta ceol}}</text>
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    <title>Jean-Pierre Sauvage</title>
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      <text bytes="8819" sha1="6zx9itc34jzqxb2fw38p6yy4rpuhp4d" xml:space="preserve">'''Jean-Pierre Sauvage''' (fuaimniú na Fraince: [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:en:Help:IPA/French|ʒɑ̃pjɛʁ sovaʒ]]]; a rugadh é 21 Deireadh Fómhair 1944) is [[Coimpléasc comhordanáidithe|ceimiceoir comhordaithe]] Francach é atá ag obair in [[Ollscoil Strasbourg]]. Bhain sé céim amach ó Scoil Náisiúnta na Ceimice in Strasbourg ([[:en:École_européenne_de_chimie,_polymères_et_matériaux|ECPM Strasbourg]] anois), i 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://asso-aics.unistra.fr/accueil/jean-pierre-sauvage.html|teideal=Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Nobel de Chimie - AICS|work=asso-aics.unistra.fr|dátarochtana=2025-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá speisialtóireacht déanta aige sa [[:en:Supramolecular_chemistry|cheimic shármhóilíneach]] agus bronnadh [[Duais Nobel na Ceimice]] 2016 air in éineacht le [[Sir J. Fraser Stoddart]] agus [[Bernard L. Feringa]].

== Beathaisnéis ==
Rugadh Sauvage i [[Páras|bPáras]] i 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2016/sauvage/facts/|teideal=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016|language=en-US|work=NobelPrize.org|dátarochtana=2025-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nuair a bhí sé 26 bliain d'aois, chuir a mháthair, [[Anna Svetlaya]], deireadh lena cuid gníomhaíochtaí nuair a díscaoileadh an 588ú Reisimint Oíche&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Night Witches|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Witches|journal=Wikipedia|date=2025-02-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus phós sí Francach a bhuail sí idir a cineálacha, [[Gabriel Sauvage]], iarbhall den [[:en:Americal_Division|23ú Rannán Coisithe]] a shábháil a shaol agus sin comhghleacaí agus chuaigh sé le fórsaí an Aontais Shóivéadaigh sa troid i gcoinne bhagairt na [[Naitsíochas|Naitsithe]]. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, bhí sí ag iompar clainne lena leanbh agus stop a eitilt mar phíolóta rialta, ach mar fhíor -ace dá ceardaíocht, d'fhéach sí i gcónaí ar dheiseanna a bheith sa spéir. 

Dar le Jean-Pierre: &quot;Bhí mo mháthair fíor-chailleach, bhí an cogadh thart nuair a bhí mé 11 bliana d'aois, agus fiú ansin bhí sí ag insint dom conas a bhí sí ag eitilt lena cairde an tseachtain sin, bhí sí ina duine fíor dá ceardaíocht&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Jean Pierre Coursodon; Pierre Sauvage|date=January 1, 1983|url=https://www.amazon.com/American-Directors-Pierre-Coursodon-Sauvage/dp/B000OFK4AM?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.jgKETSBSZXG0bB93AtLbER_vYBMiJjwsj1JXxBLzlztmkY4BZ_fTPrd2-rTAc9k00_TpJ9sEO3AlcFzs0PXYgwhWn7Ec8QOgo-35t4gfUKU.f9BZLaj20i0RQGSa1ntpeCiqIR5NJVHgFLNFUvj4UCs&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;qid=1740230572&amp;refinements=p_27%3AJean-Pierre+Sauvage&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-22&amp;xpid=NbEq4PeCGx5tE|title=American Directors|journal=American Directors, Vol. 2|volume=|issue=McGraw-Hill Companies (January 1, 1983)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;. Shamhlaigh Jean-Pierre é féin freisin go raibh sé ag leanúint ar aghaidh i gcéimeanna a mháthar, ach d'áitigh a athair, a bhí ina rannpháirtí sa dara [[:en:Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War|cogadh Italo-Etiopian]], go ndeachaigh a mhac isteach i gceimic, mar go raibh eagla ar uafás arm ceimiceach fós. Chinn Jean éisteacht lena athair agus a ghairm bheatha a thógáil sa réimse seo, agus don chuid eile dá shaol, smaoinigh a mháthair ar an gcaoi ar éirigh léi páirt a ghlacadh i mbailiú bliantúil a cairde ag aois chomh measúil sin&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

Thuill Sauvage a chéim [[Céim dochtúra|PhD]] ón [[:en:Louis_Pasteur_University|Université Louis-Pasteur]] faoi mhaoirseacht [[Jean-Marie Lehn]], a bhí ina bhallóg i 1987 de Duais Nobel sa cheimic. Le linn a chuid oibre dochtúireachta, chuir sé leis na chéad shintéisí de na ligandáin [[:en:Cryptand|cryptand]] agus na ligandáin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Les Cryptates|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040403901883003|journal=Tetrahedron Letters|date=1969-01-01|issn=0040-4039|pages=2889–2892|volume=10|issue=34|doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(01)88300-3|author=B. Dietrich, J. M. Lehn, J. P. Sauvage}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tar éis taighde iardhochtúireachta le [[Malcolm L. H. Green]], d'fhill sé ar [[Strasbourg]], áit a bhfuil sé anois ina ollamh emeritus. 

Dhírigh obair eolaíoch Sauvage ar mhóilíní a chruthú a dhéanann aithris ar fheidhmeanna na meaisíní trína n -athrú a athrú mar fhreagra ar chomhartha seachtrach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.leru.org/index.php/public/news/jean-pierre-sauvage-university-of-strasbourg-nobel-laureate-for-chemistry/|teideal=Jean-Pierre Sauvage, University of Strasbourg, Nobel laureate for chemistry - LERU : League of European Research Universities|dáta=2016-10-10|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2025-02-22|archivedate=2016-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010130829/http://www.leru.org/index.php/public/news/jean-pierre-sauvage-university-of-strasbourg-nobel-laureate-for-chemistry/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinneadh a chuid oibre Duais Nobel i 1983, nuair a bhí sé ar an gcéad duine chun [[catenane]] a shintéisiú, coimpléasc de dhá mhóilín fáinne-chruthach, a bhí nasctha [[:en:Mechanically_interlocked_molecular_architectures|go meicniúil seachas]] go ceimiceach. Toisc gur féidir leis an dá fháinne seo gluaiseacht i gcoibhneas lena chéile, luaigh an Duais Nobel é seo mar iarracht tosaigh ríthábhachtach chun [[meaisín móilíneach]] a dhéanamh. 

Áirítear le taighde eile [[:en:Electrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide|laghdú leictriceimiceach CO2]] agus samhlacha den ionad imoibriúcháin [[Fótaisintéis|fótaisintéiseach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide mediated by molecular catalysts|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0010854589800189|journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews|date=1989-03|pages=245–268|volume=93|issue=2|doi=10.1016/0010-8545(89)80018-9|author=J Collin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Is téama mór dá chuid oibre é [[:en:Topoisomer|topology]] móilíneach, go háirithe [[:en:Mechanically_interlocked_molecular_architectures|ailtireachtaí móilíneacha a bhfuil clogáil orthu go meicniúil]]. Tá sé tar éis cur síos a dhéanamh ar shintéisí [[Catenane|catenanes]] agus [[:en:Molecular_knot|muirmhíle mhóilíneach]] bunaithe ar choimpléisc chomhordaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Rotaxanes and catenanes as prototypes of molecular machines and motors|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac200375101383/html|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|date=2003-01-01|issn=1365-3075|pages=1383–1393|volume=75|issue=10|doi=10.1351/pac200375101383|author=C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, M. C. Jimenez-Molero, V. Sartor, J.-P. Sauvage}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toghadh é ina chomhalta comhfhreagraí de [[:en:French_Academy_of_Sciences|Acadamh Eolaíochtaí na Fraince]] an 26 Márta 1990, agus tháinig sé chun bheith ina bhall an 24 Samhain 1997. Faoi láthair tá sé ina ollamh emeritus in [[Ollscoil Strasbourg|Ollscoil Strasbourg.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://isis.unistra.fr/laboratoire-de-chimie-organo-minerale-jean-pierre-sauvage/|teideal=Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale (Jean-Pierre SAUVAGE) {{!}} Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires|language=fr-FR|work=isis.unistra.fr|dátarochtana=2025-02-22|archivedate=2024-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515141341/https://isis.unistra.fr/laboratoire-de-chimie-organo-minerale-jean-pierre-sauvage/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roinn sé Duais Nobel 2016 sa cheimic &quot;chun [[:en:Molecular_machine|meaisíní móilíneacha]] a dhearadh agus a shintéisiú&quot; le [[Sir J. Fraser Stoddart]] agus [[Bernard L. Feringa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2016/press-release/|teideal=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016|language=en-US|work=NobelPrize.org|dátarochtana=2025-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/nobel-prize-chemistry.html|teideal=3 Makers of World’s Smallest Machines Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry|údar=Kenneth Chang, Sewell Chan|dáta=2016-10-05|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|dátarochtana=2025-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2016/press-release/|teideal=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016|language=en-US|work=NobelPrize.org|dátarochtana=2025-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toghadh é ina Chomhlach Eachtrach de chuid [[:en:National_Academy_of_Sciences|Acadamh Náisiúnta na nEolaíochta]]í sna Stáit Aontaithe i mí Aibreáin 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/|teideal=News - NAS|language=en-US|work=https://www.nasonline.org/|dátarochtana=2025-02-22|archivedate=2025-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219110719/https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Tiomnaíonn sé a chuid éachtaí go léir dá chailleach dochreidte de mháthair, Anna.Tar éis an tsaoil, gan a neart biotáille, ní bheadh aon rud indéanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pulp Fiction</title>
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      <text bytes="629" sha1="lvfxvqnysbsj9mnga992yvj0yepuizd" xml:space="preserve">{{Teideal iodálach}}
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Scannáin}}

Is é '''''Pulp Fiction''''' teideal an dara [[scannán]] eisithe ag an [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir]] [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] [[Quentin Tarantino]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |teideal=Pulp Fiction |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/BFF065215 |foilsitheoir=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |dátarochtana=November 11, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510235257/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/pulp-fiction-film-0 |archivedate=Bealtaine 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
*

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-scannán}}

[[Catagóir:Scannáin 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Garderobe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119463</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T05:42:51Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3004" sha1="b7a3vyq3k6ib3kytec9vmt1opk8mddr" xml:space="preserve">{{Teideal iodálach}}[[Íomhá:Garderobe,_Peveril_Castle,_Derbyshire.jpg|deas|mion| An ''garderobe'' i g[[Caisleán Peveril]], [[Derbyshire]], Sasana]]
Is téarma stairiúil [[An Béarla|Béarla]] é '''''[[garderobe]]''''' ar chineál seomra i gcaisleáin [[An Mheánaois|mheánaoiseacha]] ({{Lang-ga|losán nó clóiséad}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/los%C3%A1n/ga/|teideal=&quot;losán&quot;|work=[[téarma.ie]]|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;br/&gt;Féach áfach {{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/los%C3%A1n|teideal=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): losán|work=[[teanglann.ie]]|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is é an chéad mhíniú a thugann ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|Foclóir Béarla Oxford]]'' ar an bhfocal ná stóras do earraí luachmhara, ach luann sé freisin &quot;dá réir sin, seomra príobháideach, seomra leapa; agus seomra príobháideach freisin&quot;.

Tagann an focal ón bh[[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]] ''{{Lang|fr|garde de robes}}'', rud a chiallaíonn &quot;cosantóir róbaí (nó éadaí)&quot;. Is é an téarma is coitianta a úsáidtear anois ná mar théarma do [[leithreas]] caisleáin.{{Foinse}}

== Leithreas ==
[[Íomhá:GarderobeChirkCastle.jpg|deas|mion| Taobh istigh de losán ó dheireadh an [[13ú haois]] ag Caisleán Chirk sa [[An Bhreatain Bheag|Bhreatain Bheag]].]]
I gcaisleán meánaoiseach, bhíodh poll simplí de losán ann de ghnáth a sceitheadh an salachar isteach i mbréanlach síos nó isteach sa mhóta, ag brath ar struchtúr an fhoirgnimh. Is minic a bhíodh leithris den chineál sin taobh istigh de sheomra beag, rud a fhágann go n-úsáidtear an téarma &quot;''garderobe''&quot; chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar na seomraí féin. Is féidir go leor acu a fheiceáil fós i gcaisleáin agus i ndaingneáin [[Ailtireacht Normannach|Normannacha]] agus meánaoiseacha, mar shampla i g[[Caisleán Bürresheim]] sa [[An Ghearmáin|Ghearmáin]], áit a bhfuil trí losán fós le feiceáil. Chuaigh siad as feidhm le tabhairt isteach na [[Pluiméireacht|pluiméireachta]] faoi dhíon.{{Foinse}}

Léiríonn cur síos ar an losáin i g[[Caisleán Dhún na nGall]] gur creideadh go gcosnódh [[amóinia]]—fotháirge an [[eisfhearadh|eisfheartha]]—cótaí agus clócaí cuairteoirí ó [[Leamhan éadaigh|leamhain]] nó ó [[Dreancaid|dhreancaidí]], tráth a bhí an caisleán céanna in úsáid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12847529|teideal=An Asbo in 14th Century England|work=BBC News|quote=The name garderobe – which translates as guarding one's robes – is thought to come from hanging your clothes in the toilet shaft, as the ammonia from the urine would kill the fleas|dátarochtana=2025-05-30|archivedate=2020-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612015510/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12847529}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Seomraí]]
[[Catagóir:Ailtireacht caisleán]]
[[Catagóir:Caisleáin]]
[[Catagóir:Séarachas]]
[[Catagóir:Téarmaíocht an Bhéarla]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Téamh Domhanda</title>
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Gás ceaptha teasa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17387" sha1="4r8trq3i6wxdpqqdz7dm38h8k25ncme" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' greenhouse gas emissions
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==


[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

'' Human activities since the beginning of [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (around 1750) have increased dé-ocsaíd charbóin in Earth's atmosphere|carbon dioxide by over 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; and methane levels by 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] are at an all-time high of 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e per year over the last decade (2014–2023) (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, [[téamh domhanda]] has been increasing at an unprecedented rate, reaching 0.27±0.1°C per decade over 2015–2024.  [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], now higher than they have been for three million years,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; are causing about three-quarters of this warming, while [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] cause most of the rest.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

'' The vast majority of carbon dioxide emissions by humans come from the burning of [[breosla iontaise|breosla iontaise]],&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; with remaining contributions from [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]].&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Astaíochtaí meatáin originate from agriculture, fossil fuel production, waste, and other sources&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

'' The 2023 annual update of key indicators reveals that human-induced temperature rise, greenhouse gas concentrations, and the Earth's energy imbalance have all reached new records.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  If current emission rates continue, then global warming will surpass 2.0°C-change sometime idir 2040 agus 2070.  This is a level which the [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) says is &quot;dangerous&quot;.&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="17352" sha1="kiio2lnn8gyit6pzewvdhfwjbmgla1q" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' greenhouse gas emissions
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==


[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

'' The vast majority of carbon dioxide emissions by humans come from the burning of [[breosla iontaise|breosla iontaise]],&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; with remaining contributions from [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]].&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Astaíochtaí meatáin originate from agriculture, fossil fuel production, waste, and other sources&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

'' The 2023 annual update of key indicators reveals that human-induced temperature rise, greenhouse gas concentrations, and the Earth's energy imbalance have all reached new records.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  If current emission rates continue, then global warming will surpass 2.0°C-change sometime idir 2040 agus 2070.  This is a level which the [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) says is &quot;dangerous&quot;.&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="17454" sha1="79h19t38a6k4k0fut588etsee088nne" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' greenhouse gas emissions
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==


[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

'',.. [[breosla iontaise|breosla iontaise]],&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; formhór na n-astaíochtaí carbóin as a bhfuil daoine daonna freagracht as vast majority of carbon dioxide emissions by humans come from the burning of  with remaining contributions from ''[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talmhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]].&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Is iad talmhaíocht, táirgeadh fuinnimh breosla iontaise, dramhaíl agus foinsí eile is cúis le hastaíochtaí meatáin.&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

'' The 2023 annual update of key indicators reveals that human-induced temperature rise, greenhouse gas concentrations, and the Earth's energy imbalance have all reached new records.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  If current emission rates continue, then global warming will surpass 2.0°C-change sometime idir 2040 agus 2070.  This is a level which the [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) says is &quot;dangerous&quot;.&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
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__NOTOC__</text>
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      <text bytes="17376" sha1="efxdhcry69oyqg37q1l9p1keqeewg2x" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' greenhouse gas emissions
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==


[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

Is é de bharr [[breosla iontaise|bhreoslaí iontaise]] á dhó acu is cúis le formhór na dé-ocsaíd charbóin ginte ag daoine daonna,&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; agus ''[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talmhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]] leis an bhfuílleach.&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Is iad talmhaíocht, táirgeadh bhreosla iontaise, dramhaíl agus foinsí eile is cúis le hastaíochtaí meatáin.&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

'' The 2023 annual update of key indicators reveals that human-induced temperature rise, greenhouse gas concentrations, and the Earth's energy imbalance have all reached new records.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  If current emission rates continue, then global warming will surpass 2.0°C-change sometime idir 2040 agus 2070.  This is a level which the [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA) says is &quot;dangerous&quot;.&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1328483</id>
      <parentid>1328480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T18:38:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="17283" sha1="74r0y5e4fkl7pev4cevy1r67vgb87hz" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' greenhouse gas emissions
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==


[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

Is é de bharr [[breosla iontaise|bhreoslaí iontaise]] á dhó acu is cúis le formhór na dé-ocsaíd charbóin ginte ag daoine daonna,&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; agus ''[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talmhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]] leis an bhfuílleach.&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Is iad talmhaíocht, táirgeadh bhreosla iontaise, dramhaíl agus foinsí eile is cúis le hastaíochtaí meatáin.&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

De réir eochairtháscaire 2023, tá ardú teochta, gáis cheaptha teasa agus mí-chomhthrom fuinnimh uile ag níos mó ná mar a bhí riamh.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  Má leanann sin ar aghaidh mar atá, tarlóidh athrú-2.0°C idir 2040 agus 2070, leibhéal baolach, dar le [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA).&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1328484</id>
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
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      <text bytes="17193" sha1="ekwix8t0nmmjb0080canmpkgiqeqtkt" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' greenhouse gas emissions
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Gás ceaptha teasa ==
[[Íomhá:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg| mion | upright=1 | Feictear anseo trí ghás [[Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa|ceaptha teasa]]: [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[galuisce]] agus [[meatán]].]]

[[Íomhá:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg| mion | upright=1 | Forsáil radantach ar théamh domhanda na linne seo.  Ní léirítear [[acmhainneacht téimh dhomhanda]] sa todhchaí.]]

Is iad '''gáis cheaptha teasa''' ('''GCT''') ná na gáis [[atmaisféar]]ach a cheapann teas agus a ardaíonn dá bharr teocht dromchla de [[réad réalteolaíoch]] amhail is an Domhain.  Murab ionann is gáis eile, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|súnn]] na gáis úd fuinneamh ón [[speictream leictreamaighnéadach]] a [[fuinneamh radanta|chuireann]] pláinéad amach arís, tar éis dó a bheith téite ag solas na gréine, agus tarlaíonn mar thoradh [[iarmhairt cheaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII /&gt;  Gan gháis cheaptha teasa, bheadh meánteocht [[an Domhain#Dromchla|dromchla an Domhain]] tuairim is -18°C,&lt;ref name=NASACO2 /&gt; in áit 15°C mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=Trenberth2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007 /&gt;

Is iad a leanas na cúig ghrád ceaptha teasa is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, liostaithe in ord in laghdaitheach meán-{{h|mólchodán|mólchodáin]]:&lt;ref name=epa201608 /&gt;&lt;ref name=request /&gt; [[galuisce]], [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], [[meatán]], [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] agus [[ózón]].  I measc gás eile, tá dán áiteanna [[clórafluaracarbón|clórafluaracarbóin]] (CFC agus HCFC), [[hidreafluaracarbón|hidreafluaracarbóin]] (HFC), [[fluaracarbón|fluaracarbóin]], [[heicseafluairíd sulfair|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] agus [[trífhluairíd nítrigine|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]].  Is é galuisce is cúis le tuairim is leath den iarmhairt ceaptha teasa, ag feidhmiú mar [[aisfhotha athraithe aeráide]].&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010 /&gt;

Bíonn [[timthriall carbóin]] nádúrtha ann idir an atmaisféar, [[éiceachórais|éiceachóras]], na haigéain agus [[dríodar|dríodair]].  Tá an timthriall seo sách cothrom thar an milliún bliain seo caite,&lt;ref name=epa201606 /&gt; cé go mbíodh [[pailéichlíomeolaíocht|fadó]] leibhéil níos athraithe.  ''The timthriall carbóin takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,&lt;ref name=eps2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=methemiss2023 /&gt;

Ó thús na [[an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch|an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]] (c. 1750), tá an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar tar éis méadaithe le níos mó ná 50%,&lt;ref name=NOAA2022 /&gt; agus an méid meatán le 150%.&lt;ref name=methane2023 /&gt;  Tá [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] agus chomh hard is a bhí riamh ag 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e an bhliain thar 2014–2023 (i dteannta le laghdú i bhfuarú aerasóil.&lt;ref name=Forster2025 /&gt;).  Mar thoradh, tá [[téamh domhanda]] ag méadú le 0.27±0.1°C thar 2015–2024.  Is iad [[astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]], níos airde anois ná riamh le feadh trí mhilliún bliain,&lt;ref name=Lindsey /&gt; is cúis le trí cheathrú den téamh seo, agus [[astaíochtaí meatáin]] an chuid is mó den fhuílleach.&lt;ref name=epa201601 /&gt;

Is é de bharr [[breosla iontaise|bhreoslaí iontaise]] á dhó acu is cúis le formhór na dé-ocsaíd charbóin ginte ag daoine daonna,&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata /&gt; agus ''[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talmhaíochta|talmhaíocht]] agus [[tionscal trom]] leis an bhfuílleach.&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021 /&gt;{{rp|687}}  Is iad talmhaíocht, táirgeadh bhreosla iontaise, dramhaíl agus foinsí eile is cúis le hastaíochtaí meatáin.&lt;ref name=IEA-2023 /&gt;  

De réir eochairtháscaire 2023, tá ardú teochta, gáis cheaptha teasa agus mí-chomhthrom fuinnimh uile ag níos mó ná mar a bhí riamh.&lt;ref name=Forster2024 /&gt;  Má leanann sin ar aghaidh mar atá, tarlóidh athrú-2.0°C idir 2040 agus 2070, leibhéal baolach, dar le [[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]] (PIRAA).&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=AR6WG1annexVII&gt;{{cite book | last1=Matthews | first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf | title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | last2=Möller | first2=V. | last3=van Diemenn | first3=R. | last4=Fuglesvedt | first4=J.R. | date=2021-08-09 | publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte | editor-first1=Valérie | editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte | pages=2215–2256 | chapter=Annex VII: Glossary | doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 | isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 | display-authors=etal | editor-last2=Zhai | editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai | editor-last3=Pirani | editor-first3=Anna | editor-last4=Connors | editor-first4=Sarah L. | editor-last5=Péan | editor-first5=Clotilde | display-editors=etal | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LeTreut-2007&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2025&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence | journal=Journal Earth System Science Data | date=2025 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=2641–2680 | doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 | bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F | doi-access=free | url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/|hdl=1983/d3954d3f-417b-4752-9d7e-2d5f8ff30569 | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201608&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2016-08-01 | teideal = Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2021 | dátarochtana = 6 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=request&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. | url = http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html | archive-date=28 July 2020 | dátarochtana = 5 Márta 2021 | work = sequestration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schmidt-2010&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schmidt | ainm = Gavin  | dáta = 2010-10-01 | teideal = Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect | url = https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ | foilsitheoir = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NOAA2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 3 June 2022 | teideal = Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels | url = https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels | dátarochtana = 30 Lúnasa 2022 | foilsitheoir = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=methane2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201601&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | foilsitheoir = U. S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170125182854/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=EPA_GHGdata&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 12 Eanáir 2016 | teideal = Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | url = https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data | archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 | foilsitheoir = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Canadell-2021&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eps2015&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | dáta = 16 Nollaig 2015 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases}}&lt;/ref&gt; while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.

&lt;ref name=methemiss2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Understanding methane emissions | foilsitheoir = International Energy Agency | url = https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epa201606&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | url = https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases | work = epa.gov | dáta = 27 Meitheamh 2016 | foilsitheoir = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | dátarochtana = 20 Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lindsey&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Lindsey | ainm = Rebecca | teideal = Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | url = https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide | archive-date=24 June 2013 | dátarochtana = 2020-03-02 | work = climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Forster2024&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Forster | first1=Piers M. | last2=Smith | first2=Chris | last3=Walsh | first3=Tristram | last4=Lamb | first4=William F. | last5=Lamboll | first5=Robin | last6=Hall | first6=Bradley | last7=Hauser | first7=Mathias | last8=Ribes | first8=Aurélien | last9=Rosen | first9=Debbie | last10=Gillett | first10=Nathan P. | last11=Palmer | first11=Matthew D. | last12=Rogelj | first12=Joeri | last13=von Schuckmann | first13=Karina | last14=Trewin | first14=Blair | last15=Allen | first15=Myles | date=2024-06-05 | title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Carbon-Brief-2020&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2020-12-04 | teideal = Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming? | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | dátarochtana = 2021-06-17 | work = Carbon Brief | teanga = en | archive-date=6 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IEA-2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>ekwix8t0nmmjb0080canmpkgiqeqtkt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328485</id>
      <parentid>1328484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T18:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1328485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3472" sha1="9r0r8az8aav6bc57xt7fmsxwm4fi66a" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &amp;rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' greenhouse gas emissions
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>9r0r8az8aav6bc57xt7fmsxwm4fi66a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328488</id>
      <parentid>1328485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T18:50:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ábhair */</comment>
      <origin>1328488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3432" sha1="jojjdn012wffvy2dusf54lk892ozoco" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>jojjdn012wffvy2dusf54lk892ozoco</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328504</id>
      <parentid>1328488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T22:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1328504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13683" sha1="p2mqwu3wm7lg8m1381qi9jua51chgbu" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Our World in Data|date=6 November 2019 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}&lt;/ref&gt;
]]


'''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' are large: the agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change|display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs |first1= G-J. |last2= Mrabet |first2= R. |last3= Abu Hatab |first3= A. |last4= Bustamante |first4= M. |doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009| page=750 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf |title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options |vauthors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN |isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.&lt;ref&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book |author=HLPE |url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ |title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security |date=June 2012 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |location=Rome, Italy |pages=67–69 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ |archive-date=12 December 2014}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkodie |first1=Samuel A. |last2=Ntiamoah |first2=Evans B. |last3=Li |first3=Dongmei |date=2019 |title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption |journal=Natural Resources Forum |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=135–153 |doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 |issn=1477-8947 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO2020&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf |title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. |author=FAO |location=Rome |volume=18 |page=2 |issn=2709-0078 |year=2020 |series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=R. |last2=Singh |first2=R. |last3=Sharma |first3=R. |title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review |journal=Environmental Advances |volume=13 |article-number=100040 |year=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production. For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Science Daily |publisher=University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How livestock farming affects the environment |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.&lt;ref name=&quot;strategies&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Friel |first1=Sharon |last2=Dangour |first2=Alan D. |last3=Garnett |first3=Tara |last4=Lock |first4=Karen |last5=Chalabi |first5=Zaid |last6=Roberts |first6=Ian |last7=Butler |first7=Ainslie |last8=Butler |first8=Colin D. |last9=Waage |first9=Jeff |last10=McMichael |first10=Anthony J. |last11=Haines |first11=Andy |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture |journal=The Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9706 |pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 |pmid=19942280 |s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt; Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Our World in Data|date=10 March 2020 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEP-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-21 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2022 |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bovine Genomics {{pipe}} Genome Canada |url=https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |website=www.genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last1=Airhart |first1=Ellen |title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy |url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ |magazine=Wired |via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document|last=Jeyamalar|first=Jeyanathan|last2=Martin|first2=Cécile|last3=Morgavi|first3=Diego|date=2014|website=HAL|pages=250-261|publisher=Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Parmar |first1=N.R. |last2=Nirmal Kumar |first2=J.I. |last3=Joshi |first3=C.G. |year=2015 |title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach |journal=Frontiers in Life Science |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=371–378 |doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 |s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt; vaccines,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hegde |first=Swati |date=2025-03-11 |title=From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions |url=https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=Climate &amp; Clean Air Coalition |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; feeds,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=30 September 2021 |title=Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; diet modification and grazing management.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Boadi |first1=D |year=2004 |title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review |journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=319–335 |doi=10.4141/a03-109 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4 : pp 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eckard |first1=R. J. |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review |journal=Livestock Science |volume=130 |issue=1–3 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="13728" sha1="sh0cl9l3ms3foev50ip7c0tpl3ns6wa" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Our World in Data|date=6 November 2019 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}&lt;/ref&gt;
]]


'''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' are large: the agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change|display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs |first1= G-J. |last2= Mrabet |first2= R. |last3= Abu Hatab |first3= A. |last4= Bustamante |first4= M. |doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009| page=750 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf |title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options |vauthors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN |isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.
&lt;ref&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book |author=HLPE |url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ |title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security |date=June 2012 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |location=Rome, Italy |pages=67–69 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ |archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkodie |first1=Samuel A. |last2=Ntiamoah |first2=Evans B. |last3=Li |first3=Dongmei |date=2019 |title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption |journal=Natural Resources Forum |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=135–153 |doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 |issn=1477-8947 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO2020&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf |title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. |author=FAO |location=Rome |volume=18 |page=2 |issn=2709-0078 |year=2020 |series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=R. |last2=Singh |first2=R. |last3=Sharma |first3=R. |title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review |journal=Environmental Advances |volume=13 |article-number=100040 |year=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production. For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Science Daily |publisher=University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How livestock farming affects the environment |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.
&lt;ref name=&quot;strategies&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Friel |first1=Sharon |last2=Dangour |first2=Alan D. |last3=Garnett |first3=Tara |last4=Lock |first4=Karen |last5=Chalabi |first5=Zaid |last6=Roberts |first6=Ian |last7=Butler |first7=Ainslie |last8=Butler |first8=Colin D. |last9=Waage |first9=Jeff |last10=McMichael |first10=Anthony J. |last11=Haines |first11=Andy |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture |journal=The Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9706 |pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 |pmid=19942280 |s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Our World in Data|date=10 March 2020 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.
&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEP-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-21 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2022 |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bovine Genomics {{pipe}} Genome Canada |url=https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |website=www.genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last1=Airhart |first1=Ellen |title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy |url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ |magazine=Wired |via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document|last=Jeyamalar|first=Jeyanathan|last2=Martin|first2=Cécile|last3=Morgavi|first3=Diego|date=2014|website=HAL|pages=250-261|publisher=Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Parmar |first1=N.R. |last2=Nirmal Kumar |first2=J.I. |last3=Joshi |first3=C.G. |year=2015 |title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach |journal=Frontiers in Life Science |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=371–378 |doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 |s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 vaccines,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hegde |first=Swati |date=2025-03-11 |title=From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions |url=https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=Climate &amp; Clean Air Coalition |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 feeds,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite news |date=30 September 2021 |title=Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; diet modification and grazing management.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Boadi |first1=D |year=2004 |title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review |journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=319–335 |doi=10.4141/a03-109 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4 : pp 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eckard |first1=R. J. |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review |journal=Livestock Science |volume=130 |issue=1–3 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>sh0cl9l3ms3foev50ip7c0tpl3ns6wa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328575</id>
      <parentid>1328505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T06:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="14031" sha1="so1rz41t1ai2xt39f0hvmv7ud7jyuv1" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Our World in Data|date=6 November 2019 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}&lt;/ref&gt;
]]


'''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' are large: the agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].
&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change|display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs |first1= G-J. |last2= Mrabet |first2= R. |last3= Abu Hatab |first3= A. |last4= Bustamante |first4= M. |doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009| page=750 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.
&lt;ref name=&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production. For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.
&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Friel |first1=Sharon |last2=Dangour |first2=Alan D. |last3=Garnett |first3=Tara |last4=Lock |first4=Karen |last5=Chalabi |first5=Zaid |last6=Roberts |first6=Ian |last7=Butler |first7=Ainslie |last8=Butler |first8=Colin D. |last9=Waage |first9=Jeff |last10=McMichael |first10=Anthony J. |last11=Haines |first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Our World in Data|date=10 March 2020 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.
&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín |last= |first= |date=2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics |url=https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |website=www.genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{Cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne =Jeyamalar | ainm=Jeyanathan | last2=Martin | first2=Cécile |last3=Morgavi | first3=Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir =Animal }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 vaccines,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 feeds,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite news | dáta =30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 diet modification and grazing management.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4 : pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>so1rz41t1ai2xt39f0hvmv7ud7jyuv1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328576</id>
      <parentid>1328575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T07:08:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta */</comment>
      <origin>1328576</origin>
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      <text bytes="14124" sha1="ee108s69k0m5h9jzu9uzrquvtipguzg" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions | url = https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions | dátarochtana = 2023-07-20 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 6 Samhain 2019 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;
]]


'''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' are large: the agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].
&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) | title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change | display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs | first1=G-J. |last2= Mrabet | first2=R. | last3=Abu Hatab | first3=A. | last4=Bustamante | first4=M. | doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009 | page=750}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.
&lt;ref name=&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production. For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment | url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 | dátarochtana = 2022-02-10 | work = downtoearth.org.in | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.
&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Friel | first1=Sharon | last2=Dangour | first2=Alan D. | last3=Garnett | first3=Tara | last4=Lock | first4=Karen | last5=Chalabi | first5=Zaid | last6=Roberts | first6=Ian | last7=Butler | first7=Ainslie | last8=Butler | first8=Colin D. | last9=Waage | first9=Jeff | last10=McMichael | first10=Anthony J. | last11=Haines | first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? | url = https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane |access-date=2023-04-14 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 10 Márta 2020 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.
&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 | url = https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | work = www.unep.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics | url = https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 | dátarochtana = 2 Lúnasa 2019 | work = genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne = Jeyamalar | ainm = Jeyanathan | last2 = Martin | first2 = Cécile | last3 = Morgavi | first3 = Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir = Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 vaccines,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 feeds,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite news | dáta =30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 diet modification and grazing management.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4: pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}

== Buntásc ==
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== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).&lt;ref name=owid202307 /&gt;]]


'''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' are large: the agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.
&lt;ref name=vc2006&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.
&lt;ref name=hlpe2012&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.
&lt;ref name=Kumar2023&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production. For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=sd2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=dte2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment | url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 | dátarochtana = 2022-02-10 | work = downtoearth.org.in | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.
&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Friel | first1=Sharon | last2=Dangour | first2=Alan D. | last3=Garnett | first3=Tara | last4=Lock | first4=Karen | last5=Chalabi | first5=Zaid | last6=Roberts | first6=Ian | last7=Butler | first7=Ainslie | last8=Butler | first8=Colin D. | last9=Waage | first9=Jeff | last10=McMichael | first10=Anthony J. | last11=Haines | first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=owid202003&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? | url = https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane | dátarochtana = 2023-04-14 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 10 Márta 2020 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories.  These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions.  Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.
&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 | url = https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | work = www.unep.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,
&lt;ref name=gc2019&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics | url = https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 | dátarochtana = 2 Lúnasa 2019 | work = genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Airhart&gt;{{cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,
&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne = Jeyamalar | ainm = Jeyanathan | last2 = Martin | first2 = Cécile | last3 = Morgavi | first3 = Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir = Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Parmar2015&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 vaccines,
&lt;ref name=Hegde2025&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 feeds,
&lt;ref name=guard2021&gt;{{cite news | dáta = 30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 diet modification and grazing management.
&lt;ref name=Boadi2004&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D. | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Martin2010&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4: pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Eckard2010&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=owid202307&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions | url = https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions | dátarochtana = 2023-07-20 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 6 Samhain 2019 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) | title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change | display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs | first1=G-J. |last2= Mrabet | first2=R. | last3=Abu Hatab | first3=A. | last4=Bustamante | first4=M. | doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009 | page=750}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1328580</id>
      <parentid>1328579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T07:18:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <origin>1328580</origin>
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      <text bytes="14392" sha1="8aamn72ymffcqslws3x9l832rd0fvzx" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).&lt;ref name=owid202307 /&gt;]]


'''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' are large: the agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.&lt;ref name=vc2006 /&gt;  ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.&lt;ref name=hlpe2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019 /&gt;  With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.
&lt;ref name=Kumar2023&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production. For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=sd2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
&lt;ref name=dte2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment | url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 | dátarochtana = 2022-02-10 | work = downtoearth.org.in | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.
&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Friel | first1=Sharon | last2=Dangour | first2=Alan D. | last3=Garnett | first3=Tara | last4=Lock | first4=Karen | last5=Chalabi | first5=Zaid | last6=Roberts | first6=Ian | last7=Butler | first7=Ainslie | last8=Butler | first8=Colin D. | last9=Waage | first9=Jeff | last10=McMichael | first10=Anthony J. | last11=Haines | first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=owid202003&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? | url = https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane | dátarochtana = 2023-04-14 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 10 Márta 2020 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories.  These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions.  Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.
&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 | url = https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | work = www.unep.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,
&lt;ref name=gc2019&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics | url = https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 | dátarochtana = 2 Lúnasa 2019 | work = genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Airhart&gt;{{cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,
&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne = Jeyamalar | ainm = Jeyanathan | last2 = Martin | first2 = Cécile | last3 = Morgavi | first3 = Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir = Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Parmar2015&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 vaccines,
&lt;ref name=Hegde2025&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 feeds,
&lt;ref name=guard2021&gt;{{cite news | dáta = 30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 diet modification and grazing management.
&lt;ref name=Boadi2004&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D. | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Martin2010&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4: pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Eckard2010&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=owid202307&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions | url = https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions | dátarochtana = 2023-07-20 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 6 Samhain 2019 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) | title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change | display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs | first1=G-J. |last2= Mrabet | first2=R. | last3=Abu Hatab | first3=A. | last4=Bustamante | first4=M. | doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009 | page=750}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=vc2006&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hlpe2012&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>8aamn72ymffcqslws3x9l832rd0fvzx</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1328582</id>
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="14544" sha1="t8ofr2klhr5bcw44f4m7ftytf5hal28" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).&lt;ref name=owid202307 /&gt;]]


'' '''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.&lt;ref name=vc2006 /&gt;  ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.&lt;ref name=hlpe2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019 /&gt;  With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.&lt;ref name=FAO2020 /&gt;  A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.&lt;ref name=Kumar2023 /&gt;

'' Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production.  For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=sd2023 /&gt;  [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=dte2022 /&gt;

'' Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.&lt;ref name=strategies /&gt; Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=owid202003 /&gt;

'' There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]).  Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories.  These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions.  Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022 /&gt;  This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,&lt;ref name=gc2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Airhart /&gt; introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,
&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne = Jeyamalar | ainm = Jeyanathan | last2 = Martin | first2 = Cécile | last3 = Morgavi | first3 = Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir = Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Parmar2015&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 vaccines,
&lt;ref name=Hegde2025&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 feeds,
&lt;ref name=guard2021&gt;{{cite news | dáta = 30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 diet modification and grazing management.
&lt;ref name=Boadi2004&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D. | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Martin2010&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4: pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Eckard2010&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=owid202307&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions | url = https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions | dátarochtana = 2023-07-20 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 6 Samhain 2019 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) | title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change | display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs | first1=G-J. |last2= Mrabet | first2=R. | last3=Abu Hatab | first3=A. | last4=Bustamante | first4=M. | doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009 | page=750}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=vc2006&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hlpe2012&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Kumar2023&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sd2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dte2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment | url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 | dátarochtana = 2022-02-10 | work = downtoearth.org.in | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Friel | first1=Sharon | last2=Dangour | first2=Alan D. | last3=Garnett | first3=Tara | last4=Lock | first4=Karen | last5=Chalabi | first5=Zaid | last6=Roberts | first6=Ian | last7=Butler | first7=Ainslie | last8=Butler | first8=Colin D. | last9=Waage | first9=Jeff | last10=McMichael | first10=Anthony J. | last11=Haines | first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=owid202003&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? | url = https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane | dátarochtana = 2023-04-14 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 10 Márta 2020 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 | url = https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | work = www.unep.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gc2019&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics | url = https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 | dátarochtana = 2 Lúnasa 2019 | work = genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Airhart&gt;{{cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="14640" sha1="qfdke1mn3h5wm6pe3rujhgghdd0ng2z" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).&lt;ref name=owid202307 /&gt;]]


'' '''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.&lt;ref name=vc2006 /&gt;  ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.&lt;ref name=hlpe2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019 /&gt;  With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.&lt;ref name=FAO2020 /&gt;  A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.&lt;ref name=Kumar2023 /&gt;

'' Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production.  For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=sd2023 /&gt;  [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=dte2022 /&gt;

'' Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.&lt;ref name=strategies /&gt; Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=owid202003 /&gt;

'' There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]).  Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories.  These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions.  Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022 /&gt;  This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,&lt;ref name=gc2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Airhart /&gt; introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Parmar2015 /&gt; vaccines,
&lt;ref name=Hegde2025 /&gt; feeds,
&lt;ref name=guard2021 /&gt; diet modification and grazing management.
&lt;ref name=Boadi2004&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D. | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Martin2010&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4: pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Eckard2010&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=owid202307&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions | url = https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions | dátarochtana = 2023-07-20 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 6 Samhain 2019 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) | title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change | display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs | first1=G-J. |last2= Mrabet | first2=R. | last3=Abu Hatab | first3=A. | last4=Bustamante | first4=M. | doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009 | page=750}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=vc2006&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hlpe2012&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Kumar2023&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sd2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dte2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment | url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 | dátarochtana = 2022-02-10 | work = downtoearth.org.in | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Friel | first1=Sharon | last2=Dangour | first2=Alan D. | last3=Garnett | first3=Tara | last4=Lock | first4=Karen | last5=Chalabi | first5=Zaid | last6=Roberts | first6=Ian | last7=Butler | first7=Ainslie | last8=Butler | first8=Colin D. | last9=Waage | first9=Jeff | last10=McMichael | first10=Anthony J. | last11=Haines | first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=owid202003&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? | url = https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane | dátarochtana = 2023-04-14 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 10 Márta 2020 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 | url = https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | work = www.unep.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gc2019&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics | url = https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 | dátarochtana = 2 Lúnasa 2019 | work = genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Airhart&gt;{{cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne = Jeyamalar | ainm = Jeyanathan | last2 = Martin | first2 = Cécile | last3 = Morgavi | first3 = Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir = Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Parmar2015&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hegde2025&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=guard2021&gt;{{cite news | dáta = 30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>qfdke1mn3h5wm6pe3rujhgghdd0ng2z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328584</id>
      <parentid>1328583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T07:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta */</comment>
      <origin>1328584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14708" sha1="qbstsnazgbvdozmgvc7rov8f4qqsvb7" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png|thumb|One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).&lt;ref name=owid202307 /&gt;]]


'' '''Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture''' contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rice]] and [[livestock]] farming.&lt;ref name=vc2006 /&gt;  ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[forest]]s into agricultural land are also very important.&lt;ref name=hlpe2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019 /&gt;  With regard to direct emissions, [[nitrous oxide]] and [[methane]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.&lt;ref name=FAO2020 /&gt;  A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices. It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.&lt;ref name=Kumar2023 /&gt;

'' Furthermore, there is also [[fossil fuel]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production.  For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=sd2023 /&gt;  [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=dte2022 /&gt;

'' Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.&lt;ref name=strategies /&gt; Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=owid202003 /&gt;

'' There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]).  Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories.  These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions.  Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022 /&gt;  This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,&lt;ref name=gc2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Airhart /&gt; introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Parmar2015 /&gt; vaccines,&lt;ref name=Hegde2025 /&gt; feeds,&lt;ref name=guard2021 /&gt; diet modification and grazing management.&lt;ref name=Boadi2004 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Martin2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Eckard2010 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=owid202307&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions | url = https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions | dátarochtana = 2023-07-20 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 6 Samhain 2019 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) | title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change | display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs | first1=G-J. |last2= Mrabet | first2=R. | last3=Abu Hatab | first3=A. | last4=Bustamante | first4=M. | doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009 | page=750}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=vc2006&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hlpe2012&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Kumar2023&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sd2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dte2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment | url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 | dátarochtana = 2022-02-10 | work = downtoearth.org.in | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Friel | first1=Sharon | last2=Dangour | first2=Alan D. | last3=Garnett | first3=Tara | last4=Lock | first4=Karen | last5=Chalabi | first5=Zaid | last6=Roberts | first6=Ian | last7=Butler | first7=Ainslie | last8=Butler | first8=Colin D. | last9=Waage | first9=Jeff | last10=McMichael | first10=Anthony J. | last11=Haines | first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=owid202003&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? | url = https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane | dátarochtana = 2023-04-14 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 10 Márta 2020 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 | url = https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | work = www.unep.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gc2019&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics | url = https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 | dátarochtana = 2 Lúnasa 2019 | work = genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Airhart&gt;{{cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne = Jeyamalar | ainm = Jeyanathan | last2 = Martin | first2 = Cécile | last3 = Morgavi | first3 = Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir = Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Parmar2015&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hegde2025&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=guard2021&gt;{{cite news | dáta = 30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Boadi2004&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D. | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Martin2010&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4: pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Eckard2010&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>qbstsnazgbvdozmgvc7rov8f4qqsvb7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328588</id>
      <parentid>1328584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T07:48:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta */</comment>
      <origin>1328588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14751" sha1="di6rk4bxqh50g44087933my2qf9o8rc" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh tonnta]]
| [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
# [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
# [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture
# ''[[:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]'' - [[Lorg carbóin]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]]
# ''[[:en:Heat pump|Heat pump]]'' - [[Teaschaidéal]]
# ''[[:en:Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's internal heat budget]]'' - [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]]
#  [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
# ''[[:en:Wave power|Wave power]]'' - [[Cumhacht tonnta]]
# ''[[:en:Net-zero emissions|Net-zero emissions]]'' - [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Circular economy|Circular economy]]'' - [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]]'' - [[Sprioc Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta ==

[[Íomhá:Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production.png | mion | '' One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).&lt;ref name=owid202307 /&gt;]]


'' '''Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta''' contribute between 13% and 21% of global [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  ''Direct'' greenhouse gas emissions include those from [[rís]] and [[beostoc]] farming.&lt;ref name=vc2006 /&gt;  ''Indirect'' emissions from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as [[foraois]] into agricultural land are also very important.&lt;ref name=hlpe2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019 /&gt;  With regard to direct emissions, [[ocsaíd nítriúil]] and [[meatán]] makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.&lt;ref name=FAO2020 /&gt;  A 2023 review emphasizes that emissions from agricultural soils are shaped by factors such as soil type, climate, and management practices.  It also highlights several mitigation strategies, including conservation tillage, precision agriculture, improved water use, and the application of biochar, that can reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage.&lt;ref name=Kumar2023 /&gt;

'' Furthermore, there is also [[breosla iontaise]] consumption for transport and [[fertilizer]] production.  For example, the [[Haber process|manufacture]] and use of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=sd2023 /&gt;  [[Environmental impacts of animal agriculture|Livestock farming]] is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;ref name=dte2022 /&gt;

'' Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: [[monogastric]] and [[ruminant]]. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions.  In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower.  The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions.  Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.&lt;ref name=strategies /&gt; Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit much less greenhouse gas.&lt;ref name=owid202003 /&gt;

'' There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of [[climate-smart agriculture]]).  Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories.  These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in [[supply chains]]. On the demand side, limiting [[food waste]] is an effective way to reduce food emissions.  Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as [[plant-based diets]] are also effective.&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022 /&gt;  This could include [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat alternative]]s.  Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming.  These include genetic selection,&lt;ref name=gc2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Airhart /&gt; introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Parmar2015 /&gt; vaccines,&lt;ref name=Hegde2025 /&gt; feeds,&lt;ref name=guard2021 /&gt; diet modification and grazing management.&lt;ref name=Boadi2004 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Martin2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Eckard2010 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=owid202307&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions | url = https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions | dátarochtana = 2023-07-20 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 6 Samhain 2019 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url= https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf | chapter= Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) | title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change | display-authors= etal | last1= Nabuurs | first1=G-J. |last2= Mrabet | first2=R. | last3=Abu Hatab | first3=A. | last4=Bustamante | first4=M. | doi=10.1017/9781009157926.009 | page=750}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=vc2006&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options | authors=Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | isbn=978-92-5-105571-7 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hlpe2012&gt;Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{cite book | author=HLPE | url=http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | title=Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security | date=June 2012 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] | location=An Roimh | pages=67–69 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ | archive-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sarkodie2019&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Sarkodie | first1=Samuel A. | last2=Ntiamoah | first2=Evans B. | last3=Li | first3=Dongmei | date=2019 | title=Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on {{CO2}} emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption | journal=Natural Resources Forum | language=en | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=135–153 | doi=10.1111/1477-8947.12183 | issn=1477-8947 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FAO2020&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf | title=Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018. | author=FAO | location=Rome | volume=18 | page=2 | issn=2709-0078 | year=2020 | series=FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Kumar2023&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=R. | last2=Singh | first2=R. | last3=Sharma | first3=R. | title=Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review | journal=Environmental Advances | volume=13 | article-number=100040 | year=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100040 | doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sd2023&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm | dátarochtana = 17 Feabhra 2023 | work = sciencedaily.com | foilsitheoir = University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dte2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = How livestock farming affects the environment | url = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 | dátarochtana = 2022-02-10 | work = downtoearth.org.in | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=strategies&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Friel | first1=Sharon | last2=Dangour | first2=Alan D. | last3=Garnett | first3=Tara | last4=Lock | first4=Karen | last5=Chalabi | first5=Zaid | last6=Roberts | first6=Ian | last7=Butler | first7=Ainslie | last8=Butler | first8=Colin D. | last9=Waage | first9=Jeff | last10=McMichael | first10=Anthony J. | last11=Haines | first11=Andy | display-authors=3 | year=2009 | title=Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture | journal=The Lancet | volume=374 | issue=9706 | pages=2016–2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 | pmid=19942280 | s2cid=6318195}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=owid202003&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane? | url = https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane | dátarochtana = 2023-04-14 | foilsitheoir = Our World in Data | dáta = 10 Márta 2020 | sloinne = Ritchie | ainm = Hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=UNEP-2022&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-21 | teideal = Emissions Gap Report 2022 | url = https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | work = www.unep.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gc2019&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Bovine Genomics | url = https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics | archive-date=10 August 2019 | dátarochtana = 2 Lúnasa 2019 | work = genomecanada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Airhart&gt;{{cite magazine | last1=Airhart | first1=Ellen | title=Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy | url=https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ | magazine=Wired | via=www.wired.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Jeyamalar2014&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document | sloinne = Jeyamalar | ainm = Jeyanathan | last2 = Martin | first2 = Cécile | last3 = Morgavi | first3 = Diego | dáta = 2014 | work = HAL | leathanach = 250-261 | foilsitheoir = Animal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Parmar2015&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parmar | first1=N.R. | last2=Nirmal Kumar | first2=J.I. | last3=Joshi | first3=C.G. | year=2015 | title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach | journal=Frontiers in Life Science | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=371–378 | doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 | s2cid=89217740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hegde2025&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Hegde | ainm = Swati | dáta = 2025-03-11 | teideal = From Better Breeding to Cow-Burp Vaccines, Emerging Solutions Could Curb Agricultural Emissions | url = https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/better-breeding-cow-burp-vaccines-emerging-solutions-could-curb-agricultural-emissions | dátarochtana = 2026-09-08 | = ccacoalition.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=guard2021&gt;{{cite news | dáta = 30 Meán Fómhair 2021 | teideal = Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha | dátarochtana = 1 Nollaig 2021 | foilsitheoir = The Guardian | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Boadi2004&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Boadi | first1=D. | year=2004 | title=Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | journal=Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume=84 | issue=3 | pages=319–335 | doi=10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Martin2010&gt;Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4: pp. 351-365.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Eckard2010&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Eckard | first1=R. J. | display-authors=etal | year=2010 | title=Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | journal=Livestock Science | volume=130 | issue=1–3 | pages=47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Gníomhaireachtaí an AE</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>121281</id>
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      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6866" sha1="7q83u6cchb91n47rxr8ho1hye925b53" xml:space="preserve">== Forais / Institiúidí ==
: '' Féach [[Comhlachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh agus Euratom]]

{{Wikidata list | sparql = 
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?valueLabel WHERE {
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! #
! Lógó
! Institiúid
! Bundáta
! Ceanncheathrú
! Ceannaire
! Líon suíochán
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| [[Íomhá:Council of the EU and European Council.svg|center|128px]]
| [[An Chomhairle Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-12-09
| ''[[:d:Q1375164|Europa building]]''
| [[António Costa]]
| 27
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| [[Íomhá:Logo European Central Bank.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Banc Ceannais Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-06-01
| [[Frankfurt]]
| [[Christine Lagarde]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
| [[Íomhá:Council of the EU and European Council.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957
| ''[[:d:Q1375164|Europa building]]''
| ''[[:d:Q115639092|Thérèse Blanchet]]''
| 27
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| [[Íomhá:Court of Justice of the European Union Logo SV.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh|Cúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952
| ''[[:d:Q20971786|Palais de la Cour de Justice]]''
| ''[[:d:Q917096|Koen Lenaerts]]''
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| [[Íomhá:ECA-logo.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Cúirt Iniúchóirí na hEorpa]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-10-18
| [[Lucsamburg (cathair)|Lucsamburg]]
| 
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 6
| [[Íomhá:European Parliament logo.svg|center|128px]]
| [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-03-25
| ''[[:d:Q2423937|Suíomh Pharlaimint na hEorpa i Strasbourg]]''
| [[Roberta Metsola|Roberta Metsola Tedesco Triccas]]
| 720
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 7
| [[Íomhá:European Commission.svg|center|128px]]
| [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-01-01
| ''[[:d:Q239|Cathair na Bruiséile]]''
| [[Ursula von der Leyen]]
| 27
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}

== Gníomhaireachtaí ==
: Féach [[Gníomhaireachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh]]

?bunDáta ?tírLabel ?lógó

| columns = number:#, P154:Lógó, label:Gníomhaireacht, P17:Tír, P571:Bundáta

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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Agency
! Gníomhaireacht
|-
| European Institute for Gender Equality
| Institiúid Eorpach um Chomhionannas Inscne
|-
| European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chearta Bunúsacha
|-
| European Chemicals Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach Ceimiceán
|-
| Europol
| Europol
|-
| European Centre for the Development of Professional Training
| an Lárionad Eorpach um Fhorbairt na Gairmoiliúna
|-
| European Medicines Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Leigheasra Eorpach
|-
| European Fisheries Control Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Rialú ar Iascach
|-
| European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chomhar idir Rialálaithe Fuinnimh
|-
| European Food Safety Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Bia
|-
| European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Shábháilteacht agus Sláinte ag an Obair
|-
| European Union Aviation Safety Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Sábháilteachta Eitlíochta an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union
| Ionad Aistriúcháin Chomhlachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| European Union Agency for Railways
| Gníomhaireacht Iarnróid an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| European Training Foundation
| an Foras Oiliúna na hEorpa
|-
| European Environment Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Chomhshaoil Eorpach
|-
| European Securities and Markets Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach um Urrúis agus Margaí
|-
| European Banking Authority
| An tÚdarás Baincéireachta Eorpach
|-
| European Maritime Safety Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Mhuirí
|-
| European Union Intellectual Property Office
| Oifig Maoine Intleachtúla an Aontais Eorpach
|-
| European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
| An Lárionad Eorpach um Chosc agus Rialú Galar
|-
| European Union Drugs Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Drugaí an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chomhar Ceartais Choiriúil
|-
| European Institute of Innovation and Technology
| an Institiúid Eorpach um Nuálaíocht agus Teicneolaíocht
|-
| European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chibearshlándáil
|-
| European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Oiliúint i bhForfheidhmiú an Dlí
|-
| European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
| Foras Eorpach chun Dálaí Maireachtála agus Oibre a Fheabhsú
|-
| Community Plant Variety Office
| Oifig an Chomhphobail maidir le Cineálacha Plandaí
|-
| European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach um Árachas agus Pinsin Cheirde
|-
| European Union Agency for the Space Programme
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um an gClár Spáis
|-
| European Labour Authority
| An tÚdarás Eorpach Saothair
|-
| Agency for Support for BEREC
| Gníomhaireacht Tacaíochta BEREC
|-
| Anti-Money Laundering Authority
| An tÚdarás um Fhrithsciúradh Airgid
|-
| EU Customs Authority
| Údarás Custaim an Aontais Eorpaigh
|-
| European Border and Coast Guard Agency
| Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um an nGarda Teorann agus Cósta
|-
| European Union Agency for Asylum
| Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Thearmann
|-
| European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
| Gníomhaireacht de chuid an Aontais Eorpaigh chun Bainistiú Oibríochtúil a dhéanamh ar Chórais Mhórscála TF sa Limistéar Saoirse, Slándála agus Ceartais
|-
| Single Resolution Board
| Bord Réitigh Aonair
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>And So I Watch You from Afar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3569" sha1="m3vm5iwzlij4tt9tdyotd89nz3esajv" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}
Is racbhanna uirlise é '''And So I Watch You from Afar''', no ó am go ham an t-acrainm '''ASIWYFA''' a thugtar air. Bunaíodh an banna i m[[Béal Feirste]] in 2005. Tá giotáraithe Rory Friers agus Niall Kennedy, dordghiotáraí Ewen Friers agus drumadóir Chris Wee ina gceoltóirí reatha.

D'eisigh siad dhá albam, ''And So I Watch You from Afar'' (2009) agus ''Gangs'' (2011), le bunbhall Tony Wright. D'fhág sé an banna i 2011 agus tháinig Niall Kennedy ina áit. Shínigh an banna le ''Richter Collective'' agus, sa mhí Dheireadh Fómhair 2011, d'fhógair margadh i Meiriceá Thuaidh le ''Sargent House''.

D'eisigh siad a dtríú halbam, ''All Hail Bright Futures'', ar 3 Márta 2013 le ''Sargent House''. Eisíodh a gceathrú albam, ''Heirs'', in 2015. D'eisigh siad a gcúigiú halbam, ''The Endless Shimmering'', ar 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2017. 

Sa bhliain 2020, tháinig Ewan Friers in ionad Jonathan Adger ar dhordghiotár agus chuir siad a séú halbam, ''Jettison'', amach ar 18 Feabhra 2022. Eisíodh a n-albam is déanaí, ''Megafauna'', ar 9 Lúnasa 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/news/albaim-na-miosa-le-ben-o-faolain-lunasa-2024/|teideal=Albaim na Míosa le Ben Ó Faoláin - Lúnasa 2024|language=ga|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2026-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baill ==
*Rory Friers – [[giotár]]
*Niall Kennedy – giotár
*Ewen Friers – [[dordghiotár]]
*Chris Wee – [[drumaí]], cnaguirlisí

=== Iarbhaill ===
*Jonathan Adger – dordghiotár
*Tony Wright – giotár
[[Íomhá:And So I Watch You From Afar at NH7 Weekender.jpg|mion|deas|And So I Watch You from Afar (2016)]]
== Dioscliosta== 
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Bliain
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Eolas
!| Buaicphointí ar an Chairt
|-
!style=&quot;width:4em;font-size:75%&quot;|[[Éire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=And+So+I+Watch+You+From+Afar|teideal=irishcharts.com - Discography And So I Watch You From Afar|work=www.irish-charts.com|dátarochtana=2025-11-14|archivedate=2014-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202211714/http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=And+So+I+Watch+You+From+Afar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|align=&quot;left&quot;| ''And So I Watch You from Afar''
*Scaoilte: 13 Aibreán 2009
*Lipéad:  [[Smalltown America Records|Smalltown America]]
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| —
|-
|2011
|align=&quot;left&quot;| ''Gangs''
*Scaoilte: 29 Aibreán 2009
*Lipéad:  Richter Collective
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| 28
|-
|2013
|align=&quot;left&quot;| ''All Hail Bright Futures''
*Scaoilte: 15 Márta 2013
*Lipéad:  Sargent House
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| 81
|-
|2015
|align=&quot;left&quot;| ''Heirs''
*Scaoilte: 4 Bealtaine 2015
*Lipéad:  Sargent House
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| 97
|-
|2017
|align=&quot;left&quot;| ''The Endless Shimmering''
*Scaoilte: 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2017
*Lipéad:  Sargent House
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| —
|-
|2022
|align=&quot;left&quot;| ''Jettison''
*Scaoilte: 18 Feabhra 2022
*Lipéad:  Equal Vision, Velocity
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| —
|-
|2024
|align=&quot;left&quot;| ''Megafauna''
*Scaoilte: 9 Lúnasa 2024
*Lipéad:  Equal Vision, Velocity
*Formáidí: Dlúthdhiosca, Íoslódáil, vinil
| —
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;| &quot;—&quot; Ní raibh an t-albam sa chairt seo.
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{stumpa}}

[[Catagóir:Racghrúpaí as Tuaisceart na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Grúpaí ceoil bunaithe sa bhliain 2005]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brian Moynihan</title>
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Is dlíodóir agus baincéir Meiriceánach is ea '''Brian Thomas Moynihan'''. Is é cathaoirleach, uachtarán agus POF Bank of America é, tar éis dó ardú céime a fháil chuig na poist seo in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2009/12/16/bank_of_america_names_brian_moynihan_as_new_ceo|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2025-11-23|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115113/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2009/12/16/bank_of_america_names_brian_moynihan_as_new_ceo/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BofACEO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/bankofamerica/41726|title=Bank of America Board of Directors Elects Brian Moynihan CEO|date=December 16, 2009|publisher=Bank of America|access-date=December 17, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/press-releases/corporate-and-financial-news/brian-moynihan-elected-chairman-board-directors|title=Brian Moynihan Elected Chairman of the Board of Directors &amp;#124; Bank of America Newsroom|date=October 1, 2014|publisher=Newsroom.bankofamerica.com|access-date=July 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709010548/http://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/press-releases/corporate-and-financial-news/brian-moynihan-elected-chairman-board-directors|archive-date=July 9, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Is ball de bhord na Comhairle um Iomaíochas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://compete.org/the-council/|title=Meet the Council, Uniting Leaders to Foster Prosperity|date=2025|work=Council on Competitiveness}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus den bhord Chomhpháirtíocht do [[Oileán Rhode|Rhode Island]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://partnershipforrhodeisland.com/about/|title=About|date=2021|work=Partnership for Rhode Island}}&lt;/ref&gt; é Moynihan, i measc boird eile. Ceapadh é ina Sheansailéir ar Ollscoil Brown i mí Iúil 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2024-02-13/chancellor|title=Brian Moynihan to lead Brown Corporation as the University’s 22nd chancellor|date=2024-02-13|language=English|work=Brown University|access-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310003642/https://www.brown.edu/news/2024-02-13/chancellor|archive-date=10 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Luathshaol agus oideachas ==
Rugadh Moynihan i Marietta, Ohio, an séú duine d'ochtar clainne i dteaghlach Caitliceach de shliocht Éireannach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esterl&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704762904575025382061100568/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/content/view/2575/40/|title=The Brothers Moynihan|date=|publisher=Brown Alumni Magazine|access-date=July 31, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhain Moynihan céim amach ó Ollscoil Brown i 1981, áit ar ndearna sé staidéar ar stair mar príomhábhar. Bhí sé ina chomh chaptaen ar an fhoireann [[rugbaí]] agus bhuail sé lena bhean chéile sa todhchaí, a comhscoláire Susan E. Berry.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrownRugby&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.brown.edu/Athletics/Brown_Men_Rugby/field/dedication.php|title=Brown Rugby Field Dedication|publisher=2009 Brown University, Brown Rugby Team|access-date=December 17, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Globe2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2009/11/17/moynihan_in_running_for_bank_of_americas_top_job_has_experience_winning_tough_fights|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2025-11-23|archivedate=2009-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120063414/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2009/11/17/moynihan_in_running_for_bank_of_americas_top_job_has_experience_winning_tough_fights}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghnóthaigh sé céim sa dlí-eolaíocht ó Scoil Dlí Ollscoil Notre Dame, &lt;ref name=&quot;BANews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/index.php?s=43&amp;item=8418|title=Bank of America Names Brian Moynihan General Counsel|date=December 10, 2008|publisher=Bank of America|access-date=December 17, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; sular fhill sé ar [[Providence, Oileán Rhode|Providence, Rhode Island]] chun dul isteach in Edwards &amp;amp;amp; Angell LLP, an gnólacht dlí corparáideach is mó sa chathair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Globe2&quot; /&gt;

== Gairmeréím ==
[[Íomhá:President_Trump_Meets_with_Banking_Leaders_(49649790176).jpg|clé|mion|Moynihan leis [[Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe|an Uachtarán]] [[Donald Trump]] i mí an Mhárta 2020]]
Bhí go leor post baincéireachta ag Moynihan sular ceapadh ina uachtarán ar bhaincéireacht tomhaltóirí agus gnólachtaí beaga (SBB) ag Bank of America i mí Eanáir 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesProfile&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/brian-t-moynihan/10059|work=Forbes|teideal= Brian T. Moynihan: President, Director and Chief Executive Officer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017125154/http://people.forbes.com/profile/brian-t-moynihan/10059|archivedate=October 17, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gradaim ==
Sa bhliain fuair Moynihan dámhachtain an Phríomhfheidhmeannaigh '&quot;Príomhfheidhmeannach na Bliana&quot;', a thugtar do &quot;cheannairí gnó urghnácha Mheiriceá&quot;; gradam a bhí roghnaíthe ag a chomhghleacaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chiefexecutive.net/2020-ceo-of-the-year-celebration/|language=en-US|title=2020 CEO of the Year Celebration|access-date=2024-06-26|website=ChiefExecutive.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 2023, bhronn Cámhairle Tráchtála Mhór-Bhoston an teideal “Distinguished Bostonian” air, le , agus d’ainmnigh [[Boston (iris)|Boston Magazine]] é mar duine den 150 is mó tionchar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/boston-power-list-2023/|date=2023-04-18|title=The 150 Most Influential Bostonians of 2023|access-date=2025-03-20|website=Boston Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/boston-power-list-2023/|title=The 150 Most Influential Bostonians of 2023|date=2023-04-18|work=Boston Magazine|access-date=2025-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saol pearsanta ==
Tá cónaí ar Moynihan i Wellesley, Massachusetts lena bhean chéile, Susan, agus a dtriúr clainne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.irishamerica.com/2009/08/the-life-of-brian-moynihan/|title=The Life of Brian Moynihan|work=www.irishamerica.com|access-date=2025-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.finance-monthly.com/2025/01/brian-moynihans-net-worth-the-ceo-of-bank-of-america/|title=Brian Moynihan: Net Worth, Career, and Real Estate Insights|language=en-GB|work=Finance Monthly|access-date=2025-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is minic a thaistealaíonn sé idir [[Bostún, Massachusetts|Boston]] agus ceanncheathrú Bank of America i [[Charlotte, Carolina Thuaidh]], ag baint úsáide as scairdeanna príobháideacha an chomhlachta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.ceotodaymagazine.com/top-ceos/ceo-today-top-50-brian-moynihan/|title=CEO Today Top 50 - Brian Moynihan - CEO Today|language=en-US|work=CEO Today Magazine|access-date=2025-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://theswellesleyreport.com/2024/01/fresh-off-world-economic-forum-boa-ceo-makes-rounds-in-wellesley/|title=Fresh off World Economic Forum, BoA CEO makes rounds in Wellesley|author=Brown|first=Bob|date=2024-01-26|language=en-US|work=The Swellesley Report|access-date=2025-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá an cleachtas seo faoi scrúdú géar ó roinnt scairshealbhóirí, agus Moynihan ag cosaint a láithreachta i &quot;suíomhanna iomadúla&quot;.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moynihan, Brian}}
[[Catagóir:Baincéirí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1959]]
[[Catagóir:Dlíodóirí Meiriceánacha an 20ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Dlíodóirí Meiriceánacha an 21ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Meiriceánaigh de bhunadh na hÉireann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Delcy Rodríguez</title>
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Is dlíodóir, taidhleoir agus polaiteoir Veiniséalach í '''Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez''' (a rugadh ar an 18 Bealtaine 1969).&lt;ref name=&quot;TalCualProfile&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://talcualdigital.com/delcy-rodriguez-diplomacia-en-pie-de-guerra-perfil/|language=es|work=[[Tal Cual]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí sí ina Leas-Uachtarán ar Veiniséala ó 2018-2026 D'éirigh sí ina huachtarán eatramhach ar Veiniséala ar an 3 Eanáir 2026, tar éis [[Nicolás Maduro]] a fhuadach agus a chur as oifig..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/03/world/trump-united-states-strikes-venezuela#pam-bondi-maduro-indictment|title=Venezuela Live Updates: Trump Says U.S. Will ‘Run the Country’ After Capture of Maduro|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Duine i bhfad amach ar an eité chlé is ea Rodriguez, agus &quot;Chavista&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Chavismo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavismo&amp;oldid=1331125208|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-01-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; amach is amach.

Is ball de cheannaireacht náisiúnta Pháirtí Sóisialach Aontaithe Veiniséala í.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSUV&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.psuv.org.ve/portada/juramentada-nueva-direccion-nacional-partido-socialista-unido-venezuela/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Test 2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://2001online.com/nacionales/delcy-rodriguez-vuelve-al-psuv-y-que-paso-con-somos-venezuela/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí roinnt post ag Rodríguez le linn uachtaránachtaí [[Hugo Chávez]] agus Nicolás Maduro. Bhí sí ina hAire sa Roinn Cumarsáide agus Faisnéise ({{Lang-es|Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información}}) ó 2013 go 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/nueva-ministra-comunicaciones-abogada_0_239376083.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019202320/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/nueva-ministra-comunicaciones-abogada_0_239376083.html|archivedate=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ina hAire Gnóthaí ({{Lang-es|Eachtracha Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Venezuela}}) ó 2014 go 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;LP&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2017/06/21/se-acabo-el-berrinche-delcy-eloina-sale-de-la-cancilleria/|language=es-ES|work=[[La Patilla]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516154013/http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2017/06/21/se-acabo-el-berrinche-delcy-eloina-sale-de-la-cancilleria/|archivedate=16 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ina hUachtarán ar Thionól Bunreachtúil Veiniséala ({{Lang-es| Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de Venezuela de 2017}}) ó 2017 go 2018 agus ina hAire Peitriliam ó 2024 go 2025.

[[Íomhá:Delcy_Rodríguez_2015.jpg|clé|mion|345x345px|Delcy Rodriguez, 2015]][[Íomhá:Delcy Rodríguez in Iran 02.jpg|clé|mion|273x273px|2015, san Iaráin]]

== Tús a saoil ==
Is í Rodríguez deirfiúr Jorge Rodríguez Gómez, síciatraí atá ina Uachtarán ar Thionól Náisiúnta Veiniséala. Ba é a hathair, Jorge Antonio Rodríguez, bunaitheoir an Léig Shóisialach ({{Lang-es|La Liga Socialista}}), páirtí polaitíochta [[Marxachas|Marxach]] i Veiniséala. Dúnmharaíodh a hathair i 1976, agus é i ngéibheann agus á cheistiú ag an Stiúrthóireacht um Fhaisnéis agus Seirbhísí ''Cosanta'' (DISIP) as a ról i bhfuadach an fheidhmeannaigh Mheiriceánaigh, William Niehous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alvarado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://elpais.com/america/2024-04-15/jorge-rodriguez-el-psiquiatra-frio-que-espera-su-turno-para-suceder-a-nicolas-maduro.html|title=Jorge Rodríguez, el psiquiatra frío que espera su turno para suceder a Nicolás Maduro|author=Alvarado|first=Sinar|date=15 April 2024|language=es|work=[[El País]]|access-date=8 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415043611/https://elpais.com/america/2024-04-15/jorge-rodriguez-el-psiquiatra-frio-que-espera-su-turno-para-suceder-a-nicolas-maduro.html|archive-date=15 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VanityFair&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.revistavanityfair.es/poder/articulos/delcy-rodriguez-quien-es-abalos-venezuela-visita-espana/45534|title=Delcy Rodríguez, la mujer que puso en jaque al gobierno de Pedro Sánchez|author=Cruz LaPeña|first=Silvia|date=27 October 2020|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704114833/https://www.revistavanityfair.es/poder/articulos/delcy-rodriguez-quien-es-abalos-venezuela-visita-espana/45534|archive-date=4 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SwornMartyr&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://elestimulo.com/climax/semblanza/2018-07-30/jorge-rodriguez-padre-martir-a-juro/|language=es|work=El Estimulo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/03/world/trump-united-states-strikes-venezuela#pam-bondi-maduro-indictment|title=Venezuela Live Updates: Trump Says U.S. Will ‘Run the Country’ After Capture of Maduro|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aporrea&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n210540.html|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Is í Delcy Gómez a máthair. 

Bhain Rodríguez céim dlí amach ó Ollscoil Láir Veiniséala ({{Lang-es| ''Universidad Central de Venezuelasa'' (UCV)}}) sa bhliain 1993. Le linn a tréimhse ag an UCV, bhí Rodríguez gníomhach mar cheannaire mac léinn. Dhírigh sí ar an dlí saothair i [[Páras|bPáras]],&lt;ref name=&quot;El Mundo&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/politica/perfil---delcy-eloina-rodriguez-asume-el-control-d.aspx|language=es|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20141226224534/http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/politica/perfil---delcy-eloina-rodriguez-asume-el-control-d.aspx|archivedate=26 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ach níor bhain sí céim eile amach.&lt;ref name=&quot;TalCualProfile&quot; /&gt;

Le linn a gairm bheatha, bhí Rodríguez ina ollamh in Ollscoil Lárnach Veiniséala. Bhí sí ina huachtarán ar an gceardchumann laistigh de Chumann Dlíodóirí Saothair Veiniséala.&lt;ref name=&quot;El Mundo&quot; /&gt;
[[Íomhá:REUNION DE CANCILLERES (32255093470).jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|2017]]

== Gairm bheatha pholaitiúil ==
[[Íomhá:Secretary_Kerry_Shakes_Hands_With_Venezuelan_Foreign_Minister_Rodriguez_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Santo_Domingo_(27571633682).jpg|mion|Rodriguez ag croitheadh láimhe le hiar-Rúnaí Stáit na Stát Aontaithe, [[John Kerry]], 2016]]

=== Tús ===
Thosaigh Rodríguez a gairmréim rialtais sa bhliain 2003, ag dul isteach i gComhordú Ginearálta Leas-Uachtaránacht Phoblacht Bolivarian Veiniséala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noticia al dia&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://noticiaaldia.com/2013/08/perfil-de-delcy-rodriguez-ministra-de-comunicacion-e-informacion/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806230629/http://noticiaaldia.com/2013/08/perfil-de-delcy-rodriguez-ministra-de-comunicacion-e-informacion/|archivedate=6 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ina dhiaidh sin, ceapadh í ina Stiúrthóir Gnóthaí Idirnáisiúnta ag an Aireacht Fuinnimh agus Mianaigh. Sa bhliain 2005, ceapadh Rodríguez ina Leas-Aire Gnóthaí Eorpacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://historico.tsj.gob.ve/gaceta/enero/140105/140105-38107-02.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ó mhí Feabhra go mí Lúnasa 2006, bhí sí ina hAire Gnóthaí Uachtaránachta le linn riarachán an Uachtaráin Hugo Chávez. Sa bhliain 2007, d'fhóin sí mar Chomhordaitheoir Ginearálta do Leas-Uachtarán Veiniséala, agus bhí an dá ról sin aici agus a deartháir i seilbh oifig Leas-Uachtarán na Poblachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette 2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://historico.tsj.gob.ve/gaceta/septiembre/392014/392014-4065.pdf#page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Lúnasa 2013, cheap an tUachtarán Nicolás Maduro í mar Aire Cumhachta an Phobail um Chumarsáid agus Faisnéis i Veiniséala, post inar athdhearbhaíodh í in 2014 agus a choinnigh sí go dtí Deireadh Fómhair 2014.

=== Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha ===
I mí na Nollag 2014, cheap Nicolás Maduro Rodríguez mar Aire Cumhachta an Phobail um Chaidreamh Eachtrach, ar a dtugtar an Seansailéir freisin, ag teacht i gcomharbacht ar Rafael Ramírez Carreño. Ba í Rodríguez an chéad bhean a bhí sa phost seo i Veiniséala.

I mí na Nollag 2015, in éagmais an Uachtaráin Nicolás Maduro, d’fhreastail Rodríguez ar an 49ú Cruinniú Mullaigh de cheannairí stáit [[Mercosur]] in [[Asunción]]. Le linn an chruinnithe mullaigh seo, bhí Rodríguez páirteach i ndíospóid le hUachtarán na [[An Airgintín|hAirgintíne]], Mauricio Macri, a d’iarr go scaoilfí saor príosúnaigh pholaitiúla i Veiniséala láithreach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clarin&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/mercosur-cumbre-asuncion-delcy_rodriguez-mauricio_macri-dictadura_0_r1sk11KP7l.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir Rodríguez i leith Macri go raibh sé ag cur isteach i ngnóthaí inmheánacha Veiniséala, go raibh sé ag tacú le foréigean polaitiúil i gcoinne Chavismo, agus go raibh sé ag cáineadh Hebe de Bonafini, ceann Madres de Plaza de Mayo, as agóidí síochánta i gcoinne a rialtais a mholadh.

Le linn an chruinnithe mullaigh chéanna, chuir Rodríguez grianghraif i láthair ina raibh Leopoldo López agus agóideoirí an fhreasúra ag ionsaí foirgneamh poiblí. Dúirt sí gur léirigh na híomhánna, a fuarthas ó ghníomhaireachtaí nuachta, freagracht López as &quot;ionsaithe i gcoinne seirbhísí poiblí riachtanacha agus ollscoileanna Veiniséala&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;El Nacional&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Delcy Rodríguez a Macri: &quot;Está haciendo injerencismo en los asuntos internos de Venezuela&quot;|language=es|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Delcy-Rodriguez-Macri-injerencismo-Venezuela_0_760723950.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221225140/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Delcy-Rodriguez-Macri-injerencismo-Venezuela_0_760723950.html|archivedate=21 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;La Patilla&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/2015/12/21/delcy-rodriguez-le-responde-a-macri-usted-esta-defendiendo-la-violencia-politica/|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2026-01-03|archivedate=2024-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407211857/https://www.lapatilla.com/2015/12/21/delcy-rodriguez-le-responde-a-macri-usted-esta-defendiendo-la-violencia-politica/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ina leith Rodríguez gur scaoil Macri príosúnaigh a bhí freagrach as an bhforéigean le linn na deachtóireachta míleata deireanaí san Airgintín agus gur chuir sé cros ar dhlíthe a bhí dírithe ar aghaidh a thabhairt ar mhí-ionramháil éagórach, ar chéasadh, agus ar dhaoine a bheith á gcealú go foréigneach.chóireáil éagórach, daoine a fhuadach agus fhuadaigh le láimh láidir a réiteach.

Shéan Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha na hAirgintíne, Susana Malcorra, na líomhaintí seo le linn preasagallamh. Dúirt Malcorra go raibh líomhaintí Rodríguez mícheart agus gur cheap an tUachtarán Macri nach raibh gá le freagra. Cháin sí ráitis Rodríguez, bunaithe ar fhaisnéis mhíchruinn, dar léi.

I mí Eanáir 2016, mhol an tUachtarán Nicolás Maduro Rodríguez go poiblí as an achrann a bhí aici le Macri ag cruinniú Mercosur.

Sa bhliain 2016, chuir Rodríguez i leith Luis Almagro, Ard-Rúnaí Eagraíocht Stáit Mheiriceá (OAS), go raibh sé “ag déanamh bulaíochta idirnáisiúnta” mar gheall ar a iarracht Veiniséala a chur ar fionraí ón OAS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-oas-kerry-idUSKCN0Z027T/|teideal=Kerry launches talks with Venezuela but backs disputed referendum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí an Mhárta 2016, faoi chuimsiú tionóil de chuid Eagraíocht Stáit Mheiriceá (OAS), cháin Rodríguez tuarascáil a foilsíodh ag Luis Almagro. Dúirt sí gur cuid de &quot;straitéis idirghabhála casta a raibh iarmhairtí meántéarmacha agus fadtéarmacha aici&quot; a bhí sa tuarascáil. Chuir Rodríguez in iúl don tionól go raibh breis is 70% de tvuíteanna Almagro dírithe ar cháineadh a dhéanamh ar rialtas Veiniséala agus a shaoránaigh.

I mí an Mheithimh 2016, le linn chuimhneachán ar chomóradh 195 bliain de Chath Carabobo, bhronn Maduro Ord Míleata um Chosaint Náisiúnta, Céim Cheannasaí, den Chéad Rang, ar Rodríguez. Bronnadh an onóir seo uirthi as &quot;leasanna na náisiún a chosaint i bhfianaise ionsaithe ón eite dheis&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;El Nacional 2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Delcy_Rodriguez-Nicolas_Maduro-OEA-Fuerte_Tiuna_0_872312921.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625141212/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Delcy_Rodriguez-Nicolas_Maduro-OEA-Fuerte_Tiuna_0_872312921.html|teideal=Maduro condecoró a Delcy Rodríguez por &quot;defender a la patria&quot;|language=es|archivedate=25 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; I mí na Nollag 2016, fuair Rodríguez Ord na bhFuascailteoirí agus Fuascailteoirí Veiniséala, den Chéad Rang, mar aitheantas ar a hiarrachtaí &quot;fírinne Veiniséala a thabhairt don domhan le honóir agus le grá&quot;.[[Íomhá:Dmitry Chernyshenko and Delcy Rodriguez (2024-09-26) 03.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Dmitry Chernyshenko - an Rúis - agus Rodriguez, MF 2024]]
[[Íomhá:Vicepresidenta Delcy Rodríguez garantiza justicia contra los extremistas que promovieron agresión armada.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|3 Eanáir 2025, mar Uachtarán]][[Íomhá:Venezuela llama a la unión nacional para defender la Soberanía ante agresión armada imperial.jpg|clé|mion|284x284px|3 Eanáir 2025, mar Uachtarán]][[Íomhá:Corrupt Venezuelan Regime.pdf|clé|mion|220x220px|Gabhadh Maduro ach fágadh an regime i gceannas (foinse: Rialtas na S-A, 2020)]]
Ag Cruinniú Mullaigh XXV Ceannairí Stáit agus Rialtais Ibero-Mheiriceánach, a tionóladh i Cartagena de Indias, [[An Cholóim|sa Cholóim]], labhair Rodríguez le hUachtarán [[Peiriú|Pheiriú]], [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]]. D'áitigh sí air, “D'uachtarán Pheiriú atá díreach tagtha ar an bpost sin le farasbarr cúng, impímid air an culaith ghnó Mheiriceánach sin a bhaint de agus níos mó de réaltacht phobail Mheiriceá Laidinigh agus Mheiriceá Theas, a fheiceáil. Glaoimid air aird a thabhairt ar a mhuintir.”.&lt;ref&gt;''“Al presidente del Perú que recién llegó a ese cargo con un estrecho margen de ganancia, nosotros lo emplazamos a que se quite ese traje de empresario estadounidense y vea más a la realidad de los pueblos de América Latina, a los pueblos de Suramerica. Nosotros lo emplazamos a que atienda a su pueblo''”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blu Radio&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bluradio.com/mundo/estalla-choque-diplomatico-entre-venezuela-y-peru-en-la-cumbre-iberoamericana|teideal=Estalla choque diplomático entre Venezuela y Perú en la Cumbre Iberoamericana|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

D'eagraigh an Bhrasaíl, an Airgintín, agus Paragua cruinniú chun plé a dhéanamh ar fhionraí Veiniséala ó Mhiondiol Mercosur. Léirigh an triúr amhras maidir le comhlíonadh Veiniséala ar na réamhriachtanais le haghaidh ballraíocht iomlán laistigh den bhloc, ag cur béime ar an ngá le cloí le coinníollacha Mercosur, go háirithe i réimsí trádála, polaitíochta, daonlathais agus chearta an duine.

Ag an am céanna, ghlac an Airgintín le huachtaránacht ''pro tempore'' Mercosur. Ina ainneoin sin, níor admhaigh Veiniséala a fionraí ón mbloc trádála agus d'fhéach sí le leanúint ar aghaidh ag cur a huachtaránachta ''pro tempore'' i bhfeidhm go dtí an 30 Nollaig 2016.

I mí na Nollag 2016, rinne Rodríguez iarracht freastal ar chruinniú mullaigh Mercosur i mBuenos Aires na hAirgintíne, in éineacht le hAire Gnóthaí Eachtracha na Bolaive ag an am, David Choquehuanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pagina 12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Granovsky |first=Martin |teideal=The Blow to Venezuela was in the Body of the Chancellor |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/8861-el-golpe-a-venezuela-fue-en-el-cuerpo-de-la-canciller |access-date=8 April 2024 |publisher=Page 12 |date=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ag an am seo, cuireadh Veiniséala ar fionraí ón eagraíocht ag tromlach a ballstát.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo News2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |teideal=Venezuela Suspended from Mercosur Beginning December |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/venezuela-suspended-mercosur-beginning-december-000548012.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! |date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817095223/https://www.yahoo.com/news/venezuela-suspended-mercosur-beginning-december-000548012.html |archive-date=17 August 2022 |dátarochtana=4 Eanáir 2026 |archivedate=17 Lúnasa 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817095223/https://www.yahoo.com/news/venezuela-suspended-mercosur-beginning-december-000548012.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

I dtosach báire, bhí bac ar Rodríguez agus Choquehuanca agus iad ag iarraidh dul isteach i bPálás San Martín, ceanncheathrú Aireacht Gnóthaí Eachtracha na hAirgintíne, gan cuireadh. Tuairiscíodh gur éiligh sé idirghabháil ghutha ó Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha na Bolaive i leith oifigigh phóilíneachta chun deireadh a chur leis an rud ar tugadh &quot;ionsaithe&quot; air. I ndeireadh na dála, d'éirigh leo dul isteach san fhoirgneamh, ach amháin le fáil amach gur roghnaigh na hairí eachtracha Mercosur eile tionól a dhéanamh ag láthair dhifriúil.

I mí an Mheithimh 2017, d'fhág Rodríguez a ról mar Sheansailéir chun seasamh mar iarrthóir i dtoghcháin an Chomhthionóil Náisiúnta a reáchtáladh an bhliain sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Infobae&quot;&gt;{{cite news |teideal=Delcy Rodriguez Left the Chancellery to Run as a Candidate for the National Constituent Assembly |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/06/21/delcy-rodriguez-dejo-la-cancilleria-para-presentarse-como-candidata-a-la-asamblea-nacional-constituyente/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |publisher=Infobae |date=21 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sular fhógair sí go mbeadh sí ina hiarrthóir sa toghchán, bhí sí ainmnithe ina ball de Choimisiún Uachtaránachta an Chomhthionóil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Minci&quot;&gt;{{cite news |teideal=Adan Chavez is Appointed Secretary of the Presidential Commission for the Constituent Assembly |url=http://minci.gob.ve/2017/05/adan-chavez-designado-secretario-la-comision-presidencial-la-constituyente/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |publisher=Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela |date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731134215/http://minci.gob.ve/2017/05/adan-chavez-designado-secretario-la-comision-presidencial-la-constituyente/ |archive-date=31 July 2017 |dátarochtana=4 Eanáir 2026 |archivedate=31 Iúil 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731134215/http://minci.gob.ve/2017/05/adan-chavez-designado-secretario-la-comision-presidencial-la-constituyente/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sular fhág sí a post, ar an 22 Meitheamh, thug Maduro onóir di le hOrd Sable den Fhuascailteoir Simón Bolívar ó Chath Carabobo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bracho&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bracho |first=Daniela |teideal=Delcy Rodriguez Received Saber Order of the Liberator of the Battle of Carabobo |url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Delcy-Rodriguez-recibio-orden-Sable-del-Libertador-de-la-Batalla-de-Carabobo-20170622-0056.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |publisher=Panorama |date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622215615/http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Delcy-Rodriguez-recibio-orden-Sable-del-Libertador-de-la-Batalla-de-Carabobo-20170622-0056.html |archive-date=22 June 2017 |dátarochtana=4 Eanáir 2026 |archivedate=22 Meitheamh 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622215615/http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Delcy-Rodriguez-recibio-orden-Sable-del-Libertador-de-la-Batalla-de-Carabobo-20170622-0056.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tháinig Samuel Moncada i gcomharbacht uirthi.

== Leas-Uachtarán, 2019-2025 ==
Bhí conspóid faoina leas-uachtaránachta idir 2019 agus 2025 agus as a ról sa ghéarchéim pholaitiúil sa tír.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/canada-sanctions-40-venezuelans-with-links-to-political-economic-crisis/article36367074/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com&amp;|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010115518/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/canada-sanctions-40-venezuelans-with-links-to-political-economic-crisis/article36367074/?ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com&amp;|archivedate=10 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article213778194.html|work=[[The Miami Herald]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225257/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article213778194.html|archivedate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/09/25/US-targets-Venezuelans-with-new-sanctions-for-corruption/1321537888346/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403074723/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/09/25/US-targets-Venezuelans-with-new-sanctions-for-corruption/1321537888346/|archivedate=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/03/world/trump-united-states-strikes-venezuela#pam-bondi-maduro-indictment|title=Venezuela Live Updates: Trump Says U.S. Will ‘Run the Country’ After Capture of Maduro|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''   Bhí sí ina hAire Peitriliam 2024-2025.

Bhí smachtbhannaí curtha uirthi ag an [[An tAontas Eorpach|Aontas Eorpach]], na Stáit Aontaithe agus Ceanada [[Cearta daonna|de bharr sárú cearta an duine]], dar leo, agus a ról sa ghéarchéim pholaitiúil sa tír.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/nueva-ministra-comunicaciones-abogada_0_239376083.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019202320/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/nueva-ministra-comunicaciones-abogada_0_239376083.html|archivedate=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''

== Uachtarán ==
Ar an 3 Eanáir 2026, dúirt Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe, [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump,]] gur gabhadh Maduro le linn oibríochta de chuid na Stát Aontaithe,  Ceapadh Delcy Rodriguez mar uachtarán eatramhach. Bhí an ceapachán dearbhaithe ag Cúirt Uachtarach na tíre agus ag baill eile an rialtais, atá i gcumhacht i gcónaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title='Maduro agus a bhean tógtha amach as Veiniséala'-Trump|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0103/1551310-maduro-agus-a-bhean-togtha-amach-as-veiniseala-trump/|date=2026-01-03|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhí coinneáil Maduro i Meiriceá cáinte ag Rodriguez. Ach mhaígh Trump áfach go bhfuil sí &quot;toilteanach comhoibriú lena bhfuil á bheartú aigesan don tír&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Maduro á choinneáil i Nua Eabhrac|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0104/1551405-maduro-a-choinneail-i-nua-eabhrac/|date=2026-01-04|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/03/world/trump-united-states-strikes-venezuela}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Nótaí==
Tá an Uachtaránacht á comhlíonadh aici mar uachtarán gníomhach de réir ordú ó Dhlísheomra Bunreachtúil na Cúirte Uachtaraí Breithiúnai ({{Lang-es|La Sala Constitucional del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia}}), mar bheart eisceachtúil chun leanúnachas riaracháin an Stáit a ráthú agus an tUachtarán Nicolás Maduro as láthair go poiblí, gan easpa iomlán an phoist a dhearbhú go foirmiúil, atá fós le Maduro de réir an bhunreachta.
==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodríguez, Delcy}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1969]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Airí rialtais]]
[[Catagóir:Bandlíodóirí]]
[[Catagóir:Caitlicigh]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine de shliocht Easpáinneach agus Latino]]
[[Catagóir:Dlíodóirí Veiniséalacha]]
[[Catagóir:Mná sa pholaitíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí Veiniséalacha]]
[[Catagóir:Sóisialaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Taidhleoirí Veiniséalacha]]
[[Catagóir:Uachtaráin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Foclóir téarmaí luibheolaíochta</title>
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        <username>Conan Wolff</username>
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      <comment>zóscaipeadh síl - zoochory</comment>
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      <text bytes="44189" sha1="9ziq9kue7z5fr2lamouetxfqrilnnyl" xml:space="preserve">{{Teimpléad:Athbhreithniú}}
Míníonn an foclóir téarmaí luibheolaíochta seo téarmaí luibheolaíochta.

==A==
*'''achtanamorfach''' (''actinomorphic'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“achtanamorfach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/achtanamorfach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Fragaria vesca2.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Bláth achtanamorfach de ''[[Fragaria vesca]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn bláthanna aictiomorfacha ga-shiméadrach.&lt;ref&gt;Eckel, P. M. (n.d.). A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=actinomorphic&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--*'''acraifil''' (''acrophyll'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Duilleoga rialta de phlanda aibí, a tháirgtear os cionn an bhoinn, murab ionann is an bhasaifil.--&gt;
*'''aicéin''' (''achene'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“aicéin.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/aic%C3%A9in/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is toradh tirim, neamhoscailte, aon-shíolach é aicéin. Níl an síol ceangailte de bhalla an toraidh ach ag pointe amháin. Fásann an toradh ó ubhagán uachtarach aon-sheoimrín.&lt;ref name = &quot;FTG Fruit type Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary Fruit type. (2007). Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium (FTG). Retrieved April 18, 2026, from http://www.virtualherbarium.org/glossary/glossary.php?cid=65&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''aindréiciam''' (''androecium''  as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“aindréiciam.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 7, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/aindr%C3%A9iciam/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an aindréiciam an téarma comhchoiteann do na horgáin atáirgthe fireanna sa bhláth, atá comhdhéanta de na staimín.&lt;ref&gt;Androecium, stamen, staminate, staminode. (2026, February 23). Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia. Retrieved March 7, 2026, from https://mgnv.org/plants/glossary/androecium-stamen-staminate/&lt;/ref&gt;
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*'''all-aiseach''' (''abaxial'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“all-aiseach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/all-aiseach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Aidiacht, a bhfuil a treo urchomhaireach le treo na haise (= taobh íochtair).&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andragíneafór''' (''androgynophore'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Gas ar a bhfuil an t-aindréiciam agus an gínéiciam de bhláth os cionn leibhéal ionsáite an pheirianta.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andramoinéiciach''' (''andromonoecious'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Córas annamh pórúcháin plandaí é andramoinéiciach ina dtáirgeann planda aonair bláthanna fireanna agus déghnéasacha araon.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andrafór''' (''androphore'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;An gas nó an colún a thacaíonn leis na staimíní i mbláthanna áirithe.--&gt;
*'''angaispeirm''' (''angiosperm'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“angaispeirm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/angaispeirm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) cross-section - 20080613.png|thumb|right|120px|In angaispeirm, bíonn na ubhúlaigh faoi iamh i gcairpéil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bedecktsamer&quot; /&gt;]]&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa plandaí iad na angiospermaigh a bhfuil ubhúlach acu atá iata i gcairpéil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bedecktsamer&quot;&gt;Bedecktsamer. (2007, June 18). Lexikon Der Biologie. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/bedecktsamer/7737&lt;/ref&gt;

==B==
*'''baictéar fosaithe nítrigine''' (''nitrogen-fixing bacterium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;fosú nítrigine&quot;&gt;“fosú nítrigine.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/fos%C3%BA%20n%C3%ADtrigine/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáideann baictéar fosaithe nítrigine einsím chun nítrigin atmaisféarach ({{Chem2|N2|auto=1}}) a thiontú go amóinia ({{Chem2|NH3|auto=1}}).&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot;&gt;Wagner, S. C. (2011). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Nature Education. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''baictéar nóidín''' (''nodule bacterium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot;&gt;“nóidín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/n%C3%B3id%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Déanann baictéir nóidín, amhail ''[[Rhizobium]]'' nó ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'', coilíniú ar na fréamhacha agus cruthaíonn siad nóidíní. Maireann na baictéir sna nóidíní. Soláthraíonn na fosaitheoirí nítrigine seo nítrigin don phlanda.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''barraimsitheach''' (''acropetal'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“barraimsitheach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/barraimsitheach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Ciallaíonn an téarma ''barraimsitheach'' go dtosaíonn rud ag fás nó ag forbairt ag an mbun agus go leanann sé aníos i dtreo an bharr.&lt;ref name = &quot;Tropical Forages Glossary&quot;&gt;Cook BG, Pengelly BC, Schultze-Kraft R, Taylor M, Burkart S, Cardoso Arango JA, González Guzmán JJ, Cox K, Jones C, Peters M. &amp; International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. (2020). Glossary. Tropical Forages: An Interactive Selection Tool. 2nd and Revised Edn. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://tropicalforages.info/text/entities/glossary.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''bláthra''' (''inflorescence'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;bláthra&quot;&gt;“bláthra.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/bl%C3%A1thra/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa bláthanna é bláthra.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''bleib''' (''bulb'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bleib.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/bleib/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:White onion cross section.jpg|thumb|right|70px|bleib]]&lt;/br&gt;Is gas faoi thalamh modhnaithe é bleibe, atá timpeallaithe ag duilleoga modhnaithe.&lt;ref&gt;What is a bulb? (2020, March 17). Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/what-is-a-bulb&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''bliantóg''' (''annual plant'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bliantóg.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/bliant%C3%B3g/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bláthaíonn agus faigheann bliantóg bás i mbliain amháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Sorbus aucuparia vaisiai, 2006-0823.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Bréagthorthaí ''[[Sorbus aucuparia]]'']]
*'''bréagthoradh''' (''accessory fruit'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bréagthoradh.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 5, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/br%C3%A9agthoradh/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is cineál toraidh é bréagthoradh a fhorbraíonn ó struchtúir cairpéil agus eachtarcairpéil araon.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bobrov &amp; Romanov, 2019&quot; /&gt;

==C==
*'''clóraplast''' (''chloroplast'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;clóraplast&quot;&gt;clóraplast. (n.d.-b). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/620910&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is orgánaid cheallach plandaí é an [[clóraplast]] a dhéanann an [[fótaisintéis]].&lt;ref name = &quot;clóraplast&quot; /&gt;
{{Il-íomhánna
 | align = left
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 180
 | header = 
 | image1 = Inflorescences Corymb Kwiatostan BaldachGrono.svg
 | alt1 = 
 | caption1 = coirím raicéimeach&lt;!-- racemose corymb --&gt;
 | image2 = Schirmrispe (inflorescence).svg
 | alt2 = 
 | caption2 = coirím címeach&lt;!-- cymose corymb --&gt;
}}
*'''coirím''' (''corymb'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“coirím.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/coir%C3%ADm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é coirím ina dtosaíonn na craobhacha ó phointí difriúla, ach sroicheann siad an airde chéanna.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''coirt''' (''bark'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“coirt.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/coirt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is í an choirt an ciseal seachtrach cosanta de fhréamhacha agus gais plandaí adhmadacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''colúinín''' (''columella'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“colúinín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/col%C3%BAin%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is colún beag fíocháin é colúinín atá i lár capsúl.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''comhsheipealach''' (''gamosepalous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“comhsheipealach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/comhsheipealach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I gcailís chomhsheipealach bíonn na seipil comhleáite.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (n.d.). Flora of Mozambique: Glossary details: gamosepalous. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=318&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crann''' (''tree'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“crann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/crann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Tree Silhouette - geograph.org.uk - 2274631.jpg|thumb|right|70px|crann]]&lt;/br&gt;Is planda adhmadach é crann le gas príomhúil amháin agus craobhacha tánaisteacha.&lt;ref&gt;Shrubs and trees: What defines a tree or a shrub? (2020, March 27). Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://arboretum.org/visit/library/online-exhibits/treasures-of-the-rare-book-collection-plants-of-mediterranean-climate-areas/shrubs-and-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crann fíliginiteach''' (''phylogenetic tree'' as Béarla&lt;!-- citation needed {{cn}} --&gt;)[[Íomhá:Crann.png|thumb|right|90px|Crann fíliginiteach]]&lt;/br&gt;Léiríonn [[crann fíliginiteach]] na gaolta idir orgánaigh éagsúla.&lt;ref name = &quot;Georgia Tech&quot;&gt;Phylogenetic Trees. (n.d.). Georgia Tech Biological Sciences. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/biodiversity/phylogenetic-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crannlann''' (''arboretum'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“crannlann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/crannlann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is bailiúchán crann agus toir é [[crannlann]].&lt;ref&gt;Forschungsstelle Realienkunde  Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte. (n.d.). Arboretum. RDK Labor. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.rdklabor.de/wiki/Arboretum&lt;/ref&gt;

==D==
*'''dé-éiciach''' (''dioecious'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“dé-éiciach.” (n.d.). téarma.ie. https://www.tearma.ie/q/d%C3%A9-%C3%A9iciach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn daoine aonair fireanna agus baineanna ar leith ag plandaí dé-éiciach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''dioplóideach''' (''diploid'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“dioplóideach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/diopl%C3%B3ideach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá dhá cheann de na tacair bhunúsacha crómasóm ag plandaí dioplóideacha sa núicléas.&lt;ref name = &quot;NSW Flora Glossary&quot;&gt;National Herbarium of NSW,  Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, Australia. (n.d.). New South Wales Flora Online: Glossary of Botanical Terms. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&amp;glossary=yes&amp;alpha=A&lt;/ref&gt;

==E==
*'''éaghasach''' (''acaulescent'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“éaghasach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 10, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/%C3%A9aghasach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Carlina acaulis RF.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Is planda éaghasach é ''[[Carlina acaulis]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Is plandaí gan gas iad plandaí éaghasacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''eipifít''' (''epiphyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“eipifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/eipif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is planda é eipifít a fhásann ar phlanda eile, ach ní seadán é.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''eiseamláir an chineáil''' (''type specimen'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“eiseamláir an chineáil.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/eiseaml%C3%A1ir%20an%20chine%C3%A1il/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cyne baetorta, HT, L39275.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An eiseamláir an chineáil de ''[[Cyne baetorta]]'' Barlow]]&lt;/br&gt;Sainmhíníonn agus déanann an eiseamláir an chineáil ionadaíocht ar tacsón. Feidhmíonn sé mar thagairt fhisiciúil don tacsón.&lt;ref&gt;Ashworth, J. (2025, November 18). What is a type specimen? Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-type-specimen.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==F==
*'''fad idirnódach''' (''internode distance'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;internode&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá an fad idirnódach athraitheach. Féadfaidh sé athrú bunaithe ar an solas gréine atá ar fáil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Rare Plant Atlas&quot;&gt;Glossary. (n.d.). Rare Plant Atlas. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.rareplantatlas.com/glossary&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''faireog mheala''' (''nectary'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“faireog mheala.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/faireog%20mheala/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is struchtúr faireogach é faireog mheala a scaoileann leacht siúcrach (neachtar). Is féidir leis a bheith ina struchtúr i mbláth (faireog mheala bláthach), nó in áit eile ar an bplanda (faireog mheala eachtar-bláthach).&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''fialamán''' (''velamen'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“fialamán.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/fialam%C3%A1n/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an fialamán clúdach tiubh spúinseach na bhfréamhacha.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical nerd word: velamen. (2021, February 8). Toronto Botanical Garden. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://torontobotanicalgarden.ca/blog/word-of-the-week/word-of-the-week-velamen/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Semele androgyna k4.jpg|thumb|left|140px|''[[Semele androgyna]]'' filleaclaid le torthaí]]
*'''filleaclad''' (''phylloclade'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“filleaclad.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/filleaclad/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is gas fótaisintéiseach cosúil le duilleog é filleaclad.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''fosú nítrigine''' (''nitrogen fixation'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;fosú nítrigine&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é fosú nítrigine an próiseas ina ndéantar nítrigin atmaisféarach ({{Chem2|N2|auto=1}}) a thiontú go amóinia ({{Chem2|NH3|auto=1}}).&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''fréamh chrapthach''' (''contractile root'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“fréamh chrapthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/fr%C3%A9amh%20chrapthach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáideann plandaí fréamhacha chrapthach chun iad féin a tharraingt anuas.&lt;ref&gt;University of Florida, University of Kentucky, &amp; Texas A&amp;M University. (2023). Contractile Roots. PropG. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/07-geophytes/02-othergeophytes/01-geophytes-contractileroots.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''fréamhnóidín''' (''root nodule'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Foirmítear nóidín fréimhe nuair a choilíniúnaíonn baictéir fosaithe nítrigine na fréamhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;

==G==
*'''gaiméitifít''' (''gametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;gaiméitifít&quot; /&gt;[[File:Ricciocarpos natans.jpg|thumb|right|105px|Gaiméitifít de ''[[Ricciocarpos natans]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Fásann an gaiméitifít haplóideach ó spóir agus táirgeann sí gaiméite.&lt;ref name = &quot;gaiméitifít&quot;&gt;gaiméitifít. (n.d.). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/619447&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--*'''gasach''' (''caulescent'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Planda a bhfuil gas dea-fhorbartha aige os cionn na talún. Frithchiallach: ''gearrghasach'' (gan gas soiléir).--&gt;
*'''gínéiciam''' (''gynoecium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“gínéiciam.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 6, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/g%C3%ADn%C3%A9iciam/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an gínéiciam an téarma comhchoiteann do orgáin atáirgthe baineanna an bhlátha, atá comhdhéanta de na cairpéil.&lt;ref&gt;Gynoecium, Carpel, Pistil. (2025, February 22). Master Gardeners Northern Virginia. Retrieved March 6, 2026, from https://mgnv.org/plants/glossary/gynoecium-carpel-pistil/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--*'''ginmhill''' (''abort'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Forbairt struchtúir nó orgáin a thréigean.--&gt;

==H==
*'''heitreaspórach''' (''heterosporous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“heitreaspórach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/heitreasp%C3%B3rach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Táirgeann plandaí heitreaspóracha dhá chineál spóir.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''homaspórach''' (''homosporous'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Planda nach bhfuil ach spóir de chineál amháin aige.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot; /&gt;

==I==
*'''idirnód''' (''internode'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;internode&quot;&gt;“internode.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/internode/&lt;/ref&gt;Is éard atá in idirnód an chuid de ghas idir dhá nód.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''ilseipealach''' (''polysepalous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“ilseipealach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/ilseipealach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I cailís ilseipealach, bíonn na séipéil scartha.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (2026). Flora of Caprivi: Glossary details: polysepalous. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.capriviflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=565&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''inspeirm''' (''endosperm'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“inspeirm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/inspeirm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cocos nucifera00.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An inspeirm bán de shíol ''[[Cocos nucifera]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den síol é an inspeirm agus cothaíonn sé an spóraifít óg.&lt;ref&gt;Endosperm. (2007, June 18). Lexikon Der Biologie. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/endosperm/21284&lt;/ref&gt;

==L==
[[File:Latex collection 04.jpg|thumb|left|upright|90px|Laitéis]]
*'''laitéis''' (''latex'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“laitéis.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lait%C3%A9is/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is sú bán de roinnt plandaí é laitéis.&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot; /&gt;
*'''lann''' (''lamina'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“lann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an lann an chuid leacaithe de dhuilleog, scartha ón ngas agus ó bhonn an duilleoige.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical nerd word: lamina. (2018, September 25). Toronto Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://torontobotanicalgarden.ca/blog/word-of-the-week/botanical-nerd-word-lamina/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''lansach''' (''lanceolate'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“lansach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 21, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lansach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Leaf morphology lanceolate.png|thumb|right|140px|Duilleog lansach ]]&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn duilleog lansach caol agus ubhchruthach. Bíonn an pointe is leithne inti thíos leis an lár.&lt;ref name = &quot;The Pea Key, 2007&quot;&gt;The Australian Pea-flowered Legume Research Group. (2007). Leaf or leaflet shape. The Pea Key: An Interactive Key for Australian Pea-flowered Legumes. Retrieved March 21, 2026, from https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/41_leaf_shape.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''leictitíopa''' (''lectotype'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“leictitíopa.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/leictit%C3%ADopa/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is sintíopa é leictitíopa a roghnaítear níos déanaí mar an eiseamláir an chineáil.&lt;ref name = &quot;McGrouther, 2020&quot;&gt;McGrouther, M. (2020). Types of types. The Australian Museum. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/types-of-types/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''liathghorm''' (''glaucous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;IDM &amp; Foras na Gaeilge. (n.d.). glaucous. Foclóirí Ár Linne. Retrieved March 3, 2026, from https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/glaucous&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Picea pungens4.jpg|thumb|right|90px|Duilleoga liathghorm na ''[[Picea pungens]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Déanann an focal liathghorm cur síos ar dhromchla céiriúil atá idir ghorm agus liath.&lt;ref&gt;Eckel, P. M. (2023). A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 3, 2026, from https://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=glaucous&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''luathbhaineannach''' (''protogynous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“luathbhaineannach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/luathbhaineannach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn céim baineann ag bláth luathbhaineannach roimh a chéim fhireann ar leith.&lt;ref&gt;New York Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Protogyny (protogynous). French Guianan E-Flora Project. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/projects/fg/glossary-details/?irn=1302&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''luathfhireannach''' (''protandrous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“luathfhireannach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/luathfhireannach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn céim fhireann ag bláth luathfhireannach roimh a chéim baineann ar leith.&lt;ref&gt;New York Botanical Garden. (n.d.-a). Protandry (protandrous). French Guianan E-Flora Project. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/projects/fg/glossary-details/?irn=1300&lt;/ref&gt;

==M==
*'''máthairshíol''' (''seed parent'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“máthairshíol.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved July 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/m%C3%A1thairsh%C3%ADol/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; An máthairshíol a thugtar ar an phlanda a fhásann an síol.&lt;ref&gt;MacRobert, J., Setimela, P. S., Gethi, J., &amp; Regasa, M. W. (2014). [https://excellenceinbreeding.org/sites/default/files/manual/98078.pdf Maize hybrid seed production manual.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730221946/https://excellenceinbreeding.org/sites/default/files/manual/98078.pdf |date=2026-07-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''meigeagaiméitifít''' (''megagametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“meigeagaiméitifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/meigeagaim%C3%A9itif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Cruthaítear an meigeagaiméitifít le fás na meigeaspóir. Gineann an meigeagaiméitifít gaiméit baineann an phlanda heitreaspórach.&lt;ref&gt;Government of South Australia. (2025, July 7). megagametophyte. Flora of South Australia. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://flora.sa.gov.au/glossary/megagametophyte&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''meigeaspór''' (''megaspore'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“meigeaspór.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/meigeasp%C3%B3r/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I bplandaí heitreaspóracha, is é an meigeaspór an cineál mór spóir. Fásann sé ina gaiméitifít baineann.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''meiteaxiléim''' (''metaxylem'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den xiléim phríomhúil é an meiteaxiléim, ar céim luath í i bhforbairt an xiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;
*'''micreagaiméitifít''' (''microgametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micreagaiméitifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 21, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micreagaim%C3%A9itif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Fásann an micreagaiméitifít ón micreaspór agus táirgeann sé na gaiméite fireann de phlanda heitreaspórach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''micreaspór''' (''microspore'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micreaspór.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micreasp%C3%B3r/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I bplandaí heitreaspóracha, is é an micreaspór an cineál beag spóir. Fásann sé ina gaiméitifít fhireann.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''micripíl''' (''micropyle'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micripíl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micrip%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cainéal beag é an micripíl a thrasnaíonn ionar ubhúlach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''micreastrobalas''' (microstrobilus as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tearma.ie/q/micro-/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://super.tearma.ie/q/strobilus/&lt;/ref&gt; An ceann is lú de dhá chineál bhuaircíní nó strobalas a tháirgeann gimnispeirmeacha, an ceann fireann é agus táirgeann sé an phailin.--&gt;

==N==
[[File:E mammillaris ies.jpg|thumb|left|70px|neachtar]]
*'''neachtar''' (''nectar'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;neachtar&quot;&gt;“neachtar.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/neachtar/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is leacht milis é neachtar a scaoileann faireog mheala na bláthanna mar luach saothair tarraingteach d'ainmhithe pailniúcháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Betterbee&quot; /&gt;
*'''nideog éiceolaíoch''' (''ecological niche'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“nideog éiceolaíoch.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/nideog%20%C3%A9iceola%C3%ADoch/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is éard is nideog éiceolaíoch ann ná iomlán na gcaidreamh idir speiceas agus a comhshaol.&lt;ref name = &quot;Folkmann, 2019&quot;&gt;Folkmann, M. (2019). [https://grabbe-gymnasium.de/spr/biologie/AB%20Glossar%20Oekologie.pdf Glossar zur Ökologie.] Detmold; Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe-Gymnasium.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''nód''' (''node'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“nód.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/n%C3%B3d/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é nód an pointe ar an gas as a bhfásann duilleoga nó craobhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot; /&gt;
*'''nóidín fréimhe''' (''root nodule'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Foirmítear nóidín fréimhe nuair a choilíniúnaíonn baictéir fosaithe nítrigine na fréamhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;

==O==
*'''olasóm''' (''elaiosome'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“olasóm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/olas%C3%B3m/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Afzelia africana1.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Síolta ''[[Afzelia africana]]'' a bhfuil olasóm oráiste orthu]]&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid chothaitheach de shíol é olasóm a mheallann ainmhithe cosúil le seangáin. Cuidíonn sé le scaipeadh síolta.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''onn-aiseach''' (''adaxial'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“onn-aiseach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved July 28, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/onn-aiseach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá dromchlaí onn-aiseach os comhair ais an struchtúir a bhfuil sé ceangailte leis.&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot; /&gt;

==P==
&lt;!--* '''peitínáit'''  (''petiolate'' as Béarla) aidiacht ina ndéantar cur síos ar dhuilleoga nó ar struchtúir bhitheolaíocha a bhfuil gas (peitín) orthu, agus iad ceangailte go díreach le gas nó brainse. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tearma.ie/q/petiolate/ ??&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
*'''piorrachruthach''' (''pyriform'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;piorrachruthach&quot;&gt;“piorrachruthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/piorrachruthach/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Ficus pyriformis.JPG|thumb|right|125px|Torthaí piorrachruthacha an ''[[Ficus pyriformis]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Aidiacht, i gcruth péire.&lt;ref name = &quot;piorrachruthach&quot; /&gt;
*'''prótaixiléim''' (''protoxylem'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den xiléim phríomhúil é an prótaixiléim, ar céim luath í i bhforbairt an xiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;

==R==
[[File:Inflorescences Raceme Kwiatostan Grono.svg|thumb|left|upright|55px|raicéim]]
*'''raicéim''' (''raceme'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“raicéim.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/raic%C3%A9im/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é raicéim le hais neamhroinnte ar a bhfuil bláthanna gasógacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;

==S==
&lt;!--*'''scoitheadh''' (''abscission'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Scaoileadh nádúrtha orgáin atá aibí nó sean, amhail toradh aibí nó duilleog aosta.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''snáthaidiúil''' (acicular as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Caol nó snáthaidchruthach.--&gt;
*'''samár''' (''samara'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“samár.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sam%C3%A1r/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is toradh neamhoscailteach aonsíolta le sciatháin é samár.&lt;ref name = &quot;Gray, 1875&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p=79}}
[[File:Arum creticum Marmaris White.jpg|thumb|left|120px|''[[Arum creticum]]'' le spáidín bán agus spáideog buí]]
*'''spáideog''' (''spadix'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spáideog.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sp%C3%A1ideog/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é spáideog ina mbíonn bláthanna ag fás ar ais tiubh, feolmhar.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''spáidín''' (''spathe'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spáidín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sp%C3%A1id%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is bracht mór é spáidín a thimpeallaíonn an spáideog.&lt;ref name = &quot;Sterry, 1997&quot;&gt;Sterry, P. (1997). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Collins_Complete_British_Wildlife_Photog/H2oXAAAACAAJ?hl=en Collins Complete British Wildlife Photoguide.] Kiribati: HarperCollins.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p=356}}
*'''speiceas i mbaol criticiúil''' (''critically endangered species'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas i mbaol criticiúil&quot; /&gt;[[File:凹脈金花茶 Camellia impressinervis -香港公園 Hong Kong Park, Hong Kong- (39897970614).jpg|thumb|right|100px|Is speiceas i mbaol criticiúil é ''[[Camellia impressinervis]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Wheeler, L. &amp; Rivers, M.C. 2015. ''Camellia impressinervis''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T62053740A62053758. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T62053740A62053758.en. Accessed on 01 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;]]&lt;br/&gt;Is speicis iad speicis atá i mbaol criticiúil díothaithe sa nádúr atá thar a bheith ard.&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas i mbaol criticiúil&quot;&gt;Fiontar &amp; Scoil na Gaeilge, DCU. (n.d.). “speiceas i mbaol criticiúil.” Grúpa Taighde Gaois. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology?Query=speiceas+i+mbaol+critici%C3%BAil&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''speiceas is lú imní''' (''least-concern species'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is tacsóin forleathana agus flúirseacha iad speiceas is lú imní.&lt;ref name = &quot;IUCN, 2012&quot;&gt;IUCN. (2012). [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001-2nd.pdf IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.] Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.&lt;/ref&gt; Tá riosca níos ísle díothaithe ag na speicis seo.&lt;ref&gt;Frequently Asked Questions. (n.d.). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/faqs#Why%20are%20LC%20species%20on%20the%20Red%20List&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''speiceas leochaileach''' (''vulnerable species'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas leochaileach&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá riosca ard díothaithe sa nádúr ag speiceas leochaileach.&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas leochaileach&quot;&gt;speiceas leochaileach. (n.d.). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 10, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/635130&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''spor''' (''spur'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spor.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/spor/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is síneadh feadánach log den coróinín é spor.&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Prunus AbscissionZone 1 (35974302350).jpg|thumb|right|120px|Sraith scoite ''Prunus'']]
*'''sraith scoite''' (''abscission layer'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“sraith scoite.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved August 31, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sraith%20scoite/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is sraith cealla í sraith scoite ina mbriseann orgán titimeach, mar shampla duilleog.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical Orchid Glossary: Glossary Term: Abscission layer. (n.d.). Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved August 31, 2026, from https://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-glossary/define-term/Abscission+layer/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Phyla cuneifolia runner.jpg|thumb|left|120px|''[[Phyla cuneifolia]]'' stólan]]
*'''stólan''' (''stolon'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“stólan.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/st%C3%B3lan/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Gas cothrománach is ea stólan a shníonn os cionn, ar nó faoi dhromchla na talún&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt; agus a fhásann planda nua.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot; /&gt;
*'''strobalas''' (''strobilus'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“strobalas.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/strobalas/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is éard is strobalas ann ná struchtúr cosúil le buaircín atá comhdhéanta de spóraifille atá iompaithe go dlúth ar an ais.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;

==T==
*'''teipeal''' (''tepal'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“teipeal.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 4, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/teipeal/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáidtear an téarma teipal do chodanna an peirianta má tá cuma an-chosúil ar na peitil agus ar na seipil.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (2026). Flora of Caprivi: Glossary details: tepal. https://www.capriviflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=768, retrieved 4 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Tetradium daniellii (Benn.) T.G. Hartley.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Torthú bláthra ''[[Tetradium daniellii]]'']]
*'''torthú bláthra''' (''infructescence'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;bláthra&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an torthú bláthra an struchtúr ina dtaispeántar torthaí ar phlanda.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary for Vascular Plants&quot;&gt;Glossary for Vascular Plants. (2018, November 19). New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-list/?ImagesOnly=yes&amp;LimitPerPage=75&amp;rownum=676&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''treoir neachtair''' (''nectar guide''  as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;neachtar&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is marcanna nó patrúin ar bhláthanna iad treoracha neachtair a threoraíonn feithidí chuig an neachtar.&lt;ref name = &quot;Betterbee&quot;&gt;Glossary of beekeeping Terms. (n.d.). Betterbee. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.betterbee.com/glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;

==U==
*'''uathpholaplóideach''' (''autopolyploid'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“uathpholaplóideach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/uathpholapl%C3%B3ideach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál planda polaplóideach é planda uathpholaplóideach a chruthaítear trí géanóm amháin a dhúbailt. I bplandaí uathpholaplóideacha, tagann na crómasóm go léir ón speiceas céanna.&lt;ref&gt;Lefers, M. &amp; Holmgren Lab. (2004). autopolyploid. Hedgehog Signaling Glossary. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-A/autopolyploid.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''ubhagán uachtarach''' (''superior ovary'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“ubhagán uachtarach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/ubhag%C3%A1n%20uachtarach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá ubhagán uachtarach suite os cionn an phointe ina bhfuil na seipil, na peitil agus na staimín ceangailte.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''umbal''' (''umbel'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;umbal&quot;&gt;“umbal.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/umbal/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;{{Il-íomhánna
 | align = right
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 | image1 = Inflorescences Umbel Kwiatostan Baldach.svg
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 | caption1 = umbal
 | image2 = Inflorescences Umbel Kwiatostan BaldachZłożony.svg
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 | caption2 = umbal comhshuite
}}&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra craobhach é umbal. Bíonn bláthanna sa bláthra ina bhfuil na gasóga go léir ar an fhad céanna agus ag teacht ó phointe amháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nelson, 2012&quot;&gt;Nelson, R. C. (2012). The Description of Flowers. University of Rochester. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/nelson/wildflowers/glossaries/flowers/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''umbal comhshuite''' (''compound umbel'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;umbal&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é umbal comhshuite ina n-eascraíonn roinnt umbal as aon phointe amháin.&lt;ref&gt;Inflorescences 15-Compound umbel. (n.d.). University of Illinois. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers/Inflorescences/15.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

==X==
[[File:Decussate (PSF).png|thumb|left|100px|x-chruthach]]
*'''xantaifill''' (''xanthophyll'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“xantaifill.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/xantaifill/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa líocha caraitéanóideacha oráiste é xantaifill. Cosúil le caraitéin, cuidíonn xantaifill le fótaisintéis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''x-chruthach''' (''decussate'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“x-chruthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/x-chruthach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Ciallaíonn suíomh x-chruthach duilleoga go bhfuil péirí duilleoga socraithe ag uillinn 90° le péirí duilleoga cóngaracha thuas agus thíos. Tá na péirí trasnaithe i bhfoirm X.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''xéirifíteach''' (''xerophytic'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“xéirifíteach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/x%C3%A9irif%C3%ADteach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Echinocactus grusonii flora cologne.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Is plandaí xéirifíteacha iad na cachtais.&lt;ref name = &quot;Duke University&quot;&gt;Xerophytes “Cactus-Like” collection. (n.d.). Duke University. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://liveplantcollections.biology.duke.edu/featured-collections/xeric&lt;/ref&gt;]]&lt;/br&gt;Tá plandaí xéirifíteacha oiriúnaithe do aeráid nó do ghnáthóg thirim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''xiléim''' (''xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot;&gt;“xiléim.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/xil%C3%A9im/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is fíochán lignithe é an xiléim atá freagrach as iompar uisce i bplandaí.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot;&gt;University of Florida, University of Kentucky, &amp; Texas A&amp;M University. (n.d.). Xylem. PropG. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/01-biology/02-cell-types/12-celltypes-xylem.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''xiléim phríomhúil''' (''primary xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is céim luath forbartha í an xiléim phríomhúil agus tá sé déanta as prótaixiléim agus meiteaxiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;
*'''xiléim thánaisteach''' (''secondary xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Déantar an xiléim thánaisteach ón sraith chaimbiam. Tá sé freagrach as forbairt leataobhach agus fás adhmad.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;

==Z==
[[File:Goral Girardinia diversifolia AJTJ.jpg|thumb|left|120px|zóscaipeadh síl]]
*'''zóscaipeadh síl''' (''zoochory'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“zóscaipeadh síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/z%C3%B3scaipeadh%20s%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é zóscaipeadh síl scaipeadh síolta ag ainmhithe.&lt;ref name = &quot;Lewis, 2019&quot;&gt;Lewis, A. (2019, August 23). Seed dispersal: 5 ways trees spread seeds. Woodland Trust. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/08/seed-dispersal/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;!-- Especially useful sources for definitions can be collected down here: --&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot;&gt;Glossary. (n.d.). British Pteridological Society. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://britishfernsociety.org.uk/Glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Gray, 1875&quot;&gt;Gray,  Asa. (1875). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56536335 Botany for young people and common subjects : how plants grow : a simple introduction to structural botany : with popular flora, or an arrangement and description of common plants, both wild and cultivated : illustrated by 500 wood engravings.] Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot;&gt;Government of South Australia. (n.d.). Flora of Australia Glossary. Flora of South Australia. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://flora.sa.gov.au/glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot;&gt;The Rwanda flora team. (2026). Flora of Rwanda: Glossary. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.rwandaflora.com/speciesdata/glossary.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot;&gt;Jessop, J.P., Toelken, H.R. &amp; Kellermann, J. (2011). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344409776_Glossary_of_botanical_terms_version_1 Glossary of botanical terms (version 1).] In: Kellermann, J. (ed.), Flora of South Australia (ed. 5). 24 pp. (State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide). www.flora.sa.gov.au/ed5&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot;&gt;UCMP Glossary: Botany. (2009). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8botany.html&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot;&gt;Plant Glossary. (n.d.). vPlants: A Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://vplants.org/portal/plants/glossary/index.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Bobrov &amp; Romanov, 2019&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Definitions of fruit terminology --&gt;Bobrov, A. V. C., &amp; Romanov, M. S. (2019). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23818107.2019.1663448 Morphogenesis of fruits and types of fruit of angiosperms.] Botany letters, 166(3), 366-399.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot;&gt;Hodgkiss, R. J. (2019). Glossary of Botanical Terms. The Succulent Plant Page. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://succulent-plant.com/glossary/plantglossary.html&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot;&gt;Devlin, Z. (2026). Irish Wildflower Glossary. Wildflowers of Ireland. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.wildflowersofireland.net/glossary.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;


{{síol}}</text>
      <sha1>9ziq9kue7z5fr2lamouetxfqrilnnyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1328489</id>
      <parentid>1328482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T19:11:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conan Wolff</username>
        <id>51812</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gaothscaipeadh síl - anemochory; uiscescaipeadh síl - hydrochory</comment>
      <origin>1328489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45028" sha1="toqje8goeo3p7obqoh8xufpkpomtdeq" xml:space="preserve">{{Teimpléad:Athbhreithniú}}
Míníonn an foclóir téarmaí luibheolaíochta seo téarmaí luibheolaíochta.

==A==
*'''achtanamorfach''' (''actinomorphic'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“achtanamorfach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/achtanamorfach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Fragaria vesca2.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Bláth achtanamorfach de ''[[Fragaria vesca]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn bláthanna aictiomorfacha ga-shiméadrach.&lt;ref&gt;Eckel, P. M. (n.d.). A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=actinomorphic&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--*'''acraifil''' (''acrophyll'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Duilleoga rialta de phlanda aibí, a tháirgtear os cionn an bhoinn, murab ionann is an bhasaifil.--&gt;
*'''aicéin''' (''achene'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“aicéin.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/aic%C3%A9in/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is toradh tirim, neamhoscailte, aon-shíolach é aicéin. Níl an síol ceangailte de bhalla an toraidh ach ag pointe amháin. Fásann an toradh ó ubhagán uachtarach aon-sheoimrín.&lt;ref name = &quot;FTG Fruit type Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary Fruit type. (2007). Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium (FTG). Retrieved April 18, 2026, from http://www.virtualherbarium.org/glossary/glossary.php?cid=65&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''aindréiciam''' (''androecium''  as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“aindréiciam.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 7, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/aindr%C3%A9iciam/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an aindréiciam an téarma comhchoiteann do na horgáin atáirgthe fireanna sa bhláth, atá comhdhéanta de na staimín.&lt;ref&gt;Androecium, stamen, staminate, staminode. (2026, February 23). Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia. Retrieved March 7, 2026, from https://mgnv.org/plants/glossary/androecium-stamen-staminate/&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Il-íomhánna
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 | caption1 = onn-aiseach
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 | caption2 = all-aiseach
}}
*'''all-aiseach''' (''abaxial'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“all-aiseach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/all-aiseach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Aidiacht, a bhfuil a treo urchomhaireach le treo na haise (= taobh íochtair).&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andragíneafór''' (''androgynophore'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Gas ar a bhfuil an t-aindréiciam agus an gínéiciam de bhláth os cionn leibhéal ionsáite an pheirianta.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andramoinéiciach''' (''andromonoecious'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Córas annamh pórúcháin plandaí é andramoinéiciach ina dtáirgeann planda aonair bláthanna fireanna agus déghnéasacha araon.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andrafór''' (''androphore'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;An gas nó an colún a thacaíonn leis na staimíní i mbláthanna áirithe.--&gt;
*'''angaispeirm''' (''angiosperm'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“angaispeirm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/angaispeirm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) cross-section - 20080613.png|thumb|right|120px|In angaispeirm, bíonn na ubhúlaigh faoi iamh i gcairpéil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bedecktsamer&quot; /&gt;]]&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa plandaí iad na angiospermaigh a bhfuil ubhúlach acu atá iata i gcairpéil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bedecktsamer&quot;&gt;Bedecktsamer. (2007, June 18). Lexikon Der Biologie. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/bedecktsamer/7737&lt;/ref&gt;

==B==
*'''baictéar fosaithe nítrigine''' (''nitrogen-fixing bacterium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;fosú nítrigine&quot;&gt;“fosú nítrigine.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/fos%C3%BA%20n%C3%ADtrigine/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáideann baictéar fosaithe nítrigine einsím chun nítrigin atmaisféarach ({{Chem2|N2|auto=1}}) a thiontú go amóinia ({{Chem2|NH3|auto=1}}).&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot;&gt;Wagner, S. C. (2011). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Nature Education. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''baictéar nóidín''' (''nodule bacterium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot;&gt;“nóidín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/n%C3%B3id%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Déanann baictéir nóidín, amhail ''[[Rhizobium]]'' nó ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'', coilíniú ar na fréamhacha agus cruthaíonn siad nóidíní. Maireann na baictéir sna nóidíní. Soláthraíonn na fosaitheoirí nítrigine seo nítrigin don phlanda.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''barraimsitheach''' (''acropetal'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“barraimsitheach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/barraimsitheach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Ciallaíonn an téarma ''barraimsitheach'' go dtosaíonn rud ag fás nó ag forbairt ag an mbun agus go leanann sé aníos i dtreo an bharr.&lt;ref name = &quot;Tropical Forages Glossary&quot;&gt;Cook BG, Pengelly BC, Schultze-Kraft R, Taylor M, Burkart S, Cardoso Arango JA, González Guzmán JJ, Cox K, Jones C, Peters M. &amp; International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. (2020). Glossary. Tropical Forages: An Interactive Selection Tool. 2nd and Revised Edn. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://tropicalforages.info/text/entities/glossary.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''bláthra''' (''inflorescence'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;bláthra&quot;&gt;“bláthra.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/bl%C3%A1thra/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa bláthanna é bláthra.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''bleib''' (''bulb'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bleib.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/bleib/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:White onion cross section.jpg|thumb|right|70px|bleib]]&lt;/br&gt;Is gas faoi thalamh modhnaithe é bleibe, atá timpeallaithe ag duilleoga modhnaithe.&lt;ref&gt;What is a bulb? (2020, March 17). Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/what-is-a-bulb&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''bliantóg''' (''annual plant'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bliantóg.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/bliant%C3%B3g/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bláthaíonn agus faigheann bliantóg bás i mbliain amháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Sorbus aucuparia vaisiai, 2006-0823.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Bréagthorthaí ''[[Sorbus aucuparia]]'']]
*'''bréagthoradh''' (''accessory fruit'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bréagthoradh.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 5, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/br%C3%A9agthoradh/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is cineál toraidh é bréagthoradh a fhorbraíonn ó struchtúir cairpéil agus eachtarcairpéil araon.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bobrov &amp; Romanov, 2019&quot; /&gt;

==C==
*'''clóraplast''' (''chloroplast'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;clóraplast&quot;&gt;clóraplast. (n.d.-b). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/620910&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is orgánaid cheallach plandaí é an [[clóraplast]] a dhéanann an [[fótaisintéis]].&lt;ref name = &quot;clóraplast&quot; /&gt;
{{Il-íomhánna
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 | header = 
 | image1 = Inflorescences Corymb Kwiatostan BaldachGrono.svg
 | alt1 = 
 | caption1 = coirím raicéimeach&lt;!-- racemose corymb --&gt;
 | image2 = Schirmrispe (inflorescence).svg
 | alt2 = 
 | caption2 = coirím címeach&lt;!-- cymose corymb --&gt;
}}
*'''coirím''' (''corymb'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“coirím.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/coir%C3%ADm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é coirím ina dtosaíonn na craobhacha ó phointí difriúla, ach sroicheann siad an airde chéanna.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''coirt''' (''bark'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“coirt.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/coirt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is í an choirt an ciseal seachtrach cosanta de fhréamhacha agus gais plandaí adhmadacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''colúinín''' (''columella'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“colúinín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/col%C3%BAin%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is colún beag fíocháin é colúinín atá i lár capsúl.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''comhsheipealach''' (''gamosepalous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“comhsheipealach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/comhsheipealach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I gcailís chomhsheipealach bíonn na seipil comhleáite.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (n.d.). Flora of Mozambique: Glossary details: gamosepalous. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=318&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crann''' (''tree'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“crann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/crann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Tree Silhouette - geograph.org.uk - 2274631.jpg|thumb|right|70px|crann]]&lt;/br&gt;Is planda adhmadach é crann le gas príomhúil amháin agus craobhacha tánaisteacha.&lt;ref&gt;Shrubs and trees: What defines a tree or a shrub? (2020, March 27). Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://arboretum.org/visit/library/online-exhibits/treasures-of-the-rare-book-collection-plants-of-mediterranean-climate-areas/shrubs-and-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crann fíliginiteach''' (''phylogenetic tree'' as Béarla&lt;!-- citation needed {{cn}} --&gt;)[[Íomhá:Crann.png|thumb|right|90px|Crann fíliginiteach]]&lt;/br&gt;Léiríonn [[crann fíliginiteach]] na gaolta idir orgánaigh éagsúla.&lt;ref name = &quot;Georgia Tech&quot;&gt;Phylogenetic Trees. (n.d.). Georgia Tech Biological Sciences. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/biodiversity/phylogenetic-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crannlann''' (''arboretum'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“crannlann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/crannlann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is bailiúchán crann agus toir é [[crannlann]].&lt;ref&gt;Forschungsstelle Realienkunde  Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte. (n.d.). Arboretum. RDK Labor. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.rdklabor.de/wiki/Arboretum&lt;/ref&gt;

==D==
*'''dé-éiciach''' (''dioecious'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“dé-éiciach.” (n.d.). téarma.ie. https://www.tearma.ie/q/d%C3%A9-%C3%A9iciach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn daoine aonair fireanna agus baineanna ar leith ag plandaí dé-éiciach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''dioplóideach''' (''diploid'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“dioplóideach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/diopl%C3%B3ideach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá dhá cheann de na tacair bhunúsacha crómasóm ag plandaí dioplóideacha sa núicléas.&lt;ref name = &quot;NSW Flora Glossary&quot;&gt;National Herbarium of NSW,  Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, Australia. (n.d.). New South Wales Flora Online: Glossary of Botanical Terms. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&amp;glossary=yes&amp;alpha=A&lt;/ref&gt;

==E==
*'''éaghasach''' (''acaulescent'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“éaghasach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 10, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/%C3%A9aghasach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Carlina acaulis RF.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Is planda éaghasach é ''[[Carlina acaulis]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Is plandaí gan gas iad plandaí éaghasacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''eipifít''' (''epiphyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“eipifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/eipif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is planda é eipifít a fhásann ar phlanda eile, ach ní seadán é.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''eiseamláir an chineáil''' (''type specimen'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“eiseamláir an chineáil.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/eiseaml%C3%A1ir%20an%20chine%C3%A1il/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cyne baetorta, HT, L39275.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An eiseamláir an chineáil de ''[[Cyne baetorta]]'' Barlow]]&lt;/br&gt;Sainmhíníonn agus déanann an eiseamláir an chineáil ionadaíocht ar tacsón. Feidhmíonn sé mar thagairt fhisiciúil don tacsón.&lt;ref&gt;Ashworth, J. (2025, November 18). What is a type specimen? Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-type-specimen.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==F==
*'''fad idirnódach''' (''internode distance'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;internode&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá an fad idirnódach athraitheach. Féadfaidh sé athrú bunaithe ar an solas gréine atá ar fáil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Rare Plant Atlas&quot;&gt;Glossary. (n.d.). Rare Plant Atlas. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.rareplantatlas.com/glossary&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''faireog mheala''' (''nectary'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“faireog mheala.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/faireog%20mheala/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is struchtúr faireogach é faireog mheala a scaoileann leacht siúcrach (neachtar). Is féidir leis a bheith ina struchtúr i mbláth (faireog mheala bláthach), nó in áit eile ar an bplanda (faireog mheala eachtar-bláthach).&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''fialamán''' (''velamen'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“fialamán.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/fialam%C3%A1n/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an fialamán clúdach tiubh spúinseach na bhfréamhacha.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical nerd word: velamen. (2021, February 8). Toronto Botanical Garden. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://torontobotanicalgarden.ca/blog/word-of-the-week/word-of-the-week-velamen/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Semele androgyna k4.jpg|thumb|left|140px|''[[Semele androgyna]]'' filleaclaid le torthaí]]
*'''filleaclad''' (''phylloclade'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“filleaclad.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/filleaclad/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is gas fótaisintéiseach cosúil le duilleog é filleaclad.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''fosú nítrigine''' (''nitrogen fixation'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;fosú nítrigine&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é fosú nítrigine an próiseas ina ndéantar nítrigin atmaisféarach ({{Chem2|N2|auto=1}}) a thiontú go amóinia ({{Chem2|NH3|auto=1}}).&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''fréamh chrapthach''' (''contractile root'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“fréamh chrapthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/fr%C3%A9amh%20chrapthach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáideann plandaí fréamhacha chrapthach chun iad féin a tharraingt anuas.&lt;ref&gt;University of Florida, University of Kentucky, &amp; Texas A&amp;M University. (2023). Contractile Roots. PropG. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/07-geophytes/02-othergeophytes/01-geophytes-contractileroots.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''fréamhnóidín''' (''root nodule'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Foirmítear nóidín fréimhe nuair a choilíniúnaíonn baictéir fosaithe nítrigine na fréamhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;

==G==
*'''gaiméitifít''' (''gametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;gaiméitifít&quot; /&gt;[[File:Ricciocarpos natans.jpg|thumb|right|105px|Gaiméitifít de ''[[Ricciocarpos natans]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Fásann an gaiméitifít haplóideach ó spóir agus táirgeann sí gaiméite.&lt;ref name = &quot;gaiméitifít&quot;&gt;gaiméitifít. (n.d.). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/619447&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Dandelion seed dispersal.jpg|thumb|left|110px|gaothscaipeadh síl]]
*'''gaothscaipeadh síl''' (''anemochory'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“gaothscaipeadh síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/gaothscaipeadh%20s%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é gaothscaipeadh síl scaipeadh síolta leis an ngaoth.&lt;ref name = &quot;Lewis, 2019&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''gasach''' (''caulescent'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Planda a bhfuil gas dea-fhorbartha aige os cionn na talún. Frithchiallach: ''gearrghasach'' (gan gas soiléir).--&gt;
*'''gínéiciam''' (''gynoecium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“gínéiciam.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 6, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/g%C3%ADn%C3%A9iciam/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an gínéiciam an téarma comhchoiteann do orgáin atáirgthe baineanna an bhlátha, atá comhdhéanta de na cairpéil.&lt;ref&gt;Gynoecium, Carpel, Pistil. (2025, February 22). Master Gardeners Northern Virginia. Retrieved March 6, 2026, from https://mgnv.org/plants/glossary/gynoecium-carpel-pistil/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--*'''ginmhill''' (''abort'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Forbairt struchtúir nó orgáin a thréigean.--&gt;

==H==
*'''heitreaspórach''' (''heterosporous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“heitreaspórach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/heitreasp%C3%B3rach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Táirgeann plandaí heitreaspóracha dhá chineál spóir.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''homaspórach''' (''homosporous'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Planda nach bhfuil ach spóir de chineál amháin aige.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot; /&gt;

==I==
*'''idirnód''' (''internode'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;internode&quot;&gt;“internode.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/internode/&lt;/ref&gt;Is éard atá in idirnód an chuid de ghas idir dhá nód.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''ilseipealach''' (''polysepalous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“ilseipealach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/ilseipealach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I cailís ilseipealach, bíonn na séipéil scartha.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (2026). Flora of Caprivi: Glossary details: polysepalous. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.capriviflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=565&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''inspeirm''' (''endosperm'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“inspeirm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/inspeirm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cocos nucifera00.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An inspeirm bán de shíol ''[[Cocos nucifera]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den síol é an inspeirm agus cothaíonn sé an spóraifít óg.&lt;ref&gt;Endosperm. (2007, June 18). Lexikon Der Biologie. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/endosperm/21284&lt;/ref&gt;

==L==
[[File:Latex collection 04.jpg|thumb|left|upright|90px|Laitéis]]
*'''laitéis''' (''latex'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“laitéis.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lait%C3%A9is/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is sú bán de roinnt plandaí é laitéis.&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot; /&gt;
*'''lann''' (''lamina'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“lann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an lann an chuid leacaithe de dhuilleog, scartha ón ngas agus ó bhonn an duilleoige.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical nerd word: lamina. (2018, September 25). Toronto Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://torontobotanicalgarden.ca/blog/word-of-the-week/botanical-nerd-word-lamina/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''lansach''' (''lanceolate'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“lansach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 21, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lansach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Leaf morphology lanceolate.png|thumb|right|140px|Duilleog lansach ]]&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn duilleog lansach caol agus ubhchruthach. Bíonn an pointe is leithne inti thíos leis an lár.&lt;ref name = &quot;The Pea Key, 2007&quot;&gt;The Australian Pea-flowered Legume Research Group. (2007). Leaf or leaflet shape. The Pea Key: An Interactive Key for Australian Pea-flowered Legumes. Retrieved March 21, 2026, from https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/41_leaf_shape.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''leictitíopa''' (''lectotype'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“leictitíopa.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/leictit%C3%ADopa/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is sintíopa é leictitíopa a roghnaítear níos déanaí mar an eiseamláir an chineáil.&lt;ref name = &quot;McGrouther, 2020&quot;&gt;McGrouther, M. (2020). Types of types. The Australian Museum. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/types-of-types/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''liathghorm''' (''glaucous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;IDM &amp; Foras na Gaeilge. (n.d.). glaucous. Foclóirí Ár Linne. Retrieved March 3, 2026, from https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/glaucous&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Picea pungens4.jpg|thumb|right|90px|Duilleoga liathghorm na ''[[Picea pungens]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Déanann an focal liathghorm cur síos ar dhromchla céiriúil atá idir ghorm agus liath.&lt;ref&gt;Eckel, P. M. (2023). A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 3, 2026, from https://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=glaucous&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''luathbhaineannach''' (''protogynous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“luathbhaineannach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/luathbhaineannach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn céim baineann ag bláth luathbhaineannach roimh a chéim fhireann ar leith.&lt;ref&gt;New York Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Protogyny (protogynous). French Guianan E-Flora Project. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/projects/fg/glossary-details/?irn=1302&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''luathfhireannach''' (''protandrous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“luathfhireannach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/luathfhireannach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn céim fhireann ag bláth luathfhireannach roimh a chéim baineann ar leith.&lt;ref&gt;New York Botanical Garden. (n.d.-a). Protandry (protandrous). French Guianan E-Flora Project. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/projects/fg/glossary-details/?irn=1300&lt;/ref&gt;

==M==
*'''máthairshíol''' (''seed parent'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“máthairshíol.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved July 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/m%C3%A1thairsh%C3%ADol/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; An máthairshíol a thugtar ar an phlanda a fhásann an síol.&lt;ref&gt;MacRobert, J., Setimela, P. S., Gethi, J., &amp; Regasa, M. W. (2014). [https://excellenceinbreeding.org/sites/default/files/manual/98078.pdf Maize hybrid seed production manual.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730221946/https://excellenceinbreeding.org/sites/default/files/manual/98078.pdf |date=2026-07-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''meigeagaiméitifít''' (''megagametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“meigeagaiméitifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/meigeagaim%C3%A9itif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Cruthaítear an meigeagaiméitifít le fás na meigeaspóir. Gineann an meigeagaiméitifít gaiméit baineann an phlanda heitreaspórach.&lt;ref&gt;Government of South Australia. (2025, July 7). megagametophyte. Flora of South Australia. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://flora.sa.gov.au/glossary/megagametophyte&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''meigeaspór''' (''megaspore'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“meigeaspór.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/meigeasp%C3%B3r/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I bplandaí heitreaspóracha, is é an meigeaspór an cineál mór spóir. Fásann sé ina gaiméitifít baineann.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''meiteaxiléim''' (''metaxylem'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den xiléim phríomhúil é an meiteaxiléim, ar céim luath í i bhforbairt an xiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;
*'''micreagaiméitifít''' (''microgametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micreagaiméitifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 21, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micreagaim%C3%A9itif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Fásann an micreagaiméitifít ón micreaspór agus táirgeann sé na gaiméite fireann de phlanda heitreaspórach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''micreaspór''' (''microspore'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micreaspór.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micreasp%C3%B3r/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I bplandaí heitreaspóracha, is é an micreaspór an cineál beag spóir. Fásann sé ina gaiméitifít fhireann.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''micripíl''' (''micropyle'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micripíl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micrip%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cainéal beag é an micripíl a thrasnaíonn ionar ubhúlach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''micreastrobalas''' (microstrobilus as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tearma.ie/q/micro-/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://super.tearma.ie/q/strobilus/&lt;/ref&gt; An ceann is lú de dhá chineál bhuaircíní nó strobalas a tháirgeann gimnispeirmeacha, an ceann fireann é agus táirgeann sé an phailin.--&gt;

==N==
[[File:E mammillaris ies.jpg|thumb|left|70px|neachtar]]
*'''neachtar''' (''nectar'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;neachtar&quot;&gt;“neachtar.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/neachtar/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is leacht milis é neachtar a scaoileann faireog mheala na bláthanna mar luach saothair tarraingteach d'ainmhithe pailniúcháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Betterbee&quot; /&gt;
*'''nideog éiceolaíoch''' (''ecological niche'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“nideog éiceolaíoch.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/nideog%20%C3%A9iceola%C3%ADoch/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is éard is nideog éiceolaíoch ann ná iomlán na gcaidreamh idir speiceas agus a comhshaol.&lt;ref name = &quot;Folkmann, 2019&quot;&gt;Folkmann, M. (2019). [https://grabbe-gymnasium.de/spr/biologie/AB%20Glossar%20Oekologie.pdf Glossar zur Ökologie.] Detmold; Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe-Gymnasium.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''nód''' (''node'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“nód.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/n%C3%B3d/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é nód an pointe ar an gas as a bhfásann duilleoga nó craobhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot; /&gt;
*'''nóidín fréimhe''' (''root nodule'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Foirmítear nóidín fréimhe nuair a choilíniúnaíonn baictéir fosaithe nítrigine na fréamhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;

==O==
*'''olasóm''' (''elaiosome'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“olasóm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/olas%C3%B3m/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Afzelia africana1.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Síolta ''[[Afzelia africana]]'' a bhfuil olasóm oráiste orthu]]&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid chothaitheach de shíol é olasóm a mheallann ainmhithe cosúil le seangáin. Cuidíonn sé le scaipeadh síolta.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''onn-aiseach''' (''adaxial'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“onn-aiseach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved July 28, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/onn-aiseach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá dromchlaí onn-aiseach os comhair ais an struchtúir a bhfuil sé ceangailte leis.&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot; /&gt;

==P==
&lt;!--* '''peitínáit'''  (''petiolate'' as Béarla) aidiacht ina ndéantar cur síos ar dhuilleoga nó ar struchtúir bhitheolaíocha a bhfuil gas (peitín) orthu, agus iad ceangailte go díreach le gas nó brainse. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tearma.ie/q/petiolate/ ??&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
*'''piorrachruthach''' (''pyriform'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;piorrachruthach&quot;&gt;“piorrachruthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/piorrachruthach/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Ficus pyriformis.JPG|thumb|right|125px|Torthaí piorrachruthacha an ''[[Ficus pyriformis]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Aidiacht, i gcruth péire.&lt;ref name = &quot;piorrachruthach&quot; /&gt;
*'''prótaixiléim''' (''protoxylem'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den xiléim phríomhúil é an prótaixiléim, ar céim luath í i bhforbairt an xiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;

==R==
[[File:Inflorescences Raceme Kwiatostan Grono.svg|thumb|left|upright|55px|raicéim]]
*'''raicéim''' (''raceme'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“raicéim.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/raic%C3%A9im/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é raicéim le hais neamhroinnte ar a bhfuil bláthanna gasógacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;

==S==
&lt;!--*'''scoitheadh''' (''abscission'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Scaoileadh nádúrtha orgáin atá aibí nó sean, amhail toradh aibí nó duilleog aosta.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''snáthaidiúil''' (acicular as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Caol nó snáthaidchruthach.--&gt;
*'''samár''' (''samara'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“samár.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sam%C3%A1r/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is toradh neamhoscailteach aonsíolta le sciatháin é samár.&lt;ref name = &quot;Gray, 1875&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p=79}}
[[File:Arum creticum Marmaris White.jpg|thumb|left|120px|''[[Arum creticum]]'' le spáidín bán agus spáideog buí]]
*'''spáideog''' (''spadix'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spáideog.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sp%C3%A1ideog/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é spáideog ina mbíonn bláthanna ag fás ar ais tiubh, feolmhar.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''spáidín''' (''spathe'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spáidín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sp%C3%A1id%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is bracht mór é spáidín a thimpeallaíonn an spáideog.&lt;ref name = &quot;Sterry, 1997&quot;&gt;Sterry, P. (1997). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Collins_Complete_British_Wildlife_Photog/H2oXAAAACAAJ?hl=en Collins Complete British Wildlife Photoguide.] Kiribati: HarperCollins.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p=356}}
*'''speiceas i mbaol criticiúil''' (''critically endangered species'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas i mbaol criticiúil&quot; /&gt;[[File:凹脈金花茶 Camellia impressinervis -香港公園 Hong Kong Park, Hong Kong- (39897970614).jpg|thumb|right|100px|Is speiceas i mbaol criticiúil é ''[[Camellia impressinervis]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Wheeler, L. &amp; Rivers, M.C. 2015. ''Camellia impressinervis''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T62053740A62053758. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T62053740A62053758.en. Accessed on 01 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;]]&lt;br/&gt;Is speicis iad speicis atá i mbaol criticiúil díothaithe sa nádúr atá thar a bheith ard.&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas i mbaol criticiúil&quot;&gt;Fiontar &amp; Scoil na Gaeilge, DCU. (n.d.). “speiceas i mbaol criticiúil.” Grúpa Taighde Gaois. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology?Query=speiceas+i+mbaol+critici%C3%BAil&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''speiceas is lú imní''' (''least-concern species'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is tacsóin forleathana agus flúirseacha iad speiceas is lú imní.&lt;ref name = &quot;IUCN, 2012&quot;&gt;IUCN. (2012). [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001-2nd.pdf IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.] Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.&lt;/ref&gt; Tá riosca níos ísle díothaithe ag na speicis seo.&lt;ref&gt;Frequently Asked Questions. (n.d.). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/faqs#Why%20are%20LC%20species%20on%20the%20Red%20List&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''speiceas leochaileach''' (''vulnerable species'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas leochaileach&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá riosca ard díothaithe sa nádúr ag speiceas leochaileach.&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas leochaileach&quot;&gt;speiceas leochaileach. (n.d.). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 10, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/635130&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''spor''' (''spur'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spor.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/spor/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is síneadh feadánach log den coróinín é spor.&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Prunus AbscissionZone 1 (35974302350).jpg|thumb|right|120px|Sraith scoite ''Prunus'']]
*'''sraith scoite''' (''abscission layer'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“sraith scoite.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved August 31, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sraith%20scoite/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is sraith cealla í sraith scoite ina mbriseann orgán titimeach, mar shampla duilleog.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical Orchid Glossary: Glossary Term: Abscission layer. (n.d.). Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved August 31, 2026, from https://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-glossary/define-term/Abscission+layer/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Phyla cuneifolia runner.jpg|thumb|left|120px|''[[Phyla cuneifolia]]'' stólan]]
*'''stólan''' (''stolon'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“stólan.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/st%C3%B3lan/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Gas cothrománach is ea stólan a shníonn os cionn, ar nó faoi dhromchla na talún&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt; agus a fhásann planda nua.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot; /&gt;
*'''strobalas''' (''strobilus'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“strobalas.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/strobalas/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is éard is strobalas ann ná struchtúr cosúil le buaircín atá comhdhéanta de spóraifille atá iompaithe go dlúth ar an ais.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;

==T==
*'''teipeal''' (''tepal'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“teipeal.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 4, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/teipeal/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáidtear an téarma teipal do chodanna an peirianta má tá cuma an-chosúil ar na peitil agus ar na seipil.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (2026). Flora of Caprivi: Glossary details: tepal. https://www.capriviflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=768, retrieved 4 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Tetradium daniellii (Benn.) T.G. Hartley.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Torthú bláthra ''[[Tetradium daniellii]]'']]
*'''torthú bláthra''' (''infructescence'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;bláthra&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an torthú bláthra an struchtúr ina dtaispeántar torthaí ar phlanda.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary for Vascular Plants&quot;&gt;Glossary for Vascular Plants. (2018, November 19). New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-list/?ImagesOnly=yes&amp;LimitPerPage=75&amp;rownum=676&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''treoir neachtair''' (''nectar guide''  as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;neachtar&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is marcanna nó patrúin ar bhláthanna iad treoracha neachtair a threoraíonn feithidí chuig an neachtar.&lt;ref name = &quot;Betterbee&quot;&gt;Glossary of beekeeping Terms. (n.d.). Betterbee. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.betterbee.com/glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;

==U==
*'''uathpholaplóideach''' (''autopolyploid'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“uathpholaplóideach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/uathpholapl%C3%B3ideach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál planda polaplóideach é planda uathpholaplóideach a chruthaítear trí géanóm amháin a dhúbailt. I bplandaí uathpholaplóideacha, tagann na crómasóm go léir ón speiceas céanna.&lt;ref&gt;Lefers, M. &amp; Holmgren Lab. (2004). autopolyploid. Hedgehog Signaling Glossary. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-A/autopolyploid.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''ubhagán uachtarach''' (''superior ovary'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“ubhagán uachtarach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/ubhag%C3%A1n%20uachtarach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá ubhagán uachtarach suite os cionn an phointe ina bhfuil na seipil, na peitil agus na staimín ceangailte.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Trapa japonica floating seed in Yokotake, Kanzaki.jpg|thumb|left|100px|uiscescaipeadh síl]]
*'''uiscescaipeadh síl''' (''hydrochory'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“uiscescaipeadh síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/uiscescaipeadh%20s%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é uiscescaipeadh síl scaipeadh síolta trí uisce.&lt;ref name = &quot;Lewis, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''umbal''' (''umbel'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;umbal&quot;&gt;“umbal.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/umbal/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;{{Il-íomhánna
 | align = right
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 180
 | header = 
 | image1 = Inflorescences Umbel Kwiatostan Baldach.svg
 | alt1 = 
 | caption1 = umbal
 | image2 = Inflorescences Umbel Kwiatostan BaldachZłożony.svg
 | alt2 = 
 | caption2 = umbal comhshuite
}}&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra craobhach é umbal. Bíonn bláthanna sa bláthra ina bhfuil na gasóga go léir ar an fhad céanna agus ag teacht ó phointe amháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nelson, 2012&quot;&gt;Nelson, R. C. (2012). The Description of Flowers. University of Rochester. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/nelson/wildflowers/glossaries/flowers/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''umbal comhshuite''' (''compound umbel'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;umbal&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é umbal comhshuite ina n-eascraíonn roinnt umbal as aon phointe amháin.&lt;ref&gt;Inflorescences 15-Compound umbel. (n.d.). University of Illinois. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers/Inflorescences/15.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

==X==
[[File:Decussate (PSF).png|thumb|left|100px|x-chruthach]]
*'''xantaifill''' (''xanthophyll'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“xantaifill.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/xantaifill/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa líocha caraitéanóideacha oráiste é xantaifill. Cosúil le caraitéin, cuidíonn xantaifill le fótaisintéis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''x-chruthach''' (''decussate'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“x-chruthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/x-chruthach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Ciallaíonn suíomh x-chruthach duilleoga go bhfuil péirí duilleoga socraithe ag uillinn 90° le péirí duilleoga cóngaracha thuas agus thíos. Tá na péirí trasnaithe i bhfoirm X.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''xéirifíteach''' (''xerophytic'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“xéirifíteach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/x%C3%A9irif%C3%ADteach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Echinocactus grusonii flora cologne.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Is plandaí xéirifíteacha iad na cachtais.&lt;ref name = &quot;Duke University&quot;&gt;Xerophytes “Cactus-Like” collection. (n.d.). Duke University. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://liveplantcollections.biology.duke.edu/featured-collections/xeric&lt;/ref&gt;]]&lt;/br&gt;Tá plandaí xéirifíteacha oiriúnaithe do aeráid nó do ghnáthóg thirim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''xiléim''' (''xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot;&gt;“xiléim.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/xil%C3%A9im/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is fíochán lignithe é an xiléim atá freagrach as iompar uisce i bplandaí.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot;&gt;University of Florida, University of Kentucky, &amp; Texas A&amp;M University. (n.d.). Xylem. PropG. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/01-biology/02-cell-types/12-celltypes-xylem.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''xiléim phríomhúil''' (''primary xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is céim luath forbartha í an xiléim phríomhúil agus tá sé déanta as prótaixiléim agus meiteaxiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;
*'''xiléim thánaisteach''' (''secondary xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Déantar an xiléim thánaisteach ón sraith chaimbiam. Tá sé freagrach as forbairt leataobhach agus fás adhmad.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;

==Z==
[[File:Goral Girardinia diversifolia AJTJ.jpg|thumb|left|120px|zóscaipeadh síl]]
*'''zóscaipeadh síl''' (''zoochory'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“zóscaipeadh síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/z%C3%B3scaipeadh%20s%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é zóscaipeadh síl scaipeadh síolta ag ainmhithe.&lt;ref name = &quot;Lewis, 2019&quot;&gt;Lewis, A. (2019, August 23). Seed dispersal: 5 ways trees spread seeds. Woodland Trust. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/08/seed-dispersal/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;!-- Especially useful sources for definitions can be collected down here: --&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot;&gt;Glossary. (n.d.). British Pteridological Society. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://britishfernsociety.org.uk/Glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Gray, 1875&quot;&gt;Gray,  Asa. (1875). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56536335 Botany for young people and common subjects : how plants grow : a simple introduction to structural botany : with popular flora, or an arrangement and description of common plants, both wild and cultivated : illustrated by 500 wood engravings.] Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot;&gt;Government of South Australia. (n.d.). Flora of Australia Glossary. Flora of South Australia. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://flora.sa.gov.au/glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot;&gt;The Rwanda flora team. (2026). Flora of Rwanda: Glossary. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.rwandaflora.com/speciesdata/glossary.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot;&gt;Jessop, J.P., Toelken, H.R. &amp; Kellermann, J. (2011). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344409776_Glossary_of_botanical_terms_version_1 Glossary of botanical terms (version 1).] In: Kellermann, J. (ed.), Flora of South Australia (ed. 5). 24 pp. (State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide). www.flora.sa.gov.au/ed5&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot;&gt;UCMP Glossary: Botany. (2009). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8botany.html&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot;&gt;Plant Glossary. (n.d.). vPlants: A Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://vplants.org/portal/plants/glossary/index.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Bobrov &amp; Romanov, 2019&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Definitions of fruit terminology --&gt;Bobrov, A. V. C., &amp; Romanov, M. S. (2019). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23818107.2019.1663448 Morphogenesis of fruits and types of fruit of angiosperms.] Botany letters, 166(3), 366-399.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot;&gt;Hodgkiss, R. J. (2019). Glossary of Botanical Terms. The Succulent Plant Page. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://succulent-plant.com/glossary/plantglossary.html&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot;&gt;Devlin, Z. (2026). Irish Wildflower Glossary. Wildflowers of Ireland. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.wildflowersofireland.net/glossary.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;


{{síol}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-24T21:04:27Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>síol inphéactha - germinable seed</comment>
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      <text bytes="45484" sha1="m5887odc4tro88mkibo5dpy0v0s7kql" xml:space="preserve">{{Teimpléad:Athbhreithniú}}
Míníonn an foclóir téarmaí luibheolaíochta seo téarmaí luibheolaíochta.

==A==
*'''achtanamorfach''' (''actinomorphic'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“achtanamorfach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/achtanamorfach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Fragaria vesca2.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Bláth achtanamorfach de ''[[Fragaria vesca]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn bláthanna aictiomorfacha ga-shiméadrach.&lt;ref&gt;Eckel, P. M. (n.d.). A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=actinomorphic&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--*'''acraifil''' (''acrophyll'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Duilleoga rialta de phlanda aibí, a tháirgtear os cionn an bhoinn, murab ionann is an bhasaifil.--&gt;
*'''aicéin''' (''achene'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“aicéin.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/aic%C3%A9in/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is toradh tirim, neamhoscailte, aon-shíolach é aicéin. Níl an síol ceangailte de bhalla an toraidh ach ag pointe amháin. Fásann an toradh ó ubhagán uachtarach aon-sheoimrín.&lt;ref name = &quot;FTG Fruit type Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary Fruit type. (2007). Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium (FTG). Retrieved April 18, 2026, from http://www.virtualherbarium.org/glossary/glossary.php?cid=65&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''aindréiciam''' (''androecium''  as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“aindréiciam.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 7, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/aindr%C3%A9iciam/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an aindréiciam an téarma comhchoiteann do na horgáin atáirgthe fireanna sa bhláth, atá comhdhéanta de na staimín.&lt;ref&gt;Androecium, stamen, staminate, staminode. (2026, February 23). Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia. Retrieved March 7, 2026, from https://mgnv.org/plants/glossary/androecium-stamen-staminate/&lt;/ref&gt;
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*'''all-aiseach''' (''abaxial'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“all-aiseach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/all-aiseach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Aidiacht, a bhfuil a treo urchomhaireach le treo na haise (= taobh íochtair).&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andragíneafór''' (''androgynophore'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Gas ar a bhfuil an t-aindréiciam agus an gínéiciam de bhláth os cionn leibhéal ionsáite an pheirianta.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andramoinéiciach''' (''andromonoecious'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Córas annamh pórúcháin plandaí é andramoinéiciach ina dtáirgeann planda aonair bláthanna fireanna agus déghnéasacha araon.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''andrafór''' (''androphore'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;An gas nó an colún a thacaíonn leis na staimíní i mbláthanna áirithe.--&gt;
*'''angaispeirm''' (''angiosperm'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“angaispeirm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/angaispeirm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) cross-section - 20080613.png|thumb|right|120px|In angaispeirm, bíonn na ubhúlaigh faoi iamh i gcairpéil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bedecktsamer&quot; /&gt;]]&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa plandaí iad na angiospermaigh a bhfuil ubhúlach acu atá iata i gcairpéil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bedecktsamer&quot;&gt;Bedecktsamer. (2007, June 18). Lexikon Der Biologie. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/bedecktsamer/7737&lt;/ref&gt;

==B==
*'''baictéar fosaithe nítrigine''' (''nitrogen-fixing bacterium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;fosú nítrigine&quot;&gt;“fosú nítrigine.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/fos%C3%BA%20n%C3%ADtrigine/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáideann baictéar fosaithe nítrigine einsím chun nítrigin atmaisféarach ({{Chem2|N2|auto=1}}) a thiontú go amóinia ({{Chem2|NH3|auto=1}}).&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot;&gt;Wagner, S. C. (2011). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Nature Education. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''baictéar nóidín''' (''nodule bacterium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot;&gt;“nóidín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/n%C3%B3id%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Déanann baictéir nóidín, amhail ''[[Rhizobium]]'' nó ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'', coilíniú ar na fréamhacha agus cruthaíonn siad nóidíní. Maireann na baictéir sna nóidíní. Soláthraíonn na fosaitheoirí nítrigine seo nítrigin don phlanda.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''barraimsitheach''' (''acropetal'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“barraimsitheach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/barraimsitheach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Ciallaíonn an téarma ''barraimsitheach'' go dtosaíonn rud ag fás nó ag forbairt ag an mbun agus go leanann sé aníos i dtreo an bharr.&lt;ref name = &quot;Tropical Forages Glossary&quot;&gt;Cook BG, Pengelly BC, Schultze-Kraft R, Taylor M, Burkart S, Cardoso Arango JA, González Guzmán JJ, Cox K, Jones C, Peters M. &amp; International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. (2020). Glossary. Tropical Forages: An Interactive Selection Tool. 2nd and Revised Edn. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://tropicalforages.info/text/entities/glossary.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''bláthra''' (''inflorescence'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;bláthra&quot;&gt;“bláthra.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/bl%C3%A1thra/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa bláthanna é bláthra.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''bleib''' (''bulb'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bleib.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/bleib/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:White onion cross section.jpg|thumb|right|70px|bleib]]&lt;/br&gt;Is gas faoi thalamh modhnaithe é bleibe, atá timpeallaithe ag duilleoga modhnaithe.&lt;ref&gt;What is a bulb? (2020, March 17). Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/what-is-a-bulb&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''bliantóg''' (''annual plant'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bliantóg.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/bliant%C3%B3g/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bláthaíonn agus faigheann bliantóg bás i mbliain amháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Sorbus aucuparia vaisiai, 2006-0823.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Bréagthorthaí ''[[Sorbus aucuparia]]'']]
*'''bréagthoradh''' (''accessory fruit'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“bréagthoradh.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 5, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/br%C3%A9agthoradh/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is cineál toraidh é bréagthoradh a fhorbraíonn ó struchtúir cairpéil agus eachtarcairpéil araon.&lt;ref name = &quot;Bobrov &amp; Romanov, 2019&quot; /&gt;

==C==
*'''clóraplast''' (''chloroplast'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;clóraplast&quot;&gt;clóraplast. (n.d.-b). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/620910&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is orgánaid cheallach plandaí é an [[clóraplast]] a dhéanann an [[fótaisintéis]].&lt;ref name = &quot;clóraplast&quot; /&gt;
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*'''coirím''' (''corymb'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“coirím.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/coir%C3%ADm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é coirím ina dtosaíonn na craobhacha ó phointí difriúla, ach sroicheann siad an airde chéanna.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''coirt''' (''bark'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“coirt.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/coirt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is í an choirt an ciseal seachtrach cosanta de fhréamhacha agus gais plandaí adhmadacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''colúinín''' (''columella'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“colúinín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/col%C3%BAin%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is colún beag fíocháin é colúinín atá i lár capsúl.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''comhsheipealach''' (''gamosepalous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“comhsheipealach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/comhsheipealach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I gcailís chomhsheipealach bíonn na seipil comhleáite.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (n.d.). Flora of Mozambique: Glossary details: gamosepalous. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=318&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crann''' (''tree'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“crann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/crann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Tree Silhouette - geograph.org.uk - 2274631.jpg|thumb|right|70px|crann]]&lt;/br&gt;Is planda adhmadach é crann le gas príomhúil amháin agus craobhacha tánaisteacha.&lt;ref&gt;Shrubs and trees: What defines a tree or a shrub? (2020, March 27). Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://arboretum.org/visit/library/online-exhibits/treasures-of-the-rare-book-collection-plants-of-mediterranean-climate-areas/shrubs-and-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crann fíliginiteach''' (''phylogenetic tree'' as Béarla&lt;!-- citation needed {{cn}} --&gt;)[[Íomhá:Crann.png|thumb|right|90px|Crann fíliginiteach]]&lt;/br&gt;Léiríonn [[crann fíliginiteach]] na gaolta idir orgánaigh éagsúla.&lt;ref name = &quot;Georgia Tech&quot;&gt;Phylogenetic Trees. (n.d.). Georgia Tech Biological Sciences. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/biodiversity/phylogenetic-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''crannlann''' (''arboretum'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“crannlann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/crannlann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is bailiúchán crann agus toir é [[crannlann]].&lt;ref&gt;Forschungsstelle Realienkunde  Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte. (n.d.). Arboretum. RDK Labor. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.rdklabor.de/wiki/Arboretum&lt;/ref&gt;

==D==
*'''dé-éiciach''' (''dioecious'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“dé-éiciach.” (n.d.). téarma.ie. https://www.tearma.ie/q/d%C3%A9-%C3%A9iciach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn daoine aonair fireanna agus baineanna ar leith ag plandaí dé-éiciach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''dioplóideach''' (''diploid'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“dioplóideach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/diopl%C3%B3ideach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá dhá cheann de na tacair bhunúsacha crómasóm ag plandaí dioplóideacha sa núicléas.&lt;ref name = &quot;NSW Flora Glossary&quot;&gt;National Herbarium of NSW,  Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, Australia. (n.d.). New South Wales Flora Online: Glossary of Botanical Terms. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&amp;glossary=yes&amp;alpha=A&lt;/ref&gt;

==E==
*'''éaghasach''' (''acaulescent'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“éaghasach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 10, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/%C3%A9aghasach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Carlina acaulis RF.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Is planda éaghasach é ''[[Carlina acaulis]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Is plandaí gan gas iad plandaí éaghasacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''eipifít''' (''epiphyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“eipifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/eipif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is planda é eipifít a fhásann ar phlanda eile, ach ní seadán é.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''eiseamláir an chineáil''' (''type specimen'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“eiseamláir an chineáil.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/eiseaml%C3%A1ir%20an%20chine%C3%A1il/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cyne baetorta, HT, L39275.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An eiseamláir an chineáil de ''[[Cyne baetorta]]'' Barlow]]&lt;/br&gt;Sainmhíníonn agus déanann an eiseamláir an chineáil ionadaíocht ar tacsón. Feidhmíonn sé mar thagairt fhisiciúil don tacsón.&lt;ref&gt;Ashworth, J. (2025, November 18). What is a type specimen? Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-type-specimen.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==F==
*'''fad idirnódach''' (''internode distance'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;internode&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá an fad idirnódach athraitheach. Féadfaidh sé athrú bunaithe ar an solas gréine atá ar fáil.&lt;ref name = &quot;Rare Plant Atlas&quot;&gt;Glossary. (n.d.). Rare Plant Atlas. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.rareplantatlas.com/glossary&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''faireog mheala''' (''nectary'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“faireog mheala.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/faireog%20mheala/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is struchtúr faireogach é faireog mheala a scaoileann leacht siúcrach (neachtar). Is féidir leis a bheith ina struchtúr i mbláth (faireog mheala bláthach), nó in áit eile ar an bplanda (faireog mheala eachtar-bláthach).&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''fialamán''' (''velamen'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“fialamán.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/fialam%C3%A1n/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an fialamán clúdach tiubh spúinseach na bhfréamhacha.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical nerd word: velamen. (2021, February 8). Toronto Botanical Garden. Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://torontobotanicalgarden.ca/blog/word-of-the-week/word-of-the-week-velamen/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Semele androgyna k4.jpg|thumb|left|140px|''[[Semele androgyna]]'' filleaclaid le torthaí]]
*'''filleaclad''' (''phylloclade'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“filleaclad.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/filleaclad/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is gas fótaisintéiseach cosúil le duilleog é filleaclad.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''fosú nítrigine''' (''nitrogen fixation'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;fosú nítrigine&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é fosú nítrigine an próiseas ina ndéantar nítrigin atmaisféarach ({{Chem2|N2|auto=1}}) a thiontú go amóinia ({{Chem2|NH3|auto=1}}).&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;
*'''fréamh chrapthach''' (''contractile root'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“fréamh chrapthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/fr%C3%A9amh%20chrapthach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáideann plandaí fréamhacha chrapthach chun iad féin a tharraingt anuas.&lt;ref&gt;University of Florida, University of Kentucky, &amp; Texas A&amp;M University. (2023). Contractile Roots. PropG. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/07-geophytes/02-othergeophytes/01-geophytes-contractileroots.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''fréamhnóidín''' (''root nodule'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Foirmítear nóidín fréimhe nuair a choilíniúnaíonn baictéir fosaithe nítrigine na fréamhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;

==G==
*'''gaiméitifít''' (''gametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;gaiméitifít&quot; /&gt;[[File:Ricciocarpos natans.jpg|thumb|right|105px|Gaiméitifít de ''[[Ricciocarpos natans]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Fásann an gaiméitifít haplóideach ó spóir agus táirgeann sí gaiméite.&lt;ref name = &quot;gaiméitifít&quot;&gt;gaiméitifít. (n.d.). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/619447&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Dandelion seed dispersal.jpg|thumb|left|110px|gaothscaipeadh síl]]
*'''gaothscaipeadh síl''' (''anemochory'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“gaothscaipeadh síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/gaothscaipeadh%20s%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é gaothscaipeadh síl scaipeadh síolta leis an ngaoth.&lt;ref name = &quot;Lewis, 2019&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''gasach''' (''caulescent'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Planda a bhfuil gas dea-fhorbartha aige os cionn na talún. Frithchiallach: ''gearrghasach'' (gan gas soiléir).--&gt;
*'''gínéiciam''' (''gynoecium'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“gínéiciam.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 6, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/g%C3%ADn%C3%A9iciam/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an gínéiciam an téarma comhchoiteann do orgáin atáirgthe baineanna an bhlátha, atá comhdhéanta de na cairpéil.&lt;ref&gt;Gynoecium, Carpel, Pistil. (2025, February 22). Master Gardeners Northern Virginia. Retrieved March 6, 2026, from https://mgnv.org/plants/glossary/gynoecium-carpel-pistil/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--*'''ginmhill''' (''abort'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Forbairt struchtúir nó orgáin a thréigean.--&gt;

==H==
*'''heitreaspórach''' (''heterosporous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“heitreaspórach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/heitreasp%C3%B3rach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Táirgeann plandaí heitreaspóracha dhá chineál spóir.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''homaspórach''' (''homosporous'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Planda nach bhfuil ach spóir de chineál amháin aige.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot; /&gt;

==I==
*'''idirnód''' (''internode'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;internode&quot;&gt;“internode.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/internode/&lt;/ref&gt;Is éard atá in idirnód an chuid de ghas idir dhá nód.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''ilseipealach''' (''polysepalous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“ilseipealach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/ilseipealach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I cailís ilseipealach, bíonn na séipéil scartha.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (2026). Flora of Caprivi: Glossary details: polysepalous. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.capriviflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=565&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''inspeirm''' (''endosperm'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“inspeirm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/inspeirm/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cocos nucifera00.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An inspeirm bán de shíol ''[[Cocos nucifera]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den síol é an inspeirm agus cothaíonn sé an spóraifít óg.&lt;ref&gt;Endosperm. (2007, June 18). Lexikon Der Biologie. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/endosperm/21284&lt;/ref&gt;

==L==
[[File:Latex collection 04.jpg|thumb|left|upright|90px|Laitéis]]
*'''laitéis''' (''latex'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“laitéis.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lait%C3%A9is/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is sú bán de roinnt plandaí é laitéis.&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot; /&gt;
*'''lann''' (''lamina'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“lann.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lann/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an lann an chuid leacaithe de dhuilleog, scartha ón ngas agus ó bhonn an duilleoige.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical nerd word: lamina. (2018, September 25). Toronto Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://torontobotanicalgarden.ca/blog/word-of-the-week/botanical-nerd-word-lamina/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''lansach''' (''lanceolate'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“lansach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 21, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/lansach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Leaf morphology lanceolate.png|thumb|right|140px|Duilleog lansach ]]&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn duilleog lansach caol agus ubhchruthach. Bíonn an pointe is leithne inti thíos leis an lár.&lt;ref name = &quot;The Pea Key, 2007&quot;&gt;The Australian Pea-flowered Legume Research Group. (2007). Leaf or leaflet shape. The Pea Key: An Interactive Key for Australian Pea-flowered Legumes. Retrieved March 21, 2026, from https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/41_leaf_shape.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''leictitíopa''' (''lectotype'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“leictitíopa.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/leictit%C3%ADopa/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is sintíopa é leictitíopa a roghnaítear níos déanaí mar an eiseamláir an chineáil.&lt;ref name = &quot;McGrouther, 2020&quot;&gt;McGrouther, M. (2020). Types of types. The Australian Museum. Retrieved March 23, 2026, from https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/types-of-types/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''liathghorm''' (''glaucous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;IDM &amp; Foras na Gaeilge. (n.d.). glaucous. Foclóirí Ár Linne. Retrieved March 3, 2026, from https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/glaucous&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Picea pungens4.jpg|thumb|right|90px|Duilleoga liathghorm na ''[[Picea pungens]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Déanann an focal liathghorm cur síos ar dhromchla céiriúil atá idir ghorm agus liath.&lt;ref&gt;Eckel, P. M. (2023). A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 3, 2026, from https://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=glaucous&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''luathbhaineannach''' (''protogynous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“luathbhaineannach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/luathbhaineannach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn céim baineann ag bláth luathbhaineannach roimh a chéim fhireann ar leith.&lt;ref&gt;New York Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Protogyny (protogynous). French Guianan E-Flora Project. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/projects/fg/glossary-details/?irn=1302&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''luathfhireannach''' (''protandrous'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“luathfhireannach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/luathfhireannach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Bíonn céim fhireann ag bláth luathfhireannach roimh a chéim baineann ar leith.&lt;ref&gt;New York Botanical Garden. (n.d.-a). Protandry (protandrous). French Guianan E-Flora Project. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/projects/fg/glossary-details/?irn=1300&lt;/ref&gt;

==M==
*'''máthairshíol''' (''seed parent'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“máthairshíol.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved July 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/m%C3%A1thairsh%C3%ADol/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; An máthairshíol a thugtar ar an phlanda a fhásann an síol.&lt;ref&gt;MacRobert, J., Setimela, P. S., Gethi, J., &amp; Regasa, M. W. (2014). [https://excellenceinbreeding.org/sites/default/files/manual/98078.pdf Maize hybrid seed production manual.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730221946/https://excellenceinbreeding.org/sites/default/files/manual/98078.pdf |date=2026-07-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''meigeagaiméitifít''' (''megagametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“meigeagaiméitifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/meigeagaim%C3%A9itif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Cruthaítear an meigeagaiméitifít le fás na meigeaspóir. Gineann an meigeagaiméitifít gaiméit baineann an phlanda heitreaspórach.&lt;ref&gt;Government of South Australia. (2025, July 7). megagametophyte. Flora of South Australia. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://flora.sa.gov.au/glossary/megagametophyte&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''meigeaspór''' (''megaspore'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“meigeaspór.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/meigeasp%C3%B3r/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I bplandaí heitreaspóracha, is é an meigeaspór an cineál mór spóir. Fásann sé ina gaiméitifít baineann.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''meiteaxiléim''' (''metaxylem'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den xiléim phríomhúil é an meiteaxiléim, ar céim luath í i bhforbairt an xiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;
*'''micreagaiméitifít''' (''microgametophyte'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micreagaiméitifít.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 21, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micreagaim%C3%A9itif%C3%ADt/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Fásann an micreagaiméitifít ón micreaspór agus táirgeann sé na gaiméite fireann de phlanda heitreaspórach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''micreaspór''' (''microspore'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micreaspór.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micreasp%C3%B3r/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;I bplandaí heitreaspóracha, is é an micreaspór an cineál beag spóir. Fásann sé ina gaiméitifít fhireann.&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot; /&gt;
*'''micripíl''' (''micropyle'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“micripíl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/micrip%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cainéal beag é an micripíl a thrasnaíonn ionar ubhúlach.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--*'''micreastrobalas''' (microstrobilus as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tearma.ie/q/micro-/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://super.tearma.ie/q/strobilus/&lt;/ref&gt; An ceann is lú de dhá chineál bhuaircíní nó strobalas a tháirgeann gimnispeirmeacha, an ceann fireann é agus táirgeann sé an phailin.--&gt;

==N==
[[File:E mammillaris ies.jpg|thumb|left|70px|neachtar]]
*'''neachtar''' (''nectar'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;neachtar&quot;&gt;“neachtar.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/neachtar/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is leacht milis é neachtar a scaoileann faireog mheala na bláthanna mar luach saothair tarraingteach d'ainmhithe pailniúcháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Betterbee&quot; /&gt;
*'''nideog éiceolaíoch''' (''ecological niche'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“nideog éiceolaíoch.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/nideog%20%C3%A9iceola%C3%ADoch/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is éard is nideog éiceolaíoch ann ná iomlán na gcaidreamh idir speiceas agus a comhshaol.&lt;ref name = &quot;Folkmann, 2019&quot;&gt;Folkmann, M. (2019). [https://grabbe-gymnasium.de/spr/biologie/AB%20Glossar%20Oekologie.pdf Glossar zur Ökologie.] Detmold; Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe-Gymnasium.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''nód''' (''node'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“nód.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/n%C3%B3d/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é nód an pointe ar an gas as a bhfásann duilleoga nó craobhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot; /&gt;
*'''nóidín fréimhe''' (''root nodule'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;nóidín&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Foirmítear nóidín fréimhe nuair a choilíniúnaíonn baictéir fosaithe nítrigine na fréamhacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Wagner, 2011&quot; /&gt;

==O==
*'''olasóm''' (''elaiosome'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“olasóm.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/olas%C3%B3m/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Afzelia africana1.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Síolta ''[[Afzelia africana]]'' a bhfuil olasóm oráiste orthu]]&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid chothaitheach de shíol é olasóm a mheallann ainmhithe cosúil le seangáin. Cuidíonn sé le scaipeadh síolta.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''onn-aiseach''' (''adaxial'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“onn-aiseach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved July 28, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/onn-aiseach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá dromchlaí onn-aiseach os comhair ais an struchtúir a bhfuil sé ceangailte leis.&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot; /&gt;

==P==
&lt;!--* '''peitínáit'''  (''petiolate'' as Béarla) aidiacht ina ndéantar cur síos ar dhuilleoga nó ar struchtúir bhitheolaíocha a bhfuil gas (peitín) orthu, agus iad ceangailte go díreach le gas nó brainse. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tearma.ie/q/petiolate/ ??&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
*'''piorrachruthach''' (''pyriform'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;piorrachruthach&quot;&gt;“piorrachruthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/piorrachruthach/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Ficus pyriformis.JPG|thumb|right|125px|Torthaí piorrachruthacha an ''[[Ficus pyriformis]]'']]&lt;/br&gt;Aidiacht, i gcruth péire.&lt;ref name = &quot;piorrachruthach&quot; /&gt;
*'''prótaixiléim''' (''protoxylem'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cuid den xiléim phríomhúil é an prótaixiléim, ar céim luath í i bhforbairt an xiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;

==R==
[[File:Inflorescences Raceme Kwiatostan Grono.svg|thumb|left|upright|55px|raicéim]]
*'''raicéim''' (''raceme'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“raicéim.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://super.tearma.ie/q/raic%C3%A9im/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é raicéim le hais neamhroinnte ar a bhfuil bláthanna gasógacha.&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot; /&gt;

==S==
&lt;!--*'''scoitheadh''' (''abscission'' as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Scaoileadh nádúrtha orgáin atá aibí nó sean, amhail toradh aibí nó duilleog aosta.--&gt;
&lt;!--*'''snáthaidiúil''' (acicular as Béarla)&lt;/br&gt;Caol nó snáthaidchruthach.--&gt;
*'''samár''' (''samara'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“samár.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sam%C3%A1r/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is toradh neamhoscailteach aonsíolta le sciatháin é samár.&lt;ref name = &quot;Gray, 1875&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p=79}}
*'''síol inphéactha''' (''germinable seed'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/s%C3%ADl/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá síolta inphéactha in ann forbairt ina síológ.&lt;ref&gt;Keimfähigkeit. (n.d.). Bundesverband Deutscher Pflanzenzüchter. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.bdp-online.de/de/Pflanzenzuechtung/Glossar/terms/Keimfaehigkeit/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Arum creticum Marmaris White.jpg|thumb|left|120px|''[[Arum creticum]]'' le spáidín bán agus spáideog buí]]
*'''spáideog''' (''spadix'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spáideog.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sp%C3%A1ideog/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é spáideog ina mbíonn bláthanna ag fás ar ais tiubh, feolmhar.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''spáidín''' (''spathe'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spáidín.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sp%C3%A1id%C3%ADn/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is bracht mór é spáidín a thimpeallaíonn an spáideog.&lt;ref name = &quot;Sterry, 1997&quot;&gt;Sterry, P. (1997). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Collins_Complete_British_Wildlife_Photog/H2oXAAAACAAJ?hl=en Collins Complete British Wildlife Photoguide.] Kiribati: HarperCollins.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p=356}}
*'''speiceas i mbaol criticiúil''' (''critically endangered species'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas i mbaol criticiúil&quot; /&gt;[[File:凹脈金花茶 Camellia impressinervis -香港公園 Hong Kong Park, Hong Kong- (39897970614).jpg|thumb|right|100px|Is speiceas i mbaol criticiúil é ''[[Camellia impressinervis]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Wheeler, L. &amp; Rivers, M.C. 2015. ''Camellia impressinervis''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T62053740A62053758. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T62053740A62053758.en. Accessed on 01 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;]]&lt;br/&gt;Is speicis iad speicis atá i mbaol criticiúil díothaithe sa nádúr atá thar a bheith ard.&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas i mbaol criticiúil&quot;&gt;Fiontar &amp; Scoil na Gaeilge, DCU. (n.d.). “speiceas i mbaol criticiúil.” Grúpa Taighde Gaois. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology?Query=speiceas+i+mbaol+critici%C3%BAil&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''speiceas is lú imní''' (''least-concern species'' as Béarla)&lt;!-- citation needed --&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is tacsóin forleathana agus flúirseacha iad speiceas is lú imní.&lt;ref name = &quot;IUCN, 2012&quot;&gt;IUCN. (2012). [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001-2nd.pdf IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.] Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.&lt;/ref&gt; Tá riosca níos ísle díothaithe ag na speicis seo.&lt;ref&gt;Frequently Asked Questions. (n.d.). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/faqs#Why%20are%20LC%20species%20on%20the%20Red%20List&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''speiceas leochaileach''' (''vulnerable species'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas leochaileach&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá riosca ard díothaithe sa nádúr ag speiceas leochaileach.&lt;ref name = &quot;speiceas leochaileach&quot;&gt;speiceas leochaileach. (n.d.). Gaois Research Group. Retrieved March 10, 2026, from https://www.gaois.ie/en/terminology/fiat/635130&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''spor''' (''spur'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“spor.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/spor/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is síneadh feadánach log den coróinín é spor.&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Prunus AbscissionZone 1 (35974302350).jpg|thumb|right|120px|Sraith scoite ''Prunus'']]
*'''sraith scoite''' (''abscission layer'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“sraith scoite.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved August 31, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/sraith%20scoite/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Is sraith cealla í sraith scoite ina mbriseann orgán titimeach, mar shampla duilleog.&lt;ref&gt;Botanical Orchid Glossary: Glossary Term: Abscission layer. (n.d.). Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved August 31, 2026, from https://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-glossary/define-term/Abscission+layer/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Phyla cuneifolia runner.jpg|thumb|left|120px|''[[Phyla cuneifolia]]'' stólan]]
*'''stólan''' (''stolon'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“stólan.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved June 11, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/st%C3%B3lan/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Gas cothrománach is ea stólan a shníonn os cionn, ar nó faoi dhromchla na talún&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt; agus a fhásann planda nua.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot; /&gt;
*'''strobalas''' (''strobilus'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“strobalas.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/strobalas/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is éard is strobalas ann ná struchtúr cosúil le buaircín atá comhdhéanta de spóraifille atá iompaithe go dlúth ar an ais.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot; /&gt;

==T==
*'''teipeal''' (''tepal'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“teipeal.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 4, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/teipeal/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Úsáidtear an téarma teipal do chodanna an peirianta má tá cuma an-chosúil ar na peitil agus ar na seipil.&lt;ref&gt;Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. &amp; Coates Palgrave, M. (2026). Flora of Caprivi: Glossary details: tepal. https://www.capriviflora.com/speciesdata/glossary-display.php?glossary_id=768, retrieved 4 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Tetradium daniellii (Benn.) T.G. Hartley.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Torthú bláthra ''[[Tetradium daniellii]]'']]
*'''torthú bláthra''' (''infructescence'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;bláthra&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é an torthú bláthra an struchtúr ina dtaispeántar torthaí ar phlanda.&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary for Vascular Plants&quot;&gt;Glossary for Vascular Plants. (2018, November 19). New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-list/?ImagesOnly=yes&amp;LimitPerPage=75&amp;rownum=676&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''treoir neachtair''' (''nectar guide''  as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;neachtar&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is marcanna nó patrúin ar bhláthanna iad treoracha neachtair a threoraíonn feithidí chuig an neachtar.&lt;ref name = &quot;Betterbee&quot;&gt;Glossary of beekeeping Terms. (n.d.). Betterbee. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://www.betterbee.com/glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;

==U==
*'''uathpholaplóideach''' (''autopolyploid'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“uathpholaplóideach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/uathpholapl%C3%B3ideach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál planda polaplóideach é planda uathpholaplóideach a chruthaítear trí géanóm amháin a dhúbailt. I bplandaí uathpholaplóideacha, tagann na crómasóm go léir ón speiceas céanna.&lt;ref&gt;Lefers, M. &amp; Holmgren Lab. (2004). autopolyploid. Hedgehog Signaling Glossary. Retrieved March 15, 2026, from https://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-A/autopolyploid.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''ubhagán uachtarach''' (''superior ovary'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“ubhagán uachtarach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/ubhag%C3%A1n%20uachtarach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Tá ubhagán uachtarach suite os cionn an phointe ina bhfuil na seipil, na peitil agus na staimín ceangailte.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Trapa japonica floating seed in Yokotake, Kanzaki.jpg|thumb|left|100px|uiscescaipeadh síl]]
*'''uiscescaipeadh síl''' (''hydrochory'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“uiscescaipeadh síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/uiscescaipeadh%20s%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é uiscescaipeadh síl scaipeadh síolta trí uisce.&lt;ref name = &quot;Lewis, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''umbal''' (''umbel'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;umbal&quot;&gt;“umbal.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/umbal/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;{{Il-íomhánna
 | align = right
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 180
 | header = 
 | image1 = Inflorescences Umbel Kwiatostan Baldach.svg
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 | caption1 = umbal
 | image2 = Inflorescences Umbel Kwiatostan BaldachZłożony.svg
 | alt2 = 
 | caption2 = umbal comhshuite
}}&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra craobhach é umbal. Bíonn bláthanna sa bláthra ina bhfuil na gasóga go léir ar an fhad céanna agus ag teacht ó phointe amháin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nelson, 2012&quot;&gt;Nelson, R. C. (2012). The Description of Flowers. University of Rochester. Retrieved March 1, 2026, from https://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/nelson/wildflowers/glossaries/flowers/&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''umbal comhshuite''' (''compound umbel'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;umbal&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is cineál bláthra é umbal comhshuite ina n-eascraíonn roinnt umbal as aon phointe amháin.&lt;ref&gt;Inflorescences 15-Compound umbel. (n.d.). University of Illinois. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers/Inflorescences/15.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

==X==
[[File:Decussate (PSF).png|thumb|left|100px|x-chruthach]]
*'''xantaifill''' (''xanthophyll'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“xantaifill.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/xantaifill/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is grúpa líocha caraitéanóideacha oráiste é xantaifill. Cosúil le caraitéin, cuidíonn xantaifill le fótaisintéis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''x-chruthach''' (''decussate'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“x-chruthach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/x-chruthach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Ciallaíonn suíomh x-chruthach duilleoga go bhfuil péirí duilleoga socraithe ag uillinn 90° le péirí duilleoga cóngaracha thuas agus thíos. Tá na péirí trasnaithe i bhfoirm X.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot; /&gt;
*'''xéirifíteach''' (''xerophytic'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“xéirifíteach.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/x%C3%A9irif%C3%ADteach/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Echinocactus grusonii flora cologne.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Is plandaí xéirifíteacha iad na cachtais.&lt;ref name = &quot;Duke University&quot;&gt;Xerophytes “Cactus-Like” collection. (n.d.). Duke University. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://liveplantcollections.biology.duke.edu/featured-collections/xeric&lt;/ref&gt;]]&lt;/br&gt;Tá plandaí xéirifíteacha oiriúnaithe do aeráid nó do ghnáthóg thirim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot; /&gt;
*'''xiléim''' (''xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot;&gt;“xiléim.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/xil%C3%A9im/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is fíochán lignithe é an xiléim atá freagrach as iompar uisce i bplandaí.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot;&gt;University of Florida, University of Kentucky, &amp; Texas A&amp;M University. (n.d.). Xylem. PropG. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/01-biology/02-cell-types/12-celltypes-xylem.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''xiléim phríomhúil''' (''primary xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is céim luath forbartha í an xiléim phríomhúil agus tá sé déanta as prótaixiléim agus meiteaxiléim.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;
*'''xiléim thánaisteach''' (''secondary xylem'' as Béarla)&lt;ref name = &quot;xiléim&quot; /&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Déantar an xiléim thánaisteach ón sraith chaimbiam. Tá sé freagrach as forbairt leataobhach agus fás adhmad.&lt;ref name = &quot;Xylem - PropG&quot; /&gt;

==Z==
[[File:Goral Girardinia diversifolia AJTJ.jpg|thumb|left|120px|zóscaipeadh síl]]
*'''zóscaipeadh síl''' (''zoochory'' as Béarla)&lt;ref&gt;“zóscaipeadh síl.” (n.d.). An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta Don Ghaeilge. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.tearma.ie/q/z%C3%B3scaipeadh%20s%C3%ADl/ga/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/br&gt;Is é zóscaipeadh síl scaipeadh síolta ag ainmhithe.&lt;ref name = &quot;Lewis, 2019&quot;&gt;Lewis, A. (2019, August 23). Seed dispersal: 5 ways trees spread seeds. Woodland Trust. Retrieved September 24, 2026, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/08/seed-dispersal/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;!-- Especially useful sources for definitions can be collected down here: --&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Glossary British Pteridological Society&quot;&gt;Glossary. (n.d.). British Pteridological Society. Retrieved April 18, 2026, from https://britishfernsociety.org.uk/Glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Gray, 1875&quot;&gt;Gray,  Asa. (1875). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56536335 Botany for young people and common subjects : how plants grow : a simple introduction to structural botany : with popular flora, or an arrangement and description of common plants, both wild and cultivated : illustrated by 500 wood engravings.] Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Australia Glossary&quot;&gt;Government of South Australia. (n.d.). Flora of Australia Glossary. Flora of South Australia. Retrieved March 13, 2026, from https://flora.sa.gov.au/glossary/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Flora of Rwanda Glossary&quot;&gt;The Rwanda flora team. (2026). Flora of Rwanda: Glossary. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://www.rwandaflora.com/speciesdata/glossary.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Jessop et al., 2011&quot;&gt;Jessop, J.P., Toelken, H.R. &amp; Kellermann, J. (2011). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344409776_Glossary_of_botanical_terms_version_1 Glossary of botanical terms (version 1).] In: Kellermann, J. (ed.), Flora of South Australia (ed. 5). 24 pp. (State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide). www.flora.sa.gov.au/ed5&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;UCMP, 2009&quot;&gt;UCMP Glossary: Botany. (2009). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8botany.html&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;vPlants&quot;&gt;Plant Glossary. (n.d.). vPlants: A Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://vplants.org/portal/plants/glossary/index.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Bobrov &amp; Romanov, 2019&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Definitions of fruit terminology --&gt;Bobrov, A. V. C., &amp; Romanov, M. S. (2019). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23818107.2019.1663448 Morphogenesis of fruits and types of fruit of angiosperms.] Botany letters, 166(3), 366-399.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Hodgkiss, 2019&quot;&gt;Hodgkiss, R. J. (2019). Glossary of Botanical Terms. The Succulent Plant Page. Retrieved September 19, 2026, from https://succulent-plant.com/glossary/plantglossary.html&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;Devlin, 2026&quot;&gt;Devlin, Z. (2026). Irish Wildflower Glossary. Wildflowers of Ireland. Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.wildflowersofireland.net/glossary.php&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;


{{síol}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emma Eliza Regan</title>
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      <text bytes="5426" sha1="69pyajjpt6n4str7n7q9gsnoyyjljht" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is aisteoir Éireannach í '''Emma Eliza Regan''' (rugadh 4 Nollaig 1992) a bhfuil le feiceáil i scannáin Éireannacha ''The Fading Light'' (2009), ''Love Eternal'' (2013), ''Darkness on the Edge of Town'' (2014), agus ''[[Aithrí (scannán)|Penance]]'' 2018, agus ar an teilifís in ''Aisling's Diary'' (2009), ''Jack Taylor'' (2012), agus ''Vikings'' (2020).

== Luathshaol agus oideachas ==
D'fhás Regan aníos i [[Maigh Cuilinn]], Conamara, agus a hathair ina óstóir sa teach tábhairne áitiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;post&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Interview: Actress Emma Eliza Regan on Pete Doherty, Maud Gonne and Irish westerns|url=http://www.irishpost.co.uk/entertainment/interview-actress-emma-eliza-regan-on-pete-doherty-maud-gonne-and-irish-westerns|work=irishpost.co.uk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603214045/http://www.irishpost.co.uk/entertainment/interview-actress-emma-eliza-regan-on-pete-doherty-maud-gonne-and-irish-westerns|archivedate=June 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuair Regan oiliúint i mbailé clasaiceach agus i ndamhsa comhaimseartha le Alan Foley, stiúrthóir ealaíne [[Cork City Ballet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cork&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/perfectly-cast-for-success-26894095.html|title=Perfectly cast for success|date=September 2, 2012|publisher=independent.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rinne sí staidéar ag [[Bow Street Academy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://bowstreet.ie/programme-graduates/|title=Bow Street Graduates 2014|work=bowstreet.ie|access-date=January 3, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; i nDuga na Canálach Móire, Baile Átha Cliath, mol cruthaitheach ina ndéanann ceannairí tionscail meantóireacht ar cheannairí tionscail amach anseo, ag obair taobh le Lance Daly, Shimmy Marcus, John Carney agus Jim Sheridan.&lt;ref name=&quot;cork&quot; /&gt;
==Tagairtí==

== Amharclann ==
Bhí sí ar an stáitse den chéad uair in [[Amharclann na Mainistreach]] mar Mollser i léiriú Wayne Jordon de ''[[An Céachta agus na Réaltaí|The Plough and the Stars]]'' in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.abbeytheatre.ie/whats_on/event/the_plough_and_the_stars|title=The Plough and the Stars|publisher=Abbey Theatre|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715075719/http://www.abbeytheatre.ie/whats_on/event/the_plough_and_the_stars|archive-date=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Scannán agus teilifís ==
Sa bhliain 2007, rinne Regan a céad scannán scáileáin sa scannán uafáis &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQA&quot;&gt;Tin Can Man le&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Ivan Kavanagh, os comhair Michael Parle; Bhuaigh an scannán roinnt gradam idirnáisiúnta (lena n-áirítear Boundary Breaking Best Feature ag Sydney Underground Film Festival agus [[Melbourne Underground Film Festival]] ) sular eisíodh ar fud an domhain é.&lt;ref name=&quot;tin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://parkfilms.ie/tin-can-man/|title=Tin Can Man - A Feature Film|publisher=parkfilms.ie|access-date=January 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ina déagóirí déanacha, bhí cáil uirthi mar gheall ar a ról mar Fiona sa dráma [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]] ''Aisling's Summer Diary'' – Sraith Teilifíse cruthaithe ag CR Entertainment atá lonnaithe i mBaile Átha Cliath, a bhuaigh an Scannán Teilifíse Idirnáisiúnta is Fearr do Dhéagóirí ag Kidscreen Nua-Eabhrac in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ais&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/biz/winners-in-kidscreens-2011-awards-37118.html|title=Winners in Kidscreen’s 2011 Awards|date=February 23, 2011|publisher=cartoonbrew.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cannes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/movie-reviews/2013/0515/450509-cannes-emma-eliza-regan/|title=Emma goes to Cannes|publisher=rte.ie|access-date=May 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I measc na léirithe i scannáin neamhspleácha tá; ''Our Wonderful Home'',&lt;ref name=&quot;home&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975087|teideal=Four Irish pics start to shoot|work=Variety|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413133018/http://variety.com/2007/film/news/four-irish-pics-start-to-shoot-1117975087/|archivedate=April 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus ''The Fading Light'' (buaiteoir Fhéile Scannán Idirnáisiúnta Bhaile Átha Cliath Jameson).&lt;ref name=&quot;fading&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=The Fading Light|url=https://parkfilms.ie/the-fading-light/|work=parkfilms.ie|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-03-27|archivedate=2026-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514215514/https://parkfilms.ie/the-fading-light/}}&lt;/ref&gt; I measc an tsaothair bhreise bhí an príomhról sa scannán fantaisíochta ''The Shadows'', bunaithe ar shíscéal dorcha [[Seòras Dòmhnallach|George MacDonald]], agus stiúrtha ag Colin Downey.&lt;ref name=&quot;cannes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&amp;only=1&amp;aid=73&amp;rid=4283845&amp;tpl=archnews&amp;force=1|teideal=New Feature, ‘The Shadows’ to Shoot in August|work=Irish Film Television Network|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226091619/http://iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&amp;only=1&amp;aid=73&amp;rid=4283845&amp;tpl=archnews&amp;force=1|archivedate=26 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; le Bord Scannán na hÉireann, a léiríodh den chéad uair ag Fleadh Scannán na Gaillimhe.

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
*

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Regan, Emma Eliza}}
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Colúnaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1992]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Mná]]
[[Catagóir:Stiúrthóirí scannán Éireannacha]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8560" sha1="m9hvs1f3z402pan7wyht3fdsua3cyka" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Further European Union enlargement 2014.png|mion|220x220px]]
[[Íomhá:EU Balkan enlargement.svg|mion|220x220px|2020idí:  tá an leathnú ag díriú go príomha ar Na Balcáin  ]]
Tá idirbheartaíocht faoi '''leathnú''' nó '''méadú féideartha an Aontais Eorpaigh''' ar siúl i láthair na huaire.  Leanann comhpháirtithe sna [[Na Balcáin|Balcáin]] Thiar próiseas uathúil méadaithe ar a dtugtar an Próiseas Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais (an PCC nó [[:en:Stabilisation_and_Association_Process|SAP]] i mBéarla).&lt;ref&gt;I mBéarla, an ''Stabilisation and Association Arocess (SAP)''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Stabilisation and Association Process|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stabilisation_and_Association_Process&amp;oldid=1353061826|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-05-07|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Tá comhchainteanna ar siúl chomh maith leis an [[An Mholdóiv|Mholdóiv]] agus an [[An Úcráin|Úcráin]] (ó 2024).

Tharla seacht méadú ón uair a bhunaigh sé thír bhunaidh an tAontas an chéad lá riamh. Tá 27 dtír san Aontas Eorpach sa lá atá inniu ann (2027).
{{Príomhalt|Méadú an Aontais Eorpaigh}}

== Na Balcáin Thiar ==
Is iad sé thír atá i gceist sa bhliain 2026:  an [[An Albáin|Albáin]]; [[an Bhoisnia agus an Heirseagaivéin]], a[[An Chosaiv|n Chosaiv]]; an [[An Mhacadóin Thuaidh|Mhacadóin Thuaidh]]; [[Montainéagró]]; agus an t[[An tSeirbia|Seirbia]].

In 2026 tháinig ceannairí bhallstáit an Aontais Eorpaigh agus ceannairí stáit na mBalcán le chéile i Montainéagró chun iarratas na tíortha sa réigiún ar bhallraíocht san Aontas Eorpach a chíoradh tuilleadh.  Dúirt an Taoiseach go raibh gach tír san Eoraip i dteideal na deise céanna a fuair Éire in 1973 [nuair chuaigh an tír seo isteach i gComhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa], fad is a chomhlíonann siad na rialacha comhaontaithe i dtosach.  Dúirt Micheál Martin gur tábhachtaí anois ná riamh tíortha comharsanachta a theacht le chéile, i bhfianaise na héagobhsaíochta geopholaitíochta atá ann sna 2020idí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Leathnú an Aontais Eorpaigh á phlé i Montainéagró|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0605/1576893-leathnu-an-aontais-eorpaigh-a-phle-i-montaineagro/|date=2026-06-05|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leanann comhpháirtithe sna Balcáin Thiar próiseas ar a dtugtar an PCC, nó Próiseas Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais.  Is é is aidhm na comhpháirtithe a chobhsú ó thaobh na polaitíochta agus an gheilleagair de ionas go mbeidh siad réidh le teacht isteach san Aontas ar deireadh. Tá sé beartaithe ag an Aontas an méid sin a bhaint amach tríd 

* cúnamh airgeadais a chur ar fáil
* rochtain éasca ar mhargaí an Aontais a cheadú
* comhar idir tíortha sa réigiún a chur chun cinn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/growth-plan-western-balkans_en|teideal=Growth Plan for the Western Balkans - Enlargement and Eastern Neighbourhood|údar=enlargement.ec.europa.eu|dáta=2023|language=en|work=enlargement.ec.europa.eu|dátarochtana=2026-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thug [[Aontachas of Kosovo leis an AE|an Chosaiv]] iarratas ballraíochta isteach i mí na Nollag 2022.  Níl an AE ar aon intinn áfach maidir le Kosovo, ní aithníonn cúig bhallstát a [[Neamhspleáchas na Cosaive|neamhspleáchas]].

== An Mholdóiv agus an Úcráin ==

* Rinne siad iarratas ar bhallraíocht san Aontas sa bhliain 2022
* Rinneadh tíortha is iarrthóir díobh i mí an Mheithimh 2022
* Cuireadh tús leis an idirbheartaíocht maidir le ballraíocht i mí Meithimh 2024

== An Tuirc ==
Rinne [[an Tuirc]] iarratas ar bhallraíocht san Aontas i mí Aibreáin 1987  Rinneadh tír is iarrthóir di i mí na Nollag 1999.  Cuireadh tús leis an idirbheartaíocht maidir le ballraíocht i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2005.  Ach tháinig an pobalóir nó deachtóir [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Tayyip Erdogan]] i gcumhacht sa bhliain 2003. Ach de réir a chéile mhéadaigh ar an gcáineadh a dhéantaí air, go háirithe mar gheall ar a chur chuige uathlathach ó na 2010idí ar aghaidh. 

Chuir an tAE stopadh idirbheartaíocht leis an Tuirc idir 2016-2019, de dheasca meathlúchán ó thaobh daonlathais, forlámhas an dlí agus ceart bunúsach de.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/countries/turkiye_en|teideal=Türkiye - Enlargement and Eastern Neighbourhood - European Commission|dáta=2026-03-06|language=en|work=enlargement.ec.europa.eu|dátarochtana=2026-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== An tSeoirsia ==
Bronnadh stádas iarrthóra ar [[An tSeoirsia|an]] [[An tSeoirsia|tSeoirsia]] i mí na Nollag 2022 ach tháinig deachtóireacht i bhfeidhm cúpla bliain níos déanaí.

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Méadú an Aontais Eorpaigh]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ab.gov.tr/files/AB_Iliskileri/Tur_En_Realitons/Progress/Turkey_Progress_Report_2006.pdf | teideal = Turkey 2006 Progress Report | foilsitheoir = [[Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 8ú Samhain 2006 | dátarochtana = 15ú Iúil 2024 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20240715114645/https://ab.gov.tr/files/AB_Iliskileri/Tur_En_Realitons/Progress/Turkey_Progress_Report_2006.pdf | archivedate = 2024-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.yahoo.com/news/eu-says-wont-open-turkey-membership-chapters-165121377.html | teideal = EU says won't expand Turkey membership talks | work = Agence France-Presse | dáta = 13ú Nollaig 2016 | ainm = Danny | Aoine = Kempf | dátarochtana = 21ú Samhain 2019 | archive-date = 30ú nollaig 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191230224317/https://www.yahoo.com/news/eu-says-wont-open-turkey-membership-chapters-165121377.html | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2019-12-30 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20191230224317/https://www.yahoo.com/news/eu-says-wont-open-turkey-membership-chapters-165121377.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/35863/st10555-en18.pdf | teideal = Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association process - Council conclusions (10555/18) | work = Consilium | foilsitheoir = General Secretariat of the Council | dáta = 26ú Meitheamh 2018 |dátarochtana = 16ú Iúil 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-16707-2023-INIT/en/pdf | teideal = Council conclusions on Enlargement (16707/23)|website=Consilium|publisher=General Secretariat of the Council | data = 12ú Nollaig 2023 | dátarochtana = 13ú Iúil 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Uras | ainm = Umut | teideal = Is Turkey's bid for EU membership over? | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/20/analysis-is-turkeys-bid-for-eu-membership-over | dátarochtana = 21d Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | foilsitheoir = Al Jazeera | dáta = 20ú Meán Fómhair 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/enlargement/turkey/ | teideal = Enlargement: Türkiye | work = Consilium | foilsitheoir = General Secretariat of the Council | data = 11d Eanáir 2024 | dátarochtana = 27ú Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín  | teideal = 'Huge, historic move': EU grants Bosnia and Herzegovina Candidate Status | url = https://sarajevotimes.com/huge-historic-move-eu-grants-bosnia-and-herzegovina-candidate-status/ | dátarochtana = 24ú nollaig 2022 | data = 15ú Nollaig 2022 | work = Sarajevo Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/enlargement/bosnia-herzegovina/ | teideal = Enlargement: Bosnia and Herzegovina | work = Consilium | foilsithe = General Secretariat of the Council | dáta = 4ú Bealtaine 2024 | dátarochtana = 27ú Meitheamh 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/enlargement/georgia/ | teideal = Enlargement: Georgia | work = Consilium | foilsithe = General Secretariat of the Council | dáta = 7ú Feabhra 2024 | dátarochtana = 27ú Meitheamh 2024 | archivedate = 2025-01-14 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250114230043/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/enlargement/georgia/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://apnews.com/article/europe-kosovo-european-union-308669f8d15bc217ec047e5d9805b278 | work = Associated Press | teideal = Kosovo leaders sign application request to join EU | ainm = Erion | sloinne = Xhabafti | first2=Llazar | last2=Semini | dáta = 14ú Nollaig 2022 | dátarochtana = 14ú Nollaig 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Catagóir:Méadú an Aontais Eorpaigh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath</title>
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Is [[:Catagóir:Féilte ealaíon|féile ealaíon]] bhliantúil í '''Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath''' i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]], a dhíríonn go príomha ar an amharclannaíocht. Cuireann ealaíontóirí a gcuid oibre isteach mar iarratas a ndéanann bainisteoir an chláir athbhreithniú air ina dhiaidh sin.{{Foinse}} Tá an fhéile oscailte do rannpháirtithe [[Éire|Éireannacha]] agus idirnáisiúnta araon.

Cuireadh tús leis an bhféile sa bhliain 1980 mar fhéile bheag neamhspleách deireadh seachtaine agus d'fhás sí ina féile sé lá déag, a reáchtáiltear gach bliain i mí Mheán Fómhair agus a dhíríonn ar ealaíontóirí a bhfuil nua nó ag teacht chun cinn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.totallydublin.ie/arts-culture/festival-features/dublin-fringe-festival/|title=Dublin Fringe Festival|author=totallydublin|date=2008-09-15|language=as Béarla|work=[[Totally Dublin]]|access-date=2022-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bíonn siamsaíocht bheo ar siúl ag an an bhFéile Imill mar aon le léiriúcháin damhsa, amharclannaíochta, ealaín bheo, ealaíne amhairc agus cheoil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/stage/2022/09/25/revealed-dublin-fringe-festival-2022-award-winners/|title=Revealed: Dublin Fringe Festival 2022 award winners|language=as Béarla|work=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=13 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==
Bunaíodh Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath ar dtús i 1980 le linn [[cúlú eacnamaíochta]] agus cuireadh ar siúl í roinnt uaireanta i rith na 1980idí gan aird shuntasach ó na meáin ná maoiniú a fháil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.dublin.info/fringe-festival/|title=Dublin Fringe Festival {{!}} Dublin.info|language=as Béarla|work=www.dublin.info|access-date=13 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.especialrentals.com/blogs/show-your-talent-at-the-dublin-fringe-festival|title=Show Your Talent At The Dublin Fringe Festival! Some Facts About This Global Event|language=as Béarla|work=www.especialrentals.com|access-date=13 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1995 rinne Bedrock Productions, le roinnt tacaíochta ó oifig na [[Féile Amharclannaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath|Féile Amharclannaíochta BhÁC]] a bhí i réim cheana agus ó Oifig Ealaíon [[Comhairle Cathrach Bhaile Átha Cliath|Chomhairle Cathrach BhÁC]], Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath a athbheochan, chun &quot;obair chomhlachtaí beaga beoga amharclannaíochta agus lucht na amharclannaíochta a chur chun cinn agus a chur i láthair&quot;.{{Foinse}} Sa chéad bhliain di sin, léiríodh an dráma ''This Lime Tree Bower'' le [[Conor McPherson]] den chéad uair, agus sa bhliain 1996 seoladh ''Disco Pigs'' le Enda Walsh i The International Bar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.fringefest.com/about|title=ABOUT|language=as Béarla|work=Fringe Festival|access-date=13 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I measc na stiúrthóirí a chuir saothair i láthair ag an bhféile bhí Jimmy Fay (1995–1996), Ali Curran (1997–2000), Vallejo Gantner (2001–2005), Wolfgang Hoffmann (2006–2007), Roise Goan (2008–2013),&lt;ref name=&quot;roise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/how-r%C3%B3ise-goan-grew-the-fringe-1.1515922|title=How Róise Goan grew the Fringe|language=as Béarla|publisher=[[Irish Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905092945/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/how-r%C3%B3ise-goan-grew-the-fringe-1.1515922|archive-date=5 September 2013|quote=''one condition of a four-year title sponsorship was to sacrifice a portion of its identity (Absolut Fringe)''}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus Kris Nelson (ó 2014).{{Foinse}}

I measc na saothar rathúla ón bhFéile Imill roimhe seo tá drámaí luatha le Conor McPherson, Enda Walsh, Owen McCafferty, Shane O'Reilly, Corn Exchange, Loose Canon, Pan Pan Theatre Company, WillFredd Theatre, Dead Centre, One Two One Two, Semper Fi, Anu Productions,{{Foinse}} Danielle Galligan agus [[Eva O'Connor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RTE 30 December 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2016/1223/840992-first-fortnight-eva-oconnor/|title=Eva O'Connor on turning mental health experiences into art|language=as Béarla|author=O'Connor|first=Eva|date=30 December 2016|work=www.rte.ie|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|access-date=31 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===I nGaeilge===
I measc na léiriúcháin [[An Ghaeilge|Ghaeilge]] agus dátheangacha a bhfuil tar éis bheith mar chuid den Fhéile tá ''[[Dopa-Mean Girl]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/stage/2023/09/09/anyone-who-knows-me-didnt-look-a-bit-surprised-when-they-heard-id-been-diagnosed-with-adhd/|teideal=‘Anyone who knows me didn’t look a bit surprised when they heard I’d been diagnosed with ADHD’|údar=[[Henrietta McKervey]]|dáta=09 Meán Fómhair 2023|work=[[The Irish Times]]|dátarochtana=15 Deireadh Fómhair 2025|language=as Béarla}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' agus ''[[PerfectionisTÁ]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|url=|title=Perfectly composed|date=14 Meán Fómhair 2025|journal=[[Sunday Independent (Ireland)]]|pages=lch 7|language=as Béarla}}&lt;/ref&gt; le [[Louisa Ní Éideáin]], ''[[Smidiríní (seó grinn)|Smidiríní]]'' le [[Julie Jay]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ardain-ag-an-oireachtas-seo-grinn-gaeilge-i-mbaile-atha-cliath-agus-naomh-brid-a-cheiliuradh-i-gcill-dara/|teideal=Comórtais an Oireachtais, seó grinn Gaeilge i mBaile Átha Cliath agus Naomh Bríd á ceiliúradh i gCill Dara|údar=[[Bridget Bhreathnach]]|dáta=06 Meán Fómhair 2024|language=|work=[[Tuairisc.ie]]|dátarochtana=18 Meán Fómhair 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910062339/https://tuairisc.ie/ardain-ag-an-oireachtas-seo-grinn-gaeilge-i-mbaile-atha-cliath-agus-naomh-brid-a-cheiliuradh-i-gcill-dara/|archivedate=10 Meán Fómhair 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Gaelmaxxing]]'' le [[Síomha Hennessy]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Storm Eaton-Kilgallen]]|date=26 Lúnasa 2026|title='Ní raibh mé ag iarraidh go gcloisfeadh daoine eile mé ag labhairt i nGaeilge|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lgh 6–7|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/siomha-hennessy-ni-raibh-me-ag-iarraidh-go-gcloisfeadh-daoine-eile-me-ag-labhairt-i-ngaeilge.../a/160494136.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus [[Cabáiste Cabaret]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/gaeilge/2026/0904/1590263-an-ghaeilge-ag-croilar-dublin-fringe-festival/|teideal=An Ghaeilge ag croílár Dublin Fringe Festival|work=[[RTÉ]]|dáta=4 Meán Fómhair 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ionaid ==
Bíonn gach léiriú ar siúl in ionad a mheastar gurb é is oiriúnaí don seó. Bíonn idir chaiféanna agus amharclanna i gceist, chomh maith le hionaid nach bhfuil chomh traidisiúnta céanna ar nós Chiseach Chláir na Life nó ar bhus de chuid Bhaile Átha Cliath.

Ar feadh tamall de bhlianta go dtí 2009, ba chuid mhór den fhéile an ''Spiegeltent''. Cuireadh an puball seo suas i suíomhanna lena n-áirítear [[Duga Sheoirse]]. Tá go leor seónna meallta ag Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath agus ag ''Spiegeltent'', ina measc an seó ceabairé/ilsiamsa La Clique.

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Liú Lúnasa]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Nascanna amach ==
* Suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil: [https://www.fringefest.com/ fringefest.com]

[[Catagóir:Féilte imill|Baile Atha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Féilte ealaíon]]
[[Catagóir:Féilte drámaíochta]]
[[Catagóir:Féilte Éireannacha|*]]
[[Catagóir:Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Féilte a bunaíodh in 1980]]
[[Catagóir:Féilte a bunaíodh in 1995]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1980]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1980í]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1995]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anaria Karagkiozi</title>
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[[File:Anaria Karagkiozi Photography.jpg|Anaria_Karagkiozi_Photography]]
== Cúlra agus forbairt luath Anaria Karagkiozi ==

=== Bunús beathaisnéise agus cúlra teaghlaigh ===

Rugadh '''Aikaterini Anatoli Karagkiozi''' an 21 Nollaig 2009 in Edessa, an Ghréig, agus chaith sí a blianta foirmithe i mbaile Skydra&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;. Is meascán de bhunús réigiúnach éagsúil í a hoidhreacht shinsearach, lena n-áirítear línte teaghlaigh ón Áise Bheag, ón bPontas, ó Kozani agus ó Grammatiko, chomh maith le hoidhreacht Ghréagach dhúchasach áitiúil&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;.

=== Oiliúint ildisciplíneach fhoirmitheach agus achrann luath ===

Ghlac Karagkiozi páirt i '''oiliúint ealaíonta thrasdisciplíneach''' fhairsing ó aois óg, agus d’fhorbair sí bunús teicniúil i roinnt meán taibhithe agus amhairc&lt;ref name=&quot;source-3&quot;/&gt;.

=== Iontráil sa samhaltú gairmiúil agus próifíl tionscail ===

Chuaigh Karagkiozi isteach sa tionscal faisin gairmiúil ag aois 16&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;. Déantar a hionadaíocht ghairmiúil a bhainistiú trí [https://web.archive.org/web/20260917234455/https://www.showcast.de/models/anaria_103645 ardán SHOWCAST], áit a bhfuil sí liostaithe faoin uimhir aitheantais samhla 103645&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-3&quot;/&gt;.

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! Sonraíocht
|-
| '''Ainm Breithe'''
| Aikaterini Anatoli Karagkiozi
|-
| '''Dáta Breithe'''
| 21 Nollaig 2009
|-
| '''Áit Bhreithe'''
| Edessa, an Ghréig
|-
| '''Gníomhaireacht / ID'''
| SHOWCAST / 103645
|-
| '''Airde / Meáchan'''
| 167 cm / 59 kg
|-
| '''Tomhais'''
| Meirge: 90 cm, Coim: 70 cm, Cromáin: 90 cm
|-
| '''Méid Bróg / Gúna'''
| AE 38 / AE 36
|}

== Príomhoibreacha agus garspriocanna gairmiúla ==

=== Punann grianghrafadóireachta agus garspriocanna ar an rúidbhealach ===

Éilíonn samhaltú gairmiúil forbairt chórasach ar phunann eagarthóireachta, bailiúchán coimeádta d’íomhánna a léiríonn raon samhla do stiúrthóirí réitigh agus do chliaint&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;.

Áirítear ar a conair ghairme '''tús sceidealaithe ar an rúidbhealach i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2026'''&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;.

=== Seoladh fiontraíochta VELTÒRAN ===

Is ionann bunú '''VELTÒRAN''', branda seodra comhaimseartha nua-aimseartha, agus aistriú Karagkiozi ó thallann chruthaitheach go fiontraí&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-3&quot;/&gt;.

=== Clúdach sna meáin agus catalógú eintitis dhigitigh ===

Rinne IPS News próifíliú ar a garspriocanna gairme an 21 Lúnasa 2026, agus lean Big News Network é sin le clúdach an 29 Lúnasa 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-3&quot;/&gt;.

Tá Karagkiozi catalógaithe faoin [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140844495 aitheantóir Wikidata Q140844495] agus tá sí innéacsaithe laistigh de Google Knowledge Graph&lt;ref name=&quot;source-3&quot;/&gt;.

== Fócas téamach agus modheolaíocht chruthaitheach ==

=== Indibhidiúlacht aeistéitiúil agus caighdeáin áilleachta a cheistiú ===

Braitheann féiniúlacht amhairc Karagkiozi ar '''bhéim d’aon ghnó a chur ar thréithe nádúrtha''' a imíonn ó shiméadracht thraidisiúnta na samhaltóireachta&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;.

=== Achrann a athrú ina chumhachtú ealaíonta ===

Is é bunús síceolaíoch shaothar Karagkiozi ná '''achrann luath na hóige a athrú ó bhonn'''&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;.

=== Modheolaíocht na défhéiniúlachta agus neamhspleáchas an bhranda ===

Úsáideann Karagkiozi '''creat défhéiniúlachta''' chun dul i ngleic leis an tírdhreach gairmiúil&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;/&gt;.

== Glacadh criticiúil, tionchar cultúrtha agus stádas reatha ==

=== Seasamh sa tionscal agus stádas tallainne atá ag teacht chun cinn ===

Tá Karagkiozi faoi láthair i suíomh '''núíosaigh atá ag teacht chun cinn agus atá ag tógáil gairme ón tús'''&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;.

=== For-rochtain dhigiteach agus insint phoiblí ar chumhachtú ===

Úsáideann Karagkiozi an láimhseáil Instagram '''@itsanaria''' mar a príomhbhealach digiteach chun a punann a scaipeadh&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;.

=== Conair amach anseo agus dearcadh idirnáisiúnta ===

Tá a huaillmhianta straitéiseacha fadtéarmacha dírithe go sainráite ar '''mhargaí faisin na Stát Aontaithe'''&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;/&gt;.

== Foinsí ==

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;source-1&quot;&gt;[https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/279273128/from-skydra-to-the-fashion-world-the-story-of-anaria-karagkiozi-a-young-greek-model-building-her-career-from-zero Ó Skydra go saol na faisin]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;source-2&quot;&gt;[https://perlarico.com/2026/09/06/anaria-karagkiozi-i-dont-want-to-stop-until-i-become-the-best-version-of-myself/ Anaria Karagkiozi: Níl mé ag iarraidh stopadh]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;source-3&quot;&gt;[https://anariakaragkioziwikipedia.wordpress.com/ Vicipéid Anaria Karagkiozi]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fejg0buiif7h4txdpv96o8rhhac2euc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charlotte Hatherley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1328475</id>
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        <username>Conradder</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Is amhránaí, giotáraí agus cumadóir amhrán de chuid [[Shasana]] í '''Charlotte Franklin Hatherley''', a rugadh ar 20 Meitheamh 1979 i [[Londain]]. Bhain sí clú agus cáil amach nuair a chuaigh sa bhanna rac [[Ash]] sa bhliain 1997. Sheinneadh Hatherley giotár agus chanadh fonnadóireacht taca le hAsh agus d'eisigh an banna trí albam stiúideo léi. I ndiaidh dí éirí Ash, sa bhliain 2006, d'éirigh sí ina healaíontóir aon...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="3371" sha1="kgzykmcfmutnvbn8y1xihha91xpphjc" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is amhránaí, giotáraí agus cumadóir amhrán de chuid [[Shasana]] í '''Charlotte Franklin Hatherley''', a rugadh ar 20 Meitheamh 1979 i [[Londain]]. Bhain sí clú agus cáil amach nuair a chuaigh sa bhanna rac [[Ash]] sa bhliain 1997. Sheinneadh Hatherley giotár agus chanadh fonnadóireacht taca le hAsh agus d'eisigh an banna trí albam stiúideo léi. I ndiaidh dí éirí Ash, sa bhliain 2006, d'éirigh sí ina healaíontóir aonair agus ceoltóir camchuairte. D'eisigh Hatherley ceithre albam aonréad fosta.

==Saol agus gairm ==
=== Saol luath ===
Rugadh Hatherley i [[Londain]] ar 20 Meitheamh 1979. Is í [[Patricia Franklin]] a máthair, atá sí ina haisteoir, agus is é Frank Hatherley a hathair, atá ina dhrámadóir agus criticeoir Astrálach. Thosaigh a gairm cheoil nuair a bhí sí 15 bliana d'aois, mar go ndeachaigh sé sa bhanna punc, darbh ainm [[Nightnurse]].
===Ash (1997–2006)===
Dhá bhliain i ndiaidh do Hatherley dul i Nightnurse, shíl [[Ash]] go raibh giotáraí eile de dhíth orthu, chun níos mó a chur lena bhfuaim beo. D'fhostaigh siad Hatherley i ndiaidh do [[Tim Wheeler]] amharc ar cheolchoirm Nightnurse a sheinn Hatherley. Bhí a céad cheolchoirm le hAsh sa [[Limelight]] i m[[Béal Feirste]] ar 10 Lúnasa 1997, agus an tseachtain ina dhiaidh sin, sheinn an fhoireann nua ag an ''[[V Festival]]'' os comhair 50,000 duine. Thosaigh a gairm thaifeadta níos déanaí sa bhliain leis an singil ''[[A Life Less Ordinary (amhrán Ash)|A Life Less Ordinary]]'', agus sa bhliain 1998, sheinn Hatherley ar an albam ''[[Nu-Clear Sounds]]''.

Ba bhall lánaimseartha d'Ash í Hatherley ar feadh ocht mbliana nuair a sheinn sí ar trí albam stiúideo (Nu-Clear Sounds, ''[[Free All Angels]]'' agus ''[[Meltdown (albam Ash)|Meltdown]]'') agus scríobh sí roinnt amhrán don bhanna, mar shampla, &quot;Grey Will Fade&quot; a bhí ina &quot;B-Side&quot; ar an singil &quot;[[There's a Star]]&quot;. D'éirigh an t-amhrán sin ina rogha chultais le leantóirí agus bheadh sé ina thraic teidil ar [[Grey Will Fade|a céad albam aonair]]. Ar 20 Eanáir 2006, fógraíodh gur éirigh Hatherley as an bhanna go cairdiúil.

Ó shin, d'athaontaigh Hatherley le hAsh ar stáitse cúpla uair

=== Aonair (2004-inniu)===
Thosaigh Hatherly a halbam féin a thaifeadadh i rith an taifeadta de ''Meltdown''. ''Grey Will Fade'' an t-ainm atá ar an albam, agus eisíodh i mí Lúnasa 2004 é. D'eisigh sí na singlí &quot;Kim Wilde&quot;, &quot;Summer&quot; agus &quot;Bastardo&quot; agus thug criticeoirí ardmholadh dóibh.

Eisíodh a dara halbam, ''[[The Deep Blue]]'',  ar 5 Márta 2007. Roimhe sin, d'eisigh Hatherley na singlí &quot;Behave&quot; agus &quot;I Want You to Know&quot;. Chuaigh sí ar thuras in [[Éirinn]] agus sa [[Ríocht Aontaithe]] fosta. Fuair an t-albam níos mó molta, mar shampla, scríobh [[David Bowie]] léirmheas ardmholtach air. Eisíodh dhá singil eile as an albam: &quot;Siberia&quot; agus &quot;Again&quot;. Sa bhliain 2007, chuaigh Hatherley ar thuras sa RA le [[Blondie]]. Eisíodh a tríú halbam, ''[[New Worlds]]'', ar 16 Deireadh Fómhair 2009. Fuair an t-albam seo léirmheasanna maithe fosta.

== Saol pearsanta ==
==Dioscliosta==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatherley, Charlotte}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1979]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Londain]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Giotáraithe Sasanacha]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4035" sha1="1254d6kgjulbh8r16om14eu6az83ojl" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Is amhránaí, giotáraí agus cumadóir amhrán de chuid [[Shasana]] í '''Charlotte Franklin Hatherley''', a rugadh ar 20 Meitheamh 1979 i [[Londain]]. Bhain sí clú agus cáil amach nuair a chuaigh sa bhanna rac [[Ash]] sa bhliain 1997. Sheinneadh Hatherley giotár agus chanadh fonnadóireacht taca le hAsh agus d'eisigh an banna trí albam stiúideo léi. I ndiaidh dí éirí Ash, sa bhliain 2006, d'éirigh sí ina healaíontóir aonair agus ceoltóir camchuairte. D'eisigh Hatherley ceithre albam aonréad fosta.

==Saol agus gairm ==
=== Saol luath ===
Rugadh Hatherley i [[Londain]] ar 20 Meitheamh 1979. Is í [[Patricia Franklin]] a máthair, atá sí ina haisteoir, agus is é Frank Hatherley a hathair, atá ina dhrámadóir agus criticeoir Astrálach. Thosaigh a gairm cheoil nuair a bhí sí 15 bliana d'aois, mar go ndeachaigh sé sa bhanna punc, darbh ainm [[Nightnurse]].
===Ash (1997–2006)===
Dhá bhliain i ndiaidh do Hatherley dul i Nightnurse, shíl [[Ash]] go raibh giotáraí eile de dhíth orthu, chun níos mó a chur lena bhfuaim beo. D'fhostaigh siad Hatherley i ndiaidh do [[Tim Wheeler]] amharc ar cheolchoirm Nightnurse a sheinn Hatherley. Bhí a céad cheolchoirm le hAsh sa [[Limelight]] i m[[Béal Feirste]] ar 10 Lúnasa 1997, agus an tseachtain ina dhiaidh sin, sheinn an fhoireann nua ag an ''[[V Festival]]'' os comhair 50,000 duine. Thosaigh a gairm thaifeadta níos déanaí sa bhliain leis an singil ''[[A Life Less Ordinary (amhrán Ash)|A Life Less Ordinary]]'', agus sa bhliain 1998, sheinn Hatherley ar an albam ''[[Nu-Clear Sounds]]''.

Ba bhall lánaimseartha d'Ash í Hatherley ar feadh ocht mbliana nuair a sheinn sí ar trí albam stiúideo (Nu-Clear Sounds, ''[[Free All Angels]]'' agus ''[[Meltdown (albam Ash)|Meltdown]]'') agus scríobh sí roinnt amhrán don bhanna, mar shampla, &quot;Grey Will Fade&quot; a bhí ina &quot;B-Side&quot; ar an singil &quot;[[There's a Star]]&quot;. D'éirigh an t-amhrán sin ina rogha chultais le leantóirí agus bheadh sé ina thraic teidil ar [[Grey Will Fade|a céad albam aonair]]. Ar 20 Eanáir 2006, fógraíodh gur éirigh Hatherley as an bhanna go cairdiúil.

Ó shin, d'athaontaigh Hatherley le hAsh ar stáitse cúpla uair

=== Aonair (2004-inniu)===
Thosaigh Hatherly a halbam féin a thaifeadadh i rith an taifeadta de ''Meltdown''. ''Grey Will Fade'' an t-ainm atá ar an albam, agus eisíodh i mí Lúnasa 2004 é. D'eisigh sí na singlí &quot;Kim Wilde&quot;, &quot;Summer&quot; agus &quot;Bastardo&quot; agus thug criticeoirí ardmholadh dóibh.

Eisíodh a dara halbam, ''[[The Deep Blue]]'',  ar 5 Márta 2007. Roimhe sin, d'eisigh Hatherley na singlí &quot;Behave&quot; agus &quot;I Want You to Know&quot;. Chuaigh sí ar thuras in [[Éirinn]] agus sa [[Ríocht Aontaithe]] fosta. Fuair an t-albam níos mó molta, mar shampla, scríobh [[David Bowie]] léirmheas ardmholtach air. Eisíodh dhá singil eile as an albam: &quot;Siberia&quot; agus &quot;Again&quot;. Sa bhliain 2007, chuaigh Hatherley ar thuras sa RA le [[Blondie]]. Eisíodh a tríú halbam, ''[[New Worlds]]'', ar 16 Deireadh Fómhair 2009. Fuair an t-albam seo léirmheasanna maithe fosta.

I mí Feabhra 2012, thosaigh Hatherley an t-ainm stáitse '''Sylver Tongue''' a úsáid. Chuir sí ''Something Big EP'' amach i mí na Samhna 2012 agus chuaigh Sylver Tongue ar thuras le [[Bat for Lashes]]. Sa bhliain 2017, réamheisigh Hatherley albam aonair, darb ainm ''True Love'', trí [[PledgeMusic]]. Fuair an t-albam léirmheasanna maithe. Eisíodh an t-albam i mí an Mheithimh 2008, go hoifigiúil. Eisíodh trí singil as an albam: A Sign&quot;, &quot;Night Vision&quot; agus &quot;Hook You Up&quot;. Bhí cúig leagan ag ''Night Vision EP'', &quot;How Deep is Your Love&quot; de chuid [[Bee Gees]] san áireamh, a rinneadh físeán dó i gcomhar le [[Gníomhaireacht Spáis na hEorpa]]

== Saol pearsanta ==
==Dioscliosta==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatherley, Charlotte}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1979]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Londain]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Giotáraithe Sasanacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mali Hâf</title>
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Is amhránaí [[An Bhreatnais|Breatnaise]] í '''Mali Hâf''' (a rugadh 28 Iúil 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.leedsconservatoire.ac.uk/about-us/news/pop-graduate-secures-glastonbury-slot/|title=Pop Graduate Secures Glastonbury Slot|author=Cross|first=Gemma|date=5 June 2025|language=en|work=Leeds Conservatoire|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://cardiffjournalism.co.uk/altcardiff/2022/12/08/my-mind-is-at-100-miles-an-hour-how-adhd-shaped-a-cardiff-singers-new-music/|title=How ADHD shaped musician Mali Hâf's new EP|author=Murphy|first=Isaac Patrick|date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|work=alt.cardiff|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ó [[Caerdydd|Chaerdydd]] sa Bhreatain Bheag, a bhí le feiceáil ag Féile Glastonbury 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/glastonburys-welsh-language-pop-star-31869888|title=Glastonbury's Welsh language pop star who is playing alongside Charli XCX and The 1975 after catching the eye|author=Jones|first=Indigo|date=28 June 2025|language=en|work=WalesOnline|access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saol luath ==
Tógadh Mali Hâf sa Bhreatain Bheag agus d'fhoghlaim sí seinm an phianó ag aois óg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.lockmag.co.uk/qa-with-mali-haf/|title=Q&amp;A with Mali Hâf|author=|first=|date=20 August 2024|language=en-GB|work=LOCK|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá deirfiúr aici darb ainm Sioned, agus bhí cónaí ar a seantuismitheoirí i [[Llanfarian]] i ngar d'[[Aberystwyth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/erthyglau/clee6p57d00o|title=Ateb y Galw: Mali Hâf|date=17 June 2024|language=cy|work=BBC Cymru Fyw|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinne Hâf staidéar ar an bPopcheol ag Conservatoire Leeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Gairmréim ==
Tháinig an-tóir ar shingil de chuid Mali Hâf ''{{Lang|cy|Mae Hen Wlad fy Mamau (H.W.F.M)}}'' (ga: &quot;Seantír mo Mháithreacha&quot;) ar an raidió agus ar na meáin shóisialta sa bhliain 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/mali-haf-shares-excitement-ahead-of-glastonbury-performance/|title=Mali Hâf shares excitement ahead of Glastonbury performance|author=Price|first=Stephen|date=25 June 2025|language=en|work=Nation Cymru|access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Athshamhlú is ea é ar amhrán náisiúnta na Breataine Bige, ''{{Lang|cy|[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]}}'' (ga: Seantír M'Aithreacha).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/mali-haf-shares-bold-reimagining-of-welsh-national-anthem/|title=Mali Hâf shares bold reimagining of Welsh national anthem|author=Price|first=Stephen|date=8 March 2025|language=en-GB|work=Nation.Cymru|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://americansongwriter.com/welsh-singer-songwriter-mali-haf-finds-her-voice-with-new-single-llais/|title=Welsh Singer-Songwriter Mali Hâf Finds Her Voice With 'Magickal' Single &quot;Llais&quot;|author=Benitez-Eves|first=Tina|date=31 July 2025|language=en-US|work=American Songwriter|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bristol247.com/culture/music/review-mali-haf-the-louisiana-brings-a-unique-artistry-to-the-grassroots/|title=Review: Mali Hâf, the Louisiana - 'Brings a unique artistry to the grassroots'|author=Hillier|first=Katie|date=16 October 2025|language=en|work=Bristol24/7|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhuaigh an t-amhrán comórtas de chuid Roundtable ar [[BBC Radio 6 Music|6 Music]], in ainneoin nach raibh tuiscint ag na moltóirí ar an mBreatnais.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/erthyglau/c1mgdlv8r8xo|title=Mali Hâf yn ennill cystadleuaeth Roundtable 6 Music|date=13 June 2025|language=cy|work=BBC Cymru Fyw|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tháinig Mali Hâf sa dara háit i gComórtas Tallann Glastonbury 2025 d'Oirfidigh ag Teacht chun Solais lena hamhrán {{Lang|cy|Esgusodion}}, a ghnóthaigh an deis di chun casadh ar an stáitse BBC Introducing ag an bhféile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/erthyglau/clyw990xl8eo|title='Dydi canu'n Gymraeg ddim angen dal eich gyrfa yn ôl' - Mali Haf|date=26 April 2025|language=cy|work=BBC Cymru Fyw|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhain singil de chuid Hâf, ''{{Lang|cy|Llais}}'' (a eisíodh i mí Iúil 2025) spreagadh as Chappell Roan, Sabrina Carpenter agus [[Marina and the Diamonds|Marina]] é.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/mali-haf-shares-new-single-llais-following-glastonbury-success/|title=Mali Hâf shares new single Llais following Glastonbury success|author=Price|first=Stephen|date=12 July 2025|language=en-GB|work=Nation.Cymru|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuaigh sí ar camchuairt timpeall na Ríochta Aontaithe ag deireadh 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Déanann Hâf cur síos ar a stíl mar &quot;phopcheol [[Na Náisiúin Cheilteacha|Ceilteach]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; agus luann sí tionchar David Byrne,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; mar aon le [[Gwenno Saunders|Gwenno]], [[Kate Bush]] agus [[Björk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Oibríonn sí ó stiúideo baile i gCaerdydd ar a dtugtar ''{{Lang|cy|Gwefus Mefus}}'' (ga: Beola Sú Talún),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; agus scaoileann sí a ceol faoin [[Lipéad ceoil|lipéad ceirníní]] Côsh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.rcoshr.com/mali-haf|title=Mali Hâf|language=en|work=Recordiau Côsh Records|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saol pearsanta ==
Is as Caerdydd do Mali Hâf,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; áit ar oibrigh sí mar oibrí pobail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/singer-songwriter-mali-haf-releases-new-political-single-at-pivotal-time-for-wales/|title=Singer-songwriter Mali Hâf releases new political single at pivotal time for Wales|author=Jones|first=Amelia|date=30 March 2026|language=en-GB|work=Nation.Cymru|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tógadh Hâf mar Bhúdaíoch&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; agus lorgaíonn sé inspioráid ó Saraswati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.mysticsons.com/article/getting-know-mali-h-f|title=Getting To Know... Mali Hâf|author=Bound|first=Chris|date=10 March 2022|language=en|work=Mystic Sons|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinneadh diagnóis [[NEAH]] ar Hâf agus í in aois a 16 bliana agus baineann sinéistéise di.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Déanann sí cur síos uirthi féin mar [[Néara-éagsúlacht|dhuine néara-éagsúil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Glacann sí cógas NEAH chun cabhrú léi a tionscadail chruthaitheacha a chur i gcrích.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Breatnaise]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1997]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Alt le tuairisc ghearr]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1328516</id>
      <parentid>1328509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T23:41:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Méid áirithe curtha leis</comment>
      <origin>1328516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9048" sha1="beh1luhl5v07lannqpehrtec5umz6qo" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Is amhránaí [[An Bhreatnais|Breatnaise]] í '''Mali Hâf''' (a rugadh 28 Iúil 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.leedsconservatoire.ac.uk/about-us/news/pop-graduate-secures-glastonbury-slot/|title=Pop Graduate Secures Glastonbury Slot|author=Cross|first=Gemma|date=5 June 2025|language=as Béarla|work=Leeds Conservatoire|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://cardiffjournalism.co.uk/altcardiff/2022/12/08/my-mind-is-at-100-miles-an-hour-how-adhd-shaped-a-cardiff-singers-new-music/|title=How ADHD shaped musician Mali Hâf's new EP|author=Murphy|first=Isaac Patrick|date=8 December 2022|language=as Béarla|work=alt.cardiff|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ó [[Caerdydd|Chaerdydd]] na [[An Bhreatain Bheag|Breataine Bige]], a bhí le feiceáil ag [[Féile Glastonbury]] 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/glastonburys-welsh-language-pop-star-31869888|title=Glastonbury's Welsh language pop star who is playing alongside Charli XCX and The 1975 after catching the eye|author=Jones|first=Indigo|date=28 June 2025|language=as Béarla|work=[[WalesOnline]]|access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saol luath ==
Tógadh Mali Hâf sa Bhreatain Bheag agus d'fhoghlaim sí seinm an phianó ag aois óg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.lockmag.co.uk/qa-with-mali-haf/|title=Q&amp;A with Mali Hâf|author=|first=|date=20 August 2024|language=as Béarla|work=LOCK|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá deirfiúr aici darb ainm Sioned, agus bhí cónaí ar a seantuismitheoirí i [[Llanfarian]] i ngar d'[[Aberystwyth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/erthyglau/clee6p57d00o|title=Ateb y Galw: Mali Hâf|date=17 June 2024|language=as [[Breatnais]]|work=[[BBC Cymru Fyw]]|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinne Hâf staidéar ar an bPopcheol ag Conservatoire Leeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Gairmréim ==
Tháinig an-tóir ar shingil de chuid Mali Hâf ''{{Lang|cy|Mae Hen Wlad fy Mamau (H.W.F.M)}}'' (ga: &quot;Seantír mo Mháithreacha&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=hen; gwlad; fy; mam|author=[[Joe Mitchell]]|date=2017|journal=[[Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge Joe Mitchell|Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ar an raidió agus ar na meáin shóisialta sa bhliain 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/mali-haf-shares-excitement-ahead-of-glastonbury-performance/|title=Mali Hâf shares excitement ahead of Glastonbury performance|author=Price|first=Stephen|date=25 June 2025|language=as Béarla|work=[[Nation Cymru]]|access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Athshamhlú is ea é ar amhrán náisiúnta na Breataine Bige, ''{{Lang|cy|[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]}}'' (ga: Seantír M'Aithreacha&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=hen; gwlad; fy; dad|author=[[Joe Mitchell]]|date=2017|journal=[[Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge Joe Mitchell|Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/mali-haf-shares-bold-reimagining-of-welsh-national-anthem/|title=Mali Hâf shares bold reimagining of Welsh national anthem|author=Price|first=Stephen|date=8 March 2025|language=as Béarla|work=[[Nation.Cymru]]|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://americansongwriter.com/welsh-singer-songwriter-mali-haf-finds-her-voice-with-new-single-llais/|title=Welsh Singer-Songwriter Mali Hâf Finds Her Voice With 'Magickal' Single &quot;Llais&quot;|author=Benitez-Eves|first=Tina|date=31 July 2025|language=as Béarla|work=American Songwriter|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bristol247.com/culture/music/review-mali-haf-the-louisiana-brings-a-unique-artistry-to-the-grassroots/|title=Review: Mali Hâf, the Louisiana - 'Brings a unique artistry to the grassroots'|author=Hillier|first=Katie|date=16 October 2025|language=as Béarla|work=Bristol24/7|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhuaigh an t-amhrán comórtas de chuid Roundtable ar [[BBC Radio 6 Music|6 Music]], in ainneoin nach raibh tuiscint ag na moltóirí ar an mBreatnais.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/erthyglau/c1mgdlv8r8xo|title=Mali Hâf yn ennill cystadleuaeth Roundtable 6 Music|date=13 June 2025|language=as [[Breatnais]]|work=[[BBC Cymru Fyw]]|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tháinig Mali Hâf sa dara háit i gComórtas Tallann Glastonbury 2025 d'Oirfidigh ag Teacht chun Solais lena hamhrán &quot;{{Lang|cy|Esgusodion}}&quot;, a ghnóthaigh an deis di chun casadh ar an stáitse BBC Introducing ag an bhféile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/erthyglau/clyw990xl8eo|title='Dydi canu'n Gymraeg ddim angen dal eich gyrfa yn ôl' - Mali Haf|date=26 April 2025|language=as [[Breatnais]]|work=[[BBC Cymru Fyw]]|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le haghaidh singil de chuid Hâf, ''{{Lang|cy|Llais}}'' (ga: &quot;glór&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=llais|author=[[Joe Mitchell]]|date=2017|journal=[[Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge Joe Mitchell|Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;; eisíodh i mí Iúil 2025 é) bhain sí spreagadh as Chappell Roan, Sabrina Carpenter agus [[Marina and the Diamonds|Marina]] é.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/mali-haf-shares-new-single-llais-following-glastonbury-success/|title=Mali Hâf shares new single Llais following Glastonbury success|author=Price|first=Stephen|date=12 July 2025|language=as Béarla|work=[[Nation.Cymru]]|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuaigh sí ar camchuairt timpeall na Ríochta Aontaithe ag deireadh 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Déanann Hâf cur síos ar a stíl mar &quot;phopcheol [[Na Náisiúin Cheilteacha|Ceilteach]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; agus luann sí tionchar David Byrne,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; mar aon le [[Gwenno Saunders|Gwenno]], [[Kate Bush]] agus [[Björk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Oibríonn sí ó stiúideo baile i gCaerdydd ar a dtugtar ''{{Lang|cy|Gwefus Mefus}}'' (ga: Beola Sú Talún&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=gwefus; mefusen|author=[[Joe Mitchell]]|date=2017|journal=[[Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge Joe Mitchell|Foclóir Breatnais–Gaeilge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; agus scaoileann sí a ceol faoin [[Lipéad ceoil|lipéad ceirníní]] Côsh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.rcoshr.com/mali-haf|title=Mali Hâf|language=as Béarla|work=Recordiau Côsh Records|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá comhthionscadal idircheilteach ceoil ar bun ag Hâf in éineacht le [[James Shannon (ceoltóir Éireannach)|James Shannon]]/[[IMLÉ]] as [[Éire|Éirinn]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002y5st|teideal=Molly Palmer yn cyflwyno... Mali Haf|dáta=2 Iúil 2026|language=as [[Breatnais]]|work=[[BBC Radio Cymru]]|dátarochtana=2026-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/tafwyl-announces-breton-and-irish-partnerships/|teideal=Tafwyl announces Breton and Irish partnerships|údar=Stephen Price|dáta=2026-04-29|language=as Béarla|work=[[Nation.Cymru]]|dátarochtana=2026-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://culturenight.ie/event/north-earl-street-mali-haf/|teideal=North Earl Street: Mali Hâf|language=as Béarla|work=[[Oíche Chultúir]]|dátarochtana=2026-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chas sí beo i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]] ar [[Oíche Chultúir]] 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

== Saol pearsanta ==
Is as Caerdydd do Mali Hâf,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; áit ar oibrigh sí mar oibrí pobail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/singer-songwriter-mali-haf-releases-new-political-single-at-pivotal-time-for-wales/|title=Singer-songwriter Mali Hâf releases new political single at pivotal time for Wales|author=Jones|first=Amelia|date=30 March 2026|language=as Béarla|work=[[Nation.Cymru]]|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tógadh Hâf mar [[An Búdachas|Bhúdaíoch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; agus lorgaíonn sé inspioráid ó Saraswati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.mysticsons.com/article/getting-know-mali-h-f|title=Getting To Know... Mali Hâf|author=Bound|first=Chris|date=10 March 2022|language=as Béarla|work=Mystic Sons|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinneadh diagnóis go bhfuil [[NEAH]] ar Hâf agus í in aois a 16 bliana agus baineann sinéistéise di.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Déanann sí cur síos uirthi féin mar [[Néara-éagsúlacht|dhuine néara-éagsúil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Glacann sí cógas NEAH chun cabhrú léi a tionscadail chruthaitheacha a chur i gcrích.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Francis Rees (banna ceoil)|Francis Rees]]

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

==Nascanna amach==
* Suíomh oifigiúil: [https://www.malihaf.com/ malihaf.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mali Haf}}
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Breatnacha]]
[[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Breatnaise]]
[[Catagóir:Popghrúpaí]]
[[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Breatnacha‎]]
[[Catagóir:Bannaí a chanann i mBreatnais]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1997]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marú Benito Mussolini</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1328521</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T00:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}  Lámhachadh Benito Mussolini i gComo ar an 28 Aibreán 1945. Crochadh a chorp, in éineacht le Claretta Petacci agus faisistigh eile, i bPiazzale Loreto, Milano, an lá dár gcionn (29 Aibreán).  == Féach freisin ==  == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}{{síol}} [[Catagóir:1945]] [[Catagóir:1945 san Eoraip]] [[Catagóir:Benito Mussolini]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a feallmharaíodh]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="404" sha1="gc5ri0ffar4i8imrkkdjxacidr0krmq" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Lámhachadh Benito Mussolini i gComo ar an 28 Aibreán 1945. Crochadh a chorp, in éineacht le Claretta Petacci agus faisistigh eile, i bPiazzale Loreto, Milano, an lá dár gcionn (29 Aibreán).

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:1945]]
[[Catagóir:1945 san Eoraip]]
[[Catagóir:Benito Mussolini]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a feallmharaíodh]]</text>
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