Wiktionary gdwiktionary https://gd.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AComh-Dhuilleag MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 case-sensitive Meadhan Sònraichte Deasbaireachd Cleachdaiche Deasbaireachd a' chleachdaiche Wiktionary An deasbaireachd aig Wiktionary Faidhle Deasbaireachd an fhaidhle MediaWiki Deasbaireachd MediaWiki Teamplaid Deasbaireachd na teamplaid Cobhair Deasbaireachd na cobharach Roinn-seòrsa Deasbaireachd na roinn-seòrsa TimedText TimedText talk Mòideal Deasbaireachd mòideil Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Appendix:English pronunciation 0 4676 85298 85292 2022-08-27T03:00:24Z Mtarch11 2455 Deasachaidhean a chaidh a thilleadh leis [[Special:Contributions/2601:282:8002:56D0:E151:85C9:8CFD:E47A|2601:282:8002:56D0:E151:85C9:8CFD:E47A]] ([[User talk:2601:282:8002:56D0:E151:85C9:8CFD:E47A|an deasbaireachd]]) dhan mhùthadh mu dheireadh le [[User:Kibi78704|Kibi78704]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WT:ENPRONKEY}} == English == The following tables show the {{enUicl|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} and enPR/{{w|American Heritage Dictionary|AHD}} symbols which are used to represent the various sounds of the {{w|English language}}. The sounds of {{enUicl|Received Pronunciation}} (RP, UK), {{enUicl|General American}} pronunciation (GenAm, US), Australian English (AuE) and New Zealand English (NZE) are shown. For vowels in other dialects, see Wikipedia's {{w|IPA chart for English}}. :''An [[:Image:IPA Chart for English 2.png|image of an old version of these tables]] is available.'' === {{enUicl|vowel|Vowels}} === This vowel table lists both {{enUicl|monophthong}}s and {{enUicl|diphthong}}s. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" | {{w|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} ! rowspan="2" | enPR / {{w|American Heritage Dictionary|AHD}} ! rowspan="2" | examples |- ! [[Faidhle:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] RP !! [[Faidhle:Flag of the United States.svg|30px]] GenAm !! [[Faidhle:Flag of Canada.svg|30px]] CanE !! [[Faidhle:Flag of Australia.svg|30px]] AuE !! [[Faidhle:Flag of New Zealand.svg|30px]] NZE |- ! ɑː !! ɑ !! ɒ !! aː !! ɐː ! {{enPRchar|ä}} | f'''a'''ther, p'''a'''lm |- ! colspan="4" | æ !! ɛ ! {{enPRchar|ă}} | b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t, r'''a'''n<ref name="oxforda">Sometimes transcribed {{IPA|/a/|lang=en}} for RP, for example in dictionaries of the {{enUici|Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press}}.</ref><ref name="badlad">See {{enUici|Phonological history of English short A#Bad–lad split|bad–lad split}} for more discussion of this vowel in Australian English.</ref> |- ! æɹ !! colspan="2" | ɛɹ !! !! ! {{enPRchar|ăr}} | {{enUicl|carry|c'''arr'''y}} |- ! colspan="3" | eɪ !! æɪ !! æe ! {{enPRchar|ā}} | d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n |- ! ɑː !! colspan="2" | ɑɹ !! aː !! ɐː ! {{enPRchar|är}} | '''ar'''m, {{enUicl|bard|b'''ar'''d}} |- ! ɛə / ɛː(ɹ) !! colspan="2" | ɛɹ !! eː !! eə ! {{enPRchar|âr}} | h'''air''', th'''ere'''<ref name="airsymbol">Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries include {{IPA|/ɛː/|lang=en}} ({{w|Oxford University Press}}) and {{IPA|/eə/|lang=en}}.</ref> |- ! colspan="3" | {{IPAchar2|Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg|ɛ}} !! ! colspan="2" | e ! {{enPRchar|ĕ}} | b'''e'''d<ref name="collinse">Sometimes transcribed {{IPA|/e/|lang=en}} for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.</ref> |- ! colspan="3" | ɛɹ !! !! ! {{enPRchar|ĕr}} | {{enUicl|merry|m'''err'''y}} |- ! iː !! {{IPAchar2|Close front unrounded vowel.ogg|i}} !! ! colspan="3" | iː ! {{enPRchar|ē}} | {{enUicl|ease|'''ea'''se}}, {{enUicl|see|s'''ee'''}} |- ! colspan="4" | {{IPAchar2|Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg|ɪ}} !! ɘ ! {{enPRchar|ĭ}} | {{enUicl|sit|s'''i'''t}}, {{enUicl|city|c'''i'''ty}}, {{enUicl|bit|b'''i'''t}} |- ! ɪ !! ! colspan="4" | i ! <!--{{enPRchar|i}}<ref>''i'' is not an [[w:American Heritage Dictionary|AHD]] symbol, and the sound is sometimes written as ''ē'' in Wiktionary entries</ref>--> | {{enUicl|city|cit'''y'''}}, {{enUicl|very|ver'''y'''}}, {{enUicl|ready|read'''y'''}} |- ! colspan="3" | {{IPAchar2|Near-close central unrounded vowel.ogg|ɪ̈ , ɨ}} !! !! ! | {{enUicl|roses|ros'''e'''s}} |- ! ɪə !! colspan="2" | ɪɹ !! ɪə !! iə ! {{enPRchar|ĭr}}, {{enPRchar|îr}} | n'''ear''', h'''ere''', {{enUicl|Sirius|S'''ir'''ius}} |- ! colspan="2" | aɪ !! aɪ (ʌɪ) !! ɑe !! ɑe ! {{enPRchar|ī}} | {{enUicl|my|m'''y'''}}, {{enUicl|rice|r'''i'''ce}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Open back rounded vowel.ogg|ɒ}} !! {{IPAchar2|Open back unrounded vowel.ogg|ɑ}} !! ɒ !! ɔ !! {{IPAchar2|Open back rounded vowel.ogg|ɒ}} ! {{enPRchar|ŏ}} | {{enUicl|not|n'''o'''t}}, w'''a'''sp |- ! əʊ !! colspan="2" | oʊ !! əʉ !! ɐʉ ! {{enPRchar|ō}} | n'''o''', {{enUicl|go|g'''o'''}}, {{enUicl|hope|h'''o'''pe}} |- ! ɔə !! oɹ, ɔɹ !! ɔɹ !! !! ! {{enPRchar|ōr}} | {{enUicl|hoarse|h'''oar'''se}} |- ! ɔː !! ɔ !! ɒ !! oː !! oː ! {{enPRchar|ô}} | {{enUicl|law|l'''aw'''}}, {{enUicl|caught|c'''au'''ght}} |- ! ɔː !! colspan="2" | ɔɹ || !! ! {{enPRchar|ôr}} | {{enUicl|horse|h'''or'''se}} |- ! colspan="3" | ɔɪ !! oɪ !! oe ! {{enPRchar|oi}} | {{enUicl|boy|b'''oy'''}}, {{enUicl|noise|n'''oi'''se}} |- ! colspan="5" | {{IPAchar2|Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg|ʊ}} ! {{enPRchar|o͝o, ŏŏ}} | {{enUicl|put|p'''u'''t}}, {{enUicl|foot|f'''oo'''t}} |- ! ʊə !! colspan="2" | ʊɹ !! ʊə !! ʉə ! {{enPRchar|o͝or, ŏŏr}} | {{enUicl|poor|p'''oor'''}}, {{enUicl|tour|t'''our'''}}, {{enUicl|tourism|t'''our'''ism}} |- ! uː !! {{IPAchar2|Close back rounded vowel.ogg|u}} !! uː !! colspan="2" | ʉː ! {{enPRchar|o͞o, ōō}} | {{enUicl|lose|l'''o'''se}}, {{enUicl|soon|s'''oo'''n}}, {{enUicl|through|thr'''ou'''gh}} |- ! colspan="2" | aʊ !! aʊ (ʌʊ) !! colspan="2" | æo ! {{enPRchar|ou}} | {{enUicl|house|h'''ou'''se}}, {{enUicl|now|n'''ow'''}} |- ! colspan="3" | {{IPAchar2|Open-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg|ʌ}} !! a !! ɐ ! {{enPRchar|ŭ}} | {{enUicl|run|r'''u'''n}}, {{enUicl|enough|en'''ou'''gh}}, {{enUicl|up|'''u'''p}} |- ! ɜː !! ɝ, əɹ !! ɝː !! ɜː !! ɵː ! {{enPRchar|ûr}} | {{enUicl|fur|f'''ur'''}}, {{enUicl|bird|b'''ir'''d}} |- ! colspan="4" | {{IPAchar2|Schwa.ogg|ə}} !! ɘ ! {{enPRchar|ə}} | {{enUicl|about|'''a'''bout}} |- ! ə !! colspan="2" | ɚ !! ə !! ɘ ! {{enPRchar|ər}} | {{enUicl|winner|winn'''er'''}}, {{enUicl|enter|ent'''er'''}}<ref name="r-colored schwa">Sometimes transcribed for GA as <nowiki>[əɹ]</nowiki> or (for transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations) as <nowiki>[ə(ɹ)]</nowiki>.</ref> |} <references/> === {{enUicl|consonant|Consonants}} === {| class="wikitable" ! {{w|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} ! enPR / {{w|American Heritage Dictionary|AHD}} ! examples |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiced bilabial plosive.ogg|b}} ! {{enPRchar|b}} | {{enUicl|but|'''b'''ut}}, {{enUicl|web|we'''b'''}}, {{enUicl|rubble|ru'''bb'''le}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.ogg|tʃ}} ! {{enPRchar|ch}} | {{enUicl|chat|'''ch'''at}}, {{enUicl|teach|tea'''ch'''}}, {{enUicl|nature|na'''t'''ure}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiced alveolar plosive.ogg|d}} ! {{enPRchar|d}} | {{enUicl|dot|'''d'''ot}}, {{enUicl|idea|i'''d'''ea}}, {{enUicl|nod|no'''d'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiceless labiodental fricative.ogg|f}} ! {{enPRchar|f}} | {{enUicl|fan|'''f'''an}}, {{enUicl|left|le'''f'''t}}, {{enUicl|enough|enou'''gh'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiced velar plosive.ogg|ɡ}} ! {{enPRchar|g}} | {{enUicl|get|'''g'''et}}, {{enUicl|bag|ba'''g'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiceless glottal fricative.ogg|h}} ! {{enPRchar|h}} | {{enUicl|ham|'''h'''am}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|voiceless labio-velar fricative.ogg|ʍ (hw)}}<ref>Some phonologists dispute that {{IPAchar|/ʍ/}} is a distinct phoneme in English, and use {{IPAchar|/hw/}} instead.</ref> ! {{enPRchar|hw}} | {{enUicl|which|'''wh'''ich}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|voiced palato-alveolar affricate.ogg|dʒ}} ! {{enPRchar|j}} | {{enUicl|joy|'''j'''oy}}, {{enUicl|agile|a'''g'''ile}}, {{enUicl|age|a'''ge'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiceless velar plosive.ogg|k}} ! {{enPRchar|k}} | {{enUicl|cat|'''c'''at}}, {{enUicl|tack|ta'''ck'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|voiceless velar fricative.ogg|x}} ! {{enPRchar|ᴋʜ}} | {{enUicl|loch|lo'''ch'''}} {{Càilichear|in Scottish English}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg|l}} ! {{enPRchar|l}} | {{enUicl|left|'''l'''eft}} |- ! {{IPAchar|l̩ (əl)}}<ref name="cons">Some phonologists dispute that {{IPAchar|/l̩,/}}, {{IPAchar|/n̩,/}}, {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} are distinct phonemes in English, and use {{IPAchar|/əl/}}, {{IPAchar|/ən/}}, {{IPAchar|/əm/}} instead.</ref> ! {{enPRchar|l}} | {{enUicl|little|litt'''le'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Bilabial nasal.ogg|m}} ! {{enPRchar|m}} | {{enUicl|man|'''m'''an}}, {{enUicl|animal|ani'''m'''al}}, {{enUicl|him|hi'''m'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar|m̩ (əm)}}<ref name="cons"/> ! {{enPRchar|m}} | {{enUicl|spasm|spas'''m'''}}, {{enUicl|prism|pris'''m'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Alveolar nasal.ogg|n}} ! {{enPRchar|n}} | {{enUicl|note|'''n'''ote}}, {{enUicl|ant|a'''n'''t}}, {{enUicl|pan|pa'''n'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar|n̩ (ən)}}<ref name="cons"/> ! {{enPRchar|n}} | {{enUicl|hidden|hidd'''en'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Velar nasal.ogg|ŋ}} ! {{enPRchar|ng}} | {{enUicl|singer|si'''ng'''er}}, {{enUicl|ring|ri'''ng'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Aspirated voiceless bilabial stop.ogg|p}} ! {{enPRchar|p}} | {{enUicl|pen|'''p'''en}}, {{enUicl|spin|s'''p'''in}}, {{enUicl|top|to'''p'''}}, {{enUicl|apple|a'''pp'''le}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Alveolar approximant.ogg|ɹ}}<ref>Often written {{IPAchar|/r/}}, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is not a trill.</ref> ! {{enPRchar|r}} | {{enUicl|run|'''r'''un}}, {{enUicl|very|ve'''r'''y}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|s}} ! {{enPRchar|s}} | {{enUicl|set|'''s'''et}}, {{enUicl|list|li'''s'''t}}, {{enUicl|ice|i'''ce'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|ʃ}} ! {{enPRchar|sh}} | {{enUicl|ash|a'''sh'''}}, {{enUicl|sure|'''s'''ure}}, {{enUicl|ration|ra'''t'''ion}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Aspirated voiceless alveolar stop.ogg|t}} ! {{enPRchar|t}} | {{enUicl|ton|'''t'''on}}, {{enUicl|butt|bu'''tt'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiceless dental fricative.ogg|θ}} ! {{enPRchar|th}} | {{enUicl|thin|'''th'''in}}, {{enUicl|nothing|no'''th'''ing}}, {{enUicl|moth|mo'''th'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|voiced dental fricative.ogg|ð}} ! {{enPRchar|''th''}} | {{enUicl|this|'''th'''is}}, {{enUicl|father|fa'''th'''er}}, {{enUicl|clothe|clo'''the'''}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiced labiodental fricative.ogg|v}} ! {{enPRchar|v}} | {{enUicl|voice|'''v'''oice}}, {{enUicl|navel|na'''v'''el}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiced labio-velar approximant.ogg|w}} ! {{enPRchar|w}} | {{enUicl|wet|'''w'''et}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Palatal approximant.ogg|j}} ! {{enPRchar|y}} | {{enUicl|yes|'''y'''es}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|z}} ! {{enPRchar|z}} | {{enUicl|zoo|'''z'''oo}}, {{enUicl|quiz|qui'''z'''}}, {{enUicl|rose|ro'''s'''e}} |- ! {{IPAchar2|Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|ʒ}} ! {{enPRchar|zh}} | {{enUicl|vision|vi'''s'''ion}}, {{enUicl|treasure|trea'''s'''ure}} |} <references/> === Other symbols === A stress mark is placed before the syllable that is stressed in IPA and after it in enPR / AHD. {| class="wikitable" ! {{w|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} ! enPR<br>({{w|American Heritage Dictionary|AHD}}) ! indicates |- | {{IPAchar|ˈ}} ({{IPAchar|ˈ}}a) | {{enPRchar|ʹ}} (a{{enPRchar|ʹ}}) | primary {{w|Stress (linguistics)|stress}}, as in ''rapping'' /ˈɹæpɪŋ/ |- | {{IPAchar|ˌ}} ({{IPAchar|ˌ}}a) | {{enPRchar|'}} (a{{enPRchar|'}}) | {{w|secondary stress}} (or sometimes tertiary stress), as in ''battleship'' /ˈbætl̩ˌʃɪp/ |- | a{{IPAchar|.}}a | a{{enPRchar|-}}a | division between {{enUicl|syllable}}s |- | &nbsp;̩ | | syllabic consonant, as in ''ridden'' [ˈɹɪdn̩] |- | ʔ | | glottal stop, as in ''uh-oh'' /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨] |} '''Note:''' The EnPR and print AHD marks are formatted slightly differently. Online, AHD writes both {{enPRchar|'}}, though they do not always represent the same phoneme.<!--When in the order secondary-primary, they represent the same phoneme. However, when primary-secondary, they do not, and dictionaries such as the OED simply omit the secondary.--> == See also == * Wikipedia's article on {{w|English phonology}} * Wikipedia's {{w|IPA chart for English dialects}} (and for conversion to ASCII, the {{w|SAMPA chart for English}}) * {{w|Wikipedia:IPA for English}} * {{w|Wikipedia:United States dictionary transcription}} and {{w|Pronunciation respelling for English}} * {{w|Image:Kinesthetic English-IPA Vowel Wheel.PNG|an English vowel wheel}} == References == * {{Reference-book| last=Gimson| first=A. C.| authorlink=Alfred C. Gimson| title=An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English| edition=3rd edn.| publisher=Edward Arnold| year=1980| location=London| id=ISBN 0-7131-6287-2}} * {{Reference-book| last=Kenyon| first=John Samuel| authorlink=John Samuel Kenyon| title=American Pronunciation| publisher=George Wahr| location=Ann Arbor| year=1950| edition=10th edn.}} * {{Reference-book| last=Kenyon| first=John S.| coauthors=Thomas A. Knott| title={{enUicl|Kenyon and Knott|A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English}}| publisher=Merriam-Webster| location=Springfield, Mass.| year=1944/1953| id=ISBN 0-87779-047-7}} * {{Reference-book| last=Wells| first=J. C.| authorlink=John C. Wells| title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary| publisher=Pearson Education Limited| location=Harlow, Essex| edition=2nd edn.| year=2000| id=ISBN 0-582-36468-X}} == External links == * [http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm Learning the IPA for English], (Standard American English) * [http://webmasterei.com/en/tools/ipa Online keyboard] with {{enUicl|MP3}} sound files for IPA symbols * [http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter1/chapter1.html IPA chart] with {{enUicl|AIFF}} sound files for IPA symbols * [http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/ipa-lab.htm IPA chart] with {{enUicl|MP3}} sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone) * [http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/IPA_chart_%28C%292005.pdf The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005)] Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart. * [http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/ssb22/gradint/lexconvert.html lexconvert] a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers [[Roinn-seòrsa:Earr-ràdh {{en|g}}]] [[Roinn-seòrsa:Fuaimneachadh a-rèir cànain]] 3chjm0pit5m2oqbz88zrz3cfy2vgdau