Wikipedia gorwiki https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaman_Bungaliyo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Spesial Lo'iya Ta ohu'uwo Lo'iya ta ohu'uwo Wikipedia Lo'iya Wikipedia Berkas Lo'iya berkas MediaWiki Lo'iya MediaWiki Templat Lo'iya templat Wubodu Lo'iya wubodu Dalala Lo'iya dalala TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Istanbul 0 20852 68461 68437 2026-10-07T00:42:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 68461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name=Istanbul |native_name=''İstanbul'' |native_name_lang=tr |official_name= |image_skyline=Istanbul collage 5j.jpg |image_caption=Searah jarum jam dari atas: [[Tanduk Emas]] antara [[Karaköy]] dan [[Sarayburnu|Tanjung Seraglio]], termasuk [[Kawasan Bersejarah Istanbul]]; [[Menara Leandros]]; [[Jalur trem nostalgia di Istanbul|jalur trem nostalgia]] di [[Jalan İstiklal]]; distrik bisnis [[Levent]] dengan [[Istana Dolmabahçe]]; [[Masjid Ortaköy]] di depan [[Jembatan Bosporus]]; dan [[Hagia Sophia]]. |image_alt=Lihat keterangan |imagesize=300px |image_blank_emblem=Istanbul_city_logo.svg |blank_emblem_type=Emblem dari Munisipalitas Metropolitan Instanbul |blank_emblem_size=110px |pushpin_map=Turki |pushpin_map_caption=Lokasi di Turki |pushpin_map_alt=Turki, dengan Istanbul ditunjukkan di barat laut di sekitar sebidang kecil daratan yang dikelilingi laut |pushpin_mapsize=200px |latd=41|latm=00|lats=49|latNS=N |longd=28|longm=57|longs=18|longEW=E |coordinates_region=TR |subdivision_type=Negara |subdivision_name={{flag|Turki}} |subdivision_type1=[[Daftar kawasan geografis di Turki|Wilayah]] |subdivision_name1=[[Kawasan Marmara|Marmara]] |subdivision_type2=[[Daftar provinsi di Turki|Provinsi]] |subdivision_name2=[[Provinsi İstanbul|Istanbul]] |leader_party=[[Partai Rakyat Republik|CHP]] |leader_title=Wali kota |leader_name=[[Ekrem İmamoğlu]] |established_title=Didirikan sebagai [[Bizantium]] |established_date={{circa}} 660 SM{{efn|name=byz-date}} |established_title1=[[Konstantinopel]] |established_date1={{circa}} 300 M |established_title2=Istanbul |established_date2={{circa}} 1930{{efn|name=name-1930|Nama ini telah digunakan sejak sebelum [[Kejatuhan Konstantinopel|penaklukan Utsmaniyah]] tahun 1453, tetapi ''Istanbul'' dalam bahasa Inggris digunakan secara umum setelah Turki beradaptasi dengan abjad Latin pada tahun 1928 dan mendorong negara-negara lain untuk menggunakan nama Turki kota ini.<ref name="roo177">{{harvnb|Room|2006|pp=177}}</ref>}} |parts_type=Distrik |parts=[[Daftar distrik di Istanbul|39]] |area_metro_km2=5343 |area_metro_mi2=2063 |area_urban_km2=1166 - 1830 |area_total_mi2= |area_water_km2= |area_water_mi2= |area_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=City mayors:Largest cities in the world by land area, population and density|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-density-125.html|website=citymayors.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=DR. Evrick|title=Walking in the European City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8WSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=istanbul+area+1830+km2&source=bl&ots=Qb-i_d_SRC&sig=1PGOFlHAZq7oWuT5dvY8rdppqXU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2vGMVfXYKcjzUpSkgNAE&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=istanbul%20area%201830%20km2&f=false}}</ref>{{efn|name=city-area}} |population_metro=14,657,434 |population_urban=14,100,000 |population_total=14,025,646 |population_as_of=31 Desember 2015 |population_footnotes=<ref name=citypolution.de>{{cite web|title=Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities|quote=The population of the Turkish cities and provinces according to census results and latest register-based tabulations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html|website=www.citytpopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=31 December 2014|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|website=www.citypopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=1 April 2015|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Population of Turkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=18616|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2015|date=31 December 2015|accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref> |population_rank=[[Daftar kota di Turki|ke-1 di Turki]] |population_density_km2=7664 - 12029 |population_density_metro_km2=2691 |population_demonym=[[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Istanbulite(s)''<br />[[bahasa Turki|Turki]]: ''İstanbullu(lar)'' |elevation=39 |timezone=[[Waktu Eropa Timur|EET]] |utc_offset=+2 |timezone_DST=[[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Timur|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+3 |postal_code_type=[[Kode pos]] |postal_code=34000 sampai 34990 |area_code=(+90) 212 <small>(sisi Eropa)</small> <br /> (+90) 216 <small>(sisi Asia)</small> |registration_plate= 34 |website={{URL|http://howtoistanbul.com/|Situs web resmi Istanbul}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbuls-official-website-opens-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=77043&NewsCatID=349|title=Istanbul’s official website opens - TOURISM|work=hurriyetdailynews.com}}</ref> }} '''Istanbul''' (/ˌɪstænˈbuːl/ meyalo /ˌiːstɑːnˈbuːl/ bahasa Turki: İstanbul), u to delomo sojara hetanggulo lotawu Konstantinopel deuwito kota Konstantin wawu Bizantium<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/01/05/090000265/sejarah-istanbul-byzantium-dan-konstantinopel--kota-di-dua-benua|title=Sejarah Istanbul, Byzantium, dan Konstantinopel: Kota di Dua Benua|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2022-01-05|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>, yito kota tuwawu to Turki u lowali pusat perekonomian, budaya, wawu sojara lo negara boyito. Istanbul botiya kota lintas benua to Eurasia u panta-pantangoa to Selat Bosporus to wolota lo Deheto Marmara wawu Deheto Moyitomo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/dunia/1445274-8-fakta-menarik-tentang-kota-istanbul-bukan-ibu-kota-turki|title=8 Fakta Menarik Tentang Kota Istanbul, Bukan Ibu Kota Turki?|last=VIVA|first=PT VIVA MEDIA BARU-|date=2022-01-31|website=www.viva.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref> Pusat podahangiyalo wawu sojaraliyo dutu-dutu imbihu Eropa, wawu odelo tolo tayadu tuwango lipuliyo hitolawa to imbihu Asia. <ref name="wctr281">{{harvnb|WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|2004|p=281}}</ref> Kota botiya maa lowali pusat pemerintahan lo Munisipalitas Metropolitan Istanbul (titihede wolo Provinsi Instanbul) oluwo lo wilayah botiya tuwangolipuliyo 14 juta lota. Istanbul lowali tala tuwawu lo kota modeto’a da’a tawuliyo, duta-duta’a to lenggota olomiyo to dunia, wawu lowali tala tuwawu kota uda’a to Eropa. Pilopotihuliyo wolo tanggula Bizantium sekitar taawunu 660 SM to tanjung kiki’o tanggula Sarayburnu, kota botiya maa yilumayi’o lowali tala tuwawu kota paralu da’a to delomo sojara. To taawunu 330 Masehi, kota botiya muli pilopotihuliyo wolo tanggula Konstantinopel wawu maa lowali ibu kota lo kekaisaran 16 abad hihewoliyo, de’uwitoyito Kekaisaran Romawi 330 - 1204 wawu Bizantium 1261 -1453, wawu Utsamniyah meyalo Ottoman 1453 -1922. Kota botiya uda’a nilailiyo ode lolayi’o agama Kristen to jaman Kekaisaran Romawi wawu Bizantium to’u diipo pilopota’alikuliyo lo Kesultanan Utsmaniyah to taawunu 1453 wawu maa lowali bilulo’a lo Isilamu wawu Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Posisi u strategis lo kota Istanbul to Jalur Sutera u borsejarah<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80014324|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa : a historical encyclopedia|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley|isbn=978-1-57607-920-1|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=80014324}}</ref>, jaringan-jaringan lo kareta monao to Eropa wawu Timur Tengah, wawu tuawu-tuawuliyo jalur lo deheto mealo Laut Hitam wawu Mediterania, lo'otapu mayi tuawu populasi kosmopolitan openu lebe berkurang mao anggadu popotihuloliyo Republik Turki to tawunu 1923. Yilapata diila popohunalo sababu woluo ibu kota baru hiheolio masa periode antar perang, kota botiya mo'otapu mohualinga poli dudutu paraluliyo. Populasi lo kota botiya oduhenga po'opulu lipat anggadu tawunu 1950an yilapata migran-migran londo nga'amila Anatolia pindah ode kota botiya wawu batasi-batasi lo kota po'otanggalolo de'ula menampung timongolio.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/695386946|title=Megacities : urban form, governance, and sustainability|date=2011|publisher=Springer|others=André Sorensen, J. Okata|isbn=978-4-431-99267-7|location=Tokyo|oclc=695386946}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56995884|title=Urban transport and the environment : an international perspective|date=2004|publisher=Elsevier|others=WCTR Society, Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō.|isbn=0-08-044512-8|edition=1st ed|location=Amsterdam|oclc=56995884}}</ref> Dadaata lo festival budaya, film, musik, wawu seni powoluwo to pulito abad ke-20 watu debo pohutuwolo ode kota botiya sambe masa tiya, to'u upo'opiohulo infrastruktur lo'otapu tuawu jaringan transportasi u kompleks. Ngoheli ma 12,56 yuta tau lo assingi lonao ode kota Istanbul botiya ode tawunu 2015, limo lo tawunu lapato umolandulio odelo tuawu Ibukota Kebudayaan Eropa, u mopo'owali kota botiya odelo patuju wisata populer da'a olimolio to dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/london-retains-crown-in-2015-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index/|title=London Retains Crown in 2015 MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index|website=MasterCard Social Newsroom|language=en-US|access-date=2022-05-04|archive-date=2020-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612004651/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/london-retains-crown-in-2015-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Atraksi mopiyohu kota botiya uyito-yito pusat lo sojaralio, u ngotayadu antaraliyo dapu-daputari odelo Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO; pusat hiburan wawu budayaliyo woluo ode sepanjang pelabuhan alami kota botiya, uyito-yito Tanduk Emas, to Distrik Beyoğlu. Bilohe odelo tuawu kota global, Istanbul woluo tala tuawu perekonomian metropolitan lo tutumuloliyo tercepat to dunia. Bilohe odelo kota global,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2010.html|title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010|website=www.lboro.ac.uk|access-date=2022-05-04|archive-date=2022-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413223815/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2010.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Istanbul woluo tilala tuawu perekonomian lo tutumulo mayi tercepat to dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2010/12/01/global-growth-on-the-orient-express/|title=Global Growth on the Orient Express|last=Berube|first=Alan|date=-001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2022-05-04}}</ref> Kota botiya mowali timihulo lo tambatiliyo lo kandori lo pusat mondo daadata perusahaan wawu media massa Turki wawu monyumbang lebe mayi seperempat produk domestik bruto lipu boyito.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/|title=Regional, rural and urban development - OECD|website=www.oecd.org|access-date=2022-05-04}}</ref> Ode memanfaatkan revitalisasi wawu ekspansiliyo u molinggahu, Istanbul mengajukan tiyo odelo tauliyo lo bele penyelenggara Olimpiade Musim Panas sebanyak po'olimo modelomo wakutu duluo pulo taawunu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/05/23/sport/olympics-2020-cities/index.html|title=IOC selects three cities as candidates for 2020 Olympic Games|last=CNN|first=By Gabe LaMonica|website=CNN|access-date=2022-05-04}}</ref> == Topomini == [[Berkas:Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg|kiri|jmpl|lurus|[[Raja Konstantinus I]]]] Tanggulo kota botiya otawalo bungaliyo de'uwito ''Bizantium'' (bahasa Yunani: Βυζάντιον, ''Byzántion''; bahasa [[Enggeleti]]: ''Byzantium''), tanggulo kota botiya wohiyalo to'u pondirianliyo ode mongo mukim to Megara ngohelili tawunu 660 SM<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60671826|title=Placenames of the world : origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites|last=Room|first=Adrian|date=2006|publisher=McFarland & Co|isbn=0-7864-2248-3|edition=2nd ed|location=Jefferson, N.C.|oclc=60671826}}</ref>. Tanggulo ''Bizantium'' botiya londo o ngota, de uwito Byzas. Tradisi Yunani Kuno mopodulungo olongia ngota legendaris lu tunggulo boyito odelo tauwa londo lo tau mayi Yunani. Mongo ahli modern lohendobu de'uyito-yito u tanggulo Byzas botiya de'uyito ngota Thrakia mealo londo Iliria, wau ole sababu boyito woluo to'udipo tambati tola-tola Megara boyito.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Georgacas|first=Demetrius John|date=1947|title=The Names of Constantinople|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/283503?origin=crossref|journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association|volume=78|pages=347|doi=10.2307/283503}}</ref> Yilapato te Konstantinus Agung mopo'owali oliyo odelo ibu kota bohu to wilayah matolodulahu Kekaisaran romawi botiya to tawunu 330 M, kota botiya lapatao otawalo lo tau de'uwito tanggulo mayi ''Constantinopolis'' (Konstantinopel), u sama madelo huhutu Latin londo "Κωνσταντινούπολις" (''Konstantinoúpolis'')—berarti "Kota Konstantinus"<ref name=":0" />. Tiyo olo mopo'otao tanggulo ''Nova Roma'' wawu versi Yunaninya, Νέα Ῥώμη" ''Nea Romē'' (Roma Baru), dabo botiya diila popohuna lo'u motanggalo<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320435937|title=A history of Byzantium|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|date=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7|edition=Second edition|location=Chichester, U.K.|oclc=320435937}}</ref>. ''Konstantinopel'' debo mowali tanggulo to umuumu da'a to popohuwaliyo to otolopa sambe berdirinya republik islam Turki; ''Kostantiniyye'' (bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah: قسطنطينيه) wawu ''İstanbul'' uyito-yito u tanggulo to pohunawa odelo popohunaliyo ole Dinasti Utsmaniyah hiheolio lo pamarenda limongoliyo<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/662259152|title=From Byzantion to Istanbul : 8000 years of a capital : June 5-September 4, 2010, Sabanci University : Sakip Sabanci Museum, Istanbul.|date=2010|others=Sakıp Sabancı Müzesi|isbn=978-605-4348-04-6|location=Istanbul|oclc=662259152}}</ref>. Masa tiya tau lo Turki menganggap popohunaliyo ''Konstantinopel'' ode merujuk kota botiye meyalo pemerintahan Utsmaniyah (londo pertengahan abad 15) dila banari delo politik, dabo diila akurat dabo historis.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/435911915|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|date=2009|publisher=Facts On File|others=Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|location=New York, NY|oclc=435911915}}</ref> Sambe lomao abad ke-19, kota botiya lo'otapu mayi tanggulo uwewo u popohunalo lo tau aasingi mealo tau Turki. Bangsa Eropa mopohuna ''Konstantinopel'' ode momilohu to ngo'aami kota botiya, dabo-sebagaimana olo tau turki-mopohuna tanggulo ''Stamboul'' ode momilohu semenanjung berdinding woloto Tanduk Emas wawu Deheto Marmara.<ref name=":1" /> ''Pera'' (londo kata Yunani "Πέρα" u berarti "to seberang" mealo "to diluari") po'olo popohunalo ode momilohu lipu to woloto Tanduk Emas wawu Selat Bosporus, dabo tau Turki olo mopohunalo tanggulo ''Beyoğlu'' (masa tiya moali tanggulo resmi tala tuwawu distrik konstituen kota botiya)<ref name=":1" />. Muloolo ''Islambol'' (u berarti "Kota Islamu" mealo "Dadaata wolo Islamu") matima'o popohunalo to delomo bahasa ngohui-ngohui mota momilohu ode kota botiya, wawu terukir modelomo ngoolo doi logam lo Utsmaniyah<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63664444|title=Osman's dream : the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|date=2006|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=0-465-02396-7|location=New York|oclc=63664444}}</ref>, dabo uyakini de'uwito tanggulo botiya uyito-yito asali mula londo tanggulo masa tiya, ''İstanbul,'' pahulo ode fakta u motombango uyito-yito tanggulo masa tiya woluo molamingo to'udipo tanggulo ''Islambol'' otawalo wawu hiambola to'udipo penaklukan Utsmaniyah ode kota botiya.<ref name=":0" /> == Sojara == Artefak-artefak Neolitikum u yilotapu lo arkeolog bungaliyo to abad 21 maa longohi potunu semenanjung Istanbul u osojarah botiya maa woluwo tawuliyo inggidu milenium -7 SM.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rainsford|first=Sarah|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7820924.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Istanbul's ancient past unearthed|date=10 January 2009|accessdate=21 April 2010}}</ref> Bilulo'a lo tawu bungaliyo botiya, uda'a ma'analiyo to delomo loladu tawu to sa'ati Revolusi Neolitik lonto Pobbutuwa ode Eropa, to'u diipo ilodungga lo taluhe bulabolo.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Algan | first1 = O. | last2 = Yalçın | first2 = M. N. K. | last3 = Özdoğan | first3 = M. | last4 = Yılmaz | first4 = Y. C. | last5 = Sarı | first5 = E. | last6 = Kırcı-Elmas | first6 = E. | last7 = Yılmaz | first7 = İ. | last8 = Bulkan | first8 = Ö. | last9 = Ongan | first9 = D. | last10 = Gazioğlu | first10 = C. | last11 = Nazik | first11 = A. | last12 = Polat | first12 = M. A. | last13 = Meriç | first13 = E. | title = Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history | doi = 10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002 | journal = Quaternary Research | volume = 76 | page = 30 | year = 2011 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7820924.stm BBC: "Istanbul's ancient past unearthed"] Published on 10 January 2007. Retrieved on 3 March 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/10027341.asp?gid=229&sz=32429|title=Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir|work=hurriyet.com.tr|access-date=2022-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901051312/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/10027341.asp?gid=229&sz=32429|archive-date=2015-09-01|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/galeridetay.aspx?cid=16504&rid=2|title=Marmaray kazılarında tarih gün ışığına çıktı|work=fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr|access-date=2022-04-29|archive-date=2015-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065613/http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/galeridetay.aspx?cid=16504&rid=2|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bilulo’a lo manusia imbihu Asia, to datahu Fikertepe asaliliyo lonto periode Zaman tombaha, wolo artefak-artefak limongoliyo hetulade taawunu 5500–3500 SM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313A79D6F5E6C1B43FF6169B43EA8C08474|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912131044/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313A79D6F5E6C1B43FF6169B43EA8C08474|archivedate=2007-09-12|title=Cultural Details of Istanbul|publisher=Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism|accessdate=2 October 2007}}</ref> To imbihu Eropa, membidu hudiyo lo (Sarayburnu), woluwo bilulo’a tuwawu tanggula Thrakia to awali lo milenium -1 SM. Penulis-penulis modern mopo'aita olio wolo toponim Thrakia ''Lygos,'' u lapalio ole Plinius yang Tua odelo tanggulo tuawu lo bohulio ode situs Bizantium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm|title=PLINY|date=2016-12-29|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-05-07|archive-date=2016-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101439/http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Sojara lo kota botiya tilumula to taawunu 660 SM. ''Byzántion'' (Bizantium) pilopotihuliyo to tawunu 667 SM. Mongo ahali lo sojara hepobutola taawunu mopatato u pilopotihulaliyo lo kota botiya, de-uyito pemukim-pemukim mondo Yunani, deuyito Megara mopotihulo Bizantium to sisi Eropa londo Selat Bosporus. Pemukim-pemukim momongu ngobotu akropolis u membidu wolo Teluk Emas to situs lo perrmukiman Thrakia bohulio mula, sambe mohundude perekonomian kota u boheli lo pilotutulio mai botiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26501997|title=The remaking of Istanbul : portrait of an Ottoman city in the nineteenth century|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|date=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-08239-7|location=Berkeley|oclc=26501997}}</ref> Kota boito mo'orasa masa limbu-limbu'o pamarendah Persia to pergantian abad ode 5 SM, dabo bangsa Yunani mohehu mohualingo hiheolio Perang Yunani-Persia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57436815|title=The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C|last=De Souza|first=Philip|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-48902-0|location=New York|oclc=57436815}}</ref> Bizantium lapatao berlanjut odelo tayadu londo Liga Athena wawu penerusliyo, Kekaisaran Athena Oluolio, to'udipo mo'otapu kemerdekaan to tawunu 355 SM.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36458995|title=Istanbul : the imperial city|last=Freely|first=John|date=1996|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-85972-9|location=London|oclc=36458995}}</ref> Sababu malohiiheo monjalin aliansi wolo bangsa Romawi, Bizantium wolo resmi moali tayadu mondo Kekaisaran Romawi to tawunu 73 M.<ref name=":3" /> Putusani lo Bizantium ma'o motitiwambi Pescennius Niger, tangota perampas kawasa lo Romawi, mota molaawani Kaisar Septimius Severus mohutu olio musi momayari mahale haragaliyo; sa'ati Bizantium ta'aluku to tawunu 195 M, pengepungan hiheolio dulo tawunu ta lolola kota boyito to koadaan lo andulu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33358786|title=The Severans : the changed Roman Empire|last=Grant|first=Michael|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-12772-6|location=London|oclc=33358786}}</ref> Limo lo tawunu lapata'o Severus mamomongu Bizantium poli, wawu kota boito mo'otapu mohualingo - wawu, modungohe ngoolo catatan, molaodu - kemakmuran u to'udipo lio.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252798872|title=Divine Heiress : the Virgin Mary and the creation of Christian Constantinople|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-03617-4|location=London|oclc=252798872}}</ref> === Kebangkitan dan kejatuhan Konstantinopel === Konstantinus Agung ma mowali kaisar mondo mo'aami Kekaisaran Romawi to hulalo lo September 324. Dulo hula lapata'o tiyo bilangi roncana mohutu kota nasarani u bohu mola lo gandio Bizantium.<ref name=":2" /> === Era Utsmaniyah dan Turki === == Geografi == Istanbul botiya dutu-dutu to Turki otolopa lo deheto to delomo lo Kawasan Marmara lo'u motanggalo wilayah nga'amila 5.343 kilometer persegi. Selat Bosporus, u mopo'aito Deheto Marmara wawu Deheto Moitomo, molayade kota botiya mowali sisi Eropa, Thrakia - deuyito-yito pusat-pusat ekonomi wawu sojarah, wawu sisi Asia, Anatolia. Kota-kota botiya he tayaduliyo wolo Tanduk Emas, tuawu pelabuhan alami u mongenggade semenanjung totoonu muloloo Bizantium wawu Konstantinopel timihulo. Modunggaya Deheto Marmara, Selat Bosporus, wawu Tanduk Emas to pusat Istanbul masa tiya lolameliyo berbagai pasukan penyerang hiheolio ribuan tawuunu wawu debo mowali tuawu ciri khas lanskap modeliyo kota botiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320435937|title=A history of Byzantium|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|date=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7|edition=Second edition|location=Chichester, U.K.|oclc=320435937}}</ref> Madelo modeliyo Roma botiya, semenanjung bersojarah Istanbul konon dicirikan wolo pitu bukit, totoonu to yitatoliyo masing-masing woluo tihi lo kekaisaran. Sisi daa motolodulahu wolo bukit-bukit botiya de'uyito-uyito situs Istana Topkapı to Sarayburnu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=294|title=Governorship of Istanbul - Istanbul From a Birds Eye View|date=2009-05-17|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-05-25|archive-date=2009-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517063239/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=294|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> To yitato sisi u berlawanan mondo Tanduk Emas woluo bukit uwewo u modeliyo kerucut wolou distrik Beyoğlu modern dutu-dutu teto. Sababu ode topografiliyo, bangunan-bangunan to Beyoğlu porna lo bangulo wolo bantuan didingo lo ponahan u bertingkat, wawu dalalo to huhuto modelomo model lo wala'o walao lo tu'adu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-33069/the-topography-of-istanbul.html|title=The topography of İstanbul|website=www.ktb.gov.tr|access-date=2022-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525135411/https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-33069/the-topography-of-istanbul.html|archive-date=2022-05-25|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Üsküdar botiya to sisi lo Asia mopobilohu mayi karakteristik perbukitan u sama, dataranliyo ngo'idi-ngo'idi tuhu-tuhuta ode pendadu Bosporus, dabo lanskap to Şemsipaşa wawu Şemsipaşa lebe curam, madelo tuawu tanjung kiki'o. Bondo'o u molanggato to delomo Istanbul de'uyito Bukit Çamlıca, lo langga-langgato 288 meter.<ref name=":4" /> Tayadu utara lo Istanbul rata-rata lebe molanggato dibandingkan wolo pendadu lo hulialio; ngoolo lokasi melebihi 200 meter, wawu ngoolo pendadu woluo tebing-tebing curam u madelo fyord, terutama to ngohelili ujung utara Selat Bosporus u mehu'o ode Deheto Moitomo. === Iklim === {{Weather box | location = Istanbul ([[Sarıyer]]), 1954–2013 | metric first = yes | single line = yes | Jan record high C= 22.0 | Feb record high C= 23.2 | Mar record high C= 29.3 | Apr record high C= 33.6 | May record high C= 34.5 | Jun record high C= 40.5 | Jul record high C= 41.5 | Aug record high C= 39.6 | Sep record high C= 36.6 | Oct record high C= 34.0 | Nov record high C= 26.5 | Dec record high C= 25.8 | Jan high C = 8.5 | Feb high C = 9.0 | Mar high C = 10.8 | Apr high C = 15.4 | May high C = 20.0 | Jun high C = 24.5 | Jul high C = 26.5 | Aug high C = 26.7 | Sep high C = 23.6 | Oct high C = 19.1 | Nov high C = 14.7 | Dec high C = 10.8 | Jan mean C= 5.6 | Feb mean C= 5.7 | Mar mean C= 7.0 | Apr mean C= 11.1 | May mean C= 15.7 | Jun mean C= 20.4 | Jul mean C= 22.8 | Aug mean C= 23.0 | Sep mean C= 19.7 | Oct mean C= 15.6 | Nov mean C= 11.4 | Dec mean C= 8.0 | Jan low C = 3.2 | Feb low C = 3.1 | Mar low C = 4.2 | Apr low C = 7.7 | May low C = 12.1 | Jun low C = 16.5 | Jul low C = 19.5 | Aug low C = 20.0 | Sep low C = 16.8 | Oct low C = 13.0 | Nov low C = 8.9 | Dec low C = 5.5 | Jan record low C= -11.0 | Feb record low C= -8.4 | Mar record low C= -5.8 | Apr record low C= -1.4 | May record low C= 3.0 | Jun record low C= 8.5 | Jul record low C= 12.0 | Aug record low C= 12.3 | Sep record low C= 7.1 | Oct record low C= 0.6 | Nov record low C= -2.2 | Dec record low C= -7.0 | Jan precipitation mm = 105.3 | Feb precipitation mm = 77.3 | Mar precipitation mm = 71.8 | Apr precipitation mm = 44.9 | May precipitation mm = 34.1 | Jun precipitation mm = 34.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 31.6 | Aug precipitation mm = 39.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 57.9 | Oct precipitation mm = 87.7 | Nov precipitation mm = 101.3 | Dec precipitation mm = 122.6 | Jan precipitation days = 17.5 | Feb precipitation days = 15.2 | Mar precipitation days = 13.8 | Apr precipitation days = 10.4 | May precipitation days = 8.1 | Jun precipitation days = 6.0 | Jul precipitation days = 4.2 | Aug precipitation days = 4.9 | Sep precipitation days = 7.3 | Oct precipitation days = 11.2 | Nov precipitation days = 13.3 | Dec precipitation days = 17.3 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan sun = 71.3 | Feb sun = 87.6 | Mar sun = 133.3 | Apr sun = 180.0 | May sun = 251.1 | Jun sun = 300.0 | Jul sun = 322.4 | Aug sun = 294.5 | Sep sun = 243.0 | Oct sun = 164.3 | Nov sun = 102.0 | Dec sun = 68.2 | source 1 = [[Layanan Meteorologi Negara Turki]] (matahari, 1960–2012)<ref name="tsms-main"/><ref name="tsms-rain"/><ref name="tsms-sun">{{cite web | url = http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISTANBUL | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103153244/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISTANBUL | archivedate = 3 November 2013 | title = Resmi İstatistikler (İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler) | trans_title = Official Statistics (Statistical Data of Provinces and Districts) - Istanbul | publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service | language = Turkish | accessdate = 3 December 2014}}</ref>}} {{Weather box | location = Istanbul (Kireçburnu, [[Sarıyer]]), 1949-1999 | metric first = yes | collapsed=yes | single line = yes | Jan high C = 8.3 | Feb high C = 8.7 | Mar high C = 10.3 | Apr high C = 15.2 | May high C = 19.6 | Jun high C = 24.2 | Jul high C = 26.0 | Aug high C = 26.1 | Sep high C = 23.3 | Oct high C = 19.0 | Nov high C = 14.8 | Dec high C = 10.9 | Jan mean C= 5.5 | Feb mean C= 5.5 | Mar mean C= 6.7 | Apr mean C= 10.9 | May mean C= 15.4 | Jun mean C= 20.1 | Jul mean C= 22.4 | Aug mean C= 22.6 | Sep mean C= 19.5 | Oct mean C= 15.5 | Nov mean C= 11.6 | Dec mean C= 8.1 | Jan low C = 3.0 | Feb low C = 2.9 | Mar low C = 4.0 | Apr low C = 7.5 | May low C = 11.9 | Jun low C = 16.2 | Jul low C = 19.1 | Aug low C = 19.7 | Sep low C = 16.6 | Oct low C = 12.8 | Nov low C = 8.9 | Dec low C = 5.6 | Jan precipitation mm = 103.6 | Feb precipitation mm = 70.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 71.0 | Apr precipitation mm = 47.2 | May precipitation mm = 45.8 | Jun precipitation mm = 36.8 | Jul precipitation mm = 35.6 | Aug precipitation mm = 38.6 | Sep precipitation mm = 51.9 | Oct precipitation mm = 81.3 | Nov precipitation mm = 100.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 122.0 | Jan snow days = 3.6 | Feb snow days = 4.9 | Mar snow days = 2.8 | Apr snow days = 0.0 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.0 | Nov snow days = 0.3 | Dec snow days = 1.5 | unit snow days = 0.1 mm | source 1 = [[Layanan Meteorologi Negara Turki]]<ref>[http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/BilgiHizmetleri/Istatistikler/Documents/fiziki/t478.pdf The Yearly Measurements by Kirecburnu Station Between 1990-1999]</ref> (1949–1999)}} {{Weather box | location = Istanbul (Bahçeköy, [[Sarıyer]]), 1949-1999 | metric first = yes | collapsed=yes | single line = yes | Jan high C = 8.0 | Feb high C = 8.6 | Mar high C = 10.5 | Apr high C = 15.9 | May high C = 20.6 | Jun high C = 24.7 | Jul high C = 26.3 | Aug high C = 26.6 | Sep high C = 23.7 | Oct high C = 19.2 | Nov high C = 14.7 | Dec high C = 10.4 | Jan mean C= 4.6 | Feb mean C= 4.7 | Mar mean C= 6.0 | Apr mean C= 10.5 | May mean C= 15.0 | Jun mean C= 19.3 | Jul mean C= 21.5 | Aug mean C= 21.6 | Sep mean C= 18.2 | Oct mean C= 14.1 | Nov mean C= 12.2 | Dec mean C= 6.8 | Jan low C = 1.7 | Feb low C = 1.6 | Mar low C = 2.8 | Apr low C = 6.4 | May low C = 10.7 | Jun low C = 14.5 | Jul low C = 17.0 | Aug low C = 17.6 | Sep low C = 14.2 | Oct low C = 10.8 | Nov low C = 6.9 | Dec low C = 3.9 | Jan precipitation mm = 152.1 | Feb precipitation mm = 100.1 | Mar precipitation mm = 105.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 57.2 | May precipitation mm = 45.8 | Jun precipitation mm = 40.5 | Jul precipitation mm = 37.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 54.1 | Sep precipitation mm = 67.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 118.2 | Nov precipitation mm = 135.1 | Dec precipitation mm = 175.4 | Jan snow days = 4.6 | Feb snow days = 5.2 | Mar snow days = 3.9 | Apr snow days = 0.1 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.0 | Nov snow days = 0.5 | Dec snow days = 3.0 | unit snow days = 0.1 mm | source 1 = [[Layanan Meteorologi Negara Turki]]<ref>[http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/BilgiHizmetleri/Istatistikler/Documents/fiziki/t474.pdf The Yearly Measurements by Bahcekoy Station Between 1990-1999]</ref> (1949–1999)}} == Landskap Kota == To'u diipo pilopota'aluku lo Kesultanan Utsmaniayah (Ottoman), Distrisk Fatih lowali nga'amila wilayah lo kota Istanbul, to imbihu ngotauwali lo Kota Genoa to Galata. Benteng-benteng dudaha lo Genoa ngohuntuwa maa yilohubiyo to abad 19, bolo piloposisaliyo Menara Galata, mongohi ruwasi mopo'otanggala kota ode tilayo.<ref>{{harvnb|Çelik|1993|pp=70, 169}}</ref> Galata masatiya maa lowali tayadu lo Distrik Beyoğlu, u yilowali pusat hiburan wawu komersial to Lapangan Taksim.<ref>{{harvnb|Çelik|1993|p=127}}</ref> Istana Dolmabahce, bubu'a lo pemerintahan periode pulitiyo lo Utsmaniyah, bilulo'aliyo to Beşiktaş, papasiya to tilayo lo Beyoğlu, ngotuwali lo Stadion BJK İnönü, bubu'a lo klub olahraga panggola to Turki. Hudungu uda'a lo pemerintahan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah tangguliyo "Gerbang Agung" meyalo Bâb-ı Âli to delomo bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah, de'uwitoyito hudungu damango to Kota panggola membidu Top Kapi.<ref name="fifa-bes">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44163/index.html |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=8 April 2012 |title=Besiktas: The Black Eagles of the Bosporus |archive-date=2015-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712003045/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44163/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Bakasi lo Desa Ortaköy to Distrik Beşiktaş, tangguliyo maa pilolangguliyo ode Tihi Ortaköy, dudutuliyo to ngohilaya'o Selat Bosporus totili lo Jembatan Bosporus. To biihu Selat Bosporus imbihu tilayo utara woluwo tililahepo lo yali, de'uwitoyito bele dudula'a wawu mewah, u bungaliyo bilongu lo kaum elit wawu bangsawan to abad 19, u potirahatiya limongoliyo to sembo lo polodulahe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/29/arts/antiques-for-turks-art-to-mark-700th-year.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|last=Moonan|first=Wendy|work=The New York Times|title=For Turks, Art to Mark 700th Year|date=29 October 1999|accessdate=4 July 2012}}</ref> To Istanbul tantu-tantu diya'a taman uda'a, dabo ngohuntuwa taman hilolade to kota botiya. Taman Gülhane wawu Taman Yıldız awaliliyo wayito paango istana Topkapi wawu istana Yildiz, dabo lapatiyo ma'o maa biloli'o pilohutu taman u hu'o-hu'o ode tawu daata to dekade awali Republik Turki.<ref>{{harvnb|Boyar|Fleet|2010|p=247}}</ref> Taman uweewoliyo, Fethi Paşa Korusu, dudutuliyo to datahu to tili lo Hulude Bosporus to Anatolia, to'u ngotuwali lo Istana Yildiz. Ngohilaya'o imbihu Eropa wawu membidu Hulude Fatih Sultan Mehmet, woluwo Taman Emirgan. Taman botiya to bungaliyo mayi, ta ohu'uwo mongo ta'uwa lo Utsmaniyah. Taman botiya tanggaliyo 47 hektare, masahuru otawa lo tawu sababu ngohuntuwa tililahepo pilomulo wawu festival tulip timi'idu taawunu u hepohutuwoliyo anggadu taawunu 2005.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|2007|p=241}}</ref> === Arsitektur === == Pemerintahan == Anggadu taawunu 2004, Istanbul loali tuawu kota wolo batas-batas munisipal u merangkap batas-batas provinsiliyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/|title=TÜRKİYE BÜYÜK MİLLET MECLİSİ|website=www.tbmm.gov.tr|access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> Kota botiya, u dianggap odelo Ibukota Provinsi Istanbul, dikelola ole Munisipalitas Metropolitan Istanbul (MMI) u mongaaturu 39 distrik londo provinsi-kota botiya. Dadaata pemukiman kiki'o u meembidu wolo pusat-pusat lo tau u utama to Turki, termasuk Istanbul, popomasolo to delomo kota utamaliyo masing-masing hiheolio lo bohulio lo taawunu 1980-an, sambe mo'otapu menghasilkan munisipalitas-munisipalitas metropolitan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10725116|title=Planning and urban growth in southern Europe|date=1984|publisher=Mansell|others=Martin Wynn|isbn=0-7201-1608-2|location=London|oclc=10725116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59226956|title=Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw : institutional and spatial change|last=Taşan-Kok|first=Tuna|date=2004|publisher=Eburon Academic|isbn=90-5972-041-5|location=Delft, Netherlands|oclc=59226956}}</ref> Badan pengambil putusani botiya to Munisipalitas Metropolitan Istanbul de'uyito Dewan Munisipal u anggotaliyo mondo dewan-dewan distrik. == Demografi == To ngohilaya'a lo sojaraliyo, Istanbul lo tuladu oliyo tilala tuawu kota u damango daa to dunia. To taawunu 500 M, Konstantinopel porna lo woluo woloto 400.000-500.000 penduduk, molaodu u mohiiheo, Roma, odelo kota u damango daa to dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-05-28|archive-date=2012-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Konstantinopel u gandiapo wolo kota-kota bersojarah u utama uwewoliyo, madelo Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng, wawu Marw, dutu-dutu to posisi kota modeto'o daa sambe abad ke-12. Openu diila porna mohualinga lo mowali u damango daa to dunia, dabo masih debo mowali kota u damango daa to Eropa mondo taawunu 1500 sambe 1750, to'u dikalahkan ole London.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14932011|title=Four thousand years of urban growth : an historical census|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|date=1987|publisher=St. David's University Press|isbn=0-88946-207-0|location=Lewiston, N.Y., U.S.A.|oclc=14932011}}</ref> Badan Pusat Statistik lo Turki botiye mohendobu mayi jumulah populasi lo Munisipalitas Metropolitan Istanbul woluo 14.377.019 tau to taawunu 2014, ngoheli 19 persen populasi negara botiye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Home/Index|title=Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK)|website=www.tuik.gov.tr|access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref> To uwewo ngoheli de'uyito, to sa'ati u sama botiya, populasi to delomo batasi lo kota woluo 14.025.646 tau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/cities/|title=Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref> === Kelompok etnis wawu keagamaan === == Politik == == Ekonomi == == Budaya == === Rekreasi wawu hiburan === == Olahraga == == Media == == Pendidikan == == Pelayanan publik == == Transportasi == == Kota kembar == == Referensi == {{Reflist}} === Catatan === <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Dalala:Istanbul]] 72nsevk68wnoe29u19erch7jdmr2s5c Makkah 0 25398 68462 65213 2026-10-07T01:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 68462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = [[Kota]] | name = Makkah | subdivision_name2 = Kegubernuran Makkah | utc_offset = +3 | image_caption = Atas: Makkah dilihat dari [[Jabal an-Nur]] hingga timur laut kota. Dipotret tahun 2009<br /> Bawah: [[Masjidil Haram]] pada tahun 2009. | population_demonym = Makki<br />{{lang|ar|مكي}} | pop_est_as_of = 2020 | population_rank = Ke-3 di Arab Saudi | population_est = 2042000 | population_as_of = [[2022]] | population_total = 1578722 | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Gubernur [[Provinsi Makkah]] | leader_title = <nowiki>Wali kota</nowiki> | leader_name = Saleh al Turki | subdivision_type2 = [[Kegubernuran di Arab Saudi|Kegubernuran]] | official_name = Kota Suci Makkah | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinsi di Arab Saudi|Provinsi]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Provinsi Makkah]] | subdivision_type = Negara | subdivision_name = [[Berkas:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Arab Saudi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E}} | pushpin_map = Arab Saudi | image_flag = | image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1a = Mecca from Jabal Nur.JPG |photo2a = Makkah (Mecca).jpg |size = 320 }} | native_name = {{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}<br />''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|Makkah al-Mukarramah}}'' | timezone = [[Waktu Afrika Timur|EAT]] | website = {{URL|http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | nickname = ''Ummul-Qura'' ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}})<br/>''Bakkah'' ({{lang|ar|بكة}}) | latd = 21 | latm = 25 | latNS = N | longd = 39 | longm = 49 | longEW = E | image_seal = | seal_size = 100px }} '''Makkah<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rahardjo|first=M. Dawam|date=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w54OAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Makkah%22&q=%22Makkah%22&hl=id|title=Perspektif deklarasi Makkah: menuju ekonomi Islam|publisher=Mizan|language=id}}</ref>{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|k|ə}}; {{lang-ar|{{linktext|مكة}}}}<ref name="Cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns">{{cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns}}</ref> ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Makkah}}'' ({{IPA-acw|ˈmakːa}})}}''', resmiliyo tangguliyo '''Makkah al-Mukarramah''' مك المكرمة =Makkah, Kota yang Mulia translit=Makkat al-Mukarramah), (Ejaan tidak baku: '<nowiki/>'''Mekah'''<nowiki/>' meyalo ''''Mekkah'''<nowiki/>'),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa — KBBI VI Daring|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/Makkah|website=KBBI VI Daring|access-date=24 Februari 2024|archive-date=2024-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224053139/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/Makkah|dead-url=yes}}</ref> deuyito-yito tala tuwawu kota suci [[Islam]] wawu ibukota Provinsi Makkah, [[Arab Saudi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|last1=Merriam-Webster|first1=Inc|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> Kota botiya dutu-dutu {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} ode daratan lonto Jeddah to deheto mela, to tuwawu lembah kiki'o {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} to yitato tudu lo deheto. Populasi pulitiyo u letuladu jumulahliyo 2.150.000 tawu. To tawunu 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mecca, Saudi Arabia Metro Area Population 1950-2023|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22426/mecca/population|website=www.macrotrends.net|access-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422135031/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22426/mecca/population|archive-date=2023-04-22|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kira-kira populasi metro to tawunu 2020 deuyito-yito 2,04 yuta tawu, lo'ohutuwa Makkah lowali kota ngohuntuwa otoluliyo to kerajaan. Peziarah u hemedunggamayi jumulahliyo po'otalu lo tawuliyo selama ibadah Haji tiimidu hulalo Zulhijah. Makkah deuyito-yito tambati pilotutuw lo Nabi Muhammad. Gua Hira u ledutu to yitato lo Jabal an-Nur woluwo to kota Makkah wawu gua boyito deuto lokasi lo umati Isilamu parcaya bahwa al-Qur'an bahuliyo tiluhutoliyo ode Nabi Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|author=Khan, A M|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> mona'o de Makkah u ibadati Haji deuyito-yito lowali wajibu ode umati Isilamu ta mambo (mopo'opulu rukunu lo isilamu). [[Masjidil Haram]] deuyito bele lo [[Ka'bah]]— iloyakiniyaliyo lo umati Isilamu ma bilongu le Ibrahim wawu Isma'il u merupakan tala tuwawu situs tersuci todelomo isilamu wawu pato'o lo tabiya ode umati Isilamu ([[kiblat]]), u mopo'otohehto ma'ana kota Makkah ode umati Isilamu.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/meccablessedmedi0000noma |last=Nasr|first=Seyyed|publisher=Aperture|year=2005|isbn=0-89381-752-X|author-link=Hossein Nasr}}</ref> Olongiya lo isilamu, lonto delomiyo wawu lonto sekitar yilantala boyito malohihewo locoba u mehehu kota Makkah wawu motahangi kota boyito to delomo kuasaliyo. odelo haleliyo dadaata yilantala [[Hijaz]], kota boyito mengalami tilolahepa lo boli'o rezim u obiloli to sojarahliyo u kaya. Kota botiye pulitiyo ditaklukan todelomo penaklukan Hijaz oleh Saudi u hepimpiniyo liyo le Abdul Aziz bin Saud |Ibnu Saud wawu sekutunya to tawunu 1925. anggadu uyito , Makkah ilontonga ekspansi yang luar biasa todelomon wu'udu wawu infrastruktur wolo bangunan modern yang u lebe bohu odelo Menara Abraj Al Bait, bangunan paling molanggato opatiyo to dunia wawu Daftar bangunan terbesar otoluliyo wanu motidasari to tanggalo lantai yang menjulang tinggi to yitato Masjidil Haram. Pamarenta Saudi olo melakukan longatulu mohelungolo bangunan o sojara wawu situs arkeologi, odelo Benteng Ajyad.<ref name="independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html|location=[[London]]|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Jerome|last=Taylor|date=24 September 2011|title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html|archivedate=16 Juni 2017|access-date=}}</ref><ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 Juni 2010), Kairo.</ref><ref name="NYT">Fattah, Hassan M.[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045207/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html|date=24 September 2014}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (20 Januari 2005).</ref> Kalangan non-Muslim entelaliyo u momaso ode kota Makkah.<ref name="peters 2062">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25|title=What everyone needs to know about Islam|last=Esposito|first=John L.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-979413-3|page=25|quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims|authorlink=John Esposito}}</ref> Umati Isilamu dari lonto nga'amila lo dunia mona'o ode kota Makkah, dila bo mo ibadati Haji wawu Umrah, debo olo lowali turis u mona'o ode ''landmark'' yilantala boyito, odelo Tihi lo Aisyah wawu situs u he tolo na'o lo jamaah Haji wawu Umrah. Makkah masatiya lowali bele lo duluwo bangunan mahale to dunia, Masjidil Haram nilailiyo 100 miliar dolar AS wawu kompleks Menara Abraj Al Bait nilailiyo 15 miliar dolar AS. == Geografi == Kota Makkah ledutu sekitar 600&nbsp;km imbihu selatan kota Madinah, ilangi lebe 200&nbsp;km imbihu timuru deheto kota Jeddah. Kota botiya deuyito-yito lembah mohengu, heli-helili lo huidu patihu u tandus wolo bangunan Ka'bah lowali yibuiyo. Dengan demikian, To masa mulolo kota botiya rawan taluhu moda'a wanu sembo lo didi to'udipo pulitiyo pamarenta Arab Saudi lopo'opiyohu kota botiya wawu merenovasi kota botiya. Odelo pada umumnya kota-kota to yilantala Arab Saudi, kota botiya beriklim gurun.<ref>[https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/12551/3/Bab%201.pdf Makkah dalam Geografi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725153554/https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/12551/3/Bab%201.pdf |date=2022-07-25 }}. ''Uinsby.ac.id'', diakses tanggal 24-7-2022</ref> Hayaiyo lo lembah otolopa ode timuru sekitar 3&nbsp;km, sedangkan haya'o lembah utara ode selatan sekitar 1,5&nbsp;km. Kota botiya heli-helili lo mohelu ngolo huidu, towolotaliyo huidu Abu Qubais to bagian timuru, Huidu Abi Badidah (Kudai) wawu huidu Khundamah to bagian selatan, huidu Al Falj, Huidu Qaiqa'an, Huidu Hindi, huidu Lu'lu wawu huidu Kada (huidu pqling molanggato) to bagian utara. To zamani omo-omolu bo woluwo totolu dalalo u mowali pona'owalo u momaso ode Makkah, deuyito-yito hiyango utara to o'ato huidu Al Falh, hiyango barat ode Laut Merah wawu hiayngo selatan ode Yaman.<ref name=":0">Nina M. Armando (2005) "[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/57725595-ensiklopedi-islam Ensiklopedi Islam 5]" Jakarta : Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve</ref> {{Weather box |location = Mekkah |metric first = 1 |single line = 1 |Jan record high C = 37.4 |Feb record high C = 38.3 |Mar record high C = 42.4 |Apr record high C = 44.7 |May record high C = 49.4 |Jun record high C = 49.6 |Jul record high C = 49.8 |Aug record high C = 49.7 |Sep record high C = 49.4 |Oct record high C = 47.0 |Nov record high C = 41.2 |Dec record high C = 38.4 |year record high C = 49.8 |Jan high C = 30.5 |Feb high C = 31.7 |Mar high C = 34.9 |Apr high C = 38.7 |May high C = 42.0 |Jun high C = 43.8 |Jul high C = 43.0 |Aug high C = 42.8 |Sep high C = 42.8 |Oct high C = 40.1 |Nov high C = 35.2 |Dec high C = 32.0 |year high C = 38.1 |Jan mean C = 24.0 |Feb mean C = 24.7 |Mar mean C = 27.3 |Apr mean C = 31.0 |May mean C = 34.3 |Jun mean C = 35.8 |Jul mean C = 35.9 |Aug mean C = 35.7 |Sep mean C = 35.0 |Oct mean C = 32.2 |Nov mean C = 28.4 |Dec mean C = 25.6 |year mean C = 30.8 |Jan low C = 18.8 |Feb low C = 19.1 |Mar low C = 21.1 |Apr low C = 24.5 |May low C = 27.6 |Jun low C = 28.6 |Jul low C = 29.1 |Aug low C = 29.5 |Sep low C = 28.9 |Oct low C = 25.9 |Nov low C = 23.0 |Dec low C = 20.3 |year low C = 24.7 |Jan record low C = 11.0 |Feb record low C = 10.0 |Mar record low C = 13.0 |Apr record low C = 15.6 |May record low C = 20.3 |Jun record low C = 22.0 |Jul record low C = 23.4 |Aug record low C = 23.4 |Sep record low C = 22.0 |Oct record low C = 18.0 |Nov record low C = 16.4 |Dec record low C = 12.4 |year record low C = 10.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 20.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 3.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 5.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 10.3 |May precipitation mm = 1.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 5.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 5.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 14.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 22.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 22.1 |year precipitation mm = 111.8 |Jan humidity = 58 |Feb humidity = 54 |Mar humidity = 48 |Apr humidity = 43 |May humidity = 36 |Jun humidity = 33 |Jul humidity = 34 |Aug humidity = 39 |Sep humidity = 45 |Oct humidity = 50 |Nov humidity = 58 |Dec humidity = 59 |year humidity = 59 |Jan precipitation days = 4.0 |Feb precipitation days = 0.9 |Mar precipitation days = 1.8 |Apr precipitation days = 1.8 |May precipitation days = 0.7 |Jun precipitation days = 0.0 |Jul precipitation days = 0.3 |Aug precipitation days = 1.5 |Sep precipitation days = 2.0 |Oct precipitation days = 1.9 |Nov precipitation days = 3.9 |Dec precipitation days = 3.6 |year precipitation days = 22.4 |Jan sun = 260.4 |Feb sun = 245.8 |Mar sun = 282.1 |Apr sun = 282.0 |May sun = 303.8 |Jun sun = 321.0 |Jul sun = 313.1 |Aug sun = 297.6 |Sep sun = 282.0 |Oct sun = 300.7 |Nov sun = 264.0 |Dec sun = 248.0 |year sun = |Jand sun = 8.4 |Febd sun = 8.7 |Mard sun = 9.1 |Aprd sun = 9.4 |Mayd sun = 9.8 |Jund sun = 10.7 |Juld sun = 10.1 |Augd sun = 9.6 |Sepd sun = 9.4 |Octd sun = 9.7 |Novd sun = 8.8 |Decd sun = 8.0 |yeard sun = 9.3 |source 1 = Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name = JRCC>{{cite web | url = http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF | title = Climate Data for Saudi Arabia | publisher = Jeddah Regional Climate Center | accessdate = October 29, 2015 | archive-date = 2012-05-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF | dead-url = yes }}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun, 1986–2000)<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = January 25, 2016}}</ref> }} == Sejarah == [[Berkas:Mecca from Jabal Nur.JPG|jmpl|ka|Pemandangan Kota Mekkah dari [[Jabal an-Nur|Jabal Nur]].]] Perkembangan kota Makkah dila yilo lopato lonto owoluwoliyo Nabi Ismail wawu Hajar lowali tawu bohuliyo lo kota botiya u pilo titolawa le Nabi Ibrahim toyitato parenta Allah.<ref>Al-A'zami, M.M., (2005), ''Sejarah Teks Al-Qur'an dari Wahyu sampai Kompilasi'', (terj.), Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, ISBN 979-561-937-3.</ref> To yilumayi'o yilumeneto tawu lo Jurhum to pulitiyo loti tola tetomota. Nabi Ismail lonika wolo wala'o Muzaz bin Amr (tangota lo tokoh lonto kabilah Jurhum).<ref name=":0" /> Turunani lo Nabi Ismail lonto nika botiya lapata'o yilumayi'o lowali penduduk Makkah. To masa lapatiyo kota botiya hepimpiniyoliyo lo Quraisy u merupakan kabilah meyalo suku yang utama to Jazirah Arab karna oluwo haku momalihara ode Ka'bah. Suku botiye ilotawa todelomo bidang lodahangi bahkan to masa boyito kokoliyo'o lodahangi timongoliyo ilotawa sambe Damaskus, Palestina, awu Afrika. Tokoh lowali olongiyo lo kabilah Quraisy deuyito-yito Qussai u mayilanjutiyaliyo lo Abdul Muthalib. To saati boyito, Makkah dila berbentuk kerajaan, uwewoliyo bo liwali tambati hipotitola lo suku Quraisy. to polo dulahu, suku Quraisy biasaliyo mopinda ode Syam, wanu to polo didi mo pinta ode Yaman. eleponu odito, ma woluwo tayade lo to Makkah. to wolotaliyo :<ref name=":0" /> # Hijabah (ta dihu-dihu u'unti lo pintu Ka'bah) # Siqaayah (ta a'awasi mato lotaluhu zam-zam) # Rifaadah (ta hemosadia u'alo ode tamu to Makkah) # Liwaa' (ta hemongaturu panji popateya) # Qiyaadah (olongiya pasukan popateya) To tawunu 571, Nabi Muhammad turunan langsung lonto Nabi Ismail wolo Qussai, pilo tutuliyo to kota botiye wawu tilummlo sambe dewasa. Bohuliyo yilololimo wahyu lonto Allah dabo ajaranliyo dila tilolimo lo kaumuliyo u sa'ati boyito donggo woluwo to delomo diolomo lo pikirangi Jahiliah sambe lopinta ode Madinah. lapato Madinah mayilumayi'o, pulitiyo Nabi Muhammad lohuwalingo ode Makkah to delomo misi mopobebasi kota Makkah diyalu mopolohu duhu u ilotawa wolo ''Fathul Makkah'' to tawunu 630 (8 Hijriyah). To masa lapatiyo Makkah woluwo to tibawa lo administrasi Khulafaur Rasyidin. to masa botiya, Makkah dila pilohutuliyo yibu'o lo pamarenta. Yibu'o lo pamarenta pemerintahan Khulafaur Rasyidin tatapu woluwo to Madinah. lapato uwito Makkah woluwo to tibawa lo administrasi para Khalifah u saati boyito kua-kuasa to Damaskus Dinasti Bani Umayyah, Bagdad Dinasti Bani Abbasiyah, dan Istanbul Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Kemudian lapato lo antulu sistem kekhalifahan, kota botiye kiluasa lo Syarif Makkah u lodudu'a lolawani pamarenta Usmaniah wawu dila lohihewo odito berhasil ilowahuwa wawu pilo tuwawuiyo to delomo pamarenta Arab Saudi ole Abdul Aziz bin Saud u lapatiyo lowali hadamu ode duluwo kota suci Isilam, Makkah wawu Madinah. Gara'i u biasa hepomake lo olongiya u pornah lo mimpin duluwo kota suci boyito.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWetNGfC5DoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA18&dq=%22Makkah%22&hl=id|title=History of Makkah|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=978-9960-892-02-3|language=en}}</ref> == Pemerintahan == Sistem administrasi pemerintahan Kota Makkah, hepimpiniyoliyo lo ngota lo wali kota hetanggulaliyo ''amir'' u tilunu lo pamarenta Arab Saudi wawu hebantuwaliyo lo majelis dewan kota u tilulawoto lo masyarakat totambati boyito dadataliyo mopulu wawu wopato lota. Kota Makkah olo ibu kota lonto Provinsi Makkah, to'utonu anggadu tanggal 16 Mei 2007, u bilintaiyo lowali Gubernur provinsi boyito deuyito-yito Pangeran Khalid Al Faisal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|title=Prince Khalid Alfaisal Appointed as Governor of Makkah Region|publisher=Saudi Press Agency|date=16 Mei 2007|accessdate=2008-01-01|archive-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pendidikan == Lowali yibu'o lo agama Isilami uwewoliyo lo Madinah, kota botiya oluwo pusat pusat pendidikan wawu pengajaran agama Isilam. Pendidikan formal ma mulai pilopolayiio anggadu pulito periode Kesultanan Utsmaniyah wopo-wopoto turusi sambe to tawunu 1912, Muhammad Ali Zaynal ʿ Ridha, ngota lo dahangi lonto Jeddah, lopotihulo Madrasah al-Falah to Makkah wolo biaya wakutu boyito £400.000.<ref name = EIModern>"Makka – The Modern City", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> Sambe to tawunu 2005, to Makkah woluwo 532 sikolah umum meyalo swasta ode mongola'i wawu 681 sikolah umum meyalo swasta ode siswa mongobuwa .<ref>Statistical information department of the ministry of education:[http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar Statistical summary for education in Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091009/http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar |date=2015-12-22 }} (AR)</ref> Sedangkan perguruan tinggi bohuliyo pilotihuliyo to kota botiye deuyito-yito sekitar tawunu 1949, wolo tanggulo ''Kulliyyat al-Shar'ía'', u lapat'o lowali Fakultas Shar'iah lonto Universitas King Abdul Aziz u woluwo to Jeddah.<ref name="Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, (2007), ''Historic Cities of The Islamic World'', Netherlands: BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2.</ref> == Kesehatan == Lowali kota suci umati Isilam wawu tambati menunaikan ibadah haji, kota Makkah timi'idu tawunu mololinmo kunjungan lonto umati Isilam lonto tilolahepa lo nogara, tantu fasilitas kesehatan merupakan fasilitas pendukung utama u lowali perhatian khusus lo pamarenta lo Arab Saudi.<ref name="Bosworth" /> == Masjidilharam == [[Berkas:Christian Bypass.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Rambu Petunjuk "Non-Muslim Bypass": Non-Muslim tidak diizinkan memasuki kota Mekkah.]] Masjidilharam, adakalanya tanggulaliyo olo wolo Masjid al-Haram meyalo ''Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām'' (Arab: <big>'''المسجد الحرام'''</big>), Tihi u ledutu to Kota Makkah Al Mukharamah, u bilonguliyo heli-helili Ka'bah, u lowali talu lo kiblati umati Isilam to delomo mokraja ibadah Shalat. uwewoliyo leto To tihi botiye tala tuwawu rukunu lo ibadah haji u wajibu wajib pohutuwo lo umati Isilam deuyito-yito''tawaf'', mohelili Ka'bah po'opitu. lowali kota suci umat Islam, lo tidasari to hukum u berlaku to Arab Saudi, ode non-Muslim dila iziniyaliyo mo maso ode kota Mekkah botiye.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=|isbn=069102619X|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206] }}</ref> == Ka'bah == Ka'bah (Arab: '''الكعبة''') tuwawu bangunan u ngope'e odelo kubus u ledutu to hungiyo lo Masjidil Haram to Kota Makkah. Bangunan botiye deuyito-yito monumen suci ode umati Islam. Bangunan botiye lowali pato'o talu lo kiblati u mo ibadati tabiya, ode umati Isilam to nga'amila dunia.<ref>[http://abbah.yolasite.com/resources/SEJARAH%20KA%27ABAH.pdf Ka'bah dalam Sejarah Makkah] ''abbah.yolasite.com'', diakses tanggal 24-7-2022</ref> == Air Zamzam == Zamzam (Arab: '''زمزم''') Deuyito tanggulo taluhu u hilamaliyo lonto tuwawu lo lai lo mato lo taluhu to deloma huta u ledutu to delomo kawasan Masjidilharam, imbihu tunggara Ka'bah, wolo delomiyo sekitar 42 meter. Taluhu zamzam botiya deuyito sumber lo taluhu beresi utama ode kota Makkah. uwewoliyo heyilumoliyo, taluhu botiya olo hepopohunaliyo lo taluhu tabiya ode jemaah ta mo ibadati ibadah tabiya to Masjidilharam.<ref>[http://eprints.umm.ac.id/46773/3/BAB%202.pdf Zam-zam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015011302/http://eprints.umm.ac.id/46773/3/BAB%202.pdf |date=2022-10-15 }}, ''eprints.umm.ac.id'', diakses tanggal 24-7-2022</ref> [[Berkas:Zamzamwill.JPG|jmpl|ka|200px|Jemaah berwudu dari air zamzam.]] == Kota-kota dalam Ibadah Haji == [[Berkas:Makkahi mukarramah.jpg|ka|jmpl|200px|Pintu masuk [[Masjidil Haram]] dan Hotel Dar Al Tawheed.]] ngopohiya lo Makkah, kota meyalo yilantala u hepopohunliyo to delomo ibadaha haji deuyito-yito Mina, Muzdalifah, wawu Arafah, lapata'o woluwo to kota meyalo yilantala u hepopohunaliyo lo jemaah haji u molumulo prosesiliyo towolota lo uweweoliyo : Bir Ali meyalo Dzulkulaifah u woluwo to diluari lo kota Madinah lowali pato'o jemaah u asali lonto Madinah, wolo Qarnul Manazil meyalo Yalamlam ode jemaah haji u momaso monto Yaman.<ref>[https://haji.kemenag.go.id/v4/sites/default/files/2020-04/Buku%20Tuntunan%20Manasik%20Haji.pdf Tuntunan Manasik Haji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620152525/https://haji.kemenag.go.id/v4/sites/default/files/2020-04/Buku%20Tuntunan%20Manasik%20Haji.pdf |date=2023-06-20 }} ''kemenag.go.id'', diakses tanggal 24-7-2022</ref> == Bilohi Olo == * [[Makkiyah|Surah-surah Makkiyah]] * [[Daftar ekspedisi Muhammad]] * [[Waktu Mekkah]] * [[Abdurrahman As-Sudais]] Imam besar [[Masjidil Haram|Masjidilharam]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} ge8tvug8i9lr5eu5mrbxklta4g91qro