Wikipedia gotwiki https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Special Talk 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 Wikipedia 𐌸𐌹𐍃 Wikipedia 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9085 49339 49325 2026-07-29T21:02:21Z Eiliv 10999 49339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰''' (''Trøndelag'') 𐌸𐌰𐌿 '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (''Trondheim'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃]]. 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 [[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃]] (''Trondheim''). [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] pdmcwxs26ns0lhmthzc6xswysbbsti1 49345 49339 2026-07-29T21:23:50Z Eiliv 10999 49345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰''' (''Trøndelag'') 𐌸𐌰𐌿 '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (''Trondheim'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃]]. 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 [[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃]] (''Trondheim''). [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰]] ravy29tamf8q0n2gd4ss6sl3hwhq2nu 2 9087 49355 49278 2026-07-29T22:46:19Z Eiliv 10999 49355 wikitext text/x-wiki This list is an attempt to catalogue the Gothic forms of various Norwegian place names. Of special value are the ones where we can expect a Proto-Norse or Proto-Germanic form, as those would easily have been borrowed into Gothic with minor adjustments (such as ''Oslo''; PN. ''*Ansulauhu'' → Gothic ''𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰''). This equally applies to the ones with name elements not found in Gothic, such as PN. ''*ferþuʀ'' and ''*būwiʀ'' (Got. ''*𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃'', ''*𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''). * Agder → '''[[𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃]]''' (Agidōs); ON. ''Agðir'' f.pl., singular ''*Ǫgð'', PGem. ''*Agidō''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''egder'' (sg. ''egd'') → '''𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (agideis), ON. ''egðir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*agidīz''. * Aker → '''𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃''' (Akrs); ON. ''Akr'', PGem. ''*akraz''. * Akershus → '''𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃''' (Akrahūs); ON. ''akr'' + ''hús'', PGem. ''*akraz'' + ''hūsą''. * Alta → '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍄𐍃''' (Albits), '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Albitáuja); ON. ''Alpti'' m., PGem. ''*albits'', ''*albuts''. Another name, ''*Alptey'' f., might have been the origin of Sami ''*Álapteajju'', later ''Álaheadju''. * Alvdal, Elvdal → '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Albidals); ON. ''Elfardalr'', PGem. ''*albī'' + ''*dalaz''. * Aremark → '''𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Aramarka); ON. ''*Aramǫrk'', PGem. ''*arô'' + ''*markō''. * Asker (Askar) → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃''' (Askōs); ON. ''Askar'' m.pl., PN. *ᚨᛊᚲᛟᛉ (''*Askōʀ''). * Askim → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (Askaháims); ON. ''Ask(h)eimr'', PGem. ''*askaz'' + ''*haimaz''. * Askvoll → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃''' (Askawalþus); ON. ''*Askvǫllr'', PGem. ''*askaz'' + ''*walþuz''. * Aspern → '''𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Aspeis); ON. ''Aspir'' m., PGem. ''*Aspijaz''. * Austfold, Østfold, see ''Fold''. * Bardu → '''𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉''' (Bardjō). Sami ''Beardu'', possibly from a word borrowed from PN. ''*bardiō(n)'', PGem. ''*bardiǭ'' or ''*bardiō'', derived from ''*bardą'', ''*bardaz''. * Bjørgvin, Bergen → '''[[𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰]]''' (Baírgawinja); ON. ''Bjǫrgvin'', ''*Biargwin'' f., PN. *ᛒᛖᚱᚷᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚢ (''*Bergawinju''), PGem. ''*bergą'' + ''*winjō''. * Bodø, Bodøya, Bodin → '''𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Budawinja); ON. ''Boðin'' f., older ''*Boðawin'', PGem. ''*budô'' + ''*winjō''. * Borre → '''𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐍅𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌰''' (Baúrdawranha); ON. ''Borró'' f., older ''*Borðró'', PGem. ''*burdą'' + ''*wranhō''. * Bragernes (Brakenes, Branes) → '''𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Brakanasi); ON. ''Brakanes'' n., from ''braki'' + ''nes'', PGem. ''*brakô'' + ''nasją''. * Bygland → '''𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Biggwaland); ON. ''Byggland'', PGem. ''*bewwą'' + ''*landą''. * Bærum, Bærom → '''𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (Baírgaháims); ON. ''Berg(h)eimr'', PGem. ''*bergą'' + ''*haimaz''. * Dramn, Drammen → '''[[𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌽𐌰]]''' (Drabna); ON. ''Drǫfn'' f. (gen. ''Drafnar''), ''Drafn'' m., PN. *ᛞᚱᚨᛒᚾᚢ (''*Drabnu''), PGem. ''Drabnō'', ''n''-derivation of ''*drabaz''. * Eigerøya → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰''' (Áikunþa), or maybe '''𐌰𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰''' (Áiqinþa) (?); ON. ''Eikund'' f., PGem. ''*Aikwenþō'', ''*Aikunþō'', ''*aiks'' + ''*-wenþō'', ''*-unþō''. ** Eigersund, Egersund → '''𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃''' (Sund Áikunþōs), '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Áikunþasund); ON. ''Eikundarsund'' n., ''Eikund'' + ''sund'', PGem. ''*sundą''. * Eiker → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Áikjōs); ON. ''Eikjar'' f.pl. from the neuter ''eiki'', PGem. ''*aikiją''. * Eikeren → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Áikeis); ON. ''Eikir'' m., PGem. ''*Aikijaz'', from ''*aiks''. * Eina → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰'''; ON. ''*Eini'' m. (dat. ''Eina''), PGem. ''*Jainijô'', from ''*jainijaz'' (juniper). Synonyms derived from the name are ''Einafjord'' → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃''' and ''Einavatn'' → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉'''. * Evje → '''𐌰𐌱𐌾𐍉''' (Abjō); ON. ''Efja'' m., PGem. ''*abjǭ''. * Finnmark → '''𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Finnamarka); ON. ''Finnmǫrk'', PGem. ''*finnaz'' + ''*markō''. * Fjordane → '''𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃''' (Faírþjus); ON. ''Firðir'' m.pl., PGem. ''*ferþuz''. * Flora, Florø → '''𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅𐍂𐍉''' (Flōwrō), '''𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍉''' (Flōwarō); ON. ''Flóra'' f., PGem. ''*flōw(a)rǭ''. * Flåm → '''𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌷𐍉𐍃''' (Flahōs); ON. ''Flár'' f.pl. (dat. ''Flám''), PGem. ''*flahō''. * Fold (Vest-, Aust-) → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰''' (Fulda); ON. ''Fold'' f., PGem. ''*fuldō''<!--, ''*fulþō''-->. * Follo → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰''' (Fuldaláuha); ON. ''Folló'', older ''Fold(ar)ló'', ''Fold'' + ''ló'', PGem. ''*fuldō''<!--, ''*fulþō''--> + ''*lauhō''. * Fosen, Fosna → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃𐌽𐌰''' (Fulgsna); ON. ''Fólgsn'', ''Fólksn'', ''sn''-derivation from ''fela'' (part. ''folginn''), PGem. ''*felhaną'' (part. ''*fulganaz''). * Fredrikstad → '''𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃''' (Friþureikstaþs), '''𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃''' (Friþareikeistaþs) (?). PGem. ''*Friþurīks'' + ''*stadiz''. * Frøya → '''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Fráuja); ON. ''Frey'' f., PGem. ''*Frawjō''. * Fyresdal → '''𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Faúrhidals); ON. ''Fyrisdalr'', from ''*Fyrir'' (lake name), PGem. ''*Furhijaz'' (?), from ''*furhwǭ'' / ''*furhō''. * Førde (Fyrde) → '''𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃''' (Faírþus); ON. ''Firði'' (dat. of ''Fjǫrðr''), PGem. ''*ferþuz''. * Geilo → '''𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃''' (Gáilōs); ON. ''Geilar'' f.pl. (dat. ''Geilum''), PGem. ''*gailō''. * Geiranger (Gjerangen) → '''𐌲𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Garwjaggrs); ON. ''*Gerangr'', older ''*Gerwangʀ'', PN. *ᚷᚨᚱᚹᛁᚨᛜᚱᚨᛉ (''*Garwiangraʀ), PGem. ''*garwijō'' + ''*angraz''.<ref>Oddvar Nes (1984), “Geiranger”, in ''Namn og nemne'' (in Norwegian), [https://www.nb.no/items/b2656ee725fc71f15ca1a5c58f2b500e?page=38| page 37]</ref> * Gjøvik (Djøvik, Djivik) → '''𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Diupweiks); ON. ''Djúpvík'', PGem. ''*deupaz'' + ''*wīks''. * Gol (Gord) → '''𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰''' (Garda); ON. ''Gǫrð'' f. (gen. ''Garðar''), PN. *ᚷᚨᚱᛞᚢ (''*Gardu''), derived from ''*gardaz''. * Granvin (Grove) → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Granawinja); ON. ''Granvin'' f., PGem. ''*granō'' + ''*winjō''. * Grenland → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Graniland); ON. ''Grenland'' n., PGem. ''*granīz'' m.pl. + ''*landą''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''grener'' m.pl. → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (graneis), ON. ''grenir'', PGem. ''*granīz''. Cf. Latin ''gran(n)ii''. * Gudbrandsdal → '''𐌲𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍉𐍃''' (Guþabrandadalōs); ON. ''Guðbrandsdalir'' m.pl., ''Guðbrandr'' + ''dalr'', PGem. ''*gudą'' + ''*brandaz'' + ''*dalaz''. * Hadsel → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌻''' (Háubiþasigl); ON. ''Hǫfðasegl'' n., PGem. ''*habudô'' (← ''*habudą'') + ''*seglą''. * Hajeren (Hagjeren) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (Hagjis); ON. ''*Hagir'' m., an ''ija''-derivation of older ''*Hagi''. Possibly newer than Proto-Norse, or else it would have been ''*Hagīʀ'', PGem. ''*hagô'' + ''*-ijaz''. What’s clear is that it must originate from after Holtzmann’s law, as PGem. *Hagjaz'' would have turned into ''*Heggr''. * Halden (Hallen) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰''' (Halla), '''𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌿𐍃''' (Hallus). Danish name ''Fredrikshald'' (1665–1928); ON. ''hǫll'' (hall), PGem. ''hallō'', or ''hallr'' (slope), PGem. ''halluz''. * Hamar → '''𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍃''' (Hamars); ON. ''Hamarr'' m., PGem. ''*hamaraz''. * Hamarfest, Hammerfest → '''𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹''' (Hamarafasti); ON. ''hamarr'' m., PGem. ''*hamaraz'' + ''festr'' f., PN. *ᚠᚨᛊᛏᛁᛟᛉ (''fastiōʀ''), PGem. ''fastijō''. * Hardanger → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Harudaggrs); ON. ''Harðangr'' m., PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*angraz''. * Harstad → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Harudastaþeis); ON. ''*Harðarstaðir'' m.pl., ''Hǫrðr'' (male name) + ''staðr'', PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*stadiz''. * Haugalandet → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Háugaland); ON. ''Haugar'' m.pl. (farm name) + ''land'', PGem. ''*haugaz'' + ''*landą''. * Haugesund → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Háugasund); ON. ''Haugar'' m.pl. (farm name) + ''sund'', PGem. ''*haugaz'' + ''*sundą''. * Heidmark, Hedmark → '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Háiþimarka), '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Háiþinamarka); ON. ''Heiðmǫrk'' f., from ''heiðnir'' (tribe name, [[w:en:Chaedini|Chaedini]]), PGem. ''*haiþīnaz''. * Herad → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌳''' (Harjirēd); ON. ''Herað'' m., PGem. ''*harjarēdą'', from ''*harjaz'' + ''*rēdą''. Alternative etymologies include ''*harjaraidō'' and ''*hīwarāðą'' (from ''*hīwą''). * Hjerkinn (Hjerdkinn) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃''' (Haírdakinnus); ON. ''Hjarðkinn'' f., PGem. ''*herdō'' + ''*kinnuz''. * Honningsvåg → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍅𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍃''' (Haúrnuggawēgs); ON. ''*Hornungsvágr'' m., from ''*Hornungr'' (likely mountain name) + ''vágr'', PGem. ''*hurną'' + ''*wēgaz''. * Hordaland → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Harudaland); ON. ''Hǫrðaland'' n., PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*landą''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''hordar'' m.pl. → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (harudōs), ON. ''hǫrðar'', PGem. ''*harudōz''. Cf. ''[[w:en:Charudes|Charudes]]'' (Harudes). * Hålogaland → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Háuhláugjaland); ON. ''Hálogaland'', from gen. pl. of ''háleygir'' m., PGem. ''hauhalaugijaz''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''håløyger'' m.pl. → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (háuhláugjōs), ON. ''háleygir'', PGem. ''*hauhalaugijōz''. * Jæren (Jâren) → '''𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍃''' (Idars); ON. ''Jaðarr'' m., PGem. ''*edaraz''. * Karmøy (Kartå) → '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍄𐌰''' (Karmta), '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Karmauja); ON. ''Kǫrmt'' f. (gen. ''Karmtar''), derived from ''karmr'', PGem. ''*karmaz''. Uncertain derivation suffix, possibly either ''*-þō'' or ''-dō''. * Kirkenes, Kyrkjenes → '''𐌺𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Kirikjanasi), '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Aíkklēsjanasi); ON. ''kirkja'' + ''nes'' n., replaced older ''Pisselvnes'' (piss river ness) and ''Håkjerringnes'' (Greenland shark ness), the latter a translation of Sami ''Áhkolatnjárga''. Modern Sami ''Girkonjárga'' (after Norwegian), Finnish ''Kirkkoniemi''. * Krøderen → '''𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌷𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Kranhōdeis); ON. ''Krǿðir'' m., PN. *ᚲᚱᚨᚺᚢᛞᛁᛉ (''Krāhudīʀ''), older ᚲᚱᚨᚾᚺᚢᛞᛁᚨᛉ (''*Kranhudiaʀ''), PGem. ''*Kranhōdijaz'', ''ia''-derivation of ''*kranhōdaz'', from ''*kranhō'', cf. ''*wranhō''.<ref>Arnoldus Hille (1983), “Innsjønavnet Krøderen”, in ''Fra ord til navn'' (in Norwegian Bokmål), [https://www.nb.no/items/adc92014764171e1fd7f34c138b6da5f?page=82| page 83]</ref> * Leikanger → '''𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍉𐍃''' (Láikawaggōs); ON. ''Leikvangir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*laikaz'' + ''*wangaz'' (pl. ''*wangōz''). * Lier (Lider) → '''𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (Hleidōs); ON. ''Líðir'' f.pl., older ''*Hlíðir'', PGem. ''*hlīdō''. * Lindesnes → '''𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Leiþandnasi); ON. ''Líðandi'' + ''nes'', PGem. ''*līþandz'' + ''*nasją''. * Lofot(en) → '''𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃''' (Laúhafōtus); ON. ''Lófótr'', PGem. ''*luhǭ'' (← ''*luhsaz'', cf. ''*fuhǭ'') + ''*fōts''. * Lom → '''𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐍃''' (Láuhōs); ON. ''Lóar'' (dat. ''Lóm'', ''Lóum''), PGem. ''*lauhō''. * Mjøs, Mjøsa → '''𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰''' (Maírsa); ON. ''Mjǫrs'', PN. *ᛗᛖᚱᛊᚢ (''*Mersu''), PGem. ''*Mersō''. * Molde → '''𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (Muldōs); ON. ''Moldar'' f.pl., PGem. ''*muldō''. * Morn, Marna, Mandalselva → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰''' (Marna); ON. ''Mǫrn'' f., PGem. ''*Marnō'', a derivation of ''*mari'', cf. ''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹''. Another teaory claims it comes from ''*marhaz'', thus giving ''*Marhnō'' → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌽𐌰''', cf. ''*𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃''. ** Mandal, Marnardal → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Marnadals); ON. ''Marnardalr'' m., PGem. ''*Marnō'' + ''*dalaz''. * Mysen, Møsi → '''𐌼𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Musawinja); ON. ''Mysin'' f., older ''*Muswin'', PN. *ᛗᚢᛊᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚢ (''*Musawinju''), PGem. ''*musô'' + ''winjō''. * Møre (Sunn-, Nord-) → '''𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌹''' (Mōri) (''𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰-'', ''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰-''); ON. ''Mǿrr'' f. (dat. ''Mǿri''), PN. *ᛗᛟᚱᛁᛟᛉ (''*Mōriōʀ''), PGem. ''*Mōrijō'' / ''*Mōrī''. * Narvik → '''𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Naírþuweiks); ON. ''*Njarðarvík'' (''Njǫrðr'' + ''vík''), PGem. ''*Nerþuz'' + ''*wīks''. * Nes → '''𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Nasi); ON. ''Nes'', PGem. ''*Nasją''. A name found multiple places, either as villages, municipalities or farms. * Nesbyen → '''𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Nasjabūws); ON. ''*Nesbýr'', PGem. ''*Nasją'' + ''*būwiz''. * Nisser → '''𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃''' (Nidwasáiws); ON. ''Nizir'', ''*Niðsær'', PGem. ''*Nidwō'' + ''*saiwiz''. ** Nissedal → '''𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃''' (Dals Nidwasáiwis); ON. ''*Nizidalr''. * Nordby → '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Naúrþrabūws); ON. ''Norðbýr'', PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*būwiz''. * Nordland → '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Naúrþraland); ON. ''norðr'' + ''land'', PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*landą''. * Noreg, Norway<ref name=eng-name>English name that is or has been in use.</ref> → '''[[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]]''' (Naúrþrawigs), or less preferable, '''𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃''' (Nōrawigs); ON. ''Noregr'', ''Norvegr'', possibly older ''*Norðvegr'' (cf. OEn. ''Norðweg''), PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*wegaz''. Another theory is ''*Nórvegr'', from ''nór'' (narrow sound), PGem. ''*nōrą'', ''*nōraz'', as it better aligns with attested Norse forms, with a consistent lack of ''-ð-'', and an occasional long vowel (''Nóregr''). Foreign forms that reflect ''*nurþraz'' might stem from a conflation with ''norðmaðr'', PGem. ''*nurþramannz''. *: Another historical name is ''Norðmannaland'', whose Gothic form would be '''𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴''' (Land naúrþamannē) or '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Naúrþramanaland). *: The origin of the name is explained in Orkneyinga Saga as coming from the legendary founder Nor → '''𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍃''' (Nōrs); ON. ''Nórr'', PGem. ''*Nōraz'', derived from ''*nōrą''. However it might be the other way around instead. * Onsaker → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃''' (Wōdanakrs); ON. ''*Óðinsakr'' m., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*akraz''. * Onsrud → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳''' (Wōdanarud), '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍆''' (Wōdanahuf); ON. ''Óðinn'' + ''ruð'' n. (← PGem. ''*rudą''), older ''Óðinshof'' n., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*hufą''. * Onsøy → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Wōdanáuja); ON. ''Óðinsey'' f., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*awjō''. * Oppland (Uppland) → '''𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰''' (Iuplanda); ON. ''Upplǫnd'' n.pl., PGem. ''*upp'' + ''*landą''. * Orkanger → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Waúrkaggrs); ON. ''*Ork'' + ''angr'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*angraz''. * Orkdal → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Waúrkadals); ON. ''Orkardalr'', older ''*Orkardalr'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*dalaz''. * Orkla (river) → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉''' (Waúrkilō), → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Waúrka); ON. ''*Orkla'' f., older ''*Ork'' f., PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?). * Orkland → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Waúrkaland); ON. ''*Ork'' + ''land'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*landą''. * Oslo → '''[[𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰]]''' (Ansuláuha); ON. ''Ósló'', ''Ǫ́sló'', ''Ásló'' f., PN. *ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛚᚨᚢᚺᚢ (''*Ansulauhu''), *ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛚᛟᚺᚢ (''*Ansulōhu''). *: The origin of ''Oslo'' has been up to debate, with several theories spanning between ''*ansaz'' / ''*amsaz'' (mountain ridge) and ''*ōsaz'' (estuary), however the vowel was nasal in Old Norse, as seen in Dutch ''Ansloo'' and Latin ''Ansloa'', so ''*ōsaz'' is ruled out. The third theory is ''*ansuz'' (god), which due to ''u''-umlaut would explain the ''ó-'' vowel (cf. the form ''óss'' alongside ''áss'', and names like ''Ósmundr'' / ''Ásmundr''). The latter element ''ló'' is the PGem. ''*lauhō'' f. (meadow), an alternative form of the masculine ''*lauhaz'' which gave rise to the West Germanic forms.<ref>Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989), “[https://ordsifjabok.arnastofnun.is/faersla/13840| Osló]”, in ''Íslensk orðsifjabók'', Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</ref> The Gothic adaptation could very well use the feminine form for consistency, as the word is not attested in this language, and it would be natural for it to be borrowed in the feminine form had Gothic gotten it from Proto-Norse. * Otra, Otre → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍉''' (Utrō); ON. ''Otra'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?), ''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz''. ** Oddernes (Otrenes) → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Utranasi); ON. ''Otrunes'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?) (''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz'') + ''*nasją''. ** Odderøya (Otrøya) → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Utráuja); ON. ''Otrey'', ''Otruey'', from ''Otra'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?) (''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz'') + ''*awjō''. * Otta → '''𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍉''' (Uhtō); ON. ''Ótta'' f., from ''ótti'' (fear, dread), PGem. ''*uhtô''. * Ringerike → '''𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹''' (Hriggareiki); ON. ''Hringaríki'' n., PGem. ''*hringaz'' + ''*rīkiją''. * Rogaland → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Rugiland); ON. ''Rogaland'', PGem. ''*rugīz'' (sg. ''*rugiz'') + ''*landą''. Cf. [[w:en:Rugiland|Rugiland]] and [[w:en:Rügen|Rügen]]. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''ryger'' m.pl. → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (rugeis), ON. ''rygir'', PGem. ''*rugīz''. Cf. ''[[w:en:Rugii|Rugii]]''. * Romerike → '''𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹''' (Raumareiki); ON. ''Raumaríki'' n., PGem. ''*rīkiją''. * Ryfylke → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌹''' (Rugifulki) or '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌹 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴''' (Fulki Rugē); ON. ''Rygjafylki'', gen. of ''rygir'' + ''fylki'', PGem. ''*rugīz'' + ''*fulkiją''. * Røros (Røyros) → '''𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃''' (Ráudjamunþs); ON. ''*Reyðaróss'', PGem. ''*raudijō'' (from ''*raudaz'') + ''*ōsaz''. * Røst → '''𐍅𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰''' (Wrasta); ON. ''Rǫst'', PGem. ''*wrastō''. * Røyken → '''𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Hráukawinja); ON. ''Reykin'' f., older ''*Hreyk(w)in'', ''*Hrauk(w)in'', PGem. ''*hraukaz'' + ''*winjō''. * Salten, Salta (in Nordland) → '''𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍆𐍄𐌰''' (Salfta); ON. ''Salpti'' m., ''t''-derivation of the PIE root ''*selp-''. * Sauda → '''𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍉𐍃''' (Sáuþōs), ON. ''*Sauðar'' m.pl., PGem. ''*seuþaną''. * Sel → '''𐍃𐌹𐌻''' (Sil); ON. ''Sil'' n., PGem. ''*silą'' (?). * Selbu → '''𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌿''' (Silabū); ON. ''*Seli'' (lake name) + ''bú'' n., PGem. ''*silô'' + ''*būą''. * Selje, Selja → '''𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉''' (Saljō); ON. ''Selja'' f., derivation of ''sel'' n., PGem. ''*salją''. * Sira → '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐍉''' (Seiƕarō), '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌰''' (Seiƕara); ON. ''Síra'' f. (← PGem. ''*Sīhwarǭ''), or ''Síri'' m. (gen. ''Síra''), PGem. ''*Sīhwarô''. Related to ''*sīhwaną''. * Sirdal → '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Seiƕaradals); ON. ''Síra'' (river name) + ''dalr'' n., PGem. ''*Sīhwarǭ'' (?) + ''*dalaz''. Related to ''*sīhwaną''. * Skien (Skida) → '''𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍉''' (Skiþō); ON. ''Skiða'', from the root ''skiþ-'' (to split), cf. ''𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽''. * Skoger (Skogar) → '''𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌲𐍉𐍃''' (Skōgōs); ON. ''Skógar'' m.pl., PGem. ''*skōgaz''. * Snåsa (Snòsa, Snasa) → '''𐍃𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌰''' (Snasa); ON. ''Snǫs'' f. (gen. ''Snasar''), from ''snǫs'', related to ''nǫs'', PGem. ''*nasō''. * Sogn → '''𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃''' (Sugns); ON. ''Sogn'' m., ''n''-derivation of ''súga'', PGem. ''*sūganą''. PGem. ''*Sugnaz'' (?). *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''sygner'' (sg. ''sygn'') → '''𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (sugneis), ON. ''sygnir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*sugnīz''. * Spydeberg (Speberg) → '''𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃''' (Spiutabaírgs); ON. ''Spjótaberg'', PGem. ''*speutą'' + ''*bergą''. * Stavanger → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Stafaggrs); ON. ''Stafangr'', PGem. ''*stabaz'' + ''*angraz''. * Steinkjer → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌰''' (Stáinakasa); ON. ''Steinker'' n.pl., PGem. ''*stainaz'' + ''*kazą''. * Stjørdal → '''𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Stiuradals); ON. ''Stjóradalr'', from ''*Stjór'' (river name), possibly from the PGem. root ''*steur-'', whence also ''*stiurijaną''. * Stord → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰''' (Staurda); ON. ''Storð'' f., PGem. ''*sturdō''. * Stryn → '''𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃''' (Striunōs); ON. ''Strjónar'' f.pl., from ''*Strjón'' f. (river name), PGem. root ''*streun-''. * Svalbard → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃''' (Swalabards); ON. ''Svalbarð'' n., ''Svalbarðr'' m., PGem. ''*swalaz'' + ''*bardą'', ''*bardaz''. * Svelvik (Sverdvik) → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Swaírbiþaweiks); ON. ''Sverðvík'' f., ''*sverfð'' (''sverfa'' + ''-ð'') + ''vík'', PGem. ''*swerbaną'' + ''*-iþō'' + ''*wīks''. * Svolvær → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹''' (Swalawari); ON. ''*Svǫlver'' n., older ''*Swalwęr'', PGem. ''*swalaz'' + ''*warją''. * Sæbø → '''𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Sáiwabūws); ON. ''Sævarbýr'' m., PGem. ''*saiwaz'' + ''*būwaz''. * Telemark → '''𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Þaílimarka); ON. ''Þelamǫrk'' f., ''þilir'' + ''mǫrk'', PGem. ''*þelīz'' (?) + ''*markō''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''teler'' → '''𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (þaileis), ON. ''þilir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*þelīz''. * Toten (Totn) → '''𐌸𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌽''' (Þūhtn); ON. ''Þótn'', PGem. ''*Þūnhtną'', ''*Þūnhtīną''. * Tromsø, Troms (Trums) → '''𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌰''' (Trumsa); ON. ''Trums'' f. * Tromsøya (Trumsøya) → '''𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Trumsáuja); ON. ''Trums'' f. + ''ey'', PGem. ''*awjō''. * Trondheim, Throwendham<ref name=eng-name /> → '''[[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃]]''' (Þrōwōndháims); ON. ''Þrónd(h)eimr'' m., PGem. ''*þrōwōndz'' + ''*haimaz''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place (or Trøndelag) is ''trønder'' m.pl. → '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃''' (þrōwōnds), ON. ''þrǿndr'' (sg. ''þróndr''), PGem. ''*þrōwōndiz''. * Træna → '''𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌽𐌰''' (Þridna); ON. ''Þriðn'' f., ''n''-derivation of ''*þrið'' (unit of three), PGem. ''*þridō''. Related to ''*þridjô'' and ''*þrīz''. * Trøndelag → '''[[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰]]''' (Þrōwōndlaga) n.pl., or '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸''' (Þrōwōndwitōþ) n.; ON. ''Þrǿndalǫg'' n.pl., PGem. ''*þrōwōndz'' + ''*lagą'' (pl. ''*lagō''). Cf. ''Danalǫg'', OEn. ''Dena lagu'' (Danelaw). * Tysnes → '''𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Teiwanasi); ON. ''Týsnes'' n., PGem. ''*Tīwaz'' + ''*nasją''. * Ulstein → '''𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃''' (Wulfastáins); ON. ''*Ulfsteinn'' m.pl., ''ulfr'' + ''steinn'', PGem. ''*wulfaz'' + ''*stainaz''. * Ulvestad → '''𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Wulfastaþeis); ON. ''*Ulfastaðir'' m.pl., from ''*Ulfi'' (male name), or ''*Ulfustaðir'' from ''*Ulfa'' f. (river name). All from PGem. ''*wulfaz''. * Vadsø, Vatsøy → '''𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Watáuja); ON. ''*Vatsey'', PGem. ''*watōr'' + ''*awjō''. * Valdres → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Walþulasi); ON. ''Valdres'', older ''*Waldles'' n., PGem. ''*walþuz'' + ''*lasją'', a relative of ''*lēswō'' (PWGem. ''*lāsu'').<ref>Per Hovda (1978), ''Frå hav til hei'' (in Norwegian), [https://www.nb.no/items/844335f14a639430f6a1e5b94f29705c?page=207| page 196]</ref> * Valle → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃''' (Walþjus); ON. ''*Vellir'' m.pl. (gen. ''Valla''), PGem. ''*walþuz''. * Vang → '''𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃''' (Waggs); ON. ''Vangr'' m., PGem. ''*wangaz''. * Vardø (Vordøy, Vargøy) → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Warþáuja), '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Wargáuja); ON. ''*Vǫrð(u)ey'' (← PGem. ''*warþǭ'', ''*warþō''), older name ''Vargey'', PGem. ''*wargaz'' + ''*awjō''. * Vefsn, Vefsna → '''𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰''' (Wabisna); ON. ''*Vefsn'' f., ''sn''-derivation of the PGem. root ''*wab-'', ''*web-'', whence also ''*wabjaną''. * Vanse → '''𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Wanaweihawinja); ON. ''*Vanavésvin'' f., PGem. ''*wanaz'' + ''*wīhą'' + ''*winjō''. * Varanger → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Warjaggrs); ON. ''*Ver(j)angr'', PGem. ''*warją'' + ''*angraz''. * Verdal → '''𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Waíradals), '''𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Wisadals); ON. ''Verdalr'', from ''*Ver'' (river name), possibly related to ''vera'' , or an old root ''*wer-'', ''*war-'' with the meaning of water (cf. ''Voss''). * Vestfold, see ''Fold''. * Vika → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Weiks); ON. ''Víkin'', PGem. ''*wīks''. *: Inhabitants of this area are traditionally called ''vikveærer'' / ''-verer'' (or ''vikverjar'') m.pl. → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (weikwarjōs), sg. '''-𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (-warjis); ON. ''víkverjar'', ''víkverir'', PGem. ''*wīks'' + ''*-warjōz'' (sg. ''*-warjaz''). * Vinje (Vinja) → '''𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Winjōs); ON. ''Vinjar'' f.pl. (modern form from gen. ''Vinja''), PGem. ''*winjō'' (pl. ''*winjôz''). * Vold(a) → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰''' (Walda), '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃''' (Walds); ON. ''*Vǫld'' (?) f., ''Valdr'' m., PN. *ᚹᚨᛚᛞᚢ (''*Waldu'') (?). * Voss → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰''' (Warsa); ON. ''Vǫrs'' f., PGem. ''*Warsō'', ''*Warusō''. * Vossavangen → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃''' (Warsawaggs); ON. ''Vǫrs'' + ''vangr'' m., PGem. ''*wangaz''. * Vågå → '''𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌰''' (Waga); ON. ''Vaga'', dat. of ''*Vagi''. Related to ''vega'', PGem. ''*weganą''. * Ål → '''𐌴𐌻𐍃''' (Ēls); ON. ''Áll'' m., PGem. ''*ēlaz''. * Ålesund → '''𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Ēlasund); ON. ''*Álasund'' n., PGem. ''*ēlaz'' + ''*sundą''. * Ørst(a) → '''𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰''' (Wōrista), '''𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃''' (Wōrists); ON. ''Ǿrst'' (?) f., ''Ǿrstr'' m., older ''*Wōristʀ''. * Øyer (Øye) → '''𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Áujōs); ON. ''*Eyja'', gen. pl. of ''ey'', PGem. ''*awjō'', or dat./gen. of ''*Eyi'', PGem. ''*awjô''. The word ''*𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰'' (← PGem. ''*awjō'') is not attested in Gothic, however it’s a common word across the rest of the Germanic languages, so the odds are low for it having fallen out of Gothic. The form is also quite apparent based on similar words like ''*frawjǭ'' and ''*frawjô'' (→ ''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉'', ''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''). To properly adapt Germanic place names to Gothic, ''*𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰'' would need to be revived. * Øyeren → '''𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Aweis); ON. ''*Eyir'', PN. ''*ᚨᚢᛁᛉ'' (Auīʀ), ''*ᚨᚢᛁᚨᛉ'', PGem. ''*Awijaz'', from ''*awjō''. Alternatively PGem. ''*Awjaz'' → '''𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (however this would yield ON. ''*Eyr'' and not ''*Eyir''). Coincidentally, this latter possibility would be identical to the ending of ''*Dōnawjaz'', which is thought to have turned into ''*𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹'' (Dōnawi). However, based on similar ja-stem nouns, the most expected would be ''-𐌾𐌹𐍃'' for a short-stemmed name like this. Cf. ''*harjaz'' → ''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃'' (harjis). <!--* Hareid → '''𐌷𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹''' (Haþáidi); ON. ''Haðareið'', PGem. ''*Haþuz'' + ''*aidiją''.--> ===Place names outside of modern Norway=== * Båhus, Bohus → '''𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃''' (Bēgahūs), '''𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌼𐍃''' (Bēgahulms); ON. ''Bágahús'' (← PGem. ''*hūsą''), older ''Bágaholmr'', PGem. ''*bēgaz'' (weak decl. ''*bēgô'') + ''*hulmaz''. * Færøyane, Faroe Islands → '''𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Fahisáujōs); ON. ''Færeyjar'', PGem. ''*fahiz'' n. + ''*awjō''. * Herjådal, Herjedal → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍈𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Harjaƕadals); ON. ''Herjádalr'', PGem. root ''*her-'', ''*har-'' + ''*ahwō'' + ''*dalaz''. * Hjaltland, Shetland → '''𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Hiltaland); ON. ''Hjaltland'', PGem. ''*heltą'' + ''*landą''. * Jamteland, Jamtland → '''𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Imatjaland); ON. ''Jamtaland'', PGem. ''*ematjaz'', from a verb ''*ematjaną'' (related to ''*nemaną'' + ''-atjaną'') + ''*landą''. *: Inhabitants of this area are traditionally called ''jamtar'' m.pl. → '''𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (imatjōs); ON. ''jamtar'' (sg. ''jamtr''), Old Icelandic ''jamtr'' (sg. and pl.). The legendary Kjetel jamte (Sw. Kettil Jämte) would then be 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐍃 (Katils imatjis). * Orknøyane, Orkney → '''𐌰𐍂𐌵𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Arqináujōs); ON. ''Orkneyjar'', PGem. ''*arkwīną'' + ''*awjō''. * Vinland → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Weinaland), '''𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Winjaland); ON. ''Vínland'' (← PGem. ''*wīną'') or ''Vinland'', PGem. ''*winjō'' + ''*landą''. ===Sami names=== Some names do not fit to the treatment of the Germanic derived ones, and these are the ones from Sami. These names can only be transcribed. * Deatnu, Tana → '''𐌳𐌴𐍄𐌽𐍉''' (Dētnō) f.; from ''deatnu'' (large river), Proto-Sami ''*Teanō'', possibly influenced by ''*eanō'' (large river). * Guovdageaidnu, Kautokeino → '''𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌳𐌽𐍉''' (Gaúbdagajdnō) f.; from ''guovda'' (half, middle) + ''geaidnu'' (way, road), Proto-Sami ''*kuovtë'' + ''*keajnō''. Cf. Kven/Finnish ''Koutokeino''. * Kárášjohka, Karasjok → '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌺𐌰''' (Kārāsjaúhka) f.; from ''káráš'' / ''gáráš'', diminutive of ''gárri'' (wooden food plate) + ''johka'' (river). A possible semi-translation could otherwise be '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐍈𐌰''' (Kārāsjaƕa), with the ''-j-'' reanalysed to the former word stem. * Máze, Masi → '''𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌹''' (Mātsi) f. or n., '''𐌼𐌰𐌶𐌹''' (Māzi) f.; cf. Finnish ''Maasi''. ==Notes and references== <references /> oynosyij976a5d3ox9qce5z62clpmw2 49356 49355 2026-07-29T22:49:06Z Eiliv 10999 49356 wikitext text/x-wiki This list is an attempt to catalogue the Gothic forms of various Norwegian place names. Of special value are the ones where we can expect a Proto-Norse or Proto-Germanic form, as those would easily have been borrowed into Gothic with minor adjustments (such as ''Oslo''; PN. ''*Ansulauhu'' → Gothic ''𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰''). This equally applies to the ones with name elements not found in Gothic, such as PN. ''*ferþuʀ'' and ''*būwiʀ'' (Got. ''*𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃'', ''*𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''). * Agder → '''[[𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃]]''' (Agidōs); ON. ''Agðir'' f.pl., singular ''*Ǫgð'', PGem. ''*Agidō''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''egder'' (sg. ''egd'') → '''𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (agideis), ON. ''egðir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*agidīz''. * Aker → '''𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃''' (Akrs); ON. ''Akr'', PGem. ''*akraz''. * Akershus → '''𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃''' (Akrahūs); ON. ''akr'' + ''hús'', PGem. ''*akraz'' + ''hūsą''. * Alta → '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍄𐍃''' (Albits), '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Albitáuja); ON. ''Alpti'' m., PGem. ''*albits'', ''*albuts''. Another name, ''*Alptey'' f., might have been the origin of Sami ''*Álapteajju'', later ''Álaheadju''. * Alvdal, Elvdal → '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Albidals); ON. ''Elfardalr'', PGem. ''*albī'' + ''*dalaz''. * Aremark → '''𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Aramarka); ON. ''*Aramǫrk'', PGem. ''*arô'' + ''*markō''. * Asker (Askar) → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃''' (Askōs); ON. ''Askar'' m.pl., PN. *ᚨᛊᚲᛟᛉ (''*Askōʀ''). * Askim → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (Askaháims); ON. ''Ask(h)eimr'', PGem. ''*askaz'' + ''*haimaz''. * Askvoll → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃''' (Askawalþus); ON. ''*Askvǫllr'', PGem. ''*askaz'' + ''*walþuz''. * Aspern → '''𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Aspeis); ON. ''Aspir'' m., PGem. ''*Aspijaz''. * Austfold, Østfold, see ''Fold''. * Bardu → '''𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉''' (Bardjō). Sami ''Beardu'', possibly from a word borrowed from PN. ''*bardiō(n)'', PGem. ''*bardiǭ'' or ''*bardiō'', derived from ''*bardą'', ''*bardaz''. * Bjørgvin, Bergen → '''[[𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰]]''' (Baírgawinja); ON. ''Bjǫrgvin'', ''*Biargwin'' f., PN. *ᛒᛖᚱᚷᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚢ (''*Bergawinju''), PGem. ''*bergą'' + ''*winjō''. * Bodø, Bodøya, Bodin → '''𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Budawinja); ON. ''Boðin'' f., older ''*Boðawin'', PGem. ''*budô'' + ''*winjō''. * Borre → '''𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐍅𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌰''' (Baúrdawranha); ON. ''Borró'' f., older ''*Borðró'', PGem. ''*burdą'' + ''*wranhō''. * Bragernes (Brakenes, Branes) → '''𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Brakanasi); ON. ''Brakanes'' n., from ''braki'' + ''nes'', PGem. ''*brakô'' + ''nasją''. * Bygland → '''𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Biggwaland); ON. ''Byggland'', PGem. ''*bewwą'' + ''*landą''. * Bærum, Bærom → '''𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (Baírgaháims); ON. ''Berg(h)eimr'', PGem. ''*bergą'' + ''*haimaz''. * Dramn, Drammen → '''[[𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌽𐌰]]''' (Drabna); ON. ''Drǫfn'' f. (gen. ''Drafnar''), ''Drafn'' m., PN. *ᛞᚱᚨᛒᚾᚢ (''*Drabnu''), PGem. ''Drabnō'', ''n''-derivation of ''*drabaz''. * Eigerøya → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰''' (Áikunþa), or maybe '''𐌰𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰''' (Áiqinþa) (?); ON. ''Eikund'' f., PGem. ''*Aikwenþō'', ''*Aikunþō'', ''*aiks'' + ''*-wenþō'', ''*-unþō''. ** Eigersund, Egersund → '''𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃''' (Sund Áikunþōs), '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Áikunþasund); ON. ''Eikundarsund'' n., ''Eikund'' + ''sund'', PGem. ''*sundą''. * Eiker → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Áikjōs); ON. ''Eikjar'' f.pl. from the neuter ''eiki'', PGem. ''*aikiją''. * Eikeren → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Áikeis); ON. ''Eikir'' m., PGem. ''*Aikijaz'', from ''*aiks''. * Eina → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰'''; ON. ''*Eini'' m. (dat. ''Eina''), PGem. ''*Jainijô'', from ''*jainijaz'' (juniper). Synonyms derived from the name are ''Einafjord'' → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃''' and ''Einavatn'' → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉'''. * Evje → '''𐌰𐌱𐌾𐍉''' (Abjō); ON. ''Efja'' m., PGem. ''*abjǭ''. * Finnmark → '''𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Finnamarka); ON. ''Finnmǫrk'', PGem. ''*finnaz'' + ''*markō''. * Fjordane → '''𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃''' (Faírþjus); ON. ''Firðir'' m.pl., PGem. ''*ferþuz''. * Flora, Florø → '''𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅𐍂𐍉''' (Flōwrō), '''𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍉''' (Flōwarō); ON. ''Flóra'' f., PGem. ''*flōw(a)rǭ''. * Flåm → '''𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌷𐍉𐍃''' (Flahōs); ON. ''Flár'' f.pl. (dat. ''Flám''), PGem. ''*flahō''. * Fold (Vest-, Aust-) → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰''' (Fulda); ON. ''Fold'' f., PGem. ''*fuldō''<!--, ''*fulþō''-->. * Follo → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰''' (Fuldaláuha); ON. ''Folló'', older ''Fold(ar)ló'', ''Fold'' + ''ló'', PGem. ''*fuldō''<!--, ''*fulþō''--> + ''*lauhō''. * Fosen, Fosna → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃𐌽𐌰''' (Fulgsna); ON. ''Fólgsn'', ''Fólksn'', ''sn''-derivation from ''fela'' (part. ''folginn''), PGem. ''*felhaną'' (part. ''*fulganaz''). * Fredrikstad → '''𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃''' (Friþureikstaþs), '''𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃''' (Friþareikeistaþs) (?). PGem. ''*Friþurīks'' + ''*stadiz''. * Frøya → '''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Fráuja); ON. ''Frey'' f., PGem. ''*Frawjō''. * Fyresdal → '''𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Faúrhidals); ON. ''Fyrisdalr'', from ''*Fyrir'' (lake name), PGem. ''*Furhijaz'' (?), from ''*furhwǭ'' / ''*furhō''. * Førde (Fyrde) → '''𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃''' (Faírþus); ON. ''Firði'' (dat. of ''Fjǫrðr''), PGem. ''*ferþuz''. * Geilo → '''𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃''' (Gáilōs); ON. ''Geilar'' f.pl. (dat. ''Geilum''), PGem. ''*gailō''. * Geiranger (Gjerangen) → '''𐌲𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Garwjaggrs); ON. ''*Gerangr'', older ''*Gerwangʀ'', PN. *ᚷᚨᚱᚹᛁᚨᛜᚱᚨᛉ (''*Garwiangraʀ), PGem. ''*garwijō'' + ''*angraz''.<ref>Oddvar Nes (1984), “Geiranger”, in ''Namn og nemne'' (in Norwegian), [https://www.nb.no/items/b2656ee725fc71f15ca1a5c58f2b500e?page=38| page 37]</ref> * Gjøvik (Djøvik, Djivik) → '''𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Diupweiks); ON. ''Djúpvík'', PGem. ''*deupaz'' + ''*wīks''. * Gol (Gord) → '''𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰''' (Garda); ON. ''Gǫrð'' f. (gen. ''Garðar''), PN. *ᚷᚨᚱᛞᚢ (''*Gardu''), derived from ''*gardaz''. * Granvin (Grove) → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Granawinja); ON. ''Granvin'' f., PGem. ''*granō'' + ''*winjō''. * Grenland → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Graniland); ON. ''Grenland'' n., PGem. ''*granīz'' m.pl. + ''*landą''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''grener'' m.pl. → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (graneis), ON. ''grenir'', PGem. ''*granīz''. Cf. Latin ''gran(n)ii''. * Gudbrandsdal → '''𐌲𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍉𐍃''' (Guþabrandadalōs); ON. ''Guðbrandsdalir'' m.pl., ''Guðbrandr'' + ''dalr'', PGem. ''*gudą'' + ''*brandaz'' + ''*dalaz''. * Hadsel → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌻''' (Háubiþasigl); ON. ''Hǫfðasegl'' n., PGem. ''*habudô'' (← ''*habudą'') + ''*seglą''. * Hajeren (Hagjeren) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (Hagjis); ON. ''*Hagir'' m., an ''ija''-derivation of older ''*Hagi''. Possibly newer than Proto-Norse, or else it would have been ''*Hagīʀ'', PGem. ''*hagô'' + ''*-ijaz''. What’s clear is that it must originate from after Holtzmann’s law, as PGem. *Hagjaz'' would have turned into ''*Heggr''. * Halden (Hallen) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰''' (Halla), '''𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌿𐍃''' (Hallus). Danish name ''Fredrikshald'' (1665–1928); ON. ''hǫll'' (hall), PGem. ''hallō'', or ''hallr'' (slope), PGem. ''halluz''. * Hamar → '''𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍃''' (Hamars); ON. ''Hamarr'' m., PGem. ''*hamaraz''. * Hamarfest, Hammerfest → '''𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹''' (Hamarafasti); ON. ''hamarr'' m., PGem. ''*hamaraz'' + ''festr'' f., PN. *ᚠᚨᛊᛏᛁᛟᛉ (''fastiōʀ''), PGem. ''fastijō''. * Hardanger → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Harudaggrs); ON. ''Harðangr'' m., PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*angraz''. * Harstad → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Harudastaþeis); ON. ''*Harðarstaðir'' m.pl., ''Hǫrðr'' (male name) + ''staðr'', PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*stadiz''. * Haugalandet → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Háugaland); ON. ''Haugar'' m.pl. (farm name) + ''land'', PGem. ''*haugaz'' + ''*landą''. * Haugesund → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Háugasund); ON. ''Haugar'' m.pl. (farm name) + ''sund'', PGem. ''*haugaz'' + ''*sundą''. * Heidmark, Hedmark → '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Háiþimarka), '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Háiþinamarka); ON. ''Heiðmǫrk'' f., from ''heiðnir'' (tribe name, [[w:en:Chaedini|Chaedini]]), PGem. ''*haiþīnaz''. * Herad → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌳''' (Harjirēd); ON. ''Herað'' m., PGem. ''*harjarēdą'', from ''*harjaz'' + ''*rēdą''. Alternative etymologies include ''*harjaraidō'' and ''*hīwarāðą'' (from ''*hīwą''). * Hjerkinn (Hjerdkinn) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃''' (Haírdakinnus); ON. ''Hjarðkinn'' f., PGem. ''*herdō'' + ''*kinnuz''. * Honningsvåg → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍅𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍃''' (Haúrnuggawēgs); ON. ''*Hornungsvágr'' m., from ''*Hornungr'' (likely mountain name) + ''vágr'', PGem. ''*hurną'' + ''*wēgaz''. * Hordaland → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Harudaland); ON. ''Hǫrðaland'' n., PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*landą''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''hordar'' m.pl. → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (harudōs), ON. ''hǫrðar'', PGem. ''*harudōz''. Cf. ''[[w:en:Charudes|Charudes]]'' (Harudes). * Hålogaland → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Háuhláugjaland); ON. ''Hálogaland'', from gen. pl. of ''háleygir'' m., PGem. ''hauhalaugijaz''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''håløyger'' m.pl. → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (háuhláugjōs), ON. ''háleygir'', PGem. ''*hauhalaugijōz''. * Jæren (Jâren) → '''𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍃''' (Idars); ON. ''Jaðarr'' m., PGem. ''*edaraz''. * Karmøy (Kartå) → '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍄𐌰''' (Karmta), '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Karmauja); ON. ''Kǫrmt'' f. (gen. ''Karmtar''), derived from ''karmr'', PGem. ''*karmaz''. Uncertain derivation suffix, possibly either ''*-þō'' or ''-dō''. * Kirkenes, Kyrkjenes → '''𐌺𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Kirikjanasi), '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Aíkklēsjanasi); ON. ''kirkja'' + ''nes'' n., replaced older ''Pisselvnes'' (piss river ness) and ''Håkjerringnes'' (Greenland shark ness), the latter a translation of Sami ''Áhkolatnjárga''. Modern Sami ''Girkonjárga'' (after Norwegian), Finnish ''Kirkkoniemi''. * Krøderen → '''𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌷𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Kranhōdeis); ON. ''Krǿðir'' m., PN. *ᚲᚱᚨᚺᚢᛞᛁᛉ (''Krāhudīʀ''), older ᚲᚱᚨᚾᚺᚢᛞᛁᚨᛉ (''*Kranhudiaʀ''), PGem. ''*Kranhōdijaz'', ''ia''-derivation of ''*kranhōdaz'', from ''*kranhō'', cf. ''*wranhō''.<ref>Arnoldus Hille (1983), “Innsjønavnet Krøderen”, in ''Fra ord til navn'' (in Norwegian Bokmål), [https://www.nb.no/items/adc92014764171e1fd7f34c138b6da5f?page=82| page 83]</ref> * Leikanger → '''𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍉𐍃''' (Láikawaggōs); ON. ''Leikvangir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*laikaz'' + ''*wangaz'' (pl. ''*wangōz''). * Lier (Lider) → '''𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (Hleidōs); ON. ''Líðir'' f.pl., older ''*Hlíðir'', PGem. ''*hlīdō''. * Lindesnes → '''𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Leiþandnasi); ON. ''Líðandi'' + ''nes'', PGem. ''*līþandz'' + ''*nasją''. * Lofot(en) → '''𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃''' (Laúhafōtus); ON. ''Lófótr'', PGem. ''*luhǭ'' (← ''*luhsaz'', cf. ''*fuhǭ'') + ''*fōts''. * Lom → '''𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐍃''' (Láuhōs); ON. ''Lóar'' (dat. ''Lóm'', ''Lóum''), PGem. ''*lauhō''. * Mjøs, Mjøsa → '''𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰''' (Maírsa); ON. ''Mjǫrs'', PN. *ᛗᛖᚱᛊᚢ (''*Mersu''), PGem. ''*Mersō''. * Molde → '''𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (Muldōs); ON. ''Moldar'' f.pl., PGem. ''*muldō''. * Morn, Marna, Mandalselva → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰''' (Marna); ON. ''Mǫrn'' f., PGem. ''*Marnō'', a derivation of ''*mari'', cf. ''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹''. Another teaory claims it comes from ''*marhaz'', thus giving ''*Marhnō'' → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌽𐌰''', cf. ''*𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃''. ** Mandal, Marnardal → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Marnadals); ON. ''Marnardalr'' m., PGem. ''*Marnō'' + ''*dalaz''. * Mysen, Møsi → '''𐌼𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Musawinja); ON. ''Mysin'' f., older ''*Muswin'', PN. *ᛗᚢᛊᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚢ (''*Musawinju''), PGem. ''*musô'' + ''winjō''. * Møre (Sunn-, Nord-) → '''𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌹''' (Mōri) (''𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰-'', ''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰-''); ON. ''Mǿrr'' f. (dat. ''Mǿri''), PN. *ᛗᛟᚱᛁᛟᛉ (''*Mōriōʀ''), PGem. ''*Mōrijō'' / ''*Mōrī''. * Narvik → '''𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Naírþuweiks); ON. ''*Njarðarvík'' (''Njǫrðr'' + ''vík''), PGem. ''*Nerþuz'' + ''*wīks''. * Nes → '''𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Nasi); ON. ''Nes'', PGem. ''*Nasją''. A name found multiple places, either as villages, municipalities or farms. * Nesbyen → '''𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Nasjabūws); ON. ''*Nesbýr'', PGem. ''*Nasją'' + ''*būwiz''. * Nisser → '''𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃''' (Nidwasáiws); ON. ''Nizir'', ''*Niðsær'', PGem. ''*Nidwō'' + ''*saiwiz''. ** Nissedal → '''𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃''' (Dals Nidwasáiwis); ON. ''*Nizidalr''. * Nordby → '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Naúrþrabūws); ON. ''Norðbýr'', PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*būwiz''. * Nordland → '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Naúrþraland); ON. ''norðr'' + ''land'', PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*landą''. * Noreg, Norway<ref name=eng-name>English name that is or has been in use.</ref> → '''[[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]]''' (Naúrþrawigs), or less preferable, '''𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃''' (Nōrawigs); ON. ''Noregr'', ''Norvegr'', possibly older ''*Norðvegr'' (cf. OEn. ''Norðweg''), PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*wegaz''. Another theory is ''*Nórvegr'', from ''nór'' (narrow sound), PGem. ''*nōrą'', ''*nōraz'', as it better aligns with attested Norse forms, with a consistent lack of ''-ð-'', and an occasional long vowel (''Nóregr''). Foreign forms that reflect ''*nurþraz'' might stem from a conflation with ''norðmaðr'', PGem. ''*nurþramannz''. *: Another historical name is ''Norðmannaland'', whose Gothic form would be '''𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴''' (Land naúrþamannē) or '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Naúrþramanaland). *: The origin of the name is explained in Orkneyinga Saga as coming from the legendary founder Nor → '''𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍃''' (Nōrs); ON. ''Nórr'', PGem. ''*Nōraz'', derived from ''*nōrą''. However it might be the other way around instead. * Onsaker → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃''' (Wōdanakrs); ON. ''*Óðinsakr'' m., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*akraz''. * Onsrud → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳''' (Wōdanarud), '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍆''' (Wōdanahuf); ON. ''Óðinn'' + ''ruð'' n. (← PGem. ''*rudą''), older ''Óðinshof'' n., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*hufą''. * Onsøy → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Wōdanáuja); ON. ''Óðinsey'' f., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*awjō''. * Oppland (Uppland) → '''𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰''' (Iuplanda); ON. ''Upplǫnd'' n.pl., PGem. ''*upp'' + ''*landą''. * Orkanger → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Waúrkaggrs); ON. ''*Ork'' + ''angr'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*angraz''. * Orkdal → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Waúrkadals); ON. ''Orkardalr'', older ''*Orkardalr'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*dalaz''. * Orkla (river) → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉''' (Waúrkilō), → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Waúrka); ON. ''*Orkla'' f., older ''*Ork'' f., PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?). * Orkland → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Waúrkaland); ON. ''*Ork'' + ''land'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*landą''. * Oslo → '''[[𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰]]''' (Ansuláuha); ON. ''Ósló'', ''Ǫ́sló'', ''Ásló'' f., PN. *ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛚᚨᚢᚺᚢ (''*Ansulauhu''), *ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛚᛟᚺᚢ (''*Ansulōhu''). *: The origin of ''Oslo'' has been up to debate, with several theories spanning between ''*ansaz'' / ''*amsaz'' (mountain ridge) and ''*ōsaz'' (estuary), however the vowel was nasal in Old Norse, as seen in Dutch ''Ansloo'' and Latin ''Ansloa'', so ''*ōsaz'' is ruled out. The third theory is ''*ansuz'' (god), which due to ''u''-umlaut would explain the ''ó-'' vowel (cf. the form ''óss'' alongside ''áss'', and names like ''Ósmundr'' / ''Ásmundr''). The latter element ''ló'' is the PGem. ''*lauhō'' f. (meadow), an alternative form of the masculine ''*lauhaz'' which gave rise to the West Germanic forms.<ref>Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989), “[https://ordsifjabok.arnastofnun.is/faersla/13840| Osló]”, in ''Íslensk orðsifjabók'', Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</ref> The Gothic adaptation could very well use the feminine form for consistency, as the word is not attested in this language, and it would be natural for it to be borrowed in the feminine form had Gothic gotten it from Proto-Norse. * Otra, Otre → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍉''' (Utrō); ON. ''Otra'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?), ''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz''. ** Oddernes (Otrenes) → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Utranasi); ON. ''Otrunes'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?) (''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz'') + ''*nasją''. ** Odderøya (Otrøya) → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Utráuja); ON. ''Otrey'', ''Otruey'', from ''Otra'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?) (''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz'') + ''*awjō''. * Otta → '''𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍉''' (Uhtō); ON. ''Ótta'' f., from ''ótti'' (fear, dread), PGem. ''*uhtô''. * Ringerike → '''𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹''' (Hriggareiki); ON. ''Hringaríki'' n., PGem. ''*hringaz'' + ''*rīkiją''. * Rogaland → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Rugiland); ON. ''Rogaland'', PGem. ''*rugīz'' (sg. ''*rugiz'') + ''*landą''. Cf. [[w:en:Rugiland|Rugiland]] and [[w:en:Rügen|Rügen]]. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''ryger'' m.pl. → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (rugeis), ON. ''rygir'', PGem. ''*rugīz''. Cf. ''[[w:en:Rugii|Rugii]]''. * Romerike → '''𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹''' (Raumareiki); ON. ''Raumaríki'' n., PGem. ''*rīkiją''. * Ryfylke → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌹''' (Rugifulki) or '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌹 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴''' (Fulki Rugē); ON. ''Rygjafylki'', gen. of ''rygir'' + ''fylki'', PGem. ''*rugīz'' + ''*fulkiją''. * Røros (Røyros) → '''𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃''' (Ráudjamunþs); ON. ''*Reyðaróss'', PGem. ''*raudijō'' (from ''*raudaz'') + ''*ōsaz''. * Røst → '''𐍅𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰''' (Wrasta); ON. ''Rǫst'', PGem. ''*wrastō''. * Røyken → '''𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Hráukawinja); ON. ''Reykin'' f., older ''*Hreyk(w)in'', ''*Hrauk(w)in'', PGem. ''*hraukaz'' + ''*winjō''. * Salten, Salta (in Nordland) → '''𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍆𐍄𐌰''' (Salfta); ON. ''Salpti'' m., ''t''-derivation of the PIE root ''*selp-''. * Sauda → '''𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍉𐍃''' (Sáuþōs), ON. ''*Sauðar'' m.pl., PGem. ''*seuþaną''. * Sel → '''𐍃𐌹𐌻''' (Sil); ON. ''Sil'' n., PGem. ''*silą'' (?). * Selbu → '''𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌿''' (Silabū); ON. ''*Seli'' (lake name) + ''bú'' n., PGem. ''*silô'' + ''*būą''. * Selje, Selja → '''𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉''' (Saljō); ON. ''Selja'' f., derivation of ''sel'' n., PGem. ''*salją''. * Sira → '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐍉''' (Seiƕarō), '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌰''' (Seiƕara); ON. ''Síra'' f. (← PGem. ''*Sīhwarǭ''), or ''Síri'' m. (gen. ''Síra''), PGem. ''*Sīhwarô''. Related to ''*sīhwaną''. * Sirdal → '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Seiƕaradals); ON. ''Síra'' (river name) + ''dalr'' n., PGem. ''*Sīhwarǭ'' (?) + ''*dalaz''. Related to ''*sīhwaną''. * Skien (Skida) → '''𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍉''' (Skiþō); ON. ''Skiða'', from the root ''skiþ-'' (to split), cf. ''𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽''. * Skoger (Skogar) → '''𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌲𐍉𐍃''' (Skōgōs); ON. ''Skógar'' m.pl., PGem. ''*skōgaz''. * Snåsa (Snòsa, Snasa) → '''𐍃𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌰''' (Snasa); ON. ''Snǫs'' f. (gen. ''Snasar''), from ''snǫs'', related to ''nǫs'', PGem. ''*nasō''. * Sogn → '''𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃''' (Sugns); ON. ''Sogn'' m., ''n''-derivation of ''súga'', PGem. ''*sūganą''. PGem. ''*Sugnaz'' (?). *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''sygner'' (sg. ''sygn'') → '''𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (sugneis), ON. ''sygnir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*sugnīz''. * Spydeberg (Speberg) → '''𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃''' (Spiutabaírgs); ON. ''Spjótaberg'', PGem. ''*speutą'' + ''*bergą''. * Stavanger → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Stafaggrs); ON. ''Stafangr'', PGem. ''*stabaz'' + ''*angraz''. * Steinkjer → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌰''' (Stáinakasa); ON. ''Steinker'' n.pl., PGem. ''*stainaz'' + ''*kazą''. * Stjørdal → '''𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Stiuradals); ON. ''Stjóradalr'', from ''*Stjór'' (river name), possibly from the PGem. root ''*steur-'', whence also ''*stiurijaną''. * Stord → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰''' (Staurda); ON. ''Storð'' f., PGem. ''*sturdō''. * Stryn → '''𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃''' (Striunōs); ON. ''Strjónar'' f.pl., from ''*Strjón'' f. (river name), PGem. root ''*streun-''. * Svalbard → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃''' (Swalabards); ON. ''Svalbarð'' n., ''Svalbarðr'' m., PGem. ''*swalaz'' + ''*bardą'', ''*bardaz''. * Svelvik (Sverdvik) → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Swaírbiþaweiks); ON. ''Sverðvík'' f., ''*sverfð'' (''sverfa'' + ''-ð'') + ''vík'', PGem. ''*swerbaną'' + ''*-iþō'' + ''*wīks''. * Svolvær → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹''' (Swalawari); ON. ''*Svǫlver'' n., older ''*Swalwęr'', PGem. ''*swalaz'' + ''*warją''. * Sæbø → '''𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Sáiwabūws); ON. ''Sævarbýr'' m., PGem. ''*saiwaz'' + ''*būwaz''. * Telemark → '''𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Þaílimarka); ON. ''Þelamǫrk'' f., ''þilir'' + ''mǫrk'', PGem. ''*þelīz'' (?) + ''*markō''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''teler'' → '''𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (þaileis), ON. ''þilir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*þelīz''. * Toten (Totn) → '''𐌸𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌽''' (Þūhtn); ON. ''Þótn'', PGem. ''*Þūnhtną'', ''*Þūnhtīną''. * Tromsø, Troms (Trums) → '''𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌰''' (Trumsa); ON. ''Trums'' f. * Tromsøya (Trumsøya) → '''𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Trumsáuja); ON. ''Trums'' f. + ''ey'', PGem. ''*awjō''. * Trondheim, Throwendham<ref name=eng-name /> → '''[[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃]]''' (Þrōwōndháims); ON. ''Þrónd(h)eimr'' m., PGem. ''*þrōwōndz'' + ''*haimaz''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place (or Trøndelag) is ''trønder'' m.pl. → '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃''' (þrōwōnds), ON. ''þrǿndr'' (sg. ''þróndr''), PGem. ''*þrōwōndiz''. * Træna → '''𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌽𐌰''' (Þridna); ON. ''Þriðn'' f., ''n''-derivation of ''*þrið'' (unit of three), PGem. ''*þridō''. Related to ''*þridjô'' and ''*þrīz''. * Trøndelag → '''[[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰]]''' (Þrōwōndlaga) n.pl., or '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸''' (Þrōwōndwitōþ) n.; ON. ''Þrǿndalǫg'' n.pl., PGem. ''*þrōwōndz'' + ''*lagą'' (pl. ''*lagō''). Cf. ''Danalǫg'', OEn. ''Dena lagu'' (Danelaw). * Tysnes → '''𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Teiwanasi); ON. ''Týsnes'' n., PGem. ''*Tīwaz'' + ''*nasją''. * Ulstein → '''𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃''' (Wulfastáins); ON. ''*Ulfsteinn'' m.pl., ''ulfr'' + ''steinn'', PGem. ''*wulfaz'' + ''*stainaz''. * Ulvestad → '''𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Wulfastaþeis); ON. ''*Ulfastaðir'' m.pl., from ''*Ulfi'' (male name), or ''*Ulfustaðir'' from ''*Ulfa'' f. (river name). All from PGem. ''*wulfaz''. * Vadsø, Vatsøy → '''𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Watáuja); ON. ''*Vatsey'', PGem. ''*watōr'' + ''*awjō''. * Valdres → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Walþulasi); ON. ''Valdres'', older ''*Waldles'' n., PGem. ''*walþuz'' + ''*lasją'', a relative of ''*lēswō'' (PWGem. ''*lāsu'').<ref>Per Hovda (1978), ''Frå hav til hei'' (in Norwegian), [https://www.nb.no/items/844335f14a639430f6a1e5b94f29705c?page=207| page 196]</ref> * Valle → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃''' (Walþjus); ON. ''*Vellir'' m.pl. (gen. ''Valla''), PGem. ''*walþuz''. * Vang → '''𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃''' (Waggs); ON. ''Vangr'' m., PGem. ''*wangaz''. * Vardø (Vordøy, Vargøy) → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Warþáuja), '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Wargáuja); ON. ''*Vǫrð(u)ey'' (← PGem. ''*warþǭ'', ''*warþō''), older name ''Vargey'', PGem. ''*wargaz'' + ''*awjō''. * Vefsn, Vefsna → '''𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰''' (Wabisna); ON. ''*Vefsn'' f., ''sn''-derivation of the PGem. root ''*wab-'', ''*web-'', whence also ''*wabjaną''. * Vanse → '''𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Wanaweihawinja); ON. ''*Vanavésvin'' f., PGem. ''*wanaz'' + ''*wīhą'' + ''*winjō''. * Varanger → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Warjaggrs); ON. ''*Ver(j)angr'', PGem. ''*warją'' + ''*angraz''. * Verdal → '''𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Waíradals), '''𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Wisadals); ON. ''Verdalr'', from ''*Ver'' (river name), possibly related to ''vera'' , or an old root ''*wer-'', ''*war-'' with the meaning of water (cf. ''Voss''). * Vestfold, see ''Fold''. * Vika → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Weiks); ON. ''Víkin'', PGem. ''*wīks''. *: Inhabitants of this area are traditionally called ''vikveærer'' / ''-verer'' (or ''vikverjar'') m.pl. → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (weikwarjōs), sg. '''-𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (-warjis); ON. ''víkverjar'', ''víkverir'', PGem. ''*wīks'' + ''*-warjōz'' (sg. ''*-warjaz''). * Vinje (Vinja) → '''𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Winjōs); ON. ''Vinjar'' f.pl. (modern form from gen. ''Vinja''), PGem. ''*winjō'' (pl. ''*winjôz''). * Vold(a) → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰''' (Walda), '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃''' (Walds); ON. ''*Vǫld'' (?) f., ''Valdr'' m., PN. *ᚹᚨᛚᛞᚢ (''*Waldu'') (?). * Voss → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰''' (Warsa); ON. ''Vǫrs'' f., PGem. ''*Warsō'', ''*Warusō''. * Vossavangen → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃''' (Warsawaggs); ON. ''Vǫrs'' + ''vangr'' m., PGem. ''*wangaz''. * Vågå → '''𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌰''' (Waga); ON. ''Vaga'', dat. of ''*Vagi''. Related to ''vega'', PGem. ''*weganą''. * Ål → '''𐌴𐌻𐍃''' (Ēls); ON. ''Áll'' m., PGem. ''*ēlaz''. * Ålesund → '''𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Ēlasund); ON. ''*Álasund'' n., PGem. ''*ēlaz'' + ''*sundą''. * Ørst(a) → '''𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰''' (Wōrista), '''𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃''' (Wōrists); ON. ''Ǿrst'' (?) f., ''Ǿrstr'' m., older ''*Wōristʀ''. * Øyer (Øye) → '''𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Áujōs); ON. ''*Eyja'', gen. pl. of ''ey'', PGem. ''*awjō'', or dat./gen. of ''*Eyi'', PGem. ''*awjô''. The word ''*𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰'' (← PGem. ''*awjō'') is not attested in Gothic, however it’s a common word across the rest of the Germanic languages, so the odds are low for it having fallen out of Gothic. The form is also quite apparent based on similar words like ''*frawjǭ'' and ''*frawjô'' (→ ''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉'', ''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''). To properly adapt Germanic place names to Gothic, ''*𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰'' would need to be revived. * Øyeren → '''𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Aweis); ON. ''*Eyir'', possibly an Old Norse ''ija''-derivation of ''ey'' f., PGem. ''*awjō''; otherwise PN. ''*ᚨᚢᛁᛉ'' (Auīʀ), ''*ᚨᚢᛁᚨᛉ'', PGem. ''*Awijaz''. Alternatively PGem. ''*Awjaz'' → '''𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (however this would yield ON. ''*Eyr'' and not ''*Eyir''). Coincidentally, this latter possibility would be identical to the ending of ''*Dōnawjaz'', which is thought to have turned into ''*𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹'' (Dōnawi). However, based on similar ja-stem nouns, the most expected would be ''-𐌾𐌹𐍃'' for a short-stemmed name like this. Cf. ''*harjaz'' → ''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃'' (harjis). <!--* Hareid → '''𐌷𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹''' (Haþáidi); ON. ''Haðareið'', PGem. ''*Haþuz'' + ''*aidiją''.--> ===Place names outside of modern Norway=== * Båhus, Bohus → '''𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃''' (Bēgahūs), '''𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌼𐍃''' (Bēgahulms); ON. ''Bágahús'' (← PGem. ''*hūsą''), older ''Bágaholmr'', PGem. ''*bēgaz'' (weak decl. ''*bēgô'') + ''*hulmaz''. * Færøyane, Faroe Islands → '''𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Fahisáujōs); ON. ''Færeyjar'', PGem. ''*fahiz'' n. + ''*awjō''. * Herjådal, Herjedal → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍈𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Harjaƕadals); ON. ''Herjádalr'', PGem. root ''*her-'', ''*har-'' + ''*ahwō'' + ''*dalaz''. * Hjaltland, Shetland → '''𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Hiltaland); ON. ''Hjaltland'', PGem. ''*heltą'' + ''*landą''. * Jamteland, Jamtland → '''𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Imatjaland); ON. ''Jamtaland'', PGem. ''*ematjaz'', from a verb ''*ematjaną'' (related to ''*nemaną'' + ''-atjaną'') + ''*landą''. *: Inhabitants of this area are traditionally called ''jamtar'' m.pl. → '''𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (imatjōs); ON. ''jamtar'' (sg. ''jamtr''), Old Icelandic ''jamtr'' (sg. and pl.). The legendary Kjetel jamte (Sw. Kettil Jämte) would then be 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐍃 (Katils imatjis). * Orknøyane, Orkney → '''𐌰𐍂𐌵𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Arqináujōs); ON. ''Orkneyjar'', PGem. ''*arkwīną'' + ''*awjō''. * Vinland → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Weinaland), '''𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Winjaland); ON. ''Vínland'' (← PGem. ''*wīną'') or ''Vinland'', PGem. ''*winjō'' + ''*landą''. ===Sami names=== Some names do not fit to the treatment of the Germanic derived ones, and these are the ones from Sami. These names can only be transcribed. * Deatnu, Tana → '''𐌳𐌴𐍄𐌽𐍉''' (Dētnō) f.; from ''deatnu'' (large river), Proto-Sami ''*Teanō'', possibly influenced by ''*eanō'' (large river). * Guovdageaidnu, Kautokeino → '''𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌳𐌽𐍉''' (Gaúbdagajdnō) f.; from ''guovda'' (half, middle) + ''geaidnu'' (way, road), Proto-Sami ''*kuovtë'' + ''*keajnō''. Cf. Kven/Finnish ''Koutokeino''. * Kárášjohka, Karasjok → '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌺𐌰''' (Kārāsjaúhka) f.; from ''káráš'' / ''gáráš'', diminutive of ''gárri'' (wooden food plate) + ''johka'' (river). A possible semi-translation could otherwise be '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐍈𐌰''' (Kārāsjaƕa), with the ''-j-'' reanalysed to the former word stem. * Máze, Masi → '''𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌹''' (Mātsi) f. or n., '''𐌼𐌰𐌶𐌹''' (Māzi) f.; cf. Finnish ''Maasi''. ==Notes and references== <references /> 1l6refcf0di62srv5lm88415sh0qpdu 49357 49356 2026-07-29T23:00:03Z Eiliv 10999 49357 wikitext text/x-wiki This list is an attempt to catalogue the Gothic forms of various Norwegian place names. Of special value are the ones where we can expect a Proto-Norse or Proto-Germanic form, as those would easily have been borrowed into Gothic with minor adjustments (such as ''Oslo''; PN. ''*Ansulauhu'' → Gothic ''𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰''). This equally applies to the ones with name elements not found in Gothic, such as PN. ''*ferþuʀ'' and ''*būwiʀ'' (Got. ''*𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃'', ''*𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''). * Agder → '''[[𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃]]''' (Agidōs); ON. ''Agðir'' f.pl., singular ''*Ǫgð'', PGem. ''*Agidō''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''egder'' (sg. ''egd'') → '''𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (agideis), ON. ''egðir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*agidīz''. * Aker → '''𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃''' (Akrs); ON. ''Akr'', PGem. ''*akraz''. * Akershus → '''𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃''' (Akrahūs); ON. ''akr'' + ''hús'', PGem. ''*akraz'' + ''hūsą''. * Alta → '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍄𐍃''' (Albits), '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Albitáuja); ON. ''Alpti'' m., PGem. ''*albits'', ''*albuts''. Another name, ''*Alptey'' f., might have been the origin of Sami ''*Álapteajju'', later ''Álaheadju''. * Alvdal, Elvdal → '''𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Albidals); ON. ''Elfardalr'', PGem. ''*albī'' + ''*dalaz''. * Aremark → '''𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Aramarka); ON. ''*Aramǫrk'', PGem. ''*arô'' + ''*markō''. * Asker (Askar) → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃''' (Askōs); ON. ''Askar'' m.pl., PN. *ᚨᛊᚲᛟᛉ (''*Askōʀ''). * Askim → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (Askaháims); ON. ''Ask(h)eimr'', PGem. ''*askaz'' + ''*haimaz''. * Askvoll → '''𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃''' (Askawalþus); ON. ''*Askvǫllr'', PGem. ''*askaz'' + ''*walþuz''. * Aspern → '''𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Aspeis); ON. ''Aspir'' m., PGem. ''*Aspijaz''. * Austfold, Østfold, see ''Fold''. * Bardu → '''𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉''' (Bardjō). Sami ''Beardu'', possibly from a word borrowed from PN. ''*bardiō(n)'', PGem. ''*bardiǭ'' or ''*bardiō'', derived from ''*bardą'', ''*bardaz''. * Bjørgvin, Bergen → '''[[𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰]]''' (Baírgawinja); ON. ''Bjǫrgvin'', ''*Biargwin'' f., PN. *ᛒᛖᚱᚷᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚢ (''*Bergawinju''), PGem. ''*bergą'' + ''*winjō''. * Bodø, Bodøya, Bodin → '''𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Budawinja); ON. ''Boðin'' f., older ''*Boðawin'', PGem. ''*budô'' + ''*winjō''. * Borre → '''𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐍅𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌰''' (Baúrdawranha); ON. ''Borró'' f., older ''*Borðró'', PGem. ''*burdą'' + ''*wranhō''. * Bragernes (Brakenes, Branes) → '''𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Brakanasi); ON. ''Brakanes'' n., from ''braki'' + ''nes'', PGem. ''*brakô'' + ''nasją''. * Bygland → '''𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Biggwaland); ON. ''Byggland'', PGem. ''*bewwą'' + ''*landą''. * Bærum, Bærom → '''𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃''' (Baírgaháims); ON. ''Berg(h)eimr'', PGem. ''*bergą'' + ''*haimaz''. * Dramn, Drammen → '''[[𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌽𐌰]]''' (Drabna); ON. ''Drǫfn'' f. (gen. ''Drafnar''), ''Drafn'' m., PN. *ᛞᚱᚨᛒᚾᚢ (''*Drabnu''), PGem. ''Drabnō'', ''n''-derivation of ''*drabaz''. * Eigerøya → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰''' (Áikunþa), or maybe '''𐌰𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰''' (Áiqinþa) (?); ON. ''Eikund'' f., PGem. ''*Aikwenþō'', ''*Aikunþō'', ''*aiks'' + ''*-wenþō'', ''*-unþō''. ** Eigersund, Egersund → '''𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃''' (Sund Áikunþōs), '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Áikunþasund); ON. ''Eikundarsund'' n., ''Eikund'' + ''sund'', PGem. ''*sundą''. * Eiker → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Áikjōs); ON. ''Eikjar'' f.pl. from the neuter ''eiki'', PGem. ''*aikiją''. * Eikeren → '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Áikeis); ON. ''Eikir'' m., PGem. ''*Aikijaz'', from ''*aiks''. * Eina → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰'''; ON. ''*Eini'' m. (dat. ''Eina''), PGem. ''*Jainijô'', from ''*jainijaz'' (juniper). Synonyms derived from the name are ''Einafjord'' → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃''' and ''Einavatn'' → '''𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉'''. * Evje → '''𐌰𐌱𐌾𐍉''' (Abjō); ON. ''Efja'' m., PGem. ''*abjǭ''. * Finnmark → '''𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Finnamarka); ON. ''Finnmǫrk'', PGem. ''*finnaz'' + ''*markō''. * Fjordane → '''𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃''' (Faírþjus); ON. ''Firðir'' m.pl., PGem. ''*ferþuz''. * Flora, Florø → '''𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅𐍂𐍉''' (Flōwrō), '''𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍉''' (Flōwarō); ON. ''Flóra'' f., PGem. ''*flōw(a)rǭ''. * Flåm → '''𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌷𐍉𐍃''' (Flahōs); ON. ''Flár'' f.pl. (dat. ''Flám''), PGem. ''*flahō''. * Fold (Vest-, Aust-) → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰''' (Fulda); ON. ''Fold'' f., PGem. ''*fuldō''<!--, ''*fulþō''-->. * Follo → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰''' (Fuldaláuha); ON. ''Folló'', older ''Fold(ar)ló'', ''Fold'' + ''ló'', PGem. ''*fuldō''<!--, ''*fulþō''--> + ''*lauhō''. * Fosen, Fosna → '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃𐌽𐌰''' (Fulgsna); ON. ''Fólgsn'', ''Fólksn'', ''sn''-derivation from ''fela'' (part. ''folginn''), PGem. ''*felhaną'' (part. ''*fulganaz''). * Fredrikstad → '''𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃''' (Friþureikstaþs), '''𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃''' (Friþareikeistaþs) (?). PGem. ''*Friþurīks'' + ''*stadiz''. * Frøya → '''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Fráuja); ON. ''Frey'' f., PGem. ''*Frawjō''. * Fyresdal → '''𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Faúrhidals); ON. ''Fyrisdalr'', from ''*Fyrir'' (lake name), PGem. ''*Furhijaz'' (?), from ''*furhwǭ'' / ''*furhō''. * Førde (Fyrde) → '''𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍃''' (Faírþus); ON. ''Firði'' (dat. of ''Fjǫrðr''), PGem. ''*ferþuz''. * Geilo → '''𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃''' (Gáilōs); ON. ''Geilar'' f.pl. (dat. ''Geilum''), PGem. ''*gailō''. * Geiranger (Gjerangen) → '''𐌲𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Garwjaggrs); ON. ''*Gerangr'', older ''*Gerwangʀ'', PN. *ᚷᚨᚱᚹᛁᚨᛜᚱᚨᛉ (''*Garwiangraʀ), PGem. ''*garwijō'' + ''*angraz''.<ref>Oddvar Nes (1984), “Geiranger”, in ''Namn og nemne'' (in Norwegian), [https://www.nb.no/items/b2656ee725fc71f15ca1a5c58f2b500e?page=38| page 37]</ref> * Gjøvik (Djøvik, Djivik) → '''𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Diupweiks); ON. ''Djúpvík'', PGem. ''*deupaz'' + ''*wīks''. * Gol (Gord) → '''𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰''' (Garda); ON. ''Gǫrð'' f. (gen. ''Garðar''), PN. *ᚷᚨᚱᛞᚢ (''*Gardu''), derived from ''*gardaz''. * Granvin (Grove) → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Granawinja); ON. ''Granvin'' f., PGem. ''*granō'' + ''*winjō''. * Grenland → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Graniland); ON. ''Grenland'' n., PGem. ''*granīz'' m.pl. + ''*landą''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''grener'' m.pl. → '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (graneis), ON. ''grenir'', PGem. ''*granīz''. Cf. Latin ''gran(n)ii''. * Gudbrandsdal → '''𐌲𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍉𐍃''' (Guþabrandadalōs); ON. ''Guðbrandsdalir'' m.pl., ''Guðbrandr'' + ''dalr'', PGem. ''*gudą'' + ''*brandaz'' + ''*dalaz''. * Hadsel → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌻''' (Háubiþasigl); ON. ''Hǫfðasegl'' n., PGem. ''*habudô'' (← ''*habudą'') + ''*seglą''. * Hajeren (Hagjeren) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (Hagjis); ON. ''*Hagir'' m., an ''ija''-derivation of older ''*Hagi''. Possibly newer than Proto-Norse, or else it would have been ''*Hagīʀ'', PGem. ''*hagô'' + ''*-ijaz''. What’s clear is that it must originate from after Holtzmann’s law, as PGem. *Hagjaz'' would have turned into ''*Heggr''. * Halden (Hallen) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰''' (Halla), '''𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌿𐍃''' (Hallus). Danish name ''Fredrikshald'' (1665–1928); ON. ''hǫll'' (hall), PGem. ''hallō'', or ''hallr'' (slope), PGem. ''halluz''. * Hamar → '''𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍃''' (Hamars); ON. ''Hamarr'' m., PGem. ''*hamaraz''. * Hamarfest, Hammerfest → '''𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹''' (Hamarafasti); ON. ''hamarr'' m., PGem. ''*hamaraz'' + ''festr'' f., PN. *ᚠᚨᛊᛏᛁᛟᛉ (''fastiōʀ''), PGem. ''fastijō''. * Hardanger → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Harudaggrs); ON. ''Harðangr'' m., PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*angraz''. * Harstad → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Harudastaþeis); ON. ''*Harðarstaðir'' m.pl., ''Hǫrðr'' (male name) + ''staðr'', PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*stadiz''. * Haugalandet → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Háugaland); ON. ''Haugar'' m.pl. (farm name) + ''land'', PGem. ''*haugaz'' + ''*landą''. * Haugesund → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Háugasund); ON. ''Haugar'' m.pl. (farm name) + ''sund'', PGem. ''*haugaz'' + ''*sundą''. * Heidmark, Hedmark → '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Háiþimarka), '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Háiþinamarka); ON. ''Heiðmǫrk'' f., from ''heiðnir'' (tribe name, [[w:en:Chaedini|Chaedini]]), PGem. ''*haiþīnaz''. * Herad → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌳''' (Harjirēd); ON. ''Herað'' m., PGem. ''*harjarēdą'', from ''*harjaz'' + ''*rēdą''. Alternative etymologies include ''*harjaraidō'' and ''*hīwarāðą'' (from ''*hīwą''). * Hjerkinn (Hjerdkinn) → '''𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃''' (Haírdakinnus); ON. ''Hjarðkinn'' f., PGem. ''*herdō'' + ''*kinnuz''. * Honningsvåg → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍅𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍃''' (Haúrnuggawēgs); ON. ''*Hornungsvágr'' m., from ''*Hornungr'' (likely mountain name) + ''vágr'', PGem. ''*hurną'' + ''*wēgaz''. * Hordaland → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Harudaland); ON. ''Hǫrðaland'' n., PGem. ''*harudaz'' + ''*landą''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''hordar'' m.pl. → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (harudōs), ON. ''hǫrðar'', PGem. ''*harudōz''. Cf. ''[[w:en:Charudes|Charudes]]'' (Harudes). * Hålogaland → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Háuhláugjaland); ON. ''Hálogaland'', from gen. pl. of ''háleygir'' m., PGem. ''hauhalaugijaz''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''håløyger'' m.pl. → '''𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (háuhláugjōs), ON. ''háleygir'', PGem. ''*hauhalaugijōz''. * Jæren (Jâren) → '''𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍃''' (Idars); ON. ''Jaðarr'' m., PGem. ''*edaraz''. * Karmøy (Kartå) → '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍄𐌰''' (Karmta), '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Karmauja); ON. ''Kǫrmt'' f. (gen. ''Karmtar''), derived from ''karmr'', PGem. ''*karmaz''. Uncertain derivation suffix, possibly either ''*-þō'' or ''-dō''. * Kirkenes, Kyrkjenes → '''𐌺𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Kirikjanasi), '''𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Aíkklēsjanasi); ON. ''kirkja'' + ''nes'' n., replaced older ''Pisselvnes'' (piss river ness) and ''Håkjerringnes'' (Greenland shark ness), the latter a translation of Sami ''Áhkolatnjárga''. Modern Sami ''Girkonjárga'' (after Norwegian), Finnish ''Kirkkoniemi''. * Krøderen → '''𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌷𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Kranhōdeis); ON. ''Krǿðir'' m., PN. *ᚲᚱᚨᚺᚢᛞᛁᛉ (''Krāhudīʀ''), older ᚲᚱᚨᚾᚺᚢᛞᛁᚨᛉ (''*Kranhudiaʀ''), PGem. ''*Kranhōdijaz'', ''ia''-derivation of ''*kranhōdaz'', from ''*kranhō'', cf. ''*wranhō''.<ref>Arnoldus Hille (1983), “Innsjønavnet Krøderen”, in ''Fra ord til navn'' (in Norwegian Bokmål), [https://www.nb.no/items/adc92014764171e1fd7f34c138b6da5f?page=82| page 83]</ref> * Leikanger → '''𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍉𐍃''' (Láikawaggōs); ON. ''Leikvangir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*laikaz'' + ''*wangaz'' (pl. ''*wangōz''). * Lier (Lider) → '''𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (Hleidōs); ON. ''Líðir'' f.pl., older ''*Hlíðir'', PGem. ''*hlīdō''. * Lindesnes → '''𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Leiþandnasi); ON. ''Líðandi'' + ''nes'', PGem. ''*līþandz'' + ''*nasją''. * Lofot(en) → '''𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃''' (Laúhafōtus); ON. ''Lófótr'', PGem. ''*luhǭ'' (← ''*luhsaz'', cf. ''*fuhǭ'') + ''*fōts''. * Lom → '''𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐍃''' (Láuhōs); ON. ''Lóar'' (dat. ''Lóm'', ''Lóum''), PGem. ''*lauhō''. * Mjøs, Mjøsa → '''𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰''' (Maírsa); ON. ''Mjǫrs'', PN. *ᛗᛖᚱᛊᚢ (''*Mersu''), PGem. ''*Mersō''. * Molde → '''𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃''' (Muldōs); ON. ''Moldar'' f.pl., PGem. ''*muldō''. * Morn, Marna, Mandalselva → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰''' (Marna); ON. ''Mǫrn'' f., PGem. ''*Marnō'', a derivation of ''*mari'', cf. ''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹''. Another teaory claims it comes from ''*marhaz'', thus giving ''*Marhnō'' → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌽𐌰''', cf. ''*𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃''. ** Mandal, Marnardal → '''𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Marnadals); ON. ''Marnardalr'' m., PGem. ''*Marnō'' + ''*dalaz''. * Mysen, Møsi → '''𐌼𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Musawinja); ON. ''Mysin'' f., older ''*Muswin'', PN. *ᛗᚢᛊᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚢ (''*Musawinju''), PGem. ''*musô'' + ''winjō''. * Møre (Sunn-, Nord-) → '''𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌹''' (Mōri) (''𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰-'', ''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰-''); ON. ''Mǿrr'' f. (dat. ''Mǿri''), PN. *ᛗᛟᚱᛁᛟᛉ (''*Mōriōʀ''), PGem. ''*Mōrijō'' / ''*Mōrī''. * Narvik → '''𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Naírþuweiks); ON. ''*Njarðarvík'' (''Njǫrðr'' + ''vík''), PGem. ''*Nerþuz'' + ''*wīks''. * Nes → '''𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Nasi); ON. ''Nes'', PGem. ''*Nasją''. A name found multiple places, either as villages, municipalities or farms. * Nesbyen → '''𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Nasjabūws); ON. ''*Nesbýr'', PGem. ''*Nasją'' + ''*būwiz''. * Nisser → '''𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃''' (Nidwasáiws); ON. ''Nizir'', ''*Niðsær'', PGem. ''*Nidwō'' + ''*saiwiz''. ** Nissedal → '''𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃''' (Dals Nidwasáiwis); ON. ''*Nizidalr''. * Nordby → '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Naúrþrabūws); ON. ''Norðbýr'', PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*būwiz''. * Nordland → '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Naúrþraland); ON. ''norðr'' + ''land'', PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*landą''. * Noreg, Norway<ref name=eng-name>English name that is or has been in use.</ref> → '''[[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]]''' (Naúrþrawigs), or less preferable, '''𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃''' (Nōrawigs); ON. ''Noregr'', ''Norvegr'', possibly older ''*Norðvegr'' (cf. OEn. ''Norðweg''), PGem. ''*nurþraz'' + ''*wegaz''. Another theory is ''*Nórvegr'', from ''nór'' (narrow sound), PGem. ''*nōrą'', ''*nōraz'', as it better aligns with attested Norse forms, with a consistent lack of ''-ð-'', and an occasional long vowel (''Nóregr''). Foreign forms that reflect ''*nurþraz'' might stem from a conflation with ''norðmaðr'', PGem. ''*nurþramannz''. *: Another historical name is ''Norðmannaland'', whose Gothic form would be '''𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴''' (Land naúrþamannē) or '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Naúrþramanaland). *: The origin of the name is explained in Orkneyinga Saga as coming from the legendary founder Nor → '''𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍃''' (Nōrs); ON. ''Nórr'', PGem. ''*Nōraz'', derived from ''*nōrą''. However it might be the other way around instead. * Onsaker → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃''' (Wōdanakrs); ON. ''*Óðinsakr'' m., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*akraz''. * Onsrud → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳''' (Wōdanarud), '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍆''' (Wōdanahuf); ON. ''Óðinn'' + ''ruð'' n. (← PGem. ''*rudą''), older ''Óðinshof'' n., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*hufą''. * Onsøy → '''𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Wōdanáuja); ON. ''Óðinsey'' f., PGem. ''*Wōdanaz'' + ''*awjō''. * Oppland (Uppland) → '''𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰''' (Iuplanda); ON. ''Upplǫnd'' n.pl., PGem. ''*upp'' + ''*landą''. * Orkanger → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Waúrkaggrs); ON. ''*Ork'' + ''angr'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*angraz''. * Orkdal → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Waúrkadals); ON. ''Orkardalr'', older ''*Orkardalr'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*dalaz''. * Orkla (river) → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉''' (Waúrkilō), → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Waúrka); ON. ''*Orkla'' f., older ''*Ork'' f., PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?). * Orkland → '''𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Waúrkaland); ON. ''*Ork'' + ''land'', PGem. ''*wurkijaną'' (''*Wurkō''?) + ''*landą''. * Oslo → '''[[𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰]]''' (Ansuláuha); ON. ''Ósló'', ''Ǫ́sló'', ''Ásló'' f., PN. *ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛚᚨᚢᚺᚢ (''*Ansulauhu''), *ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛚᛟᚺᚢ (''*Ansulōhu''). *: The origin of ''Oslo'' has been up to debate, with several theories spanning between ''*ansaz'' / ''*amsaz'' (mountain ridge) and ''*ōsaz'' (estuary), however the vowel was nasal in Old Norse, as seen in Dutch ''Ansloo'' and Latin ''Ansloa'', so ''*ōsaz'' is ruled out. The third theory is ''*ansuz'' (god), which due to ''u''-umlaut would explain the ''ó-'' vowel (cf. the form ''óss'' alongside ''áss'', and names like ''Ósmundr'' / ''Ásmundr''). The latter element ''ló'' is the PGem. ''*lauhō'' f. (meadow), an alternative form of the masculine ''*lauhaz'' which gave rise to the West Germanic forms.<ref>Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989), “[https://ordsifjabok.arnastofnun.is/faersla/13840| Osló]”, in ''Íslensk orðsifjabók'', Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</ref> The Gothic adaptation could very well use the feminine form for consistency, as the word is not attested in this language, and it would be natural for it to be borrowed in the feminine form had Gothic gotten it from Proto-Norse. * Otra, Otre → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍉''' (Utrō); ON. ''Otra'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?), ''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz''. ** Oddernes (Otrenes) → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Utranasi); ON. ''Otrunes'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?) (''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz'') + ''*nasją''. ** Odderøya (Otrøya) → '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Utráuja); ON. ''Otrey'', ''Otruey'', from ''Otra'', PGem. ''*Utrǭ'' (?) (''ōn''-derivation of ''*utraz'') + ''*awjō''. * Otta → '''𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍉''' (Uhtō); ON. ''Ótta'' f., from ''ótti'' (fear, dread), PGem. ''*uhtô''. * Ringerike → '''𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹''' (Hriggareiki); ON. ''Hringaríki'' n., PGem. ''*hringaz'' + ''*rīkiją''. * Rogaland → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Rugiland); ON. ''Rogaland'', PGem. ''*rugīz'' (sg. ''*rugiz'') + ''*landą''. Cf. [[w:en:Rugiland|Rugiland]] and [[w:en:Rügen|Rügen]]. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''ryger'' m.pl. → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (rugeis), ON. ''rygir'', PGem. ''*rugīz''. Cf. ''[[w:en:Rugii|Rugii]]''. * Romerike → '''𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹''' (Raumareiki); ON. ''Raumaríki'' n., PGem. ''*rīkiją''. * Ryfylke → '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌹''' (Rugifulki) or '''𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌹 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴''' (Fulki Rugē); ON. ''Rygjafylki'', gen. of ''rygir'' + ''fylki'', PGem. ''*rugīz'' + ''*fulkiją''. * Røros (Røyros) → '''𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃''' (Ráudjamunþs); ON. ''*Reyðaróss'', PGem. ''*raudijō'' (from ''*raudaz'') + ''*ōsaz''. * Røst → '''𐍅𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰''' (Wrasta); ON. ''Rǫst'', PGem. ''*wrastō''. * Røyken → '''𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Hráukawinja); ON. ''Reykin'' f., older ''*Hreyk(w)in'', ''*Hrauk(w)in'', PGem. ''*hraukaz'' + ''*winjō''. * Salten, Salta (in Nordland) → '''𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍆𐍄𐌰''' (Salfta); ON. ''Salpti'' m., ''t''-derivation of the PIE root ''*selp-''. * Sauda → '''𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍉𐍃''' (Sáuþōs), ON. ''*Sauðar'' m.pl., PGem. ''*seuþaną''. * Sel → '''𐍃𐌹𐌻''' (Sil); ON. ''Sil'' n., PGem. ''*silą'' (?). * Selbu → '''𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌿''' (Silabū); ON. ''*Seli'' (lake name) + ''bú'' n., PGem. ''*silô'' + ''*būą''. * Selje, Selja → '''𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉''' (Saljō); ON. ''Selja'' f., derivation of ''sel'' n., PGem. ''*salją''. * Sira → '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐍉''' (Seiƕarō), '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌰''' (Seiƕara); ON. ''Síra'' f. (← PGem. ''*Sīhwarǭ''), or ''Síri'' m. (gen. ''Síra''), PGem. ''*Sīhwarô''. Related to ''*sīhwaną''. * Sirdal → '''𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Seiƕaradals); ON. ''Síra'' (river name) + ''dalr'' n., PGem. ''*Sīhwarǭ'' (?) + ''*dalaz''. Related to ''*sīhwaną''. * Skien (Skida) → '''𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍉''' (Skiþō); ON. ''Skiða'', from the root ''skiþ-'' (to split), cf. ''𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽''. * Skoger (Skogar) → '''𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌲𐍉𐍃''' (Skōgōs); ON. ''Skógar'' m.pl., PGem. ''*skōgaz''. * Snåsa (Snòsa, Snasa) → '''𐍃𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌰''' (Snasa); ON. ''Snǫs'' f. (gen. ''Snasar''), from ''snǫs'', related to ''nǫs'', PGem. ''*nasō''. * Sogn → '''𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃''' (Sugns); ON. ''Sogn'' m., ''n''-derivation of ''súga'', PGem. ''*sūganą''. PGem. ''*Sugnaz'' (?). *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''sygner'' (sg. ''sygn'') → '''𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (sugneis), ON. ''sygnir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*sugnīz''. * Spydeberg (Speberg) → '''𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃''' (Spiutabaírgs); ON. ''Spjótaberg'', PGem. ''*speutą'' + ''*bergą''. * Stavanger → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Stafaggrs); ON. ''Stafangr'', PGem. ''*stabaz'' + ''*angraz''. * Steinkjer → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌰''' (Stáinakasa); ON. ''Steinker'' n.pl., PGem. ''*stainaz'' + ''*kazą''. * Stjørdal → '''𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Stiuradals); ON. ''Stjóradalr'', from ''*Stjór'' (river name), possibly from the PGem. root ''*steur-'', whence also ''*stiurijaną''. * Stord → '''𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰''' (Staurda); ON. ''Storð'' f., PGem. ''*sturdō''. * Stryn → '''𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃''' (Striunōs); ON. ''Strjónar'' f.pl., from ''*Strjón'' f. (river name), PGem. root ''*streun-''. * Svalbard → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃''' (Swalabards); ON. ''Svalbarð'' n., ''Svalbarðr'' m., PGem. ''*swalaz'' + ''*bardą'', ''*bardaz''. * Svelvik (Sverdvik) → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Swaírbiþaweiks); ON. ''Sverðvík'' f., ''*sverfð'' (''sverfa'' + ''-ð'') + ''vík'', PGem. ''*swerbaną'' + ''*-iþō'' + ''*wīks''. * Svolvær → '''𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹''' (Swalawari); ON. ''*Svǫlver'' n., older ''*Swalwęr'', PGem. ''*swalaz'' + ''*warją''. * Sæbø → '''𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍅𐍃''' (Sáiwabūws); ON. ''Sævarbýr'' m., PGem. ''*saiwaz'' + ''*būwaz''. * Telemark → '''𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰''' (Þaílimarka); ON. ''Þelamǫrk'' f., ''þilir'' + ''mǫrk'', PGem. ''*þelīz'' (?) + ''*markō''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place is ''teler'' → '''𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (þaileis), ON. ''þilir'' m.pl, PGem. ''*þelīz''. * Toten (Totn) → '''𐌸𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌽''' (Þūhtn); ON. ''Þótn'', PGem. ''*Þūnhtną'', ''*Þūnhtīną''. * Tromsø, Troms (Trums) → '''𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌰''' (Trumsa); ON. ''Trums'' f. * Tromsøya (Trumsøya) → '''𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Trumsáuja); ON. ''Trums'' f. + ''ey'', PGem. ''*awjō''. * Trondheim, Throwendham<ref name=eng-name /> → '''[[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃]]''' (Þrōwōndháims); ON. ''Þrónd(h)eimr'' m., PGem. ''*þrōwōndz'' + ''*haimaz''. *: The old ethnonym tied to this place (or Trøndelag) is ''trønder'' m.pl. → '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃''' (þrōwōnds), ON. ''þrǿndr'' (sg. ''þróndr''), PGem. ''*þrōwōndiz''. * Træna → '''𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌽𐌰''' (Þridna); ON. ''Þriðn'' f., ''n''-derivation of ''*þrið'' (unit of three), PGem. ''*þridō''. Related to ''*þridjô'' and ''*þrīz''. * Trøndelag → '''[[𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰]]''' (Þrōwōndlaga) n.pl., or '''𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸''' (Þrōwōndwitōþ) n.; ON. ''Þrǿndalǫg'' n.pl., PGem. ''*þrōwōndz'' + ''*lagą'' (pl. ''*lagō''). Cf. ''Danalǫg'', OEn. ''Dena lagu'' (Danelaw). * Tysnes → '''𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Teiwanasi); ON. ''Týsnes'' n., PGem. ''*Tīwaz'' + ''*nasją''. * Ulstein → '''𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃''' (Wulfastáins); ON. ''*Ulfsteinn'' m.pl., ''ulfr'' + ''steinn'', PGem. ''*wulfaz'' + ''*stainaz''. * Ulvestad → '''𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Wulfastaþeis); ON. ''*Ulfastaðir'' m.pl., from ''*Ulfi'' (male name), or ''*Ulfustaðir'' from ''*Ulfa'' f. (river name). All from PGem. ''*wulfaz''. * Vadsø, Vatsøy → '''𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Watáuja); ON. ''*Vatsey'', PGem. ''*watōr'' + ''*awjō''. * Valdres → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌹''' (Walþulasi); ON. ''Valdres'', older ''*Waldles'' n., PGem. ''*walþuz'' + ''*lasją'', a relative of ''*lēswō'' (PWGem. ''*lāsu'').<ref>Per Hovda (1978), ''Frå hav til hei'' (in Norwegian), [https://www.nb.no/items/844335f14a639430f6a1e5b94f29705c?page=207| page 196]</ref> * Valle → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃''' (Walþjus); ON. ''*Vellir'' m.pl. (gen. ''Valla''), PGem. ''*walþuz''. * Vang → '''𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃''' (Waggs); ON. ''Vangr'' m., PGem. ''*wangaz''. * Vardø (Vordøy, Vargøy) → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Warþáuja), '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''' (Wargáuja); ON. ''*Vǫrð(u)ey'' (← PGem. ''*warþǭ'', ''*warþō''), older name ''Vargey'', PGem. ''*wargaz'' + ''*awjō''. * Vefsn, Vefsna → '''𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰''' (Wabisna); ON. ''*Vefsn'' f., ''sn''-derivation of the PGem. root ''*wab-'', ''*web-'', whence also ''*wabjaną''. * Vanse → '''𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰''' (Wanaweihawinja); ON. ''*Vanavésvin'' f., PGem. ''*wanaz'' + ''*wīhą'' + ''*winjō''. * Varanger → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃''' (Warjaggrs); ON. ''*Ver(j)angr'', PGem. ''*warją'' + ''*angraz''. * Verdal → '''𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Waíradals), '''𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Wisadals); ON. ''Verdalr'', from ''*Ver'' (river name), possibly related to ''vera'' , or an old root ''*wer-'', ''*war-'' with the meaning of water (cf. ''Voss''). * Vestfold, see ''Fold''. * Vika → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃''' (Weiks); ON. ''Víkin'', PGem. ''*wīks''. *: Inhabitants of this area are traditionally called ''vikveærer'' / ''-verer'' (or ''vikverjar'') m.pl. → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (weikwarjōs), sg. '''-𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (-warjis); ON. ''víkverjar'', ''víkverir'', PGem. ''*wīks'' + ''*-warjōz'' (sg. ''*-warjaz''). * Vinje (Vinja) → '''𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Winjōs); ON. ''Vinjar'' f.pl. (modern form from gen. ''Vinja''), PGem. ''*winjō'' (pl. ''*winjôz''). * Vold(a) → '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰''' (Walda), '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃''' (Walds); ON. ''*Vǫld'' (?) f., ''Valdr'' m., PN. *ᚹᚨᛚᛞᚢ (''*Waldu'') (?). * Voss → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰''' (Warsa); ON. ''Vǫrs'' f., PGem. ''*Warsō'', ''*Warusō''. * Vossavangen → '''𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃''' (Warsawaggs); ON. ''Vǫrs'' + ''vangr'' m., PGem. ''*wangaz''. * Vågå → '''𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌰''' (Waga); ON. ''Vaga'', dat. of ''*Vagi''. Related to ''vega'', PGem. ''*weganą''. * Ål → '''𐌴𐌻𐍃''' (Ēls); ON. ''Áll'' m., PGem. ''*ēlaz''. * Ålesund → '''𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳''' (Ēlasund); ON. ''*Álasund'' n., PGem. ''*ēlaz'' + ''*sundą''. * Ørst(a) → '''𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰''' (Wōrista), '''𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃''' (Wōrists); ON. ''Ǿrst'' (?) f., ''Ǿrstr'' m., older ''*Wōristʀ''. * Øyer (Øye) → '''𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Áujōs); ON. ''*Eyja'', gen. pl. of ''ey'', PGem. ''*awjō'', or dat./gen. of ''*Eyi'', PGem. ''*awjô''. The word ''*𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰'' (← PGem. ''*awjō'') is not attested in Gothic, however it’s a common word across the rest of the Germanic languages, so the odds are low for it having fallen out of Gothic. The form is also quite apparent based on similar words like ''*frawjǭ'' and ''*frawjô'' (→ ''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉'', ''𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰''). To properly adapt Germanic place names to Gothic, ''*𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰'' would need to be revived. * Øyeren → '''𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃''' (Aweis); ON. ''*Eyir'', possibly an Old Norse ''ija''-derivation of ''ey'' f., PGem. ''*awjō''; otherwise PN. *ᚨᚢᛁᛉ (Auīʀ), *ᚨᚢᛁᚨᛉ, PGem. ''*Awijaz''. Alternatively PGem. ''*Awjaz'' → '''𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃''' (however this would yield ON. ''*Eyr'' and not ''*Eyir''). Coincidentally, this latter possibility would be identical to the ending of ''*Dōnawjaz'', which is thought to have turned into ''*𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹'' (Dōnawi). However, based on similar ja-stem nouns, the most expected would be ''-𐌾𐌹𐍃'' for a short-stemmed name like this. Cf. ''*harjaz'' → ''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃'' (harjis). <!--* Hareid → '''𐌷𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹''' (Haþáidi); ON. ''Haðareið'', PGem. ''*Haþuz'' + ''*aidiją''.--> ===Place names outside of modern Norway=== * Båhus, Bohus → '''𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃''' (Bēgahūs), '''𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌼𐍃''' (Bēgahulms); ON. ''Bágahús'' (← PGem. ''*hūsą''), older ''Bágaholmr'', PGem. ''*bēgaz'' (weak decl. ''*bēgô'') + ''*hulmaz''. * Færøyane, Faroe Islands → '''𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Fahisáujōs); ON. ''Færeyjar'', PGem. ''*fahiz'' n. + ''*awjō''. * Herjådal, Herjedal → '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍈𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃''' (Harjaƕadals); ON. ''Herjádalr'', PGem. root ''*her-'', ''*har-'' + ''*ahwō'' + ''*dalaz''. * Hjaltland, Shetland → '''𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Hiltaland); ON. ''Hjaltland'', PGem. ''*heltą'' + ''*landą''. * Jamteland, Jamtland → '''𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Imatjaland); ON. ''Jamtaland'', PGem. ''*ematjaz'', from a verb ''*ematjaną'' (related to ''*nemaną'' + ''-atjaną'') + ''*landą''. *: Inhabitants of this area are traditionally called ''jamtar'' m.pl. → '''𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (imatjōs); ON. ''jamtar'' (sg. ''jamtr''), Old Icelandic ''jamtr'' (sg. and pl.). The legendary Kjetel jamte (Sw. Kettil Jämte) would then be 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐍃 (Katils imatjis). * Orknøyane, Orkney → '''𐌰𐍂𐌵𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃''' (Arqináujōs); ON. ''Orkneyjar'', PGem. ''*arkwīną'' + ''*awjō''. * Vinland → '''𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Weinaland), '''𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (Winjaland); ON. ''Vínland'' (← PGem. ''*wīną'') or ''Vinland'', PGem. ''*winjō'' + ''*landą''. ===Sami names=== Some names do not fit to the treatment of the Germanic derived ones, and these are the ones from Sami. These names can only be transcribed. * Deatnu, Tana → '''𐌳𐌴𐍄𐌽𐍉''' (Dētnō) f.; from ''deatnu'' (large river), Proto-Sami ''*Teanō'', possibly influenced by ''*eanō'' (large river). * Guovdageaidnu, Kautokeino → '''𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌳𐌽𐍉''' (Gaúbdagajdnō) f.; from ''guovda'' (half, middle) + ''geaidnu'' (way, road), Proto-Sami ''*kuovtë'' + ''*keajnō''. Cf. Kven/Finnish ''Koutokeino''. * Kárášjohka, Karasjok → '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌺𐌰''' (Kārāsjaúhka) f.; from ''káráš'' / ''gáráš'', diminutive of ''gárri'' (wooden food plate) + ''johka'' (river). A possible semi-translation could otherwise be '''𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐍈𐌰''' (Kārāsjaƕa), with the ''-j-'' reanalysed to the former word stem. * Máze, Masi → '''𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌹''' (Mātsi) f. or n., '''𐌼𐌰𐌶𐌹''' (Māzi) f.; cf. Finnish ''Maasi''. ==Notes and references== <references /> pncmbxo1hs58ve4zcn0irnn1mdiw48e 0 9099 49340 49067 2026-07-29T21:02:39Z Eiliv 10999 49340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃''' ([[𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹]]: ''Charudes'', ''Harudes''; [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''hordar'') 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰. 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 [[𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳|𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐌾𐌰𐌷 [[𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃|𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍂𐌹𐍃]] 𐌹𐌽 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰]]. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] 59tndx7z6yl6psc2rvqefsgmpkbg8jl 0 9100 49351 49335 2026-07-29T22:25:53Z Eiliv 10999 49351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰:Roman_Empire_125.png|right|thumb|[[𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹]] (117-138) 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴 (''Rugiī'') 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌹.]] '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃''' ([[𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹]]: ''Rugiī''; [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''ryger'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] nt8k2up16um34nfdk4onryrl70qzdwp 49353 49351 2026-07-29T22:28:05Z Eiliv 10999 49353 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰:Roman_Empire_125.png|right|thumb|[[𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹]] (117-138) 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴 (''Rugiī'') 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌹.]] '''𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃''' ([[𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹]]: ''Rugiī''; [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''ryger'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰. 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 [[𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳|𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐌹𐌽 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰]]. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] 7u8lgy45fbbzbtmh16fz16wruss2wcf 0 9102 49352 49326 2026-07-29T22:27:36Z Eiliv 10999 49352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' ([[𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹]]: ''Granii'', ''Grannii''; [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''grener'') 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰. 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 [[𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳|𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐌹𐌽 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰]]. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] o4clajker2vfl8snwoha11hwkk9c9i4 49354 49352 2026-07-29T22:28:57Z Eiliv 10999 49354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃''' ([[𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹]]: ''Granii'', ''Grannii''; [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''grener'') 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰. 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 [[𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳|𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐌹𐌽 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰]]. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] o36k1831687khs3f9q4bjiqhxjdlx2d 0 9129 49346 49238 2026-07-29T22:02:37Z Eiliv 10999 49346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃''' ([[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''Agder'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃]]. 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 [[𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃]] (''Kristiansand'') 𐌱𐌹 𐌰𐍈𐌰𐌹 [[𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍉|𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍉𐌽]] (''Otra''). [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] fcxlf8o1a6dcvwab4mdxwdlevmfsutg 0 9131 49348 49243 2026-07-29T22:03:34Z Eiliv 10999 49348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍉''' ([[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]. ''Otra'', ''Otre'') 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐍈𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃]]. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌰𐍈𐍉𐍃]] m6q23s4nidcnqr2q4u86qozrg7l1uvp 49349 49348 2026-07-29T22:06:56Z Eiliv 10999 49349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍉''' ([[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]. ''Otra'', ''Otre''; [[𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: *ᚢᛏᚱᚢ) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐍈𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 [[𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃|𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹]] 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰]]. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌰𐍈𐍉𐍃]] qhtnmv1ux8rfn3rs5uwvfr1rhqczi0e 0 9158 49336 2026-07-29T18:31:42Z Eiliv 10999 Created page with "[[𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰:Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png|thumb|𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰.]] '''𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰''' 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 [[𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰]] 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰..." 49336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰:Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png|thumb|𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰.]] '''𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰''' 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 [[𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰]] 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 ~800· [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃]] e7d4i731c6g9ye6szog29w8h2jzuuq8 49337 49336 2026-07-29T18:57:34Z Eiliv 10999 49337 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰:Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png|thumb|𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰.]] '''𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰''' 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 [[𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰]] 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 ·𐍉· [[𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃|𐌰.𐍇.]]. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃]] ftl8zuwgi2ttv0tsodg5t6xq74wqraq 0 9159 49338 2026-07-29T20:52:58Z Eiliv 10999 Created page with "'''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' ([[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''Hordaland'') 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃]]. 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 [[𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰]] (''Bergen'', ''Bjørnvin''). 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰..." 49338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' ([[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''Hordaland'') 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃]]. 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 [[𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰]] (''Bergen'', ''Bjørnvin''). [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] 6flhmy3gfbo42o1s6nzfck2x3bd27ta 49341 49338 2026-07-29T21:06:27Z Eiliv 10999 49341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' ([[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂.]]: ''Hordaland'') 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 [[𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃]]. 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 [[𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰]] (''Bergen'', ''Bjørgvin''). [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] c8mii7epthkvutmlbhp09zdiey2iarh 14 9160 49342 2026-07-29T21:07:14Z Eiliv 10999 Created page with "[[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]]" 49342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] gu3u6f2qtc2epce6ifwmn4e0hgxmne2 14 9161 49343 2026-07-29T21:22:23Z Eiliv 10999 Created page with "[[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]]" 49343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐍂𐍉𐍅𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] s7gh2otopz87zfuiotlsbbgv3fpnjee 49344 49343 2026-07-29T21:22:57Z Eiliv 10999 49344 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] gu3u6f2qtc2epce6ifwmn4e0hgxmne2 14 9162 49347 2026-07-29T22:03:08Z Eiliv 10999 Created page with "[[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰]]" 49347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰]] ao7kspvybdfpspomhxnp5uuvgt9flfd 0 9163 49350 2026-07-29T22:23:39Z Eiliv 10999 Created page with "'''𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃''' ([[𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹]]: ''Frīsiī''; [[𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃|𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹.]]: ''Friezen'', ''Fresen'', ''Fräisen'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃]] 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽..." 49350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃''' ([[𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹]]: ''Frīsiī''; [[𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃|𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹.]]: ''Friezen'', ''Fresen'', ''Fräisen'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰. [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] ndmfpora9m0vgj7mzznl0wz0lgmc3lm