Wikipedia gotwiki https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 Wikipedia 𐌸𐌹𐍃 Wikipedia 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 2 9217 49751 49750 2026-08-25T13:37:54Z Eiliv 10999 49751 wikitext text/x-wiki An attempt to catalogue the Gothic form of various foreign names, both potential ones and those already in use. For the names of people, Gothic might benefit from doing the same as Latvian (and partially Latin), where they add the native nominative ending to the name. A name like Charlie is not simply ''Čārli'' in Latvian, but ''Čārlij<u>s</u>''. That way, the strict system of native words and names can be applied to the foreign one. The same rule applies to feminine names in Latvian, however in that case, with an added ''-a'' or ''-e'' suffix. The surname of Charlie Chaplin’s mother is then ''Čaplina''. While Gothic does have a few borrowed names that don’t fit within the native morphology, these are usually Biblical names from Ancient Greek where they don’t follow Greek morphology either. In cases where the foreign name is Germanic, it might be easy to simply translate it. E.g. 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 for ''Richard'', instead of a semi-transcription like 𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃. ==Names of people== * Angela Merkel → 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 (Aggaíla Maírkilō). Transcription and partial translation of the surname, where the German diminutive ''-(e)l'' is replaced by Gothic ''-ilō''. Surname alternatively 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 (Markilō) without i-umlaut, as a complete translation of ''Merkel'', diminutive of ''Mark'' (found in names like ''Markwart''), PGer. ''*markō''. * Benito Mussolini → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Baíneitus Musaúleineis). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden → 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍃 ·𐌹𐌵· 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (Karils ·iq· Gautastafs Swaíhalandis). Translation, alternatively 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌰 due to the prevalence of the n-stem form of the diminutive suffix in Gothic. * Charles III of Great Britain → 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍃 ·𐌲· 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰-𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Karils ·g· Mikila-Britanjōs). Translation, alternatively 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌰 due to the prevalence of the n-stem form of the diminutive suffix in Gothic. * Charlie Chaplin → 𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Tsarleis Tsaplins). Transcription with added m. nominative suffix. ⟨ts⟩ is used for the /tʃ/ sound, as there is no such affricate in Gothic. Cf. Greek, where this and similar sounds are transcribed as ⟨ts⟩. * Dolly Rebecca Parton → 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹 𐍂𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐍀𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 (Daúlei Ribaíka Partōna). Transcription with added feminine morphology, cf. Latvian ''Pārtone'' where ''-e'' is a feminine ending added to both native and foreign surnames. * Donald John Trump → 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍀𐍃. Transcription based on the way Germanic languages tend to acquire the name, cf. Donald Duck. Added m. nominative suffix. * Edvard Munch → 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌿𐌲𐌺𐍃 (Áudawardus Mugks). Translation and transcription with an added masculine morpheme. Last name alternatively 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍃 (Muniks) as a translation of the name. *𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍃 is not attested in Gothic, but it was borrowed into West Germanic from Late Latin ''municus'', and for Gothic to do the same would seem natural. * Elizabeth II of Great Britain → 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌰 ·𐌱· 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰-𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Aíleisabaíþa ·b· Mikila-Britanjōs). Translation, however nativised with a feminine suffix unlike the Biblical name. * Elvis Presley → 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Aílbeis Praísleis). Transcription with added masculine nominative suffix. * Erling Braut Haaland → 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (Aírliggs Bráuta Háuhaland). Translation. * Fredrik X of Denmark → 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 ·𐌹· 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 (Friþareikeis ·i· Danimarkōs). Translation. First name alternatively 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (Friþureiks), as 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 is an irregular development and not a complete cognate of ''Fredrik'' (PGer. ''*Friþurīks''). * George VI of Great Britain → 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 ·𐌵· 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰-𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Gaíaúrgjus ·q· Mikila-Britanjōs). Translation to a Gothic form of the original Greek/Latin name, cf. German ''Georg''. * George Walker Bush → 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃 𐌱𐌿𐍃 (Dzaúrdz Waúlkaírs Bus). Transcription with added masculine morpheme. First name alternatively 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 (Gaíaúrgjus) after Greek and Latin, cf. how other languages historically have used their own forms of the Greek/Latin name, e.g. for English kings. * Harald V of Norway → 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 ·𐌴· 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 (Harjawalds ·e· Naúrþrawigis). Translation. * Håkon of Norway (crown prince) → 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 (Háuhakuns Naúrþrawigis), alternatively 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐍃 (Hanhakuns). Translation, however the origin is debated. ''Håkon'' (Old Norse ''Hákon'') may either come from ''*hauhaz'' (high) or ''*hanhaz'' (horse). The latter element is from ''*kuniz'' (kin; descendant, son), or a derivation of ''*kunją'' (kin). * Jens Stoltenberg → 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃 (Iōhannēs Stultabaírgs). Translation. * Joe Biden → 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌿𐍅𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌾𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Dzaúws Bajdaíns). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * Johann Sebastian Bach → 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌺𐍃 (Iōhannēs Saíbastjānus Baks). Translation, based on Gothic borrowings or potential borrowings from Greek and Latin. *𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃 (*Saíbastjānus) from Latin ''Sebastiānus'' fits with the pattern of 𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃 (Damjanus) from Greek Δᾰμῐᾱνός (Dămĭānós), Lat. ''Damiānus''. The last name 𐌱𐌰𐌺𐍃 from PGer. ''*bakiz'' (brook), but would also be a transcription of ''Bach'' with added masculine morphology. * Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci → 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌰 (Laíwahardus Paítráus sunus fram Wintsja). Translation and transcription with adaptation to Gothic phonology and morphology (''Vinci'' → ''Wintsi'', dat. ''Wintsja''). ⟨w⟩ due to its 1:1 relation to Latin (and thus Italian) ⟨v⟩. * Margrethe II of Denmark → 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰 ·𐌱· 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 (Marikreita ·b· Danimarkōs). Translation, based on 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (marikreitus), from μαργᾰρῑ́της (margărī́tēs) which is also the origin of the female given name. * Matti Nykænen → 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Matþaíus Nikaínaíns). Translation and transcription with an added masculine morpheme. First name alternatively 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Matteis). * Pablo Picasso → 𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌻𐌿𐍃 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌿𐍃 (Pawlus Pikasus). Translation and transcription with an added masculine morpheme. Last name alternatively 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (Pikassus), however the Spanish pronunciation is more akin to 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌿𐍃, as the /s/ is not geminated. * Recep Tayyip Erdoğan → 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌾𐌹𐍀𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (Raídzaíps Tajips Aírdaúgans). Transcription. Surname alternatively 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (Aírdaúan) for more precise pronunciation, but it is uncommon in other languages to drop the ⟨g⟩. * Richard Dawkins → 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐌳𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Reikahardus Dōkins). Transcription. The ''-s'' of the surname might be reanalysed as the nominative suffix, or as part of the stem (with an assimilated ''-s'' suffix, cf. 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃). In either case, the form would be 𐌳𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Dōkins). * Sigmund Freud → 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍃 (Sigimundus Frawiþs). Translation. Last name from ''*frawiþō'' with added masculine suffix. Alternatively 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌳𐍃 (Fraújds) if doing a transcription instead. * Tarzan → 𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 (Tarzans). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * Vincent Willem van Gogh → 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰 (Wigkaínteis Wiljahilms fram Gaúga). Translation and transcription. First name based on Latin ''Vincentius'' {{IPA|[wɪŋˈkɛn.ti.ʊs]}}. Native Gothic dative declension of 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌲 (Gaúg) ''n'' governed by the preposition. * Wien, Vienna → 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Waídunja) ''f''. Translation based on Vulgar Latin ''*Vedunia'', the origin of the German name. Alternatively 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰 (Windabaúna) ''f'', Gaulish ''*Windobonā'' ''f'' and Latin ''Vindobona'' ''f'' (Vienna). The shift of the stem vowel from ''-o-'' to ''-a-'' seems regular in Germanic loans from Celtic, e.g. ''*geistlos'' → ''*gīslaz''. * Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands → 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃-𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 (Wiljahilms-Alaíksandrus Niþralandē). Translation. * William Shakespeare → 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (Wiljahilms Saíkspeirs). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart → 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 (Wulfagaggs Amadēus Maútsarts). Translation and transcription with added masculine morphemes. * Владимир Владимирович Путин, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin → 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐍀𐌿𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Waldamērs Waldamēris sunus Puteins). Translation of first names, transcription of family name with added m. nominative suffix. * Володимир Олександрович Зеленський, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy → 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌶𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Waldamērs Alaiksandraus sunus Zailainskeis). Translation of first names, transcription of family name with added m. nominative suffix. * Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev → 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (Mikaeils Sirgaíjis sunus Gaúrbatsaúfs). Transcription and partial translation. First name alternatively 𐌼𐌹𐍇𐌰𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍃 (Mixaeils) or 𐌼𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍃 (Mihaeils). * בנימין נתניהו (Binyamín N’tanyáhu) → 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃 (Binjameins Naítanjahus). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * નરેન્દ્ર દામોદરદાસ મોદી (Narendra Damodardas Modi) → 𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Naraíndra Damaúdardas Maúdeis). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * ኃይለ ሥላሴ (Ḫäylä Śəllase), Haile Selassie → 𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌴𐍃. Transcription based on original Amharic with added masculine morphemes. * 习近平 (Xí Jìnpíng) → 𐍃𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌶𐌹𐌽𐍀𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (Sis Dzinpiggs). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. First name alternatively 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Seis). * 安倍 晋三 (Abe Shinzō) → 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌶𐌿𐍃 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍃 (Sindzus Abēs) or 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍃 (Sindzōs Abēs). Transcription with added m. nominative suffix. * 宮崎 駿 (Miyazaki Hayao) → 𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Hajaus Mijazakeis) or 𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Hajaōs Mijazakeis). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * 徳仁 (Naruhito) → 𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 (Naruhitus Japanis). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * 明仁 (Akihito) → 𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 (Akihitus Japanis). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * 毛澤東 (Máo Zédōng) → 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐍃 𐍄𐌶𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (Maws Tsaítuggs) or 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐍃 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (Maws Dzaídaúggs). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * 石井 健雄 (Ishii Takeo), Takeo Ischi → 𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Takaius Iseis) or 𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌴𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Takēōs Iseis). Transcription with added m. nominative suffix. ⟨s⟩ is used for the /ʃ/ sound, as there is no such fricative in Gothic. Cf. Greek, where this and similar sounds are transcribed as ⟨s⟩. * 裕仁 (Hirohito) → 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 (Hiraúhitus Japanis). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. ==Names of places== * Alpes → 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 (Albjōns) ''f pl''. Translation based on West Germanic ''*albijā'', from Proto-Celtic ''*albiyū'', a feminine derivation of ''*albis'', relted to PGer. ''*albiz'' (elf). The West Germanic ''-jā'' corresponds to Gothic -𐌾𐍉 (-jō). Alternatively 𐌰𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃 (Alpōs) ''f pl'', from Latin ''Alpēs''. * Berlin → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (Baírlein) ''n''. Transcription. * Bern → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌰 (Baírna) ''f''. Transcription, loosely based on the possible origin in Celtic ''*berna'' (cleft) and New Latin ''Berna''. Alternatively 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽 (Baírn) ''n''. * Brasil, Brazil → 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (Brazeilja) ''f''. Adaptation based on Brazilian Portuguese ''Brasil'' [bɾaˈziʊ̯] and Latin ''Brasilia'', as well as a few other languages that use the same name for the capital (Brasília) and the country. * Brüssel, Bruxelles, Brussels → 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍃 (Brōkasals) ''m. i-stem''. Translation based on West Germanic ''*Brōkasali'' (PGer. ''*brōkaz'' / ''*brōką'' + ''*saliz''). The same translation would go for the German town of Bruchsal as well. * Carolina → 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (Karaúleina) ''f''. Transcription based on spelling, as well as other languages where native pronunciations are favoured above {{IPA|/ˌkæɹəˈlaɪnə/}}. An actual translation might however be ''Karileina'', from the feminine of ''karileins'' (of or pertaining to Karils/Karila), equivalent of Lat. ''carolīnus''. This would seem somewhat strange though, as it would suggest other similar translations, like German ''*Karlene'' or Icelandic ''*Karlin''. * Donau, Danube → 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Dōnaweis) ''m'' or 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (Dōnáujis) ''m''. Translation based on PGer. ''*Dōnawjaz'' and languages that borrowed the Gothic term, such as Greek Δούναβις (Doúnabis). The question is only what exact form it had in Gothic. ''*-awjaz'' is short-stem and would therefore suggest -𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (-áujis) {{IPA|/ɔːjis/}}, cf. 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (harjis), PGer ''*harjaz'', however the Greek form with -αβις might suggest -𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-aweis) {{IPA|/a.wiːs/}} instad. * Elbe, Labe → 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹 (Albi) ''f''. Translation, from PGer. ''*Albī''. * Ems → 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰 (Ameisja) ''f''. Translation/transcription based on Latin ''Amīsia'', the origin of ''Ems''. * Føroyar, Faroe Islands → 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Fahisáujōs) ''f pl''. Translation, based on PGer. ''*fahaz'' and ''*awjō''. 𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (áuja) may have been a word in Gothic, although unattested, but 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍃 (fahis) is more uncertain. The form, however, is likely to have become this, based on other neuter z-stems like PGer. ''*rekwaz'' and ''*agaz'' → 𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃 (riqis) and 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis). * Genf, Genève, Ginevra, Geneva → 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌰 (Gaínwa). Translation/transcription based on Celtic ''*Genwā''. * Guadalquivir → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (Baíts) ''m'' or 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (Wadalkibeirs) ''m''. Transcription with some adaptation, of either Greek Βαῖτῐς (Baîtĭs), Latin ''Baetis'', or Spanish ''Guadalquivir'', from Arabic وَادِي الكَبِير (''wādī l-kabīr''), meaning ‘the big river’. * Göteborg, Gothenburg → 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (Gáutabaúrgs) ''f''. Translation. * Kraków → 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍉𐍆 (Krakōf) ''n'' or 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱 (Krakōb) ''n''. Transcription. Alternatively 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (Krakabaúrgs) ''f'' as a translation. * Latvija, Latvia → 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (Lataland) ''n''. Semi-translation or adaptation of the native name, inspired by other Germanic names such as ''Lettland'', however without the i-umlaut. ''Latvija'' itself might come derive from ''*Latuva'', from the river name ''*Lata'' + ''-uva'' (region). This gave rise to the demonym ''latvis'', and from that ''Latvija''. * Łódź → 𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌰 (Lōda) ''f''. Transcription from an earlier stage more akin to Gothic phonology, however with added ''-a'' to maintain the feminine. Otherwise 𐌻𐍉𐌳 (Lōd) ''n''. Possible transcriptions purely based on pronunciation could be 𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌶 (Wōdz) ''n'' or 𐍅𐌿𐌳𐌶 (Wudz) ''n''. An actual cognate of the name is also possible, as ''Łódź'' stems from PSlav. ''*oldi'' (boat), akin to PGer. ''*aldǭ'' (hollowed out trunk; trough). In which case, Gothic would get *𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉 (*Aldō) ''f''. This would, however, deviate a lot from the meaning of the word that gave the town its name. * México, Mēxihco, Mexico → 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌹𐌺𐍉 (Maíksikō) ''f''. Transcription of the common pronunciation with {{IPA|/ks/}}, seen across the majority of languages. Otherwise 𐌼𐌴𐍃𐌹𐌷𐌺𐍉 (Mēsihkō) or 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍇𐌹𐌺𐍉 (Maíxikō) after the Nahuatl and Spanish pronunciations. * Noreg, Norway → 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (Naúrþrawigs) ''m''. Translation based on various old forms in other languages, such as Old English ''Norðweg''. However, the Norwegian form has never been attested with the expected ''-ð-'' (''*Norðvegr''), and there are theories of it coming from ''Nórvegr'' instead (long {{IPA|/o:/}} is attested), from PGer. ''*nōrą'' (narrow strait or inlet), thus suggesting Proto-Norse ''*Nōrawegaʀ'' and Gothic 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (Nōrawigs). * Oslo → 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰 (Ansuláuha) ''f''. Translation based on Proto-Norse ''*Ansulauhu'', from ''*ansuz'' and ''*lauhō'' (alt. form of ''*lauhaz''). For more Norwegian names, see [[𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃:Eiliv/Norwegian place names|Norwegian place names]]. * Paris → 𐍀𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Pareis) ''m. ja-stem''. Transcription with some adaptation due to the similarity with native ja-stems nouns. For the long vowel, compare German ''Pareis'' and Dutch ''Parijs''. * Po → 𐍀𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (Padus) ''m''. Translation based on Latin ''Padus'', the origin of Italian ''Po''. * Rhine, Rhein, Rijn, Rhin → 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Reins) ''m''. Translation, from PGer. ''*Rīnaz''. * Seine → 𐍃𐌴𐌵𐌰𐌽𐌰 (Sēqana) ''f''. Translation based on Latin ''Sēquana'', from a debated Proto-Celtic origin. If theories about the name ''Sēquana'' being a cognate of Old Norse ''Sígyn'' – from PGer. ''*Sīgunjō''<ref>Ginevra, Ricardo (2018), ''Old Norse Sígyn (*sei̯ku̯-n̥-i̯éh2- ‘she of the pouring’), Vedic °sécanī- ‘pouring’, Celtic Sēquana and PIE *sei̯ku̯- ‘pour’. Proceedings of the 29th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference.‎''[https://nors.ku.dk/english/staff/?pure=en%2Fpublications%2Fold-norse-sigyn-seikunieh2-she-of-the-pouring-vedic-secan-pouring-celtic-squana-and-pie-seiku-pour(87d175e0-18f2-485a-aff9-b2c11e0090e9).html], Bremen: Hempen Verlag, [[Special:BookSources/978-3-944312-64-4|→ISBN]], pages 65-76</ref> – are true, then a Gothic translation might be 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Seigunja) ''f'', or 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 (Seiguni) ''f''. However, a form like 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌹 (Seigini) ''f'', from PGer. ''*Sīginī'', would better allign with the reconstructed ''*seykʷ-én-ih₂ ~ *seykʷ-n̥-yéh₂-s'', as the suffix ''*-én-ih₂ ~ *-n̥-yéh₂-s'' is also thought to be the origin of Gothic -𐌹𐌽𐌹 (-ini). * Stockholm → 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌺𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌼𐍃 (Stukkahulms) ''m''. Translation. * Sydney → 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌽𐌹 (Sidni) ''n''. Transcription. Alternatively 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌽𐌴𐌹 (Sidnei) ''f''. * Tiberis, Tiber → 𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃 (Tibaírs) ''m''. Transcription with adapted masculine morphology. * Venezuela → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌰 (Baínaíswēla) ''f''. Transcription of the local Venezuelan Spanish pronunciation {{IPA|[be.neˈswe.la]}}. * Virginia → 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Birgeinja) ''f''. Transcription with some adaptations. Alternatively 𐍅𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Wirgeinja) due to the 1:1 relationship between Latin {{IPA|/v/}} and Gothic {{IPA|/w/}}. * Во́лга (Vólga) → 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰 (Waúlga) ''f''. Transcription. * Warszawa, Warsaw → 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌰 (Warsawa) ''f''. Transcription largely based on spelling, however both ''w''’s are historically {{IPA|/w/}} and one might therefore see the Polish {{IPA|/v/}} and Gothic {{IPA|/w/}} as a direct relationship in this regard, similar to Romance {{IPA|/v/}}. The Polish name itself stems from the diminutive ''Warsz'' (''Warcisław'' + ''-sz''), related to PGer. ''*wardijaną'', and the relational suffix ''-owy''. * Zürich → 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺 (Taúreik) ''n''. Translation/transcription based on Latin ''Turīcum'', the origin of ''Zürich''. * Česká republika, Czech Republic → 𐌱𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 (Bajaháims) ''m''. Translation, based on the old Germanic name for the region Čechy, ''*Bajahaimaz'', which have also given rise to German ''Böhmen'' and English ''Bohemia''. * Дніпро́ (Dnipró), Днепр (Dnepr) → 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍂𐌿𐍃 (Dunaíprus) ''m''. Transcription of earlier slavic forms such as Old East Slavic Дънѣпръ (Dŭněprŭ) ''m'' and Proto-Slavic ''*Dъněprъ'' ''m''. Otherwise either 𐌳𐌽𐌹𐍀𐍂𐍉 (Dniprō) ''f'' or 𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍂 (Dnaípr) ''n'' based on modern forms. * 上海 (Shànghǎi) → 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰 (Sagghaja) ''f''. Transcription, however with an added ''-a'' to avoid an unnatural ''-aj'' ending. Alternatively 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌹̈ (Sagghaï) ''n'', declined as neuter ja-stem. Then with dative 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰 (Sagghaja). * 京都 (Kyōto) → 𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍄𐍉 (Kjōtō) ''f''. Transcription. * 北京 (Běijīng) → 𐍀𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽 (Pēkein) ''n'' or 𐍀𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌲𐌲 (Pēkigg) ''n''. Transcription based on the common form across European languages, such as Latin ''Pēc(h)īnum'' and German ''Peking''. A transcription of the modern Mandarin pronunciation would be more like 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌳𐌶𐌹𐌲𐌲 (Baíjdzigg), however it is more common practice to keep the name form of the initial borrowing, which in terms of European languages is the form used in the 17th c. [[w:en:Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Nanjing court dialect]] of Mandarin. * 北海道 (Hokkaidō) → 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌺𐌰𐌹̈𐌳𐍉 (Haúkkaïdō) ''f''. Transcription. * 広島 (Hiroshima) → 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌼𐌰 (Hiraúsima) ''f''. Transcription. Alternatively 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (Hiraúseima) based on a common pronunciation across various European languages. * 東京 (Tōkyō) → 𐍄𐍉𐌺𐌾𐍉 (Tōkjō) ''f''. Transcription. * 武漢 (Wǔhàn) → 𐍅𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (Wuhan) ''n''. Transcription. ==References== nr391q150wq1zlo35osceegf9tczo3y 49752 49751 2026-08-25T23:44:29Z Eiliv 10999 49752 wikitext text/x-wiki An attempt to catalogue the Gothic form of various foreign names, both potential ones and those already in use. For the names of people, Gothic might benefit from doing the same as Latvian (and partially Latin), where they add the native nominative ending to the name. A name like Charlie is not simply ''Čārli'' in Latvian, but ''Čārlij<u>s</u>''. That way, the strict system of native words and names can be applied to the foreign one. The same rule applies to feminine names in Latvian, however in that case, with an added ''-a'' or ''-e'' suffix. The surname of Charlie Chaplin’s mother is then ''Čaplina''. While Gothic does have a few borrowed names that don’t fit within the native morphology, these are usually Biblical names from Ancient Greek where they don’t follow Greek morphology either. In cases where the foreign name is Germanic, it might be easy to simply translate it. E.g. 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 for ''Richard'', instead of a semi-transcription like 𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃. ==Names of people== * Angela Merkel → 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 (Aggaíla Maírkilō). Transcription and partial translation of the surname, where the German diminutive ''-(e)l'' is replaced by Gothic ''-ilō''. Surname alternatively 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 (Markilō) without i-umlaut, as a complete translation of ''Merkel'', diminutive of ''Mark'' (found in names like ''Markwart''), PGer. ''*markō''. * Benito Mussolini → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Baíneitus Musaúleineis). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden → 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍃 ·𐌹𐌵· 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (Karils ·iq· Gautastafs Swaíhalandis). Translation, alternatively 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌰 due to the prevalence of the n-stem form of the diminutive suffix in Gothic. * Charles III of Great Britain → 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍃 ·𐌲· 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰-𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Karils ·g· Mikila-Britanjōs). Translation, alternatively 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌰 due to the prevalence of the n-stem form of the diminutive suffix in Gothic. * Charlie Chaplin → 𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Tsarleis Tsaplins). Transcription with added m. nominative suffix. ⟨ts⟩ is used for the /tʃ/ sound, as there is no such affricate in Gothic. Cf. Greek, where this and similar sounds are transcribed as ⟨ts⟩. * Dolly Rebecca Parton → 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹 𐍂𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐍀𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 (Daúlei Ribaíka Partōna). Transcription with added feminine morphology, cf. Latvian ''Pārtone'' where ''-e'' is a feminine ending added to both native and foreign surnames. * Donald John Trump → 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍀𐍃. Transcription based on the way Germanic languages tend to acquire the name, cf. Donald Duck. Added m. nominative suffix. * Edvard Munch → 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌿𐌲𐌺𐍃 (Áudawardus Mugks). Translation and transcription with an added masculine morpheme. Last name alternatively 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍃 (Muniks) as a translation of the name. *𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍃 is not attested in Gothic, but it was borrowed into West Germanic from Late Latin ''municus'', and for Gothic to do the same would seem natural. * Elizabeth II of Great Britain → 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌰 ·𐌱· 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰-𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Aíleisabaíþa ·b· Mikila-Britanjōs). Translation, however nativised with a feminine suffix unlike the Biblical name. * Elvis Presley → 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Aílbeis Praísleis). Transcription with added masculine nominative suffix. * Erling Braut Haaland → 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (Aírliggs Bráuta Háuhaland). Translation. * Fredrik X of Denmark → 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 ·𐌹· 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 (Friþareikeis ·i· Danimarkōs). Translation. First name alternatively 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (Friþureiks), as 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 is an irregular development and not a complete cognate of ''Fredrik'' (PGer. ''*Friþurīks''). * George VI of Great Britain → 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 ·𐌵· 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰-𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Gaíaúrgjus ·q· Mikila-Britanjōs). Translation to a Gothic form of the original Greek/Latin name, cf. German ''Georg''. * George Walker Bush → 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃 𐌱𐌿𐍃 (Dzaúrdz Waúlkaírs Bus). Transcription with added masculine morpheme. First name alternatively 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 (Gaíaúrgjus) after Greek and Latin, cf. how other languages historically have used their own forms of the Greek/Latin name, e.g. for English kings. * Harald V of Norway → 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 ·𐌴· 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 (Harjawalds ·e· Naúrþrawigis). Translation. * Håkon of Norway (crown prince) → 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 (Háuhakuns Naúrþrawigis), alternatively 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐍃 (Hanhakuns). Translation, however the origin is debated. ''Håkon'' (Old Norse ''Hákon'') may either come from ''*hauhaz'' (high) or ''*hanhaz'' (horse). The latter element is from ''*kuniz'' (kin; descendant, son), or a derivation of ''*kunją'' (kin). * Jens Stoltenberg → 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃 (Iōhannēs Stultabaírgs). Translation. * Joe Biden → 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌿𐍅𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌾𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Dzaúws Bajdaíns). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * Johann Sebastian Bach → 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌺𐍃 (Iōhannēs Saíbastjānus Baks). Translation, based on Gothic borrowings or potential borrowings from Greek and Latin. *𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃 (*Saíbastjānus) from Latin ''Sebastiānus'' fits with the pattern of 𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃 (Damjanus) from Greek Δᾰμῐᾱνός (Dămĭānós), Lat. ''Damiānus''. The last name 𐌱𐌰𐌺𐍃 from PGer. ''*bakiz'' (brook), but would also be a transcription of ''Bach'' with added masculine morphology. * Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci → 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌰 (Laíwahardus Paítráus sunus fram Wintsja). Translation and transcription with adaptation to Gothic phonology and morphology (''Vinci'' → ''Wintsi'', dat. ''Wintsja''). ⟨w⟩ due to its 1:1 relation to Latin (and thus Italian) ⟨v⟩. * Margrethe II of Denmark → 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰 ·𐌱· 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 (Marikreita ·b· Danimarkōs). Translation, based on 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (marikreitus), from μαργᾰρῑ́της (margărī́tēs) which is also the origin of the female given name. * Matti Nykænen → 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Matþaíus Nikaínaíns). Translation and transcription with an added masculine morpheme. First name alternatively 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Matteis). * Pablo Picasso → 𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌻𐌿𐍃 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌿𐍃 (Pawlus Pikasus). Translation and transcription with an added masculine morpheme. Last name alternatively 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (Pikassus), however the Spanish pronunciation is more akin to 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌿𐍃, as the /s/ is not geminated. * Recep Tayyip Erdoğan → 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌾𐌹𐍀𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (Raídzaíps Tajips Aírdaúgans). Transcription. Surname alternatively 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (Aírdaúan) for more precise pronunciation, but it is uncommon in other languages to drop the ⟨g⟩. * Richard Dawkins → 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐌳𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Reikahardus Dōkins). Transcription. The ''-s'' of the surname might be reanalysed as the nominative suffix, or as part of the stem (with an assimilated ''-s'' suffix, cf. 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃). In either case, the form would be 𐌳𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Dōkins). * Sigmund Freud → 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍃 (Sigimundus Frawiþs). Translation. Last name from ''*frawiþō'' with added masculine suffix. Alternatively 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌳𐍃 (Fraújds) if doing a transcription instead. * Tarzan → 𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 (Tarzans). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * Vincent Willem van Gogh → 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰 (Wigkaínteis Wiljahilms fram Gaúga). Translation and transcription. First name based on Latin ''Vincentius'' {{IPA|[wɪŋˈkɛn.ti.ʊs]}}. Native Gothic dative declension of 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌲 (Gaúg) ''n'' governed by the preposition. * Wien, Vienna → 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Waídunja) ''f''. Translation based on Vulgar Latin ''*Vedunia'', the origin of the German name. Alternatively 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰 (Windabaúna) ''f'', Gaulish ''*Windobonā'' ''f'' and Latin ''Vindobona'' ''f'' (Vienna). The shift of the stem vowel from ''-o-'' to ''-a-'' seems regular in Germanic loans from Celtic, e.g. ''*geistlos'' → ''*gīslaz''. * Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands → 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃-𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 (Wiljahilms-Alaíksandrus Niþralandē). Translation. * William Shakespeare → 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (Wiljahilms Saíkspeirs). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart → 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 (Wulfagaggs Amadēus Maútsarts). Translation and transcription with added masculine morphemes. * Владимир Владимирович Путин, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin → 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐍀𐌿𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Waldamērs Waldamēris sunus Puteins). Translation of first names, transcription of family name with added m. nominative suffix. * Володимир Олександрович Зеленський, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy → 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌶𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Waldamērs Alaiksandraus sunus Zailainskeis). Translation of first names, transcription of family name with added m. nominative suffix. * Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev → 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (Mikaeils Sirgaíjis sunus Gaúrbatsaúfs). Transcription and partial translation. First name alternatively 𐌼𐌹𐍇𐌰𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍃 (Mixaeils) or 𐌼𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍃 (Mihaeils). * בנימין נתניהו (Binyamín N’tanyáhu) → 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃 (Binjameins Naítanjahus). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * નરેન્દ્ર દામોદરદાસ મોદી (Narendra Damodardas Modi) → 𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Naraíndra Damaúdardas Maúdeis). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * ኃይለ ሥላሴ (Ḫäylä Śəllase), Haile Selassie → 𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌴𐍃. Transcription based on original Amharic with added masculine morphemes. * 习近平 (Xí Jìnpíng) → 𐍃𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌶𐌹𐌽𐍀𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (Sis Dzinpiggs). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. First name alternatively 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Seis). * 安倍 晋三 (Abe Shinzō) → 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌶𐌿𐍃 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍃 (Sindzus Abēs) or 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍃 (Sindzōs Abēs). Transcription with added m. nominative suffix. * 宮崎 駿 (Miyazaki Hayao) → 𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Hajaus Mijazakeis) or 𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Hajaōs Mijazakeis). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * 徳仁 (Naruhito) → 𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 (Naruhitus Japanis). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * 明仁 (Akihito) → 𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 (Akihitus Japanis). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. * 毛澤東 (Máo Zédōng) → 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐍃 𐍄𐌶𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (Maws Tsaítuggs) or 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐍃 𐌳𐌶𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (Maws Dzaídaúggs). Transcription with added masculine morphemes. * 石井 健雄 (Ishii Takeo), Takeo Ischi → 𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Takaius Iseis) or 𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌴𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Takēōs Iseis). Transcription with added m. nominative suffix. ⟨s⟩ is used for the /ʃ/ sound, as there is no such fricative in Gothic. Cf. Greek, where this and similar sounds are transcribed as ⟨s⟩. * 裕仁 (Hirohito) → 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 (Hiraúhitus Japanis). Transcription with an added masculine morpheme. ==Names of places== * Alpes → 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 (Albjōns) ''f pl''. Translation based on West Germanic ''*albijā'', from Proto-Celtic ''*albiyū'', a feminine derivation of ''*albis'', relted to PGer. ''*albiz'' (elf). The West Germanic ''-jā'' corresponds to Gothic -𐌾𐍉 (-jō). Alternatively 𐌰𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃 (Alpōs) ''f pl'', from Latin ''Alpēs''. * Berlin → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (Baírlein) ''n''. Transcription. * Bern → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌰 (Baírna) ''f''. Transcription, loosely based on the possible origin in Celtic ''*berna'' (cleft) and New Latin ''Berna''. Alternatively 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽 (Baírn) ''n''. * Brasil, Brazil → 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (Brazeilja) ''f''. Adaptation based on Brazilian Portuguese ''Brasil'' [bɾaˈziʊ̯] and Latin ''Brasilia'', as well as a few other languages that use the same name for the capital (Brasília) and the country. * Brüssel, Bruxelles, Brussels → 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍃 (Brōkasals) ''m. i-stem''. Translation based on West Germanic ''*Brōkasali'' (PGer. ''*brōkaz'' / ''*brōką'' + ''*saliz''). The same translation would go for the German town of Bruchsal as well. * Carolina → 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (Karaúleina) ''f''. Transcription based on spelling, as well as other languages where native pronunciations are favoured above {{IPA|/ˌkæɹəˈlaɪnə/}}. An actual translation might however be ''Karileina'', from the feminine of ''karileins'' (of or pertaining to Karils/Karila), equivalent of Lat. ''carolīnus''. This would seem somewhat strange though, as it would suggest other similar translations, like German ''*Karlene'' or Icelandic ''*Karlin''. * Donau, Danube → 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Dōnaweis) ''m'' or 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (Dōnáujis) ''m''. Translation based on PGer. ''*Dōnawjaz'' and languages that borrowed the Gothic term, such as Greek Δούναβις (Doúnabis). The question is only what exact form it had in Gothic. ''*-awjaz'' is short-stem and would therefore suggest -𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (-áujis) {{IPA|/ɔːjis/}}, cf. 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (harjis), PGer ''*harjaz'', however the Greek form with -αβις might suggest -𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-aweis) {{IPA|/a.wiːs/}} instad. * Elbe, Labe → 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹 (Albi) ''f''. Translation, from PGer. ''*Albī''. * Ems → 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰 (Ameisja) ''f''. Translation/transcription based on Latin ''Amīsia'', the origin of ''Ems''. * Føroyar, Faroe Islands → 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 (Fahisáujōs) ''f pl''. Translation, based on PGer. ''*fahaz'' and ''*awjō''. 𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (áuja) may have been a word in Gothic, although unattested, but 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍃 (fahis) is more uncertain. The form, however, is likely to have become this, based on other neuter z-stems like PGer. ''*rekwaz'' and ''*agaz'' → 𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃 (riqis) and 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis). * Genf, Genève, Ginevra, Geneva → 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌰 (Gaínwa). Translation/transcription based on Celtic ''*Genwā''. * Guadalquivir → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (Baíts) ''m'' or 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (Wadalkibeirs) ''m''. Transcription with some adaptation, of either Greek Βαῖτῐς (Baîtĭs), Latin ''Baetis'', or Spanish ''Guadalquivir'', from Arabic وَادِي الكَبِير (''wādī l-kabīr''), meaning ‘the big river’. * Göteborg, Gothenburg → 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (Gáutabaúrgs) ''f''. Translation. * Kraków → 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍉𐍆 (Krakōf) ''n'' or 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱 (Krakōb) ''n''. Transcription. Alternatively 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (Krakabaúrgs) ''f'' as a translation. * Latvija, Latvia → 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (Lataland) ''n''. Semi-translation or adaptation of the native name, inspired by other Germanic names such as ''Lettland'', however without the i-umlaut. ''Latvija'' itself might come derive from ''*Latuva'', from the river name ''*Lata'' + ''-uva'' (region). This gave rise to the demonym ''latvis'', and from that ''Latvija''. * Łódź → 𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌰 (Lōda) ''f''. Transcription from an earlier stage more akin to Gothic phonology, however with added ''-a'' to maintain the feminine. Otherwise 𐌻𐍉𐌳 (Lōd) ''n''. Possible transcriptions purely based on pronunciation could be 𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌶 (Wōdz) ''n'' or 𐍅𐌿𐌳𐌶 (Wudz) ''n''. An actual cognate of the name is also possible, as ''Łódź'' stems from PSlav. ''*oldi'' (boat), akin to PGer. ''*aldǭ'' (hollowed out trunk; trough). In which case, Gothic would get *𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉 (*Aldō) ''f''. This would, however, deviate a lot from the meaning of the word that gave the town its name. * México, Mēxihco, Mexico → 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌹𐌺𐍉 (Maíksikō) ''f''. Transcription of the common pronunciation with {{IPA|/ks/}}, seen across the majority of languages. Otherwise 𐌼𐌴𐍃𐌹𐌷𐌺𐍉 (Mēsihkō) or 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍇𐌹𐌺𐍉 (Maíxikō) after the Nahuatl and Spanish pronunciations. * Noreg, Norway → 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (Naúrþrawigs) ''m''. Translation based on various old forms in other languages, such as Old English ''Norðweg''. However, the Norwegian form has never been attested with the expected ''-ð-'' (''*Norðvegr''), and there are theories of it coming from ''Nórvegr'' instead (long {{IPA|/o:/}} is attested), from PGer. ''*nōrą'' (narrow strait or inlet), thus suggesting Proto-Norse ''*Nōrawegaʀ'' and Gothic 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (Nōrawigs). * Oslo → 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰 (Ansuláuha) ''f''. Translation based on Proto-Norse ''*Ansulauhu'', from ''*ansuz'' and ''*lauhō'' (alt. form of ''*lauhaz''). For more Norwegian names, see [[𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃:Eiliv/Norwegian place names|Norwegian place names]]. * Paris → 𐍀𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (Pareis) ''m. ja-stem''. Transcription with some adaptation due to the similarity with native ja-stems nouns. For the long vowel, compare German ''Pareis'' and Dutch ''Parijs''. * Po → 𐍀𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (Padus) ''m''. Translation based on Latin ''Padus'', the origin of Italian ''Po''. * Rhine, Rhein, Rijn, Rhin → 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (Reins) ''m''. Translation, from PGer. ''*Rīnaz''. * Seine → 𐍃𐌴𐌵𐌰𐌽𐌰 (Sēqana) ''f''. Translation based on Latin ''Sēquana'', from a debated Proto-Celtic origin, possibly ''*Sēkwana''. If theories about the name ''Sēquana'' being a near-cognate of Old Norse ''Sígyn'' – from PGer. ''*Sīgunjō''<ref>Ginevra, Ricardo (2018), ''Old Norse Sígyn (*sei̯ku̯-n̥-i̯éh2- ‘she of the pouring’), Vedic °sécanī- ‘pouring’, Celtic Sēquana and PIE *sei̯ku̯- ‘pour’. Proceedings of the 29th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference.‎''[https://nors.ku.dk/english/staff/?pure=en%2Fpublications%2Fold-norse-sigyn-seikunieh2-she-of-the-pouring-vedic-secan-pouring-celtic-squana-and-pie-seiku-pour(87d175e0-18f2-485a-aff9-b2c11e0090e9).html], Bremen: Hempen Verlag, [[Special:BookSources/978-3-944312-64-4|→ISBN]], pages 65-76</ref> – are true, then a Gothic translation might be 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Seigunja) ''f''. However, a form like 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌹 (Seigini) ''f'', from PGer. ''*Sīginī'', would better allign with the reconstructed ''*seykʷ-én-ih₂ ~ *seykʷ-n̥-yéh₂-s'', as the suffix ''*-én-ih₂ ~ *-n̥-yéh₂-s'' is also thought to be the origin of Gothic -𐌹𐌽𐌹 (-ini). * Stockholm → 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌺𐌺𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌼𐍃 (Stukkahulms) ''m''. Translation. * Sydney → 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌽𐌹 (Sidni) ''n''. Transcription. Alternatively 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌽𐌴𐌹 (Sidnei) ''f''. * Tiberis, Tiber → 𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃 (Tibaírs) ''m''. Transcription with adapted masculine morphology. * Venezuela → 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌰 (Baínaíswēla) ''f''. Transcription of the local Venezuelan Spanish pronunciation {{IPA|[be.neˈswe.la]}}. * Virginia → 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Birgeinja) ''f''. Transcription with some adaptations. Alternatively 𐍅𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Wirgeinja) due to the 1:1 relationship between Latin {{IPA|/v/}} and Gothic {{IPA|/w/}}. * Во́лга (Vólga) → 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰 (Waúlga) ''f''. Transcription. * Warszawa, Warsaw → 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌰𐍅𐌰 (Warsawa) ''f''. Transcription largely based on spelling, however both ''w''’s are historically {{IPA|/w/}} and one might therefore see the Polish {{IPA|/v/}} and Gothic {{IPA|/w/}} as a direct relationship in this regard, similar to Romance {{IPA|/v/}}. The Polish name itself stems from the diminutive ''Warsz'' (''Warcisław'' + ''-sz''), related to PGer. ''*wardijaną'', and the relational suffix ''-owy''. * Zürich → 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺 (Taúreik) ''n''. Translation/transcription based on Latin ''Turīcum'', the origin of ''Zürich''. * Česká republika, Czech Republic → 𐌱𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 (Bajaháims) ''m''. Translation, based on the old Germanic name for the region Čechy, ''*Bajahaimaz'', which have also given rise to German ''Böhmen'' and English ''Bohemia''. * Дніпро́ (Dnipró), Днепр (Dnepr) → 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍂𐌿𐍃 (Dunaíprus) ''m''. Transcription of earlier slavic forms such as Old East Slavic Дънѣпръ (Dŭněprŭ) ''m'' and Proto-Slavic ''*Dъněprъ'' ''m''. Otherwise either 𐌳𐌽𐌹𐍀𐍂𐍉 (Dniprō) ''f'' or 𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍂 (Dnaípr) ''n'' based on modern forms. * 上海 (Shànghǎi) → 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰 (Sagghaja) ''f''. Transcription, however with an added ''-a'' to avoid an unnatural ''-aj'' ending. Alternatively 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌹̈ (Sagghaï) ''n'', declined as neuter ja-stem. Then with dative 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌾𐌰 (Sagghaja). * 京都 (Kyōto) → 𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍄𐍉 (Kjōtō) ''f''. Transcription. * 北京 (Běijīng) → 𐍀𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽 (Pēkein) ''n'' or 𐍀𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌲𐌲 (Pēkigg) ''n''. Transcription based on the common form across European languages, such as Latin ''Pēc(h)īnum'' and German ''Peking''. A transcription of the modern Mandarin pronunciation would be more like 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌳𐌶𐌹𐌲𐌲 (Baíjdzigg), however it is more common practice to keep the name form of the initial borrowing, which in terms of European languages is the form used in the 17th c. [[w:en:Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Nanjing court dialect]] of Mandarin. * 北海道 (Hokkaidō) → 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌺𐌰𐌹̈𐌳𐍉 (Haúkkaïdō) ''f''. Transcription. * 広島 (Hiroshima) → 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌼𐌰 (Hiraúsima) ''f''. Transcription. Alternatively 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (Hiraúseima) based on a common pronunciation across various European languages. * 東京 (Tōkyō) → 𐍄𐍉𐌺𐌾𐍉 (Tōkjō) ''f''. Transcription. * 武漢 (Wǔhàn) → 𐍅𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (Wuhan) ''n''. Transcription. ==References== 25wi8f1ywft3m2butujc9awiy68upmg